identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB87963D5D5D11A8EBF6CF11FCFC33.text	03BB87963D5D5D11A8EBF6CF11FCFC33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Submyotodon latirostris (Kishida 1932) Kishida 1932	<div><p>Submyotodon latirostris (Kishida, 1932)</p><p>Synonymy. Myotis latirostris Kishida, 1932 . Type locality C Taiwan. Myotis muricola orii Kuroda, 1935 . Type locality Taihezon, Taihokusiu, N Taiwan. Myotis mystacinus latirostris: Tate 1941 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis mystacinus orii: Tate 1941 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis mystacinus latirostris: Ellerman &amp; Morrison-Scott 1966 . Name combination. Myotis muricola latirostris: Findley 1972 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis muricola orii: Corbet and Hill 1992 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis latirostris: Lin et al. 2004 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis muricola latirostris: Simmons 2005 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis latirostris: Stadelmann et al. 2007 . Name combination. Myotis latirostris: Cheng et al. 2010 . Name combination. Myotis latirostris: Lack et al. 2010 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis latirostris: Ruedi et al. 2013 . Name combination.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. Kishida (1932) described a small species of Myotis from Taiwan and named it M. latirostris . Shortly after this description and also based on small specimens caught in Taiwan, Kuroda (1935) described another taxon, M. muricola orii . The very small forearm dimensions of both taxa (FA 33–34 mm), their tiny hind feet (6.5 mm), blackish fur and their small second upper premolars that are clearly visible laterally, are all morphological characters found in no other Myotis from Taiwan. Hence, despite the fact that the type specimens of latirostris and orii are not available for direct comparisons (Imaizumi 1962; Kaneko &amp; Maeda 2002), there is no doubt that both taxa belong to the same species, but its systematic position is more contentious. Classical accounts variously treated latirostris (and orii) as a subspecies of M. mystacinus or of M. muricola, (Tate 1941; Findley 1972; Corbet &amp; Hill 1992; Simmons 2005), but recent molecular reconstructions suggest that none of these species share a common ancestor (Stadelmann et al. 2007; Lack et al. 2010; Ruedi et al. 2013). The molecular data, whether issued from mitochondrial (Stadelmann et al. 2007; Fig. 3) or nuclear genes (Lack et al. 2010; Ruedi et al. 2013), rather show that the phylogenetic position of the latirostris lineage is very peculiar, being basal to all recent Myotis species tested so far. In addition to these molecular reconstructions, specimens of the latirostris lineage show that their first two lower molars have a nyctalodont configuration (i.e., where the postcristid is linking to the hypoconulid; Menu &amp; Sigé 1971), whereas most species of Myotis have myotodont lower molars (i.e., where the postcristid is linking to the entoconid; Menu &amp; Sigé 1971). The only exceptions are the small Myotis of the siligorensis-alticraniatus group (Tiunov et al. 2011; Ruedi et al. 2013), that can be easily recognized by their distinctly raised frontal part of the braincase and crowded premolars (Borisenko et al. 2008); these features are very different in latirostris skulls (Fig. 4a). Multiple independent evidences therefore support that bats from the latirostris lineage belong to a distinct genus within the Myotinae radiation (Ruedi et al. 2013). In fact, while checking all relevant type material currently assigned to Asian Myotinae, we found that the very peculiar skull shape and dental characteristics of this latirostris lineage are typical of three further taxa described from continental Asia, namely Vespertilio caliginosus (Tomes 1859; type locality India), V. blanfordi (Dobson 1871; type locality northern India) and V. moupinensis (Milne-Edwards 1872; type locality Moupin, Szechuan, China). We therefore consider these four taxa as congeners, but their distinction at the species level is beyond the scope of the present study. More remarkably, we also examined the paleontological literature and found that these four species also perfectly fit the diagnosis of the Upper Miocene genus Submyotodon described by Ziegler (2003). In particular, the Miocene fossils and recent material of the latirostris lineage share not only the nyctalodont condition of the first two lower molars, but also several other dental traits (such as four-cusped third lower incisors, unreduced length of third upper molar, uncrowded premolars, etc.), a peculiar skull shape (i.e., long bony bridge between lachrymal and infraorbital foramina; ascending ramus of mandible standing nearly perpendicular to the horizontal ramus; low articular process, etc.), and very small overall dimensions (see Ziegler 2003). As the paleontological material is fragmentary, it is not possible to compare the upraised shape of posterior parts of the neurocranium, nor the elongated, relatively flattened rostrum typical of latirostris (Fig. 4a), but as we cannot find any marked difference in other characters between the diagnosis of the Miocene Submyotodon and recent material, we propose to assign the four species of the latirostris lineage to that genus. Previous molecular dating further support this assignment, as the estimated age of the divergence time between the latirostris linage and other Myotis (credibility interval 23–20 million years ago, Ruedi et al. 2013 or 18 mya, Lack et al. 2010), indeed predates the paleontological age of Submyotodon (which is dated from the MN 7/8 stratum, i.e., 13.5–11 mya, Ziegler 2003). The divergence of the unrelated nyctalodont Myotis of the siligorensis – alticraniatus group is much more recent (mean 2.2 mya, Ruedi et al. 2013) and is not compatible with a Miocene divergence.</p><p>Distribution. Submyotodon latirostris has been found so far only in Taiwan, where it is widespread and relatively common.</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4.</p><p>External morphology. The combination of very small body size (i.e., forearm about 31–34 mm) and small feet (5–7 mm), sharp notch to the outer edge of the ears and attachment of wing membranes to the outer toe, easily distinguish S. latirostris from any other species found in Taiwan and adjacent mainland China. The dorsal fur is dark slaty brown, long and shaggy, with lighter brown tips. Ventrally the fur is also dark brown with lighter, golden tips of hairs and is particularly long in the posterior parts. Ears nearly reach the nose tip when laid forward, are pointed, and have a sharp notch at the rear edge of the conch (Cheng et al. 2010). The tip of the relatively short tragus is spatulated, and bent forwards, while the basal parts have more parallel sides. The face is dark and hairy, but there is an area of bare, flesh-colored skin around the eyes. Thumbs are short (4–5 mm) and delicate, with small claws (1–1.5 mm). The feet are almost bare and very small, with small claws and are less than half the tibia length. The dark wing and tail membranes are sparsely haired below and close to the body, with short, whitish hairs extending along the uropatagium near the tibia. Wing membranes are attached to the outer toe. The calcar has a clearly keeled lobe, and extends along half of the rear edge of uropatagium. The penis is short and slightly clubshaped.</p><p>Skull morphology. One immediate peculiarity of the skull profile of S. latirostris is the raised occipital part of the braincase (Fig. 4a). The skull is delicate and smooth (with no visible crests), with a narrow and elongated rostrum, and thin zygomatic arches. Due to the elongated rostrum, the foramen lacrymale is relegated to the level of first molars, instead of premolars in Myotis . The toothrow shows a clear diastema between the second incisor and the canine, and premolars are not crowded and are all visible in lateral view. There are three upper and lower premolars and a well-pronounced paraconule to the first upper premolar. The upper canines are relatively large, clearly higher than last premolars; the lower ones weaker and are only slightly larger than third lower premolars. The nyctalodont first and second lower molars are unique to this Taiwanese species; the third lower molar is submyotodont, where the postcristid is bifurcated, one arm joining the hypoconulid, the other the entoconid (Ziegler 2003). Such dental characteristics only exist in other extant and fossil Submyotodon species and in few other Asian species of Myotis (see taxonomic remarks).</p><p>Natural history. Although this forest species appears to be relatively common in Taiwan, it is mainly found in mountain areas above 1000m, up to at least 2200 m. It occurs in lower areas as well, but apparently only during the winter period and is active throughout the year. Based on our observations, lactating females were recorded from April to June, and male with enlarged testis from August to March.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D5D5D11A8EBF6CF11FCFC33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D5B5D10A8EBF47716E6F8DB.text	03BB87963D5B5D10A8EBF47716E6F8DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis fimbriatus (Peters 1870) Peters 1870	<div><p>Myotis fimbriatus (Peters, 1870)</p><p>Synonymy. Vespertilio fimbriatus Peters, 1870 . Type locality Amoy, Fujian, China. Myotis taiwanensis Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde, 1908. Type locality Takao, Anping, Tainan, Taiwan. Myotis hirsutus Howell, 1926 . Type locality Yenpingfu, Fujian, China. Myotis fimbriatus: Tate 1941 . First use of current name combination. Myotis taiwanensis: Lin et al. 2004 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis adversus taiwanensis: Simmons 2005 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis taiwanensis: Cheng et al. 2010 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis taiwanensis: Han et al. 2010 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis taiwanensis: Ruedi et al. 2013 . Name combination.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. Peters (1870) described two new Chinese species of Vespertilio (now Myotis) living in sympatry in Amoy (now Xiamen, Fujian Province). He named the smaller, rarer species with woolly pelage V. laniger (see below for its description), whereas the larger, more common species was named V. fimbriatus, and was characterized by the “margins of interfemoral and lumbar membranes ciliated”; he also mentioned that the wing membrane extended to the middle of the metatarsus, but closer examination of the type specimen (and all recent material) suggest that it rather connects to the ankle, close to the proximal end of the metatarsus. In addition, Peters (1870) also mentioned that the second upper premolar was situated at the inner side of the third, suggesting that it might be displaced inwards from the toothrow, which is not the case on the type and all other referred material. Based on a new series of specimens collected in the same area in Fujian, Howell (1926) described another two species, a smaller form with wing membranes attaching to the base of toes (= M. sowerbyi), and a larger one, named M. hirsutus . The latter species is characterized by very hairy feet and membranes, and resembles the European M. capaccinii, as Howell suggested. However, he overlooked Peters’ (1870) description of M. fimbriatus, which was based on bats likely caught in the same cave (Allen 1938). Direct comparisons of the type material indicate that fimbriatus and hirsutus indeed represent the same species, as suggested by Allen (1938) and both are very similar to the type of taiwanensis (Ärnbäck-Christie-Linde 1908). External dimensions of these three taxa are also very similar, but the latter taxon has a slightly larger skull and a more globose braincase than the type of fimbriatus or hirsutus, and thus should be retained as a valid subspecies (i.e., M. fimbriatus taiwanensis) endemic to Taiwan. Specimens referred to M. fimbriatus s.l. from Taiwan and mainland China are genetically very similar or identical (Fig. 3), and confirm that they belong to the same species.</p><p>Contrary to previous suggestions based on phenetic comparisons (Findley 1972; Corbet &amp; Hill 1992), molecular reconstructions (Han et al. 2010; Ruedi et al. 2013) indicate that M. fimbriatus is not particularly related to M. capaccinii, nor to M. adversus, but is comprised in Clade X (Fig. 3). This East Asian clade includes other large-footed, trawling bats such as M. pilosus (a senior synonym of M. ricketti), M. cf. fimbriatus, M. petax and M. macrodactylus (Fig. 3). Records of M. fimbriatus from Yunnan (Zhang et al. 2009; Ruedi et al. 2013) refer to specimens that also fit the general morphological characteristics of fimbriatus, but they are larger (FA 42.9 mm; GLS 16.1 mm; CM3 5.9 mm) and are genetically divergent (Ruedi et al. 2013). They might represent a distinct species in this group and should best be referred as M. cf. fimbriatus (as in Clade X of figure 3) until more detailed taxonomic comparisons are made.</p><p>Distribution. Initially, the distribution of this species was limited to Fujian (type locality of both fimbriatus and hirsutus), SE China (Corbet &amp; Hill 1992) and Taiwan (type locality of taiwanensis), where it is widespread and common (Allen 1938; Lin et al. 2004; Han et al. 2010). Recent morphological and molecular surveys (under the name taiwanensis), suggest that it is much more widespread along the eastern coast of China, occurring up to Anhui and central Shandong provinces (Han et al. 2010). As indicated previously, Yunnan specimens referred to this species (Zhang et al. 2009 and Ruedi et al. 2013) probably represent a distinct taxon ( M. cf. fimbriatus).</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4.</p><p>External morphology. This medium-sized Myotis (FA about 40 mm) is characterized by relatively large, hairy feet reaching more than half tibia length (Table 4). It has relatively long ears, reaching the nose tip when laid forwards. The tragus is nearly parallel, long and pointed, reaching half conch height. Although its dorsal fur is relatively short, it extends well along the tibia, which is typical for this species. The underside fur is also particularly long, including on the patagium along the humerus, and extends considerably on the uropatagium as well, especially along the tibia. These sparse hairs are long, cottony and reach beyond the margin of the uropatagium near the calcar (“lumbar membranes ciliated” as mentioned by Peters in the original description). The general color is greyish brown above. The ventral hairs have darker, slate-grey base but are much lighter near the tip, forming an almost pure white area near the anal region (Howell 1926). This gives an overall characteristic bicolored aspect to the pelage of M. fimbriatus, with a relatively sharp demarcation line along the sides of the body (see pictures in Lin et al. 2004; Cheng et al. 2010). Wing membranes are attached to the ankle or the proximal base of the metatarsus. The long calcar is unkeeled and extends to four-fifth of the rear edge of uropatagium. This bat bears external similarities with M. horsfieldii (large feet, long calcar and long ears; similar to other water-loving bats), but the latter is not hairy below the patagium, its pelage is not bicolored and the wing membranes attach to the metatarsus near the outer toe, not close to the ankle as in fimbriatus .</p><p>Skull morphology. The skull has an inflated braincase, especially in the taiwanensis subspecies, giving a globose appearance when viewed from above or laterally (Fig. 4b). Upper canines are strong and higher than premolars. The latter are aligned in the toothrow and not particularly crowded, while all are visible in the lateral view (Fig. 4b). The lower canines are weaker, but still higher than the larger premolars. Lower molars are strong, with high cusps and all are myotodont.</p><p>Natural history in Taiwan. A colonial species found in underground structures, like caves (Allen 1938) or tunnels (Han et al. 2010), where it can form quite numerous breeding colonies (up to 1000 individuals in central Taiwan, Lin et al. 2004). It is apparently linked to bodies of water, where it hunts insects above the water surface, like other trawling bats. It is found in both lowland and mountain habitats. In Taiwan, newborns were recorded from November to June, suggesting an extensive breeding season. Such unusual winter reproduction was observed in artificial tunnels containing pipes transporting hot spring water, which certainly enhanced local ambient temperature to provide suitable conditions for the bats to extend their normal breeding time.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D5B5D10A8EBF47716E6F8DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D5A5D12A8EBF71F1389FD76.text	03BB87963D5A5D12A8EBF71F1389FD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis laniger (Peters 1870) Peters 1870	<div><p>Myotis laniger (Peters, 1870)</p><p>Synonymy. Vespertilio laniger Peters, 1870 . Type locality Amoy, Fujian, China. Vespertilio fimbriatus: Dobson 1878 (part). Name combination.</p><p>Myotis sowerbyi: Allen 1938 (part) Name combination.</p><p>Myotis daubentonii laniger: Tate, 1941 . First use of current name combination. Myotis daubentonii: Bates and Harrison 1997 (part). Name combination. Myotis laniger: Topál 1997 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis sp.: Lin et al. 1997.</p><p>Myotis daubentonii laniger: Bates et al. 1999 . Name combination. Myotis sp. 1: Lin et al. 2004. Vernacular, unavailable name. Myotis cf. daubentonii: Borisenko et al 2008 . Name combination. Myotis sp.: Cheng et al. 2010. Vernacular, unavailable name. Myotis sp. 1: Ruedi et al. 2013. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. Peters’ description of M. laniger in Swinhoe’s book (1870) is relatively brief, but some major distinguishing characters for this species are mentioned (i.e., relatively long feet reaching more than half tibia length, wing membranes attached to mid-metatarsus, weak canines). Allen (1938), in his influential book, unfortunately largely based his morphological description of M. laniger on the type series of another species, M. sowerbyi, which triggered much subsequent confusion about the exact characteristics of Peters’ laniger . Shamel (1942) reexamined M. sowerbyi and assigned it to a different group (i.e., as a subspecies of M. siligorensis), which is its current taxonomic position today (Corbet &amp; Hill 1992; Simmons 2005). Unfortunately, the confusion about the exact content of M. laniger persisted. For instance following Tate (1941), Bates and Harrison (1997) relied on Allen’s book (1938) to detail its morphology, and concluded that “ laniger ” should be regarded as a synonym of M. daubentonii (now confined to the western Palaearctic region and unrelated to M. laniger, see Clade III in figure 3). These authors overlooked that the attachment point of the wing membrane in true laniger is close to the ankle, not the outer metatarsal, and that it has long ears (versus short ones in M. daubentonii). Topal’s (1997) concept of M. laniger was more accurate as he relied on the true laniger series from Amoy, and indeed stressed their morphological similarities with M. longipes and M. csorbai, both of them faunal elements of the Himalayan foothills. The apparent high morphological similarities between laniger, annamiticus and longipes (Topál 1997; Kruskop &amp; Tsytsulina 2001) also adds to this confusion, notably in the recent phylogenetic literature (e.g., Zhang et al. 2009), and more specific studies including material from the type localities are needed to fully understand the species limits in this complex group. It is, however, obvious from phylogenetic reconstructions that neither M. daubentonii (part of Clade III), nor M. capaccinii (outside Clade IX) pertain to this group of long-footed, Oriental species (Fig. 3).</p><p>After comparing the lectotype of M. laniger (and Peters’ 1870 original description) with the unknown Myotis discovered in the mountains of Taiwan and designated as Myotis sp. 1 (Lin et al. 1997; Chou 2004; Lin et al. 2004), they proved to be undistinguishable. The characteristically weak dentition of the partial skull of the lectotype (Fig. 5 a) also conforms to the dentition of specimens from Taiwan (Figs 4c, 5b). Genetically, all specimens from Taiwan are closely related to M. laniger sequenced in adjacent mainland China (Fig. 3), which confirms their conspecificity.</p><p>Distribution. The distribution of M. laniger as understood here is limited to the Fujian (type locality) and Henan provinces in China, and Taiwan, but if further morphologic and genetic studies confirm that specimens from Southeast Asia also pertain to this species (Topál 1997), then the distribution of M. laniger might be much more extensive.</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4.</p><p>External morphology. This medium-sized bat has a dense, woolly fur, extending to the face, which is also distinctly hairy (Cheng et al. 2010). The strong pilosity of this bat is also evident on the under parts of the wing and tail membranes, where relatively dense creamy-white hairs run along the sides of the body and extend on the membranes up to the elbows, knees, and base of tail; in this respect it resembles a small version of M. fimbriatus . The general color is greyish-brown above, with darker underfur. It is distinctly whitish on the ventral parts (pure white near the anal region). As mentioned by Peters (1870), individuals can rarely be completely rufescent both above and below; this peculiar color morph has also been observed in Taiwan and is illustrated in Cheng et al. (2010). The ears are long and narrow, relatively pointed, with an inconspicuous notch along the rear edge; they extend much beyond the nose tip if laid forward. The tragus is relatively straight and narrow, and reaches nearly half the conch height. The hairy face is dark brown, but the bare parts around the eyes are lighter, fleshy colored. The wing membrane is attached close to the ankle, but is prolonged by a narrow strip of membrane to the base of the metatarsus (see illustration in Cheng et al. 2010) and hence may give the impression of a more distal attachment. The calcar is long, about three-quarters the length of the free edge of uropatagium, without lobe or keel. The last vertebra is not inserted within the tail membrane. The feet are large (10.5 mm including claw) and more than half the tibia length, bear long, curved claws and are hairy. These characteristics of the feet are distinct from the smaller-footed species found in continental China (e.g., M. sowerbyi) or in Taiwan (e.g., the unnamed Myotis sp. 2, see below). The penis is club-shaped.</p><p>Skull morphology. The profile of the skull of M. laniger typically rises sharply after the postorbital constriction, but is nearly horizontal above, and rounded in the occipital region (Figs. 4c, 5). The surface of the braincase is smooth, with no visible crests. The teeth are typically weak, with the upper canines barely reaching the size of the third premolars; the lower ones are even smaller (Fig. 4c). The incisive and first upper premolars are nearly the same size, the second premolars being smaller. These premolars are uncrowded and aligned in the toothrow. The inferior teeth are weak, all molars being myotodont.</p><p>Natural history. Allen (1923) commented that this bat was relatively uncommon in Fujian (compared to M. fimbriatus), where he procured only three specimens. In Taiwan, it looks also to be a rare, cave dwelling bat, confined to the east of Taiwan. As in mainland China, it was also found in the same cave roosts as the larger M. fimbriatus . The large, hairy feet and uropatagium of M. laniger suggest that it is also a trawling species hunting close to or above water bodies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D5A5D12A8EBF71F1389FD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D585D1FA8EBF2B41078FD13.text	03BB87963D585D1FA8EBF2B41078FD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis secundus	<div><p>Myotis secundus sp. n.</p><p>Figures 2, 3, 4d, and 6a</p><p>Synonymy. Myotis sp. 2: Lin et al. 2004. Vernacular, unavailable name. Myotis sp. 2: Cheng et al. 2010. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Myotis sp. 2: Ruedi et al. 2013. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Holotype. Adult male collected by C.H. Chou on 8 July 2003 (field number #B030018). The dry skin and skull are deposited in the collections of the Department of Biology, Tunghai University under accession number THUMB 30018. The complete mitochondrial Cyt b gene was sequenced from tissue extracts taken from the holotype and deposited in GenBank under accession number KP187896 and was used in the phylogenetic analyses presented herein (Clade VIII in figure 3).</p><p>Paratypes. The identity of all six paratypes listed hereafter was confirmed by both the multivariate morphological (Fig. 2) and genetic analyses (Fig. 3). These paratypes are 5 adult males and 1 adult female from near Kaohsiung City in Taoyuan District collected between 2002 and 2004 (TESRI B0271, THUMB 92, 30017, 30020, 30051–2). The following GenBank accession numbers correspond to the complete mitochondrial Cyt b gene sequenced in these paratypes: KP187889, KP187895 –97, KP187899 –00 (Table 1).</p><p>Other referred material. 3 adult males from near Datong Township, Yilan County (TESRI B0273–5); 1 adult female from Fuxing Township, Taoyuan County (TESRI B0272); 3 adult males from near Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County (TESRI B0265, B0267, B0268); 2 adult male and 1 adult female from near Taichung City, Heping District (NMNS t-3474, TESRI B0270, THUMB 30013); 1 adult male and 1 adult female from near Yuli Township, Hualian County (THUMB 30023, 30031); 2 adult females and 1 adult male from Taoyuan District, Kaohsiung City (THUMB 30053, 30016, 30019); 1 adult male from Yuli Township, Hualian County (THUMB 30055); 1 adult male from Donghe Township, Taitung County (TESRI B0269).</p><p>Type locality. The designated type series originate from the forest areas near Kaohsiung City (Taoyuan District) in south-central Taiwan ROC (approximate coordinates: 23°08’ N, 120°48’ E).</p><p>Distribution. M. secundus sp. n. has so far only been recorded in Taiwan, where it is relatively common and widespread in forested habitats across most of the central regions. It was found near locations 1- 4, 7, 15, 17, 19, 21 and 21 (Fig. 1).</p><p>Etymology. We name it secundus (meaning second in Latin), as it was the second unnamed taxon found in Taiwan and initially mentioned under the name Myotis sp. 2 (Chou 2004; Lin et al. 2004; Cheng et al. 2010; Ruedi et al. 2013). In the photographic guide to the bats of Taiwan (Cheng et al. 2010), it was illustrated under the vernacular name of Long-toed Myotis, although this attribute is not particularly developed in this species.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype. Measurements are in mm. Head and body length, 37; tail length, 41; forearm length, 35.7; hind foot length (including claw), 7.1; tibia length, 17.5; thumb length, 6.6; ear length, 12.8; tragus length, 6.2; greatest skull length, including incisors, 14.1; greatest zygomatic breadth, 8.4; postorbital breadth, 3.3; mastoid breadth, 6.7; greatest braincase width, 6.3; upper canine-molar toothrow, 5.4; width across upper canines, 3.4; width across 3rd upper molars, 5.6.</p><p>Diagnosis. Small-sized Myotis (weight 3–5 g) with dark brown pelage color, slightly lighter ventrally, without demarcation between dorsal and ventral sides. Face and ears dark brown becoming more flesh-colored near the base of ears and above the eyes. Wing membranes attached to base of outer toe. Feet about half tibia length. Tail approximately same length as head and body length. Ears relatively long and narrow with a slight notch on the proximal third of the rear edge of conch. Tragus elongated and narrow, reaching the ear notch. Skull profile slender and relatively angular, with nearly flat braincase apex and abruptly falling posterior parts (Fig. 6 a); frontal part of braincase gently rising from rostrum to the top. Anterior part of the rostrum narrow and convergent. Teeth relatively robust with upper premolars aligned in toothrow and all visible in side view (Figs. 4d, 6a). The second upper and lower premolars are distinctly smaller than corresponding first premolars. Canines relatively strong, slightly larger than premolars. All lower molars are myotodont.</p><p>Description. This small Myotis has a long, shaggy and very dark brown pelage, with a tinge of lighter brown color at hair tips, giving a frosted appearance to its fur (unlike e.g., M. yanbarensis). The underparts are lighter, buffier, also with pale brown hair tips. The face is densely haired, with a small bare part located above the eyes (Cheng et al. 2010). The patagium is essentially naked and dark brown, with wing membrane attaching to the base of outer toe. The ears are relatively long and narrow, with a small but distinct notch. The tragus is narrow, straight, slightly bent forward close to the tip; it extends to about a third of the distance to the tip of ear. Feet (about 7–9 mm, including claw) and thumbs are slender, both with sparse guard hairs and slender claws. The tibia is long (16–17.7 mm). Tail (about 40 mm) is as long as head and body length.</p><p>When viewed in profile (Figs. 4d, 6a), the braincase of the skull has gently rising frontal parts, and is nearly flat on its summit; the occipital region is rounded, smooth with no visible crests. The frontal part of the rostrum is narrow and, in front of the canines, is convergent. Mean and range of external and skull measurements of M. secundus sp. n. from Taiwan are given in Table 4.</p><p>Dental formula I 2 /3 C 1/1 PM 3/3 M 3/3, comprising the adult dentition of 38 teeth. The teeth are not particularly weak, although the canines (both upper and lower) are only slightly higher than the corresponding last premolars (Figs. 4d, 6a). The second incisor is clearly smaller than the first (in lateral view), although in occlusal view both are of similar basal dimensions. All premolars are in the toothrow and visible in lateral view, but the second one (both upper and lower) is much smaller than the first one (Fig. 4d). The third upper premolar has a distinct paraconule. Lower molars are all myotodont.</p><p>Comparisons. In recent taxonomic accounts (e.g., Corbet &amp; Hill 1992, Simmons 2005), a single small species of Myotinae was found on Taiwan and was called Myotis muricola latirostris (see above for its current taxonomic position). However, since 2004, bat surveys showed that a second small (weight 3–5 g), relatively common Myotis species, that was not fitting the characteristics of latirostris, was living in various habitats of the island. It was referred subsequently as Myotis sp. 2, and hence named here M. secundus sp. n. Although both species are indeed small and have a dark, almost black dorsal pelage, the new species is easily distinguished from S. latirostris by its larger external dimensions such as thumb or tibia length, or by mostly larger skull dimensions as well (Table 4). M. secundus sp. n. has myotodont lower molars, whereas they are nyctalodont in S. latirostris . This character also distinguishes the new species from other small, blackish Myotis from continental Asia pertaining to the siligorensis group, such as M. siligorensis, M. badius, M. alticraniatus, etc. (see Tiunov et al. 2011). Another small Myotis living in south-east China and described originally as M. sowerbyi (Howell 1926), is also very similar to M. secundus sp. n. (similar external dimensions, wing insertion to the base of the toes, myotodont lower molars), but is clove-brown, not blackish, has much more slender upper (Fig. 8 b) and lower canines, has a first lower premolar nearly as large as the canine (it is only half its size in M. secundus sp. n., Fig. 4d), and in skull profile it has a more inflated and elevated braincase and rostrum (Fig. 6 b). M. davidii is also a small myotodont species, but has the upper premolars crowded, the second being completely displaced lingually from toothrow and is now considered as belonging to the mystacinus morpho-group (see illustrations in Benda et al. 2012). Compared to the closest relatives of M. secundus sp. n. in phylogenetic analyses (Clade VIII in figure 3), M. pruinosus has a less elevated frontal part of skull and relatively flat braincase (Fig. 6 c), whereas the skull of M. yanbarensis (known from Okinawa, Japan) is characterized by a longer rostrum, more globose braincase (Fig. 6 d) and is larger (e.g., CBL over 14 mm,) than M. secundus sp. n. (CBL about 13 mm). Furthermore, the tibia is particularly long in M. secundus sp. n. (about 17 mm), unlike in related M. pruinosus from Japan (13 mm). The tail of M. secundus sp. n. is nearly as long as head and body length, whereas it is distinctly longer in M. yanbarensis .</p><p>Phylogenetic relationships. The complete (1140 bp) Cyt b gene of the holotype and paratypes of M. secundus sp. n. are all similar (with less than 1% K2P distance) and diverge by at least 10.5% K2P distance from their closest relative, M. yanbarensis (Fig. 3) and by at least 20% for any other sympatric Myotis from Taiwan (Table 5). In a more general phylogenetic context, M. secundus sp. n. (named Myotis sp. 2 in Ruedi et al. 2013) is part of the strongly supported Clade VIII within the Myotinae radiation, together with M. yanbarensis, M. pruinosus, and representatives of the M. montivagus species complex. It also differs notably from species of the mystacinus morpho-group that appear in Clade VI (Fig. 3 and Ruedi et al. 2013).</p><p>Natural history. M. secundus sp. n. is essentially a forest-dwelling species, but we observed breeding females also occupying small holes or chinks in caves. It is common both in the lowlands and higher mountains, suggesting that this species may have a relatively broad ecological niche. It was found in sympatry with S. latirostris in the higher elevations. Lactating females were observed from May to July, while males with enlarged testis were recorded from August to March.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D585D1FA8EBF2B41078FD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D555D19A8EBF54513E1F867.text	03BB87963D555D19A8EBF54513E1F867.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis soror	<div><p>Myotis soror sp. n.</p><p>Figures 2, 3, 5, 8 a, and 9a</p><p>Holotype. Adult female collected by G. Csorba, C.-C. Huang and H.-C. Kuo on 5 September 2003 (field number # CSOTA 141). The dry skin and skull are deposited in the collections of the Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM) under accession number 2003.36.20. Part of the mitochondrial Cyt b (413 bp) was sequenced from tissue extracts taken from the holotype; this sequence is deposited in GenBank under accession number KP187901. The Cyt b gene was used in the phylogenetic analyses presented herein (Fig. 3).</p><p>Type locality. The holotype and only known specimen was caught along the “water pipe road”, near the Highland Experimental Farm of National Taiwan University, Nantou County, Taiwan ROC (approximate coordinates: 24°05’ N, 121°09’ E), at an altitude of 2100 m above sea level (location 9 in figure 1).</p><p>Distribution. The only known specimen of M. soror sp. n. is an adult female caught in a mist-net placed across a small road at Meifong, Nantou County, in the slopes of Mt Hehuan, in central Taiwan (location 9 in figure 1). The evergreen, temperate forests surrounding this area is the typical vegetation found at this elevation (2100 m). Other species of bat caught in the same area during our survey include an unknown species of Pipistrellus, Harpiola isodon, M. frater, M. laniger, M. secundus sp. n., S. latirostris, Murina gracilis, Plecotus taivanus, Miniopterus fuliginosus, Barbastella leucomelas, Rhinolophus monoceros and R. formosae . As none of the previous, intensive surveys of the bat fauna of Taiwan evidenced this species elsewhere (Chou 2004; Lin et al. 2004), M. soror sp. n. might indeed be a very rare forest species. Nothing is known about its natural history besides that the female was in a post-lactating stage (with teats still enlarged and devoid of hairs) when it was collected, and thus must have been breeding recently in the area.</p><p>Etymology. We name it soror (meaning sister in Latin) as it is clearly related to Myotis frater, its sister species in phylogenetic reconstructions (see Clade III in figure 3). Owing to its peculiar coloration, we suggest Reddish Myotis as an appropriate vernacular name.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype. Measurements are in mm and, unlike in other species, were taken on the prepared specimen. Head and body length, 48; tail length, 41; forearm length, 42.1; hind foot length (including claw), 7.6; tibia length, 17.2; thumb length, 5.1 and claw 2.5; ear length, 11; tragus length, 6; greatest skull length, including incisors, 13.8; greatest zygomatic breadth, 8.9; postorbital breadth, 4.1; mastoid breadth, 7.8; greatest braincase width, 7.2; upper canine-molar toothrow, 5.2; width across upper canines, 4.2; width across 3rd upper molars, 5.7 (Table 4).</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized Myotis with striking pelage color, rich cinnamon-brown with lighter, golden hair tips dorsally (Fig. 7 a) and only slightly lighter ventrally. Color of face brownish and other bare parts dark brown.</p><p>Wing membranes attached close to base of outer toe, on the distal part of the metatarsus (Fig. 7 b). Feet nearly half tibia length. Tail notably shorter than head and body length. Ears relatively short and broad with a distinct notch on the middle of the rear edge of conch (Fig. 7 c). The inner and outer sides of the conch are covered with sparse, cinnamon-rufous hairs. Skull angular, with short rostrum and abruptly raised frontal part of braincase (as seen in profile, Fig. 8 a). Teeth relatively robust with second upper premolars small and moderately displaced inside from toothrow, but not visible in side view. Upper canines strong, with a marked groove along the labial edge.</p><p>Description. The pelage is dense, soft and relatively long on the dorsum (about 6 mm); dorsal hairs cinnamon brown on the base and becoming progressively lighter towards the tips, the last 2 mm being golden yellow, giving a frosted appearance to the dorsal fur. Ventral parts appear slightly paler, with hairs brown to the middle, becoming lighter, almost creamy towards the tip. Bare parts, including ears and patagium, reddish-brown, with face lighter, flesh colored. Ears short and broad, not reaching the nose tip when laid forward; conspicuous notch at two-thirds of its height on the rear edge (Fig. 7 c). Long (up to 1.6 mm), sparse cinnamon hairs are present on both inner and outer sides of the conch. Tragus relatively short, but reaching the ear notch; the anterior edge is slightly convex but the exterior margin has a small lobe at the base (hidden into the conch), and a larger one along half of its length; the tragus is convergent and tapers medially forming a slightly rounded head at the tip (Fig. 7 c). Wing membranes are essentially naked (except the underparts, close to the body), and attached to the distal parts of the metacarpus, near the base of the outer toe (Fig. 7 b). Feet are robust, with strong curved claws, and about half the size of tibia length. Uropatagium broad with tail almost fully included in the membrane. The calcar is short (about one-third uropatagium edge length), and bears an indistinct, unkeeled lobe. The tail is notably shorter than head and body length.</p><p>When viewed in profile, the skull has a relatively short rostrum, and an abruptly raising frontal part of the braincase (Fig. 9 a). The occipital part looks like a square in profile or when viewed from above (Fig. 8 a). Lambdoid crests are visible laterally, but no notable sagittal crest is present.</p><p>Dental formula I 2 /3 C 1/1 PM 3/3 M 3/3, comprising the adult dentition of 38 teeth. Teeth are robust, with upper canines longer than third premolars, but the lower canines are much weaker, barely reaching the height of lower premolars (Fig. 8 a). The two upper incisive are nearly as high as wide, short, of comparable size and both are visible in side view. The upper canines have a distinct groove along the labial edge. The first upper premolar is small and aligned in toothrow, but the second is minute and displaced inwards and barely visible in side view. The third premolar is large, but bears an inconspicuous paraconule in its front margin. Molars are robust, but low, with ill-defined paraconules. The three lower premolars are in a row, not particularly crowded. All lower molars are myotodont.</p><p>Comparisons. Owing to its short rostrum, raised frontal parts of braincase, angular skull shape (Figs. 8 a, 9a) and inwards displaced second upper premolars, Myotis soror sp. n. is clearly related to the M. frater species complex (sensu Tsytsulina &amp; Strelkov 2001). However, it differs genetically from sympatric specimens of M. frater by at least 11 % (K2P divergence at the Cyt b gene; Table 5). Its rich cinnamon pelage (Fig. 7 a) with golden frosted appearance of the dorsal fur is also unique in this group, all other taxa living in temperate regions being darker brown (sometimes lighter brown in juvenile specimens, Yoshiyuki 1989). The desert form M. bucharensis is decidedly much paler and slightly larger. With a forearm length of 42.1 mm, M. soror sp. n. is also larger than the Far Eastern taxa ( longicaudatus, kaguyae and eniseensis) and slightly larger than sympatric M. frater s. s. (FA barely reaching 41 mm; Table 4). The tail of M. soror sp. n. is shorter than head and body length, and thus is considerably shorter than in other taxa in this group (Table 4). Compared to M. frater s.s. the shape and pilosity of ears differ notably, the notch on the rear edge being less visible in the later species, with pilosity confined to inner side (hairy on both sides in M. soror sp. n., Fig. 7 c). Due to an absolute shorter tibia length (about 17 mm) compared to other taxa in the frater s. l. group (about 20 mm or more), the feet (about 8 mm) appear relatively large, almost half the tibia length, whereas they are much shorter than 50% tibia length in the other related taxa. Other, unrelated Asian species of Myotis with inwards displaced second upper premolars, such as M. davidii, are either much smaller (FA about 31 mm) and have a darker, blackish pelage color, or are much larger (FA about 50 mm) and have particolored wings (see M. formosus s.l. group, Csorba et al. 2014).</p><p>Phylogenetic relationships. The partial (413 bp) Cyt b gene of the holotype of M. soror sp. n. diverges by at least 11% K2P distance from any other homologous sequences, including from its sympatric, sister taxon M. f. frater (Fig. 2; Table 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D555D19A8EBF54513E1F867	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D515D24A8EBF2BF1748FC32.text	03BB87963D515D24A8EBF2BF1748FC32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis frater Allen 1923	<div><p>Myotis frater Allen, 1923</p><p>Synonymy. Myotis frater Allen, 1923 . Type locality Yenping, Fukien Province, China. Myotis sp. 3: Lin et al. 2004. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Myotis sp. 3: Cheng et al. 2010. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Myotis sp. 3: Ruedi et al. 2013. Vernacular, unavailable name.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. The angular skull, short toothrow and displaced upper middle premolar differentiate the taxa of the frater complex from other Myotis species (Tsytsulina &amp; Strelkov 2001), but this group is morphologically a polytypic species complex comprising various forms, with variation in skull profiles and in extension of displacement of the second upper premolar. Tsytsulina and Strelkov (2001) separated the larger, pale desert form isolated in western Asia as a distinct species, M. bucharensis Kuzyakin, 1950 . They commented on the taxonomy of the other, more boreal forms ( longicaudatus, kaguyae and eniseensis), but did not compare them with material from the type locality in SE China, where M. frater s. s. was originally described by Allen (1923). Morphological comparisons of skulls (Figs. 9 b, 9c) indicate that M. frater from Taiwan are very similar to the type of frater from adjacent China and thus represent the same species. Another specimen, described here as a new species in Taiwan, M. soror sp. n., also belongs to the frater species complex, but differs in external and cranial morphology (Figs. 8 a, 8b, 9) and is genetically divergent from its congeners (Fig. 3; Table 5). Previous molecular analyses (Kruskop et al. 2012) further showed that the subspecies eniseensis and longicaudatus, although geographically isolated and morphologically separable, differ only slightly at the mitochondrial COI gene (about 2%), suggesting that both belong to a single boreal species. Our phylogenetic reconstructions (Fig. 3) further indicate that specimens from Manchuria (i.e., representing longicaudatus) and Hokkaido (i.e., representing kaguyae) also differ minimally from each other at another mitochondrial gene (less than 1% at Cyt b), again suggesting that all three taxa living in boreal and temperate forests are subspecies of a single species. These molecular data further suggest that bats living in more tropical regions (e.g., those sampled in Taiwan and nearby China) differ markedly in their Cyt b gene sequences (&gt;13%) and in the size of the baculum (Tsytsulina &amp; Strelkov 2001), and thus are clearly distinct from all other boreal taxa (Fig. 3). The genetic differences are comparable to those separating the two sympatric species in Taiwan ( M. soror sp. n. and M. frater, 11.4%; Table 5). Besides M. soror sp. n., we thus recommend treating M. frater s. s. from Taiwan and adjacent China as a species distinct from the other, more temperate taxa in this group. According to this new taxonomic arrangement and to designate the boreal-temperate species, M. longicaudatus Ognev, 1927 is the oldest available name, which has priority over kaguyae Imaizumi, 1956 and eniseensis Tsytsulina and Strelkov, 2001.</p><p>Owing to relatively important morphological variability of this taxon in the Japanese archipelago, more comprehensive genetic sampling across Hokkaido and Honshu is still needed to confirm that a single taxon is living throughout this archipelago.</p><p>Distribution. The known distribution of M. frater s. s. as understood here is restricted to Fujian Province (formerly Fukien) in eastern China, and Taiwan.</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4.</p><p>External morphology. Medium sized bat with a dense, soft pelage that extends well over the underparts of the tail and wing membranes, up to the elbows and around the anal region. The dorsal color is dark brown, without gloss, whereas the underparts are lighter, creamy brown, most of the hair base being darker brown. The wing membranes are broad and attached near the base of the outer toe, at the distal end of the metacarpus (see illustration in Cheng et al. 2010). Feet are relatively small, much shorter than half tibia length. Ears are short, relatively angular in shape, the front edge being vertical to three-quarters of it length, then bending sharply backwards at an angle of 45°; the rear edge has a distinct notch at mid-height; the inner side of the conch along the front edge is hairy, especially at its base, where long hairs form a comb-like structure; the outer surface of the ear is naked (see illustration in Cheng et al. 2010), unlike in M. soror sp. n. The calcar is long (half of the free edge of the uropatagium), with a narrow but unkeeled lobe. The uropatagium is particularly large, and is sparsely haired on the underside, near the anal region. The tragus is relatively long (longer than notch height), nearly straight but bending forwards and lacking a distal lobe. The external morphology resembles that of M. soror sp. n., except for color (richer cinnamon and frosted aspect of fur in the later), but differs from this new species by having longer tibia (20 mm instead of 17 mm) and slightly longer tail (about the same as head and body length, instead of being shorter in M. soror sp. n.).</p><p>Skull morphology. The outlines of the skull viewed from above are angular, fitting almost in a cube. In profile, the short rostrum, abruptly raised frontal part of the braincase and angular occipital region are characteristic of the M. frater complex (Fig. 9). The upper canines are strong and bear a typical, deep groove along their labial edge. The incisors are short but robust. The second upper premolar is displaced inwards and invisible in profile (see the type of frater, Fig. 9 b), but the extent of this intrusion is variable within the same population.</p><p>Natural history. In Taiwan, this forest dwelling bat is widely distributed, from low to higher elevations. It was found roosting in tree holes, but never in caves. Lactating females were found from June to August, depending on altitude. Males started showing enlarged testis in August. In Yenping (Fujian) three specimens (including the type) were taken in holes of live bamboo stems in a mountain area at an altitude of about 1000 m (Allen 1923).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D515D24A8EBF2BF1748FC32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D6E5D27A8EBF477129AFD31.text	03BB87963D6E5D27A8EBF477129AFD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis formosus (Hodgson 1835) Hodgson 1835	<div><p>Myotis formosus (Hodgson, 1835)</p><p>Synonymy. Vespertilio formosa Hodgson, 1835 . Type locality Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.</p><p>Kerivoula pallida Blyth, 1863 . Type locality Chaibassa, Orissa, India.</p><p>Vespertilio auratus Dobson, 1871 . Type locality Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.</p><p>Vespertilio dobsoni Anderson, 1881 . Type locality Purnia, Bihar, India. Not V. dobsoni Trouessart, 1878 .</p><p>Vespertilio Andersoni Trouessart, 1897 . Replacement name for Vespertilio dobsoni Anderson, 1881, preoccupied by V. dobsoni Trouessart, 1878 .</p><p>Myotis formosus: Tate 1941 . First use of current name combination.</p><p>Myotis flavus Shamel, 1944 . Type locality Yuanli, Miaoli, Taiwan.</p><p>Myotis formosus formosus: Koopman 1994 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus watasei: Lin et al. 1997 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis flavus: Lin et al. 2004 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus flavus: Cheng et al. 2010 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis flavus: Jiang et al. 2010 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus flavus: Ruedi et al. 2013 . Name combination.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. A full taxonomic treatment of species from the subgenus Chrysopteron (to which M. formosus belongs) has been published recently (Csorba et al. 2014). To avoid repetitions, we outline hereafter only the main distinguishing characters of the two species living in Taiwan and China ( M. formosus and M. rufoniger). All species classified in this subgenus are phylogenetically part of the Ethiopian Clade (Csorba et al. 2014) and constitute a robust, monophyletic clade (Fig. 3). Following Csorba et al. (2014), the population of Taiwan (being significantly larger than their continental counterparts) is considered here as a distinct subspecies, M. formosus flavus .</p><p>Distribution. M. formosus is a rare, but relatively widespread species, found from Afghanistan, along the foothills of the Himalaya (Csorba et al. 2014) east to Jiangxi province in China (Jiang et al. 2010), and Taiwan.</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4 for measurements of the Taiwanese subspecies, M. f. flavus . Measurements for the nominal subspecies are given in Csorba et al. (2014).</p><p>External morphology. This spectacular, relatively large Myotis has a unique cottony and yellowish fur, both above and below, the dorsal parts being only slightly darker at the hair tips (i.e., no ”smoked” aspect of fur as in M. rufoniger). The wing membranes are parti-colored, with a characteristic orange (along bones) and black patterning (see pictures in Lin et al. 2004). The uropatagium is essentially orange, as are the ears (unlike in M. rufoniger, which has conspicuous black margins to the ears) and face. Thumbs and hairy feet are also largely orange, except close to the claws, which are strong and black. Wings are attached to the base of the outer toe.</p><p>Skull morphology. The skull is large, with massive canines and strong molars. The second upper premolar is much smaller, less than half the size of the first, and is usually completely displaced lingually from toothrow and thus invisible in side view (Fig. 8 c). The posterior parts of the braincase are high and globose, with very weak or no occipital or lambdoid crests (unlike in M. rufoniger, which has a more angular skull and marked crests).</p><p>Natural History. This beautiful, but rare bat is known from few specimens, and owing to its large distribution across Asia is likely to have different ecologies throughout its range. In Taiwan, it is found exclusively in the lowlands, where it roosts either among tree foliage (Swinhoe 1870; Chen et al. 2010), or in buildings (Lin et al. 2004). In both situations, the bats are fully exposed to the light and seem to rely on their particular coloration to avoid predation. They occupy the breeding colonies (which may number up to several hundred individuals) between March and July. In October, they disappear from the breeding colonies to hibernate in unknown winter roosts.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D6E5D27A8EBF477129AFD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D6D5D26A8EBF30C10B7FE2A.text	03BB87963D6D5D26A8EBF30C10B7FE2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotis rufoniger (Tomes 1858) Tomes 1858	<div><p>Myotis rufoniger (Tomes, 1858)</p><p>Synonymy. Vespertilio rufo-niger Tomes, 1858 . Type locality Shanghai, China. Myotis tsuensis Kuroda, 1922 . Type locality Tsushima Island, Japan. Myotis Watasei Kishida, 1924 . Type locality Manjhou, Pingtung, Taiwan. Myotis chofukusei Mori, 1928 . Type locality Hwanghae-Namdo, North Korea. Myotis rufoniger: Tate 1941 . First use of current name combination. Myotis formosus: Findley 1972 (part). Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus: Corbet &amp; Hill 1992 (part). Name combination. Myotis formosus rufoniger: Koopman 1994 . Name combination. Myotis formosus: Kawai et al. 2003 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis watasei: Lin et al 2004 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus rufoniger: Simmons 2005 . Name combination. Myotis formosus tsuensis: Simmons 2005 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus watasei: Simmons 2005 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis formosus watasei: Jiang et al. 2010 . Name combination. Myotis rufoniger watasei: Cheng et al. 2010 . Name combination. Myotis formosus: Kim et al. 2011 . Name combination.</p><p>Myotis cf. formosus: Ruedi et al. 2013 . Name combination.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. As for previous species also belonging to the Chrysopteron subgenus, we only outline here the main distinguishing characters between formosus and rufoniger and suggest the reader to consult the complete taxonomic account on this subgenus for more details (Csorba et al. 2014). Notice that Kim et al. (2011) published the complete mitochondrial genome of M. rufoniger from South Korea, under the name “ Myotis formosus ”.</p><p>Distribution. M. rufoniger is apparently also a rare species that has only been collected in a handful of localities. It has been found in northern Vietnam and Laos, Taiwan, throughout China, North and South Korea and on Tsushima Island in the Japanese archipelago (see details in Csorba et al. 2014).</p><p>Measurements. See Table 4 for measurements of the specimens from Taiwan.</p><p>External morphology. M. rufoniger is a second, large species of Oriental Myotis with a striking orange and black patterning of the wing membranes similar to that of M. formosus . However, unlike the latter, its wooly fur is darker, more rusty orange (both above and below), and hairs on the dorsal parts are tricolored (slate grey at the base, yellowish in the middle and dark brown near the tips), which gives a smoked appearance to its dorsal pelage (see figure at pages 100 and 112 in Lin et al. 2004). Other typical external characters include the ears (which are orange bordered extensively with black along the edge of the conch), and the nose tip, thumbs and feet (which are also entirely black, not orange). The face and uropatagium are essentially orange, but darker than in formosus . Wings are attached to the base of the outer toe, and are furred along the body. Feet are strong and hairy, about one third of tibia length. The tragus is sickle-shaped, bending forwards, and is relatively pointed.</p><p>Skull morphology. The dimensions of the skull and teeth of M. rufoniger are slightly smaller than those of M. formosus (see Table 4). Differences include a more angular posterior part of the braincase, and the presence of marked occipital and lambdoid crests (Fig. 8 d). The second upper premolar is only slightly smaller than the first, and usually only barely displaced from toothrow (Fig. 8 d), and hence visible when viewed from profile (unlike in M. formosus, Fig. 8 c).</p><p>Natural history. Myotis rufoniger is also an uncommon bat whose biology and habitat requirements are largely unknown. In Korea and Taiwan (Lin et al. 2004), it is found in mountain forests, where is roosts in caves, and a female with young was reported in August.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D6D5D26A8EBF30C10B7FE2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
03BB87963D6B5D21A8EBF0A817E0F816.text	03BB87963D6B5D21A8EBF0A817E0F816.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myotinae	<div><p>Key to the Myotinae from Taiwan and adjacent mainland China</p><p>1 Size large, forearm 45 mm or more, upper toothrow (CM3) 7 mm or more..................................... 2</p><p>- Smaller size, forearm less than 45 mm, upper toothrow less than 7 mm ........................................ 8</p><p>2 Wing membranes distinctly particolored, rufous and blackish............................................... 3</p><p>- Wing membranes unicolored, brownish................................................................ 4</p><p>3 Ears conspicuously tipped and marginated with black; feet and thumbs entirely black; ventral fur tricolored (dark grey, pale rufous and bright reddish tips); second upper premolar in toothrow; breadth across molars ≤ 7.6 mm ............................................................................................ M. rufoniger (incl. watasei)</p><p>- Ears only faintly or not marginated with black; feet and thumbs essentially brown; ventral fur yellow, without rusty tips; second upper premolar crowded, displaced inwards from toothrow; breadth across molars&gt; 7.5 mm .............................................................................................. M. formosus (incl. flavus)</p><p>4 Wing membrane attached to tibia; feet greatly enlarged, about size of tibia, with strongly curved claws............................................................................................... M. pilosus (= ricketti)</p><p>- Wing membrane attached to ankle or metatarsus; feet not enlarged, less than half tibia length, claws not strongly curved. 5</p><p>5 Very large, forearm ≥ 63 mm; belly dark greyish; massive teeth..................................... M. chinensis</p><p>- Smaller, forearm &lt;63 mm; belly lighter colored.......................................................... 6</p><p>6 Long ears extending much beyond nose tip; forearm &lt;48 mm; upper toothrow about 7 mm; rostrum broad and shortened........................................................................................ M. altarium</p><p>- Ears shorter, barely reaching nose tip.................................................................. 7</p><p>7 Medium size, forearm about 45 mm; long, straight tragus reaching beyond ear notch; distinctive fringe of stiff hairs along margin of uropatagium.................................................................... M. pequinius</p><p>- Larger size, forearm about 60 mm; shorter tragus reaching half ear size; no stiff hairs at uropatagium; colour pale brown above............................................................................................................................................................................... M. blythii ancilla</p><p>8 Wing membrane attached to ankle or base of metatarsus; feet larger than half of tibia length; feet and uropatagium hairy along tibia....................................................................................... 9</p><p>- Wing membrane attached near base of toe; smaller feet about half or less tibia length........................... 10</p><p>9 Size small, forearm less than 38 mm; ears relatively long, reaching beyond (about 5 mm) tip of nose; dorsal pelage greyishbrown, long and soft; upper canines weak, exceeding slightly the larger premolar in height.................. M. laniger</p><p>- Larger size, forearm 38 mm or more; ears relatively short, not reaching tip of nose; dorsal pelage short, richer brown; upper canines strong, much larger than premolars.................................... M. fimbriatus (incl. taiwanensis)</p><p>10 Size very small, forearm less than 35; tibia 15 mm or less................................................. 11</p><p>- Larger size, forearm more than 34; longer tibia, 15 mm or more............................................ 13</p><p>11 Second upper premolars crowded, displaced lingually from toothrow; canines strong; braincase globose; feet (incl. claw) 8 mm or more; lower molars myotodont.......................................................... M. davidii</p><p>- Second upper premolars not crowded, visible laterally; small feet (7 mm or less); first and second lower molars nyctalodont.............................................................................................. 12</p><p>12 Ears deeply notched; paraconule of third premolar reaching height of second premolar; canines longer than premolars; braincase flattened, distinctively raised behind.................................................. S. latirostris</p><p>- Ears without significant notch; small or no paraconule at third premolar; canines weak comparable in height to third premolars; braincase flattened, but not raised behind.............................................. M. alticraniatus 1 [1 the slightly larger Myotis badius, recently described from Yunnan (Tiunov et al. 2011) has also nyctalodont lower molars, but would be distinguished by a more domed, globose braincase]</p><p>13 Second upper premolar visible in lateral view; ears long, reaching nearly nose tip, without notable notch; rostrum not shortened; globose profile of braincase; forearm 38 mm or smaller.............................................. 14</p><p>- Second upper premolar displaced inwards, not visible laterally; ears short, with a distinct notch on rear edge; short rostrum with elevated forehead and angular braincase; forearm more than 38 mm ..................................... 16</p><p>14 Upper canines similar in height to the larger premolar; calcar short, smaller than half length of rear edge of uropatagium; dorsal fur with frosted appearance................................................................... 15</p><p>- Strong upper canines, much higher than premolars; calcar long, about ¾ of rear edge of uropatagium; dorsal fur dark brown without frosted appearance................................................................. M. horsfieldii</p><p>15 Upper and lower canines weak; inflated braincase with frontal part rising abruptly; distal part of rostrum rounded; endemic to SE China ............................................................................. M. sowerbyi</p><p>- Stronger canines; braincase rising gently from the rostrum to the apex; distal part of the rostrum more pointed; endemic to Taiwan ........................................................................... M. secundus sp. n.</p><p>16 Pelage dark brown, without frosted appearance; tail as long as head and body length; feet much less than half tibia length; tragus nearly reaching ear notch; forearm less than 42 mm ........................................... M. frater</p><p>- Pelage rich cinnamon red with golden tips of dorsal hairs giving a frosted appearance; tail clearly shorter than head and body length; feet about half tibia length; tragus clearly shorter than ear notch; forearm about 42 mm ...... M. soror sp. n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87963D6B5D21A8EBF0A817E0F816	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ruedi, Manuel;Csorba, Gábor;Lin, Liang- Kong;Chou, Cheng-Han	Ruedi, Manuel, Csorba, Gábor, Lin, Liang- Kong, Chou, Cheng-Han (2015): Molecular phylogeny and morphological revision of Myotis bats (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Taiwan and adjacent China. Zootaxa 3920 (1): 301-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3920.2.6
