identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BA684CFFF7FFC220B9F395FD3BDC27.text	03BA684CFFF7FFC220B9F395FD3BDC27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Genus Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919</p><p>Kainonereis Chamberlin 1919:194 (key), 196 (etymol.).</p><p>Type species: Kainonereis alata Chamberlin, 1919, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis: (emended, new features highlighted in boldface). Two antennae, separate (not fused) or sometimes basally fused in male epitokes, articulated in some species. Four pairs of articulated anterior cirri. Pharynx bare. Chaetigers 1 and 2 with neuroacicula only. Notopodial prechaetal lobes present, subconical to digitate in atokes, rounded in epitokes. Body of epitokes divided into two regions (one pre-natatory and one natatory). Chaetigers 5-7 with dorsal cirri modified into elytriform structures or dorsal discs in epitokes. Males with notopodial homogomph falcigers and spinigers in chaetigers 1-7. Females with notopodial homogomph spinigers in chaetigers 1-7. Notopodial dorsal ligule present from chaetiger 4 in males, chaetiger 3 in females.</p><p>Distribution: Species of the genus are found in tropical, temperate and polar regions, from surface down to 935 m depth; habitat unknown.</p><p>Remarks: Species belonging to Kainonereis are easily identified by having elytriform dorsal cirri in chaetigers 5-7 only in epitokes. Chamberlin (1919) noted that their specimens were similar to other already described heteronereis; however, he considered two main attributes as sufficient to erect a new genus: the bifurcate appendages on the prostomium, and the elytriform structures on chaetigers 5-7. Even in the key, Chamberlin (1919:194) used the basally fused antennae as the main feature to separate it from all other genera. Also, he thought that Kainonereis was closely related to Nereis (Chamberlin 1919:197), perhaps after the epitokal condition of the specimens, and because he did not observe the everted pharynx.</p><p>K. alata has only been recorded once since its original description from the Eastern Tropical Pacific (Hernández-Alcántara and Solís-Weiss 1991:254). Two additional records of Kainonereis species have been made but in other genera: one from the Yellow Sea as a new species of</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971, R. elytrocirra by Wu and Sun (1979); and another from Antarctica as a new species of Nicon Kinberg, 1865, N. polaris by Hartman (1967).</p><p>It must be emphasized that atoke morphology of Kainonereis was unknown until now. An atoke specimen was found as part of N. polaris ’ type material, but it was not described even though it was available at the time of its first description (Hartman 1967:68). This specimen has bare pharynx, articulated anterior cirri, notopodial prechaetal lobes and only homogomph spinigers in notopodia, all these are diagnostic features of Nicon (de León-González and Trovant 2013:69) . However, although roughly similar, there are sufficient features to separate Kainonereis atokes from Nicon ones (see below, under K. polaris (Hartman, 1967) comb. n.).</p><p>Subfamily placement: The subfamily affinities of Kainonereis have not been addressed previously. Even though Kainonereis was well described and illustrated, it was not included in previous phylogenetic analyses (Fitzhugh 1987; Santos et al. 2005), likely because the incompatibility of adding epitoke features are not compatible with an atoke-based matrix, avoiding unnecessary problems.</p><p>Based on the supposed relationship with Nicon and Rullierinereis, Kainonereis could be placed in Gymnonereidinae sensu Fitzhugh (1987), or in any subfamily in the Santos et al. (2005) phylogeny; it did not show close affinity with related genera Nicon and Rullierinereis, or with any other remaining genera, and therefore they could not be placed in a specific subfamily (Santos et al. 2005). Given that Kainonereis is not compliant with any subfamily as currently defined, it is regarded here as subfamily incertae sedis. This situation must not affect its recognition as a valid genus, since it can be separated from other genera without paragnaths or papillae.</p><p>Epitokal morphology</p><p>Kainonereis species share some distinctive epitokal features that diverge from typical nereidid morphology. To help recognize them, relevant features of the genus are summarized and illustrated in figure 1.</p><p>Parapodia</p><p>Based on the transformation of parapodia, epitokes have two body regions: a non-natatory region comprising chaetiger 1 to 14, and a natatory region comprising chaetigers 15 to the end of the body. In turn, the non-natatory region is sub-divided into three regions, based on the modifications in parapodial cirri: a) chaetigers 1-4 with both dorsal and ventral cirri basally to medially swollen; b) chaetigers 5-7 with dorsal cirri elytriform and ventral cirri cirriform; c) chaetigers 8-14 with both dorsal and ventral cirri cirriform. Other relevant features are: the late appearing of notopodial dorsal ligule up to chaetiger 4 in males (Fig. 6E), while in females it appears from chaetiger 3 (Fig. 1D); the notopodial prechaetal lobes increase in size and become rounded, separating notably the dorsal and ventral notopodial ligules (Figs. 1 D- E); and the absence of crenulated dorsal cirri in parapodia from natatory region of males.</p><p>The parapodia of the natatory region have a set of lamellae. Dorsal and ventral cirri develop two basal lamellae, one above or upper, and one below or lower of each cirrus (Fig. 1E); generally, the upper lamella is larger than the lower one in both cirri. Also, a larger, dorsal lamella is present, not always well defined and separated from the upper lamella of dorsal cirri (Fig. 1E). Moreover, neuropodial postchaetal lobes become modified into a large lamella, typically distally multilobate (Fig. 1E).</p><p>Dorsal discs</p><p>Chaetigers 5-7 are distinct by having modified elytriform structures (Figs. 1 A-C). There were some doubts concerning how dorsal cirri are modified into elytra-like features, or if they are separate structures. In K. elytrocirra comb. n. (Wu and Sun 1979, Fig. 8d) and in K. polaris comb. n. (Hartman 1967, Pl. 19, Fig. B), the cirrostyle was illustrated as arising from the stalk, whereas in K. alata, it was illustrated as inserted to the elytriform structure (Chamberlin 1919, Pl. 28, Fig. 9). The examination of the type material of K. elytrocirra comb. n. and K. polaris comb. n. confirms that cirrostyles are not basal nor projected from the stalk, but rather arise from the elytriform structure.</p><p>Although there is no clear discontinuity, stalk and disc are distinguished in the cirrophores of Kainonereis: the stalk is the narrow, basal section, while the disc is the plate-like, distal one; it must be added that the disc surface has no ornamentation (Figs. 1 A-C). The stalk is inserted in the lower disc surface, i.e., a peltate insertion, as it is clear in K. peltifera sp. n. (Fig. 6B), but not so obvious in the other species. This is because their discs are not rounded, and are arranged vertically in relation to the parapodium. The discs can be modified into thick structures, as in some specimens of K. alata and K. chamberlini sp. n. (Figs. 3F and 4E, respectively), likely resulting from the fixation process. Finally, the cirrostyles are the short, distal portion, generally attached to the lower surface of the discs (Figs. 1 A-C), not always completely discernible.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Chaetae</p><p>Chaetae only include notopodial homogomph falcigers along chaetigers 3-7 in male epitokes. At first instance, the presence of notopodial homogomph falcigers in K. alata was regarded as a specific trait (Chamberlin 1919). However, females of K. chamberlini sp. n., K. peltifera sp. n. and K. polaris comb. n. do not have notopodial homogomph falcigers, only notopodial spinigers along chaetigers 3-14. This fact indicated sex-related chaetal dimorphism in Kainonereis species. It is well known that epitoke males and females are dimorphic in parapodial morphology, but chaetal dimorphism is really rare in nereidids; one example is the presence of simple, ribbed chaetae in posterior chaetigers of males of Platynereis p u l c h e l l a G r a v i e r, 1 8 9 9 a n d P. p o l y s c a l m a Chamberlin, 1919 (Gravier 1899; Chamberlin 1919; Holly 1935).</p><p>Sex</p><p>Males were identified by the presence of whitish sperm bundles in coelom of K. peltifera sp. n., or free sperm in K. alata and K. elytrocirra comb. n. Certainly, the morphology of sperm could not be observed directly under a compound microscope, but the whitish color, shape and position in body and parapodia of both bundles and free-floating tiny spheres are indicative of male gametes. A female specimen of K. peltifera sp. n. was the only one with few oocytes in coelom and parapodia. Epitoke specimens of K. chamberlini sp. n. and K. polaris comb. n. were identified as females after comparison with K. peltifera sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFF7FFC220B9F395FD3BDC27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFF0FFC223A2F3D4FD63D974.text	03BA684CFFF0FFC223A2F3D4FD63D974.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Key to species of Kainonereis Chamberlin, 1919</p><p>(epitokes)</p><p>1. Antennae basally fused, separated distally; palps directed ventrally ....... K. alata Chamberlin, 1919 (Abaiang, Kiribati)</p><p>- Antennae free from each other, separated; palps directed forwards ............................................................................ 2</p><p>2. Elytriform structures with discs large, almost covering the whole segment .......... K. polaris (Hartman, 1967) comb. n. (Bransfield Strait, Antarctica)</p><p>- Elytriform structures with discs small, not covering whole segment ............................................................................ 3</p><p>3. Chaetiger 10 with notopodial ligules digitate with blunt tips; neuropodial postchaetal lobes longer than neuroacicular ligules K. elytrocirra (Wu and Sun, 1979) comb. n. (Yellow Sea, China)</p><p>- Chaetiger 10 with notopodial ligules conical with pointed tips; neuropodial postchaetal lobes shorter than neuroacicular ligules ......................................................... 4</p><p>4. Elytriform structures with discs thick, cup-like, perpendicular to body axis ......................................................................... ...... K. chamberlini sp. n. (La Guajira Peninsula, Colombia)</p><p>- Elytriform structures with discs thin, plate-like, parallel to body axis ..... K. peltifera sp. n. (Gulf of California, Mexico)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFF0FFC223A2F3D4FD63D974	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFF0FFCF23FEF605FBB0DC67.text	03BA684CFFF0FFCF23FEF605FBB0DC67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis alata Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Kainonereis alata Chamberlin, 1919</p><p>(Figs. 2 A-B; 3A-K)</p><p>Kainonereis alata Chamberlin 1919:197-202, Pl. 28, Figs. 6-8, Pl. 29, Figs. 1-8.</p><p>Type material: Pacific Ocean, Kiribati. Holotype USNM 19388 and paratypes USNM 19386 (5), all males, R/ V Albatross, Sta. H 3964 (25°49'43"N, 171°43'37"W), off Apaiang, Gilbert Islands, Kiribati, 3 January 1900, Coll. United States Fish Commission.</p><p>Type locality: Off Abaiang (Apaiang), Kiribati, at surface.</p><p>Description: Holotype (USNM 19388) complete, male epitoke, 8.5 mm long, 0.8 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 50 chaetigers; delicate, bent backwards, several parapodia previously removed. Paratypes (USNM 19386) complete, male epitokes, 6-8 mm long, 1 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 50-54 chaetigers (Fig. 3A), presence of sperm in coelom. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly (Fig. 3A), no staining pattern observed with green-methyl.</p><p>Prostomium as long as wide, pentagonal, anterior margin absent, medial shallow groove present; palps directed ventrally (Figs. 3B, C); eyes reddish, nearly rounded, anterior and posterior pairs overlapped, sometimes pigments faded off (Fig. 3B). Antennae basally fused in a faintly annulated stem with two distal smooth articles, half as long as the stem (Figs. 3C, D). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles articulated, longest one reaching chaetiger 4 (Fig. 3B). Pharynx not everted; jaws enlarged, cutting edge with eight to nine teeth, faintly developed.</p><p>Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory region include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining chaetigers with noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 1 and 2 (Fig. 3E), dorsal cirri swollen basally, tip narrow, digitate, distinctly separated from cirrophore. Dorsal ligule as long as neuropodial postchaetal one, digitate. Acicular neuropodial ligule rounded, postchaetal lobe digitate, twice longer than acicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, slightly longer than postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus pyriform, cirrostyle barely distinct.</p><p>Notopodial dorsal ligules absent in chaetiger 3 (Fig. 3H), present from chaetiger 4, as long as notopodial ventral ligule; remaining structures similar as in first two chaetigers.</p><p>In chaetigers 5-7 (Fig. 3F), dorsal disc petal-like, discs progressively larger, third one surpassing following segment; cirrostyle short, indistinctly separated from bases. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, digitate prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, as long as postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, as long as acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>In chaetigers 8-14 (Figs. 2A; 3G), dorsal cirrus digitate, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, slightly shorter than notopodial ventral ligule; postchaetal lobe rounded, half as long as acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, slightly swollen basally, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirrus digitate, shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>Parapodia from 15 to end of body similarly modified throughout (Figs. 2B; 3I). Dorsal cirrus smooth, slender, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Basal portion of dorsal cirrus with two small basal lamellae, upper lamella slightly longer than lower one; and one large, dorsal lamella, division between it and upper lamella conspicuous. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule enlarged, digitate; postchaetal lobe enlarged into a lamella, longer and wider than acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, medially inserted to acicular neuropodial ligule, shorter than it. Ventral cirrus cirriform, shorter than acicular neuropodial ligule, with two basal lamellae.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3- 7. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Notopodial homogomph falcigers with minute falcate tips, teeth minute (Fig. 3J). Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip. Heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, fused to blade; supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Pygidium not modified, with two lobes (Fig. 3K); anal cirri as long as last four chaetigers, lost in most specimens (Fig. 3K).</p><p>Remarks: The original description is long, detailed and accurate, but additional features have been included herein for improvement. There are, however, some differences to the original description: first, two chaetigers are not “biacicular”, but only have neuroaciculae; achaetous ring is dorsally as long as first chaetiger (only longer than it ventrally); the original illustration of the fourth chaetiger (Chamberlin 1919, Pl. 29, Fig. 1) is inverted; the parapodia in chaetigers 8-14 do not resemble those present in most-anterior ones, they differ in the shape of ligules and cirri; the natatory region begins at chaetiger 15, instead of 12; the color of the notopodial homogomph falcigers are not black or dark brown, but lighter as remaining chaetae.</p><p>Kainonereis alata is easily separated from remaining species because it has antennae with a ringed stem and bifurcated tips, and palps markedly directed downwards as is the case in some Platynereis species (Read 2007). The antennae of K. alata are markedly modified by being fused basally, such that the superficially annulated prolongation corresponds with the fused ceratophores, whereas the terminal, diverging appendages correspond to ceratostyles. Because of this, these antennae are herein referred to as basally fused antennae (Figs. 3C, D). This is a unique structure, as Chamberlin (1919:194) highlighted in his key (and we did in ours), but being restricted to a single species, this feature is herein regarded as a specific feature. The basally fused antennae likely are male-specific, but, as females were not found, this cannot be corroborated.</p><p>As in all males examined, the notopodial dorsal ligules appear from chaetiger 4 instead of chaetiger 3. This has been previously reported in some species, like Sinonereis heteropoda Wu and Sun, 1979 and Typhlonereis gracilis Hansen, 1879 (Wu and Sun 1979, Bakken 2003), but without sex distinctions; here, however, it is regarded as a male sexual feature in Kainonereis . The notopodial homogomph falcigers in males of K. alata are wider and shorter than those present in the males of K. elytrocirra comb. n. and K. peltifera sp. n. The shape of the dorsal discs of K. alata is similar to K. polaris comb. n., but they are shorter in K. alata than in K. polaris comb. n. Further differences are included under the remarks sections of the remaining species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFF0FFCF23FEF605FBB0DC67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFFDFFCD2097F314FC12DE67.text	03BA684CFFFDFFCD2097F314FC12DE67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis chamberlini Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo 2018	<div><p>Kainonereis chamberlini sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 1 A-C, E; 2C-D; 4A-K)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 1CD1B233-2D85-4ADA-B5C8- 030C41AD2E53</p><p>Type material: Caribbean Sea, Colombia. Holotype USNM 1422199, female, R/V Pillsbury, Cruise 6806, St. 768 (12°33'N, 71°11'W), NE off La Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, 65 m, 28 July 1968. Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Bahamas. Paratype UMML 22.1126, female, R/V Pillsbury, Cruise 6406, St. 197 (27°59'N, 79°20'W), NW Little Bahama Bank, 576 m, 11 August 1964.</p><p>Type locality: Northeastern off La Guajira Peninsula, Colombia, 65 m depth.</p><p>Etymology: Named after the late Dr. Ralph Vary Chamberlin, a very prolific taxonomist in several groups, as an homage to his work in polychaete taxonomy and proposing the genus Kainonereis .</p><p>Description: Holotype (USNM 1422199) complete, female epitoke, delicate, 8 mm long, 0.6 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 56 chaetigers (Figs. 4 A-C). Paratype (UMML 22.1126) female epitoke complete, delicate, prostomium and posterior end damaged, anal cirri missing, 9 mm long, 0.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 58 chaetigers (Figs. 4 D- E). Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, stained with green-methyl to improve contrast, no staining pattern observed.</p><p>Prostomium longer than wide, pentagonal, anterior margin entire, medial shallow groove present; one pair of antennae, biarticulated, ceratophore three times longer than ceratostyle; eyes black, anterior eyes reniform, posterior ones ovate, anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones (Figs. 1A; 4 B-C). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles articulated, longest one reaching chaetiger 6 (Figs. 1A; 4 B-C). Pharynx not everted; jaws enlarged, cutting edge smooth (Fig. 1A).</p><p>Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory regions include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 5-7 (Figs. 1 B-C; 4C, H), dorsal discs calyx-like (i.e. with a concave inner surface), cirrostyle narrow, laterally inserted. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules digitate, separated by an intermediate rounded process. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, twice longer than postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, slightly longer than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as acicular neuropodial lobe.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>In chaetigers 8-14 (Figs. 2C; 4I), dorsal cirrus cirriform, shorter than notopodial dorsal ligule. Notopodial dorsal ligule half as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules subconical, tapering, and separated from each other; prechaetal lobe inconspicuous. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, half as long as acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ligule subconical, slightly shorter than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Parapodia from 15 to end of body similarly modified throughout (Figs. 1E; 2D; 4 J-K). Dorsal cirrus smooth, slender, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule, becoming slightly longer than towards posterior chaetigers, with two small basal lamellae, upper lamella slightly larger than lower one; dorsal lamella twice longer than upper one, distinction between it and upper lamella always conspicuous. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate to lanceolate, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a rounded process. Acicular neuropodial ligule digitate; postchaetal lobe becoming into a lamella, as wide as acicular neuropodial ligule, distal end bilobate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, medially inserted to acicular neuropodial ligule, slightly longer than it. Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule, with two small basal lamellae.</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip (Fig. 4F); heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth fine, distal tooth stout (Fig. 4G), supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar. Pygidium not modified, with two lobes; anal cirri faintly articulated, as long as last 3 segments.</p><p>Remarks: The study of material collected during the University of Miami Deep Sea Expeditions allowed us to find two specimens of this species and encouraged us to revise the genus. The specimens were found in two places and at different depths, with a distance of about 2000 km between them. Though the paratype is anteriorly damaged and diagnostic features such as antennae and anterior cirri are missing, parapodial features are almost identical to those present in the holotype.</p><p>The species can be recognized easily by its cup-like discs, shorter than remaining structures in the same parapodium. Paratype has discs compressed (laterally flattened), so the central hollow is inconspicuous, likely as consequence of the fixation process, but their size, shape and position are very similar to those present in the holotype. Other distinctive features are that dorsal cirri are shorter than notopodial dorsal ligules, and notopodial ventral ligules are as long as acicular neuropodial ligules in chaetigers 8-14; whilst in remaining species, dorsal cirri are subequal to longer than notopodial dorsal ligules, and notopodial ventral ligules are longer than acicular neuropodial ligules. The jaws of K. chamberlini sp. n were observed through the partly transparent body wall, having an almost smooth cutting edge, presumably as a consequence of epitoky (Fig. 1A). Natatory parapodia of K. chamberlini sp. n. resemble those found in K. alata, mainly in the clear differentiation between upper dorsal cirri and dorsal lamellae, and proportion of ligules and lamellae, but the two species can be separated by both the shape and proportion of elytriform structures, and shape of ligules along chaetigers 8-14.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFFDFFCD2097F314FC12DE67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFFFFFCA2045F114FD85DCC7.text	03BA684CFFFFFFCA2045F114FD85DCC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis elytrocirra (Wu and Sun 1979) Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo 2018	<div><p>Kainonereis elytrocirra (Wu and Sun, 1979)</p><p>reinst., comb. n.</p><p>(Figs. 2 E-F; 5A-K)</p><p>Rullierinereis elytrocirra Wu and Sun 1979:108-111, Figs. 8 A-P; Wu et al. 1985:61-63, Fig. 32.</p><p>Kainonereis alata Sun and Yang 2004:72-73, Fig. 34 (non Chamberlin, 1919).</p><p>Type material: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.5/lat 34.5)">Yellow Sea</a>, China. Holotype MBMCAS A-42 and paratype MBMCAS A- 44 male, R/ V Handan, Collection No. H 130B-5, St. 3073 (34°30'N, 121°30'E), SW Yellow Sea, China, 20 m, 28 April 1959.</p><p>Type locality: Southwestern Yellow Sea, China, 20-25 m depth.</p><p>Description: Holotype (MBMCAS A-42) male epitoke complete, 13 mm long, 1 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 59 chaetigers, pharynx everted, anal cirri missing. Paratype (MBMCAS A-44) male epitoke complete, delicate, anal cirri missing, 12.5 mm long, 1 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 55 chaetigers (Figs. 5 A-B), presence of sperm in coelom. One of the paratypes (MBMCAS A-43) missing. Body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, no distinct pigmentation pattern observed.</p><p>Prostomium slightly wider than long, pentagonal, anterior margin entire, medial shallow groove present; one pair of antennae, not articulated, tips eroded; eyes black, ovate, anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones (Fig. 5A). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles faintly articulated, tips eroded, longest one reaching chaetigers 4-5 (Figs. 5 A-B). Pharynx smooth; jaws dentate, cutting edge with six teeth visible.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory regions include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining chaetigers with noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 3-4 (Fig. 5G), cirrophore of dorsal cirrus swollen basally, ovate, tips narrow, digitate, distinctly separated from bases. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one, notopodial dorsal ligule absent in chaetiger 3; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, postchaetal lobe longer and narrower than acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, swollen basally and medially, distinctly larger than notopodial ligules. Ventral cirrus pyriform, longer than notopodial and neuropodial lobes.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>In chaetigers 5-7 (Figs. 5 H-I), dorsal discs elytriform, cirrostyle short, indistinctly separated. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, slightly longer than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, subequal to neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>In chaetigers 8-14 (Fig. 2E), dorsal and ventral cirri slender, cirriform; dorsal cirrus slightly longer than notopodial dorsal ligule, ventral cirrus shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule. Notopodial and neuropodial lobes resembling to those present in chaetigers 5-7.</p><p>Parapodia from 15 to end of body modified (Figs. 2F; 5 J-K). Dorsal cirrus smooth, slender, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule, with two small lateral, basal lamellae, and one large, dorsal lamella. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate to tapering, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule enlarged, subconical; postchaetal lobe becoming into a lamella, shorter and as wide as acicular neuropodial ligule, tip bilobate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate to tapering, medially inserted to acicular neuropodial ligule, as long as it. Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule, with two basal, lateral lamellae.</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Notopodial homogomph falcigers with blunt tips, teeth minute (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, large teeth, decreasing towards tip (Fig. 5F); heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth coarse, distal tooth stout (Figs. 5 D-E), supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar.</p><p>Pygidium not modified, with two lobes; anal cirri missing.</p><p>Remarks: Wu and Sun (1979) made a study about Nicon Kinberg, 1865 and Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971 species from China, including the proposal for a new genus, Sinonereis . In the key to genera, the unique feature used to distinguish Nicon and Sinonereis from Rullierinereis was the presence of notopodial falcigers in the latter, so it is not surprising they placed their new species in Rullierinereis because they had these chaetae. As a consequence, the diagnosis of Rullierinereis was extended to include species with elytriform dorsal cirri in anterior chaetigers, and one or two notopodial ligules in posterior chaetigers. Later, Wu et al. (1985) made an improved description of R. elytrocirra and detailed that the described largest specimen (the holotype) was a female based on the absence of papillae (p. 63), but they did not explain which papillae they referred to. These papillae presumably are those found commonly in dorsal cirri of natatory parapodia of males, as they described for Leonnates descipiens Fauvel, 1919: “basalia of dorsal and ventral cirri of transformed parapodia inflated, dorsal cirri with 9-10 papillae” (Wu et al. 1985:71). However, males of K. alata and K. peltifera sp. n. do not develop such papillae, so such feature is not adequate to distinguish between sexes in this genus. Because the holotype and paratype of K. elytrocirra comb. n. have other sex-related features as presence of notopodial homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7 and the appearing of notopodial dorsal ligules since chaetiger 4, as well as the presence of sperm in the body, these type specimens were regarded as males.</p><p>Sun and Yang (2004) noted the resemblance between the modified dorsal cirri in R. elytrocirra and K. alata, and consequently synonymized them. However, we disagree with these authors on this synonymy. The males of the latter species have basally fused antennae, articulate anterior cirri, palps are directed ventrally, notopodial ligules are as long as acicular neuropodial ones in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial homogomph falcigers with long teeth (half as long as blade width); whilst in males of K. elytrocirra comb. n., antennae are separated, palps are directed forwards, notopodial ligules are twice longer than acicular neuropodial ones in chaetigers 5-7, and notopodial homogomph falcigers have minute teeth; K. elytrocirra comb. n. resembles K. chamberlini sp. n. and K. peltifera sp. n., but the former can be recognized by the shape of notopodial dorsal ligules and large neuropodial postchaetal lobes at chaetiger 10, and also by the shape of discs in chaetigers 5-7.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFFFFFCA2045F114FD85DCC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFF8FFC82220F3F4FC40DF87.text	03BA684CFFF8FFC82220F3F4FC40DF87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis peltifera Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo 2018	<div><p>Kainonereis peltifera sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 2 G-H; 6A-N)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: AC77BBDB-F6B4-4F3A-886E- FC130054D350</p><p>Type material: Pacific Ocean, Mexico. Holotype LACM-AHF 7400 h male, paratypes LACM-AHF 7400 p male (1) and LACM-AHF 7400 p (2) females, R/ V Velero III, Sta. 748-37 (21°52'20"N, 105°51'30"W), Isla Isabel, Nayarit, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.85833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.872223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.85833/lat 21.872223)">Gulf of California</a>, anchorage, 2 April 1937, collecting gear electric light, Coll. Allan Hancock Foundation.</p><p>Type locality: Isla Isabel, Gulf of California, Mexico.</p><p>Etymology: Named after the Latin word peltifer, - a, - um, meaning ‘carrying a pelta’, referring to the chaetigers 5-7 bearing flat, rounded discs. Also, pelta (Gr. πέλτη, a thin, rounded shield) is the stem of the Latin word peltatus (peltate), used to refer to a type of insertion of the petiole in the lamina of some leaves (e.g. in species of Nelumbo Adanson, 1763 or Umbilicus de Candolle, 1801); the central insertion of the stalk at the lower surface of the disc matches this kind of insertion.</p><p>Description: Holotype (LACM-AHF 7400h) complete, male epitoke, anal cirri missing, 10 mm long, 0.6 wide, 55 chaetigers. Paratypes (LACM-AHF 7400p) complete, male and females epitokes, anal cirri missing. Dissected paratype female, complete, 8 mm long, 0.5 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 50 chaetigers, few oocytes in coelom; dissected paratype male 10 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, 54 chaetigers, few whitish bundles of sperm in coelom. One paratype female with pharynx everted (Fig. 6C). Body off-white in males, yellowish in females, tapering posteriorly, no pigmentation pattern observed.</p><p>Prostomium wider than long, pentagonal, anterior margin entire, medial shallow groove present; one pair of antennae, not articulated; eyes black, ovate to reniform, anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones (Figs. 6A, C). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles articulated, longest one reaching chaetigers 3-4 (Fig. 6A). Pharynx smooth (Fig. 6C); jaws dentate, cutting edge with nine teeth visible (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory regions include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining with noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 1 and 2 (Fig. 6D), cirrophore of dorsal cirrus swollen basally, ovate, cirrostyle narrow, digitate, distinctly separated from base. Dorsal ligule as long as neuropodial postchaetal one, digitate. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, postchaetal lobe digitate, twice longer than acicular ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate slightly longer than postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus pyriform, cirrostyle slightly distinct.</p><p>Notopodial dorsal ligules present from chaetiger 3 in females, from chaetiger 4 in males (Fig. 6E), as long as notopodial ventral ones; remaining structures similar as in first two chaetigers in both sexes.</p><p>In chaetigers 5-7 (Fig. 6F), dorsal discs elytriform, cirrostyle short, distinctly separated. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules tapering and separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, as long as postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule tapering, slightly longer than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, shorter than neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>In chaetigers 8-14 (Figs. 2G; 6G), dorsal and ventral cirri slender, cirriform; dorsal cirrus as long as notopodial dorsal ligule, ventral cirrus half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule. Notopodial and neuropodial lobes similar to those present in chaetigers 5-7.</p><p>Parapodia from 15 to end of body similarly modified throughout (Figs. 2H; 6H, I). Dorsal cirrus smooth, slender, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Cirrophores of dorsal cirrus with two small basal, lateral lamellae, upper lamella longer than lower one; and one large, dorsal lamella, division between it and upper lamella sometimes inconspicuous. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule enlarged, digitate; postchaetal lobe becoming into a lamella, longer than, to subequal as, and as wide as acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, medially inserted to acicular neuropodial ligule, shorter than it. Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule, with two basal, lateral lamellae.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers; homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7 in males, absent in females. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tips. Notopodial homogomph falcigers with falcate tips, teeth minute (Fig. 6J). Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tips (Fig. 6L). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved and fused to blade (Figs. 6K, M-N), sometimes inconspicuous; supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar, both decreasing in size slightly towards posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Pygidium not modified (males or females), with two lobes; anal cirri lost.</p><p>Remarks: Hernández-Alcántara and Solís-Weiss (1991:254) likely recorded this as K. alata in the Gulf of California, because one of us (SISV) confirmed its generic affinities in the early 1980s; but their material is lost, preventing its confirmation (Solís-Weiss pers. comm.). The type material for this new species was originally identified as ‘Nereid’ by Olga Hartman, and later as Nicon moniloceras by Kristian Fauchald (Leslie H. Harris pers. comm.), likely after the bare pharynx and number of ligules.</p><p>This is the only species for which both sexes are known, allowing for direct comparison of their morphology. Chamberlin (1919:197) thought that dorsal discs were only present in males because his specimens were all males; however, elytriform structures are also present in females of K. peltifera sp. n. Other typical sex-related differences are missing as the dissimilar number of chaetigers in non-natatory region, or presence of crenulated dorsal cirri and anal papillae in males. The main differences between sexes is that males have notopodial homogomph falcigers in chaetigers 3-7, and lack notopodial dorsal ligules in chaetiger 3, whereas in females there are no homogomph falcigers, but they have notopodial dorsal ligules in chaetiger 3. The species Typhlonereis gracilis Hansen, 1879 is similar to Kainonereis species in that it lacks notopodial dorsal ligules in first chaetigers, but in T. gracilis notopodial dorsal ligules and notochaetae are absent in first four chaetigers and if it is a sex-specific feature could not be determined (Bakken 2003).</p><p>Specimens belonging to this species are quickly recognizable by the flat, rounded, delicate discs in chaetigers 5-7 in both sexes. Males of this species differ from those of K. alata and K. elytrocirra comb. n.: K. peltifera sp. n. has a distinct, falcate distal tooth in notopodial falcigers, and their postchaetal lamellae are longer than acicular neuropodial ligules; whilst in K. alata and K. elytrocirra comb. n., notopodial falcigers have almost blunt distal ends, and postchaetal lobes are shorter to subequal than acicular neuropodial ligules. Moreover, K. peltifera sp. n. has an enlarged anterior end, resembling K. alata and K. chamberlini sp. n., but K. peltifera sp. n. differs clearly from K. alata in having separate antennae and from the K. chamberlini sp. n. in the shape of dorsal discs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFF8FFC82220F3F4FC40DF87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFFAFFD42011F0B4FC73DBA7.text	03BA684CFFFAFFD42011F0B4FC73DBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis polaris (Hartman 1967) Conde-Vela & Wu & Salazar-Vallejo 2018	<div><p>Kainonereis polaris (Hartman, 1967) comb. n.</p><p>(Figs. 1D; 2 I-J; 7A-I; 8A-K)</p><p>Nicon polaris Hartman 1967:68-69, Pl. 19, Figs. 19A-E.</p><p>Type material: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.892002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.35/lat -62.892002)">Antarctic Ocean</a>, Antarctica. Holotype USNM 55514, female epitoke, and paratype USNM 55515, atoke, R/ V Eltanin, Sta. 432 (62°53'31.2"S, 59°21'W), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-62.892002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.35/lat -62.892002)">South Shetland Islands</a>, Nelson Island, Coll. University of Southern California, 884-935 m, 7 January 1963.</p><p>Type locality: Bransfield Strait, 884-935 m depth.</p><p>Epitoke description: Holotype (USNM 55514) complete, female epitoke, 22 mm long, 1 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 66 chaetigers. Specimen in good condition, body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, parapodia previously dissected, no staining pattern observed.</p><p>Prostomium wider than long, pentagonal, anterior margin entire, medial shallow groove present; one pair of antennae, not articulated; eyes faded, reddish, rounded, subequal, posterior eyes on lappets extended over achaetous ring (Fig. 7A). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles articulated, longest reaching chaetiger 5 (Fig. 7A). Pharynx bare; jaws dentate, cutting edge with 5-6 teeth visible, eroded teeth (Fig. 7C).</p><p>Body divided into two regions: 1) pre-natatory region include chaetigers 1-14, sub-divided into three regions; 2) natatory region from chaetiger 15 to end of body.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 3-4 (Fig. 1D), dorsal cirrus swollen basally, cirrostyle narrow, digitate, distinctly separated from cirrophore. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate, subequal. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe digitate; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, slightly longer than postchaetal lobe. Ventral cirrus pyriform, cirrostyle slightly distinct.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>In chaetigers 5-7 (Fig. 7D), dorsal discs petal-like, disc with thin, folded margin; cirrostyle narrow, laterally inserted. Notopodial dorsal ligule as long as notopodial ventral one; both ligules subconical, separated by a short, rounded prechaetal lobe. A c i c u l a r n e u r o p o d i a l l i g u l e s u b c o n i c a l, a s long as postchaetal lobe; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical, slightly longer than acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as acicular neuropodial lobe.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>In chaetigers 8-14 (Figs. 2I; 7E), dorsal cirrus cirriform, as long as notopodial dorsal ligule. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules subequal, subconical, tapering, separated by a short, digitate prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical; postchaetal lobe digitate, half as long as acicular neuropodial ligule; neuropodial ligule subconical, as long as acicular neuropodial lobe. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as acicular neuropodial lobe.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Parapodia from 15 to end of body similarly modified throughout (Figs. 2J; 7 F-G). Dorsal cirrus smooth, twice longer than notopodial dorsal ligule, with two small basal, lateral lamellae, upper lamella larger than lower one; dorsal lamella twice longer than upper one, division between it and upper lamella slightly conspicuous. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules digitate, subequal; both notopodial ligules separated by a large, rounded prechaetal lobe. Acicular neuropodial ligule digitate; postchaetal lobe becoming into a lamella, as wide as and longer than acicular neuropodial ligule, tip with a rounded lobe and a small apex; neuropodial ventral ligule digitate, medially inserted to and half as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule, with two large basal lamellae.</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip. Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip. Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, fused to blade (Figs. 7 H-I); supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar, both decreasing in size slightly towards posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Pygidium with two lobes (Fig. 7B); anal cirri as long as last seven chaetigers (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Atoke description: Paratype (USNM 55515) incomplete, 16 mm long, 1 mm wide at chaetiger 10, 40 chaetigers. Specimen in good condition, body yellowish, tapering posteriorly, no pigmentation pattern observed. Tube flexible, incorporating fine sediment particles, with algal stipe-like structures and shell fragments attached (Fig. 8D).</p><p>Prostomium wider than long, pentagonal, anterior margin entire, medial shallow groove present; one pair of antennae, not articulated; eyes faded, subequal, posterior eyes lappets absent (Figs. 8A, B). Achaetous ring as long as first chaetiger; anterior cirri with distinct cirrophores, cirrostyles articulated, longest anterior cirri reaching chaetigers 9-10 (Fig. 8A). Pharynx bare; jaws dentate, cutting edge with 6-7 visible teeth (Fig. 8C).</p><p>Parapodial cirri pattern. Dorsal cirri cirriform, longer than notopodial dorsal ligules throughout body; basally inserted on anterior region, displaced medially toward posterior body. Ventral cirri cirriform, basally inserted throughout body, subequal to neuropodial ventral ligules in anterior region, progressively diminishing in size, becoming half as long as ventral ligules towards posterior end.</p><p>First two chaetigers with neuroaciculae only, remaining with both noto- and neuroaciculae. In chaetigers 1-2 (Fig. 8H), dorsal cirrus cirriform, 1.5 times longer than dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule as long as postchaetal lobe and neuropodial ventral ligule; acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, half as long as postchaetal lobe.</p><p>Ventral cirrus cirriform, as long as neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>In chaetigers 3-4 (Fig. 8I), notopodial dorsal ligule present, as long as notopodial ventral one; remaining structures as in first two chaetigers.</p><p>In anterior and middle chaetigers (Fig. 8J), dorsal cirrus cirriform, slender, 1.2 times longer than notopodial dorsal ligules. Both notopodial dorsal and ventral ligules subequal, conical, tapering, twice longer than prechaetal lobe; prechaetal lobe digitate. Acicular neuropodial ligule subconical, twice longer than postchaetal lobe; postchaetal lobe digitate; neuropodial ventral ligule subconical, tapering, as long as acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirrus cirriform, half as long as neuropodial ventral ligule.</p><p>In posterior chaetigers (Fig. 8K), dorsal cirrus more displaced medially; remaining structures as in anterior and middle chaetigers.</p><p>Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae homogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers in supra-acicular fascicles; heterogomph spinigers and falcigers in sub-acicular fascicles.</p><p>Notopodial homogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth decreasing in size towards tip (Fig. 8E). Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers pectinate, teeth fine, decreasing towards tip, shorter than notopodial ones (Fig. 8G). Neuropodial heterogomph falcigers pectinate, teeth minute, distal tooth stout, incurved, fused to blade (Fig. 8F); supra- and sub-acicular falcigers similar, both decreasing in size slightly towards posterior chaetigers.</p><p>Pygidium missing.</p><p>Remarks: Kainonereis polaris comb. n. is easily recognized by having dorsal cirri twice longer than notopodial dorsal ligules and large postchaetal lamellae with a distal apex in natatory parapodia; whilst remaining species have dorsal cirri subequal and postchaetal lamellae with one or two rounded, distal lobes. This species has a remarkable prostomial modification, which was called ‘lappets’ by Hartman, clearly illustrated in the original drawing (Hartman 1967, Fig. 19A). The lappets consist of a hypertrophy of the posterior prostomial margin and carry the posterior eyes (Fig. 7A). Like the hypertrophied antennal bases in K. alata, these features are regarded as exclusively present in K. polaris comb. n. Further, although their presence was not used as a diagnostic feature for this species, they cannot be regarded as a preservation artifact. Furthermore, the petal-like discs resemble those found in K. alata, but in K. polaris comb. n. they are large, covering the complete dorsal surface of the corresponding chaetiger, whilst in K. alata they are short, not covering the chaetigers.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>Hartman (1967:68) included two specimens in her description, one was indicated as the type and as an epitoke, but for the atoke she wrote (Hartman 1967:69): “Its atokous stage has not been identified.” The comparison of prostomial shape, antennae, eyes, jaws, anterior cirri, the absence of pharyngeal ornamentation, the almost identical shape of parapodial processes and chaetae along chaetigers 8-14, ensure the conspecificity of atoke specimen with the epitoke one. This is the only Kainonereis species of which the atokous stage is known. A remarkable feature is the appearing of notopodial dorsal ligule from chaetiger 3 as in epitokal females of other species. Also, the vial with the atoke also contains a tube, as wide as the worm, such that if it belonged to the atoke, at least this species has tubiculous habits. In all Kainonereis species, blades of neuropodial falcigers are subequal, finishing in an incurved, fused tooth, giving them a hooked appearance, as usual in other tubiculous genera such as Platynereis (e.g. Daly 1973; Read 2007; Cañete et al. 2013; Darbyshire 2014, Merz 2015).</p><p>This species was originally regarded as belonging to Nicon; however, Hartman recognized the high dissimilarity among conspecifics (Hartman 1967:68). The features she recognized as relevant were the diverging antennae, dentition of jaws, and the prostomial posterior prolongations (lappets) carrying the posterior eyes (Hartman 1967:69), but not the elytriform cirri in chaetigers 5-7. The only Nicon species known with fully developed heteronereis is N. aestuarensis Knox, 1951, but it differs from epitokes of Kainonereis by having smooth anterior cirri, only one large lamella above dorsal cirri, notopodial ventral ligules develop a lamella, and lack large, rounded prechaetal lobes separating considerably the notopodial ligules (Knox 1951).</p><p>Atoke specimens could be easily confused with other Nicon species, especially because the contemporary (e.g. Hartman 1958) and current (de León-González and Trovant 2013) generic diagnosis overlap features such as the bare pharynx, notopodial prechaetal lobes and only homogomph spinigers in notopodia. Based on the presence of notopodial prechaetal lobes, N. polaris was regarded as resembling N. aestuarensis, N. japonicus Imajima, 1972, N. rotunda Hutchings and Reid, 1990, and N. sinica Wu and Sun, 1979 (de León-González and Trovant 2013:70). Although, these species differ notably from K. polaris comb. n.: N. japonicus lacks articulated anterior cirri, and its neuropodial falcigers are anchylosed; N. rotunda has neuropodial homogomph falcigers in anterior chaetigers, and lacks heteronereis phase; and N. sinica has distally, faintly annulated (not articulated) anterior cirri (Imajima 1972, Wu and Sun 1979, Hutchings and Reid 1990). Finally, in the short redescription of Nicon pictus Kinberg, 1865 (type species of Nicon), Hartman (1948) included the presence of neuropodial homogomph falcigers, and large postchaetal lobe in posterior chaetigers; these features are absent in the atoke of K. polaris comb. n. It may be noted that Kainonereis is a better-defined set of species in comparison to Nicon that currently includes different body patterns with distinct features (De León-González and Trovant 2013).</p><p>The atoke of K. polaris comb. n. also differs from R. zebra, the type species of Rullierinereis Pettibone, 1971, in both having notopodial dorsal ligules and lacking notopodial homogomph falcigers in posterior chaetigers. In Rullierinereis, R. mexicana was described based on male and female specimens, being the only species with known epitokes. It can be easily separated from Kainonereis species because it has three body regions instead of two, and males lacks notopodial homogomph falcigers and elytriform structures in chaetigers 5-7 (Treadwell 1942, Hartman 1956, Pettibone 1971).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFFAFFD42011F0B4FC73DBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
03BA684CFFE1FFD22078F6B4FE4AD847.text	03BA684CFFE1FFD22078F6B4FE4AD847.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kainonereis Chamberlin 1919	<div><p>Kainonereis as a distinct genus</p><p>All epitokes examined share the presence of dorsal discs in chaetigers 5-7. Because the dorsal discs have similar a form (structural criterion) and are at the same position along the body for all epitokes (positional criterion) (Remane 1952:63-64, Williams and Ebach 2008:140), they are regarded as homologous, and because we assume that these similarities are due to a common ancestor, the dorsal discs are also regarded as homogenous (Fitzhugh 2006:58); this reasoning was also applied for all the remaining structures discussed in this paper. This leads us to conclude that Kainonereis is a monophyletic group, diagnosed mainly by the presence of dorsal discs and other remarkable features such as truly articulated anterior cirri, dorsal lamellae of dorsal cirri, and notopodial ligules being clearly separated by a large prechaetal lobe.</p><p>The reason the currently defined Kainonereis species were regarded as belonging to other, closely related genera such as Nicon or Rullierinereis is because generic delineations were not clearly set off. First, finding a bare pharynx in N. polaris drove Hartman (1967:68) to include it in that genus. Pettibone (1971:4, 5, 8) considered the generic affinity of N. polaris as uncertain but she did not explain why, whereas de León-González and Trovant (2013:73) correctly pointed out the presence of elytriform dorsal cirri as a feature better resembling Kainonereis than Nicon . Second, in R. elytrocirra the presence of notopodial homogomph falcigers made Wu and Sun (1979:106) include their species in Rullierinereis, but later Sun and Yang (2004) regarded R. elytrocirra as belonging to Kainonereis based on the presence of elytriform dorsal cirri.</p><p>© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</p><p>It might seem problematic to delineate separate nereidid genera on the basis of epitokes alone because of the complex body transformations involved. For reproductive patterns in Nereididae, after the compilation by Reish (1957, table 1), 9 out of 19 species undergo epitoky, and two others swarm, but their bodies are not modified, and these different reproductive patterns are present within the same genus. Clark (1977) showed that what has been regarded as a single species, turned out to include three different reproductive patterns, probably indicating they are different species as well. All species in Kainonereis undergo epitoky, but chances are that some undiscovered species might differ because this reproductive pattern cannot be generalized to the other species in the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA684CFFE1FFD22078F6B4FE4AD847	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel;Wu, Xuwen;Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio	Conde-Vela, Víctor Manuel, Wu, Xuwen, Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio Ignacio (2018): Elisesione imajimai Jimi & Eibye-Jacobsen & Salazar-Vallejo 2018, sp. nov. Zoological Studies (Zool. Stud.) 57 (6): 1-24, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2018.57-06, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8055766
