taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BA4033FFABFFDAA5991CDF53EDE7AA.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2 a – p; 5 a – c; 6 a)	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFABFFDAA5991CDF53EDE7AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ³³, 1 ♀ larvae, 29. V. 2020, Sanjiacun Stream (25.51 ° N, 100.38 ° E, 2,129 m a. s. l.), Fenyi Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg. Sanjiacun Stream is small montane streams, it is 0.5 m wide, water clear and gravel covered on substrate. 1 ♀ larva was successfully raised to emergence. Habitus: A stoutly built caloperygid larva with long legs; coloration overall pale brown heavily mottled with dark brown markings. Lateral gills short and ovate, with robust spines on mid-rib but dorsal and ventral margins smooth (Figs 1, 2 l). Head: Wider than long, about 2.2 times as wide as long and roughly pentangular, Occiput concave, eyes of moderate size, elongate-rounded, situated at sides of head directed mainly forward (Fig. 1). Antenna, 7 – segmented, 1 st segment thick, with distinct sub-terminal inward bend, and extremely long, accounting for 2 / 5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.65, 0.75, 0.5, 0.45, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1 (Fig. 2 a). Labium dirty yellow, strongly and abruptly expanded in distal 1 / 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum with small teeth, its apical border strongly produced beyond level of base of palps and very deeply incised, the length of median cleft 2.8 mm, only slightly expanded towards base and rounded at the bottom; width to length ratio of median cleft about 1: 5; each lobe bearing a long robust inward directed seta near its inner margin just before the mid-point of the lobe; labial palp with large robust movable hook and three long, curved, sharp end hooks of unequal length at the apex; the inner one being shortest, about 1 / 4 as long as the long central hook; basal to movable hook palp bears one long and three shorter but robust dorsal setae; outer margin of palp with sparse ‘ pelt’ of numerous but much finer setae (Fig. 2 b – c). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a (m 1,2, 3,4) b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 2 e – h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with six strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 2 i – j). Thorax. Prothorax roughly rectangular, extending slightly laterally, with broad quadrate light marking dorsally. Synthorax brown and smooth, with light brown dorsal triangular mark. Legs long, hind femur reaching the end of S 4; all legs with three broad dark brown bands on femora and tibiae. Wing cases parallel and long, forewing cases reaching the anterior margin of S 5 and hindwing cases reaching the hind margin of S 5 (Fig. 1). Abdomen. Short, cylindrical, brown and with pale longitudinal irregular-margined dorsal stripes. No lateral spines present. Ovipositor of female extending to basal 4 / 5 of S 10 (Fig. 2 k). Lateral caudal appendages ovoid, dark brown, with irregular markings on the edges, with 4 big and 5 small robust spines on the mid-rib; middle appendage distinctly smaller, thin and sub-ovate, pale with very broad darker band from near base to post-medially and dark mark at rounded apex (Fig. 2 m – p).	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFABFFDAA5991CDF53EDE7AA.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Body length 22; length of the abdomen 12; maximum head width 3, length of the hind femur 6; lateral caudal gill 4.	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFABFFDAA5991CDF53EDE7AA.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. It is now known that Fraser’s (1943) description of C. confusa is erroneous. Among other, minor differences, it is likely that the forked prementum is less produced in that species than in C. angka but more material needs to be examined before this can be confirmed. Biological notes. The larva of C. angka was found in small sluggish montane streams, with numerous hydrophytes in the Erhai lake Basin (alt. ca 2,300 – 2,800 m) (Fig. 6 a). Breeding adults (Fig. 5 a – b) frequent the stream margins. The flight season range from April to August. During the rearing, we have noticed a rather peculiar behavior. When a larva crawled onto the surface of a stone or on a small branch, its whole body was lifted by stretching of the tibiae, similar to a human doing “ push-ups ” (Fig. 5 c). This exercise was performed 15 – 20 times a day, and may be a territorial display by the larva.	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFA9FFDFA5991B9F5249E7AC.taxon	description	(Figs 3; 4 a – m; 5 d – f; 6 b)	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFA9FFDFA5991B9F5249E7AC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ³³ larvae, 25. V. 2019, Mt. Jizushan (25.51 ° N, 100.20 ° E, 2,340 m a. s. l.), Binchuan Town, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, Guo-Hui Yang leg.; 4 ³³ larvae, 6 ♀♀ larvae, 4. VII. 2019, Yunlong County (25.30 ° N, 99.02 ° E, 2,460 m a. s. l.), Dali City, Yunnan Province, China, En-Jiang Zhou leg. Several of these larvae were successfully reared to adults. Habitus: A fairly lightly built caloperygid lava with relatively short legs; lateral gills long and lanceolate. Body coloration overall dark brown with only obscure darker brown markings in places, without robust spines (Fig. 3). Head. Roughly pentangular, about 2.2 times as wide as long. Occiput concave. Vertex brown, with small yellow setae (Fig. 3). Antenna, 7 - segmented, 1 st segment robust, with slight sub-basal sinuous bend, and extremely long, accounting for 3 / 5 of the whole entire antenna length; terminal segments filiform; length of each antennal segment (mm): 1.75, 0.25, 0.25, 0.15, 0.10, 0.07, 0.05 (Fig. 4 a). Labium pale yellowish, broadly expanded in distal 1 / 2 in dorsal view, distal margin of prementum fringed with very small teeth; extending to form large triangle medially cleft; median cleft nearly touching distally and expanding at base to form a rounded droplet shape, 4.1 mm in length; maximum width to total length ratio of median cleft about 1: 4; labial palp with large movable hook and three long, curved, sharp terminal hooks of unequal length at apex, the inner one curved strongly inward, and shortest, about 1 / 3 as long as the middle; one strong dorsal setae near base of movable hook (Fig. 4 b – d). Mandibles brown, left mandible with five incisors, L 123450 a (m 1,2, 3) b, 4> 5> 3> 2> 1, molar crest produced straight; R 12345 y a, right mandible with similar incisors, molar crest absent, additional tooth y on the right mandible (Fig. 4 e – h). Galeolacinea of maxilla seen in ventral view with seven strong curved spines and sparse long setae; maxillary palp narrow, curved and bearing long, dense, fine setae. (Fig. 4 i – j). Thorax. Prothorax brown and roughly rectangular. Synthorax brown and smooth, with a thick dark brown stripe laterally. Legs only moderately long, with two dark brown bandings on femora and two similar bandings on tibiae when alive. Wing cases parallel, forewing cases reaching the hind margin of S 3 and hindwing cases reaching the anterior margin of S 4. Abdomen. Brown and smooth with black markings. No lateral spines present. Female ovipositor sheath reaching beyond middle of S 10, but never extending beyond its posterior margin (Fig. 4 k). Lateral appendages long lanceolate with a prominent main trachea, with smooth lateral margins and a short apical projection; middle appendage about 4 / 5 th length of laterals, with slight point apically. Lateral appendages dark with irregular pale marking around margins; middle appendage dark with two well defined whitish bands (Fig. 4 l – m).	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFA9FFDFA5991B9F5249E7AC.taxon	description	Measurements (mm). Body length 35 – 37; length of the abdomen 17 – 18; maximum head width 4, length of the hind femur 8 – 9; lateral caudal gill 9 – 10.	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
03BA4033FFA9FFDFA5991B9F5249E7AC.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis. Besides M. gregoryi, larvae of three other species the genus have been described, M. andersoni described and illustrated by Matsuki & Lien (1978) from Taiwan in detail, M. pruinosa and M. costalis described by Ishida (1996) and Hayashi et al. (2004) from Japan. The main differences between the species are in the ovipositor sheet of the female, the shape of the lateral gill (narrow or wide) and the shape of the prementum.	en	Yang, Guo-Hui, Zhang, Hao-Miao, Orr, Albert G. (2021): Descriptions of larvae of Caliphaea angka Hämäläinen, 2003 and Mnais gregoryi Fraser, 1924 (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Zootaxa 4926 (2): 276-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.2.7
