taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BB87D49D30FFD43AC3FEB3D8E9A189.taxon	materials_examined	Studied material. Argentinean specimens in Universidad de León collection and Chilean specimens in Natural History Museum, London collection. Aphis (A.) craccivora Koch, 1854 = CHILE, Maule: Cauquenes prov., 10 km on Cauquenes to Pelluhue road, 14 - January- 1985, on Baccharis sp., Hollis leg., Eastop det ..	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D30FFD43AC3FEB3D8E9A189.taxon	description	Aphis (A.) gossypii Glover, 1877 = ARGENTINA, Mendoza: Maipú dep., Maipú, 18 - November- 2002, on Baccharis juncea; Tupungato dep., Cruz Negra, 3 - October- 1997, on B. salicifolia, Ortego leg.; same locality, 21 - November- 2002 and 27 - November- 2012, on Baccharis sp., Ortego leg .. ARGENTINA, San Luis: General Pringles dep., El Trapiche, 19 - November, 2002, on Baccharis sp.; Juan Martín de Puyrredón dep., Potrero de los Funes, 19 - November, 2002, on Baccharis sp. ARGENTINA, Santiago del Estero: Río Hondo dep., Termas de Río Hondo, 2 - October- 2009, on B. salicifolia, Ortego leg.. CHILE, Valparaíso, Marga Marga prov., Limache, 19 - October - 1967, on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg., Eastop det.. Aphis (A.) spiraecola Patch, 1914 = CHILE, Valparaíso: Quillota prov., Nogales, 28 - November- 1974, on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg. and det.. From the previously known Argentinean records of Aphis craccivora, A. gossypii and A. spiraecola on Baccharis species in Argentina and Chile (see Introduction) and the newly studied material, it is possible to conclude that A. gossypii is relatively frequent in colonizing plants of Baccharis in the western strip of Argentina from Jujuy (in the North) to Mendoza and also possibly in corresponding Chilean territories. On the contrary, the other two species seem not to usually colonize plants of this genus. Baccharis juncea (Lehm.) Desf. is recorded for first time as host plant for Aphis gossypii. On the other hand, it is interesting to note that Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, another generalist species, which is known both in Argentina and Chile, has never been collected in these countries on plants of this genus of Asteraceae.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D30FFD23AC3FB0BD8EEA4A1.taxon	description	(Fig. 1; Table 1)	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D30FFD23AC3FB0BD8EEA4A1.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (specimen number 7 of Hille Ris Lambers’s sample 930, mounted with three paratypes): CHILE, Araucanía, Malleco prov., Angol (approx. 37 º 46 ’ S, 72 º 41 ’ W, 70 m), 26 - November- 1974, on Baccharis linearis (Hille Ris Lambers leg.), Natural History Museum, London collection. Paratypes: 853 apterous viviparous females [apt] and 81 alate viviparous females [al], Natural History Museum, London and Universidad de León collections. CHILE, Araucanía, same data as the holotype (12 apt, 18 al); Cautín prov., Molco (39 º 19 ’ S, 72 º 06 ’ W, 320 m), on Baccharis linearis, 7 - March- 2004, Ortego leg. (39 apt, 2 al); Cautín prov., Pucón (39 º 17 ’ S, 71 º 57 ’ W, 250 m), 7 - March- 2004, on Baccharis linearis, Ortego leg. (66 apt); Malleco prov., 10 km W. of Angol, 450 m on the label (perhaps 37 º 49 ’ S, 72 º 46 ’ W), 26 - November- 1974, on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg. (23 apt, 11 al); same locality, and date, on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg. (1 al). CHILE, Biobío: Biobío prov., Antuco (37 º 19 ’ S, 71 º 39 ’ W, 570 m), 16 - February- 2016, on Baccharis linearis (185 apt); Biobío prov, Antuco to Laguna La Laja road (37 º 22 ’ S, 71 º 29 ’ W, 940 m), 16 - February- 2016, on Baccharis linearis (165 apt); Biobío prov, 65 km S of Chillán on the label (perhaps Cabrero, 37 º 07 ’ S, 72 º 22 ’ W, 140 m), 25 - November- 1974, on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg. (3 apt, 1 al). CHILE, Los Lagos, Chiloé prov., Chonchi at Lago Huillinco (42 º 40 ’ S, 73 º 53 ’ W, 10 m), 24 - November- 1974 on Baccharis sp., Hille Ris Lambers leg. (14 apt, 2 al). CHILE, Maule: Talca prov. La Mina (35 º 48 ’ S, 70 º 51 ’ W, 840 m), 30 - January- 2016, on Baccharis linearis (128 apt, 4 al); Talca prov., road to Paso Pehuenche bridge “ Maule n. º 2 ” (35 º 42 ’ S, 71 º 04 ’ W, 550 m), 30 - January- 2016, on Baccharis sp. (3 apt); Talca prov., road to Paso Pehuenche at 1210 m (35 º 51 ’ S, 70 º 41 ’ W), 30 - January- 2016, on Baccharis linearis, (4 apt); Talca prov., San Clemente (35 º 32 ’ S, 71 º 28 ’ W, 215 m), 2 - February- 2000 on Baccharis sp. (117 apt, 6 al); Talca prov., San Javier (35 º 34 ’ S, 71 º 42 ’ W, 110 m), 1 - February- 2000, on Baccharis sp. (92 apt, 32 al). CHILE, Santiago Metropolitana, Chacabuco prov., Colina (33 º 11 ’ S, 70 º 37 ’ W, 780 m), 12 - March- 2004, on Baccharis sp., Ortego leg. (2 apt, 4 al). Etymology. The specific epithet ingeborgae is the name suggested by D. Hille Ris Lambers to dedicate the species to Ingeborg Rosenbaum Kurth (1943 - 2013), who was one of the young scientists that accompanied him in his field work in 1974, collaborating in the control of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani, 1852) on Chilean winter cereal crops. Dr. Rosenbaum worked in the Chilean Agricultural Service (Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero) and took part in the board of governors of the Chilean Council of Agricultural Engineers, both for many years. We agree to use the name in memory and tribute to Dr. Ingeborg Rosenbaum. Descriptions. Apterous viviparous females (Figs. 1 A – 1 G). From 854 specimens. When alive shiny black, sometimes with a thin layer of whitish powder. 1.090 – 1.870 mm long. Metric and meristic features in Table 1. Head, including clypeus and mandibular and maxillar lames and rostrum brown. Frons gently wavy. Antennae five- or sixsegmented. Antennal segments I and II as pigmented as head dorsum and darker than antennal segments V and VI, which are pigmented, other antennal segments yellowish, sometimes with apex of IV or III + IV segment brownish. Antennal segments I, II and dorsal face of III smooth, ventral face of III, and segment IV with transversal striae and V and VI imbricated. Rostrum reaches nearly to the hind leg coxae. Ultimate rostral segment brown, as dark as proximal ones and carrying 2 accessory setae. Coxae, trochanters, most of femora, distal portion of tibiae and tarsi more or less as pigmented as head dorsum, other part of femora and tibiae brownish yellow. Tarsal chaetotaxy formula 3.3.2. In most sclerotized and pigmented specimens, both prothorax and mesothorax have broad and complete or near complete transversal bands, metathorax has large spinopleural and marginal sclerotized areas, abdominal segments 1 to 6 have a spinopleural patch with irregular lateral edges and marginal sclerites, all being well pigmented, and reticulated; segments 7 and 8 have complete and wide transverse bands with striae or spinuled lines. In less sclerotized specimens thoracic transversal bands are fragmented, the spinopleural abdominal patch beginning on segment 2 and can be segmentally fragmented, marginal sclerites are or maybe absent and bands on 7 and 8 are narrow and sometime shortened to small setiferous sclerites. In unsclerotized specimens, marginal sclerites are only present on pro- and mesothorax and on metathorax to abdominal segment 8 and are very small, sparse and scattered. Intersegmental and spiracular sclerites on thorax and abdomen darker than segmental sclerites. Marginal tubercles on prothorax and abdominal segments 1 and 7 are irregularly-shaped, with wrinkles or with warts, not inflated dome-shaped as is habitual in the species of Aphis. In several specimens marginal tubercles may be present on some of abdominal segments 2 to 4, but smaller and more slender than those on segments 1 and 7, and with a relatively wide base. Siphunculi cylindrical, with small flange, homogeneously as dark as or darker than abdominal dorsum and imbricated. Genital and anal plates dark-brown. Cauda long with very slight proximal constriction and edges straight and almost parallel over most of its length. Setae in general long, slender and pointed. Alate viviparous females (Figs. 1 H- 1 I). From 81 specimens. Approximately 1.30 – 1.95 mm long. Very similar to apterous viviparous females, with the following differences in addition to different thoracic configuration: (1) antennae homogeneously dark; (2) segment III rugose and with 3 to 7 secondary sensoria, aligned over the entire length; (3) legs more pigmented; (4) spinopleural sclerotisation absent from abdominal segments 1 to 5 and sometimes to 6. Metric and meristic features in Table 1. Bionomics. Aphis ingeborgae lives on several species of Baccharis (Asteraceae), mainly on B. linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., on stems and proximal part of leaves, usually in dense groups. The alate viviparous females appear to be infrequent. Oviparous females and males are not known, but they must exist, especially at high altitude. Distribution. The species is currently known in Chile in localities between the Santiago and Los Lagos regions; the distance in a straight line between the two most distant locations is approximately 1100 km. It has not been found so far in Argentina, although Baccharis linearis is widely distributed in the country, from San Juan to the north to Chubut to the south, in areas that the authors have sampled. Taxonomic discussion. Several species of Aphidina recorded from South America are easily distinguishable from any others of the subtribe by one conspicuous character, i. e. the presence of stridulatory apparatus in species of the subgenus Toxoptera Koch, 1856; the absence of marginal tubercles on abdominal segments 1 and / or 7 as in Andinaphis paradoxa (Mier Durante, Ortego & Nieto Nafría, 1997), Aphis matilei Nieto Nafría, Ortego & Mier Durante, 2000, Aphis maulensis Mier Durante & García-Tejero, 2016 and Aphis vurilocensis Nieto Nafría, Brown & López Ciruelos, 2016; the presence of an enormous clypeus as in Brachyunguis blanchardi Remaudière & Bahamondes, 1987, or the absence of posterior setae on the genital plate as in Aphis paravanoi Nieto Nafría, Ortego & Mier Durante, 1999. In the same way, a single character allows us to distinguish Aphis ingeborgae sp. n. from all other South American species by the irregular shape of the marginal tubercles with wrinkles or warts on prothorax and abdominal segments 1 and 7, being unlike other Aphis species where they are dome-shaped, swollen and without wrinkles or warts. Differences between Aphis ingeborgae sp. n. and the other species that live on Baccharis species are shown in the identification key for apterous viviparous females included in the taxonomic discussion section of Aphis fuentesi sp. n.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D37FFD03AC3FF64DCE5A2BD.taxon	description	(Fig. 2; Table 1)	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D37FFD03AC3FF64DCE5A2BD.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype. Apterous viviparous female (measured specimen ARG- 448 number 16, mounted with two paratypes): ARGENTINA, Neuquén: Huiliches dep., Junín de los Andes (39 º 54 ’ S, 71 º 04 ’ W, 800 m), 23 - January- 2000, on Baccharis salicifolia, Universidad de León collection. Paratypes: 214 apterous viviparous females [apt] and 1 alate viviparous female [al], Natural History Museum, London and Universidad de León collections. ARGENTINA, Mendoza: Malargüe dep., Arroyo Las Minas (35 º 27 ’ S, 69 º 50 ’ W, 1960 m), 4 - February- 2000, on Baccharis salicifolia, Ortego leg. (62 apt); Malargüe dep., La Colorada (35 º 30 ’ S, 69 º 49 ’ W, 1810 m), 4 - February- 2000, on Baccharis salicifolia (3 apt); Malargüe dep., Puesto Los Palacios (35 º 28 ’ S, 69 º 49 ’ W, 1885 m), 28 - November- 2012, on B. salicifolia, Arneodo & Ortego leg. (1 apt). ARGENTINA, Neuquén: same data as the holotype (76 apt, 1 al); Minas dep., Los Carrizos (37 º 03 ’ S, 70 º 46 ’ W, 1150 m), 6 - December- 1998, on Baccharis salicifolia, Ortego leg. (33 apt). CHILE, Maule: Talca prov., road to Paso Pehuenche at 2510 m (35 º 59 ’ S, 70 º 24 ’ W), 2 - February- 2000, on Baccharis linearis (41 apt). Etymology. The specific epithet conspicua is an adjective in nominative singular, and is feminine to agree with the genus name Aphis, which according to the context can means: “ visible ”, “ that is in view ”, “ that is seen ”, and also “ distinguished ”, “ remarkable ”, “ indisputable ”, which is in relation to the set of characters that the viviparous females present that allows us to easily separate this species from the remaining South American Aphis species. Descriptions. Apterous viviparous females (Figs. 2 A- 2 D). From 215 specimens. When alive matt yellowish grey to matt black. 1.125 – 1.849 mm long. Metric and meristic features in Table 1. Head, including clypeus and mandibular and maxillar lames and rostrum brown, sometimes with an irregular epicraneal line. Frons smoothly sinuate. Antennae usually six-segmented. Antennal segments I, II, V, VI and sometimes IV and a part of III as pigmented as cephalic dorsum, other parts of antennae brownish yellow. Antennal segments I, II and most of III smooth, IV with small transversal striae and V and VI imbricated. Rostrum reaches nearly to the hind leg coxae. Ultimate rostral segment darker than proximal ones and carrying 2 accessory setae. Legs well pigmented, usually brown like cephalic dorsum except for a small proximal portion of femora, and ¾ proximal of tibiae that are brownish yellow. Tarsal chaetotaxy formula 3.3.2. Prothorax with very extensive sclerotisation, although never complete, rough and variably pigmented; mesothorax with marginal patches and a complete or fragmented transversal band, both two reticulated and well pigmented; metathorax with marginal patches also pigmented and reticulated. Dorsal abdominal sclerotisation is variable; in the most sclerotized and darkest specimens segments 1 to 5 have spinopleural bands that are very irregular in shape, frequently interrupted, brown and reticulated, plus small marginal sclerites that carry the tubercles, and segments 6, 8 and occasionally 7 have small setiferous sclerites. In less sclerotized specimens only a few small and dispersed spinal or pleural sclerites are present on presiphuncular segments. Intersegmental and spiracular sclerites on thorax and abdomen dark brown. Marginal tubercles very broad and low, on prothorax and on abdominal segments 1 and 7, as is usual in Aphis, and also on all intermediate abdominal segments (rarely lacking on 6), frequently also on metathorax and sometimes on mesothorax; the diameter of those on prothorax as long as or longer than the eye diameter, those on the thoracic segments and on abdominal segments 5 to 7 are smaller than others but their maximum diameter is as long as or longer than the nearest seta. Siphunculi cylindrical, sometimes basally enlarged, with small flange, homogeneously as dark as or darker than the abdominal dorsum and imbricated. Genital and anal plates dark-brown. Cauda long-triangular, sometimes with a very slight proximal constriction. Setae in general very long, very slender and pointed. Alate viviparous females (Figs. 2 E- 2 F). From 1 specimen. Approximately 1.6 mm long, (the specimen is broken). Very similar to apterous viviparous females, with the following differences in addition to different thoracic configuration: (1) antennae more homogeneously dark; (2) segment III rough and with 6 to 7 secondary sensoria, aligned over the entire length; (3) segment IV sometimes with 1 secondary sensorium, (4) marginal tubercles on prothorax and abdominal segments 1 to 7 protruding, cylindrical and flat domed; (5) much poorer dorso-abdominal sclerotisation. Metric and meristic features in Table 1. Bionomics. Specimens of A. conspicua sp. n. live on the stems of plants of Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. and B. linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. in compact groups. Alate females seem to be very rare. Sexual forms are not known so we are uncertain of their life cycle, but the species may be holocyclic. Distribution. The area of distribution recorded for Aphis conspicua is smaller than that of the other two species described here; the two localities placed at the ends of this area are 520 km from each other in a straight line, nevertheless it is possible that its range is broader and overlaps with the area of distribution of its host plants, Baccharis salicifolia is known in Argentina from the northern border to Santa Cruz and in a large part of Chile to Aysén, and B. linearis is known in the Chilean Andes slopes from Antofagasta to Aysén and in Argentina from San Juan to Chubut. Taxonomic discussion. Aphis conspicua sp. n. can be differentiated from species of “ group 5 ” in the key to apterous viviparous females of Aphidina species recorded in Argentina and Chile by Nieto Nafría et al. (in press) (see “ taxonomic discussion ” of A. fuentesi for the distribution and size of its marginal tubercles). Among these species, only A. papillosa has very large marginal tubercles, but these tubercles are absent on meso- and metathorax, usually absent on abdominal segment 6 (only 16 % of specimens have 1 papilla at least [Mier Durante et al., 2003]) and can be absent on one side of abdominal segment 5. In addition, both species can be separated by the length of siphunculi 0.9 – 1.4 times cauda and 0.11 – 0.27 mm in A. conspicua versus 0.4 – 0.9 times cauda and 0.07 – 0.16 mm in A. papillosa, and also by the length of setae, which are longer in A. conspicua, for example respectively in A. papillosa and A. conspicua, the setae on the vertex are 10 – 33 μm and 37 – 55 μm, on antennal segment III are 10 – 25 μm and 22 – 50 μm and on spinal zone of abdominal segments 2 or 3 are 10 – 31 μm and 35 – 57 μm. Differences between the various Aphis species that live on Baccharis species are shown in the identification key to apterous viviparous females at the end of the “ taxonomic discussion ” section of Aphis fuentesi.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D3AFFDA3AC3FC07D90BA2F7.taxon	description	(Fig. 3; Table 2)	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
03BB87D49D3AFFDA3AC3FC07D90BA2F7.taxon	materials_examined	Types. Holotype: apterous viviparous female (specimen ARG- 392 number 2, mounted with three paratypes): AR- GENTINA, Chubut, Cushamen dep., Epuyén (42 º 12 ’ S, 71 º 23 ’ W, 370 m), 19 - January- 2000, on Baccharis linearis, Universidad de León collection. Paratypes: 940 apterous viviparous females [apt], 51 alate viviparous females [al], 34 oviparous females [ov] and 8 males [m], Natural History Museum, London and Universidad de León collections. ARGENTINA, Chubut: same data as the holotype (50 apt, 18 al). ARGENTINA, Neuquén: Huiliches dep., Junín de los Andes (39 º 54 ’ S, 71 º 04 ‘ W, 800 m) 23 - January- 2000, on Baccharis magellanica (104 apt, 1 al); Lácar dep., San Martín de los Andes (40 º 10 ’ S, 71 º 21 ’ W, 750 m), 22 - January- 2000, on Baccharis rhomboidalis (58 apt); same locality and date, on Baccharis sp. (73 apt, 1 al); Los Lagos dep., Lago Escondido (40 º 27 ’ S, 71 º 34 ’ W, 980 m), 10 - January- 2019, on Baccharis concava, Ortego leg. (42 apt, 26 al); Los Lagos dep., Puerto Huemul (41 º 01 ’ S, 71 º 20 ’ W, 860 m), 21 - January- 2000, on Baccharis. sp. (117 apt, 2 al). ARGENTINA, Río Negro: Bariloche dep., San Carlos de Bariloche (41 º 08 ’ S, 71 º 14 ’ W, 870 m), 18 - April- 2012, on Baccharis rhomboidalis, Ortego leg. (1 apt, 34 ov, 8 m); 10 - January- 2019, on Baccharis linearis, Ortego leg. (24 apt); Pilcaniyeu dep., Dina Huapi (41 º 04 ’ S, 71 º 07 ’ W, 500 m), 19 - January- 2000, on Baccharis sp. (103 apt, 3 al). CHILE, Maule: Talca prov., road to Paso Pehuenche at 1160 m (35 º 51 ’ S, 70 º 41 ’ W), 2 - February- 2000, on Baccharis sp. (148 apt); Talca prov., road to Paso Pehuenche at 1210 m (35 º 51 ’ S, 70 º 41 ’ W), 30 - January- 2016, on Baccharis concava (140 apt) and on Baccharis linearis (73 apt). Etymology. The specific epithet fuentesi is dedicated to our colleague and friend Eduardo Fuentes Contreras (University of Talca), who has studied Chilean aphids from several points of view, see acknowledgements section. Descriptions. Apterous viviparous females (Figs. 3 A- 3 D). From 941 specimens. When alive matt dark green to matt black. 1.00 – 1.64 mm long; other metric and meristic features in Table 2. Head, including clypeus and mandibular and maxillar lames and rostrum brown, sometimes with an incomplete epicraneal line. Frons more or less sinuate. Antennae six- or five-segmented, unrelated to body length or sample provenance. Antennal segments I, II, VI and a distal portion of V more-or-less as pigmented as cephalic dorsum; proximal part of antennal segment V and segments III and IV in six-segmented antennae or III + IV in five-segmented antennae brownish yellow to light brown. Antennal segments I, II and ventral side of III smooth, dorsal side of III weakly imbricated, segment IV with small imbrications or transversal striae, segments V and VI imbricated. Rostrum exceeds hind leg coxae, brownish yellow and progressively darkened. Ultimate rostral segment with straight edges and with 2 accessory setae. Coxae, most of femora, distal portion of tibiae, and tarsi brown, sometimes as cephalic dorsum; other parts of legs brownish yellow. Tarsal chaetotaxy formula 3.3.2. Prothorax with sclerotized, reticulated and variably pigmented sclerites or patches, which do not meet together to form transversal bands; mesothorax with marginal patch and a transverse complete or fragmented transversal band, both two being well pigmented and reticulated; metathorax with marginal sclerites or patch, pigmented and reticulated. Dorso-abdominal sclerotisation and pigmentation very variable, unrelated to body length, host plant, or sample provenance; in most sclerotized and dark specimens: segments 1 to 5 with a spinopleural irregular patch, or only 3 to 5 and then segments 1, 2 with irregular spinopleural bands, segment 6 also with a transversal band, all with small marginal sclerites that support the tubercles and all brown and reticulat- ed, segment 7 with setiferous sclerites and segment 8 with a narrow transversal band; in less sclerotized specimens segments 1 to 7 without segmental sclerites and segment 8 with setiferous sclerites. Intersegmental and spiracular sclerites darker than segmental sclerites when they are present. Marginal tubercles on prothorax and abdominal segments 1 to 7 (may be lacking on 5 or 6), always wide and, those on prothorax shorter than eye length, those on abdominal segments 1 to 4 with diameter usually shorter than the marginal setae length and those on segments 5 to 7 smaller than others. Siphunculi very small — shorter than the basal width of cauda —, cylindrical, as brown as cauda and cephalic dorsum, with small flange and with imbrication, which is more abundant and thick on the ventral face than on the dorsal face. Genital and anal plates brown. Cauda with two distinctive parts, the proximal is large and the distal is narrow and more or less triangular or subcylindrical. Setae in general pointed, relatively robust and pale. Alate viviparous females (Figs. 3 F- 3 G). From 51 specimens. 1.18 – 1.83 mm long. Very similar qualitatively to apterous viviparous females, differing from them, in addition to the configuration of the thorax, by the following features: (1) antennae more homogeneously dark, only the most basal portion of segment III is pale brown; (2) antennal segment III rougher and with 4 – 13 secondary sensoria, aligned over distal 2 / 3 or 3 / 4; (3) antennal segment IV usually with secondary sensoria, 1 – 3 in number and smaller than those on III; (4) marginal tubercles taller; (5) abdominal segments 1 to 6 without spinal or pleural sclerites and with relatively wider marginal sclerites, including pre- and postsiphuncular ones; (6) setiferous sclerites on segment 7 sometimes coalescent to form a bar. Metric and meristic features in Table 2. Oviparous females, apterous (Fig. 3 H). From 34 specimens. 1.29 – 1.60 mm long. Very similar qualitatively to apterous viviparous females, with the following differences, of which those marked with an asterisk are specific to oviparae: (1 *) body larger, but without the distending and lengthening of the postsiphuncular segments present in some species of Aphis; (2) antennae homogenously pigmented and more or less as dark as cephalic dorsum; (3) rostrum not always exceeding hind coxae; (4) legs darker, especially hind legs, which are brown to dark brown, except a very small proximal portion of femur; (5 *) hind tibiae homogeneously thickened, but not much thicker than tibiae of front and middle legs, and carrying 16 to 47 scent plates; (6) absence of abdominal continuous spinopleural patch on abdominal presiphuncular segments; (7) abdominal segments 7 and 8 only with some small setiferous sclerites; (8 *) abdominal segment 8 with many more setae; (9 *) genital plate with a pale middle portion and carrying many more discal setae; (10) cauda triangular. Metric and meristic features in Table 2. Males, apterae (Fig. 3 I). From 8 specimens. 1.15 – 1.34 mm long, smaller than oviparous females. Very similar qualitatively to apterous viviparous females, with the following differences in addition to presence of copulatory apparatus, with conical, robust and dark brown parameres, and secondary sensoria on antennal segments III, IV and V, respectively 5 to 13 (exceptionally 1), 4 to 8 (exceptionally 1) and 2 to 6: (1) antennae and legs darker; (2) paired spinopleural patches present from mesothorax to abdominal segment 6, many of them contacting or merging with the neighbours; (3) abdominal segment 7 with a transversal pigmented band; (4) cauda triangular to irregular pentagonal (two sides in contact with the anterior side of the pentagon have greater length than the rest). Metric and meristic features in Table 2. Bionomics. Specimens of A. conspicua sp. n. live on the stems of plants of several species of Baccharis in compact groups, the alate viviparae are very infrequent in summer. Baccharis concava (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., B. linearis (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., B. magellanica (Lam.) Pers., and B. rhomboidalis Remy has been identified as the host plants for this aphid. The species is monoecious holocylic; oviparous and males were collected at medium altitude (870 m) in a relatively early date in autumn. Hind tibiae of oviparae are not especially thickened and carry a small quantity of scent plates, which correlates with the apterism of males. Distribution. Collects of A. fuentesi sp. n. have been made in the Argentinean Andean provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro and Chubut or to Chilean region of Maule, on the slopes of Paso Pehuenche. The furthest from each other are about 710 km in straight line. It is possible that the species is widely distributed, with a range that could correspond with those of their host species, both widely spread in Chile and in several of the Andean provinces of Argentina. Taxonomic discussion. The features of Aphis fuentesi sp. n. place it in the species “ group 5 ” in the key to apterous viviparous females of the Aphidina species recorded in Argentina and Chile by Nieto Nafría et al. (in press), which are characterized by: (a) siphunculi on abdominal segment 5, (b) clypeus not enlarged, (c) stridulatory apparatus absent, (d) marginal tubercles present on both abdominal segments 1 and 7, (e) genital plate with posterior setae, (f) antennal segment III without secondary sensoria, (g) marginal tubercles present in several intermediate abdominal segments (2 to 6). In this species group were included: Aphis carrilloi Ortego, Mier Durante & Nieto Nafría, 2013, A. coridifoliae Mier Durante & Ortego, 1999, A. fabae Scopoli, 1763 (in part), A. malalhuina Mier Durante, Nieto Nafría & Ortego, 1999, A. mulini Hille Ris Lambers, 1974, A. mulinicola Hille Ris Lambers, 1974, A. papillosa Mier Durante, Nieto Nafría & Ortego, 2003, A. pomi De Geer, 1773, A. pseudopulchella Blanchard, 1944, A. rumicis De Geer, 1773 (in part), A. sambuci Linnaeus, 1758, A. schinivora Ortego, Nieto Nafría & Mier Durante, 2007, A. senecionicoides Blanchard, 1944, A. solanella Theobald, 1914 (in part), A. tehuelchis Nieto Nafría y López Ciruelos, 2016 and A. zapalina Mier Durante & Ortego, 2016. Aphis fuentesi sp. n. can be differentiated from most of these species by its small siphunculi, which are shorter than the basal width of cauda; only A. malalhuina and A. schinivora also have small siphunculi. A. malalhuina and A. fuentesi can be easily separated from one another by the ratio “ length of siphunculi / basal width of siphunculi ”, which is less than 1 in A. malalhuina and greater than 1 in A. fuentesi. In addition A. malalhuina is monoecious holocyclic with winged males on Senecio species whilst A. fuentesi is monoecious holocyclic with apterous males on Baccharis species. The ranges of the quantitative characters of A. fuentesi and A. schinivora overlap to a greater or lesser extent and having measured a significant number of specimens only some of them are useful in their separation (see Table 3). In addition, a useful discriminant feature is the relationship between the diameter of the marginal tubercle on abdominal segment 7 and the largest diameter of stigmatic sclerite 7, which is less than 1 in A. schinivora and usually greater than 1 in A. fuentesi, as well as the relationship between that tubercular diameter and the length of the marginal seta of the abdominal segment 7, which is conspicuously less than 1 in A. schinivora and equal to 1 in A. fuentesi. Conversely, apterous viviparous females of both species can be easily separated when alive as those of A. schinivora are shiny black whilst those of A. fuentesi are bottle green to matt black. Additionally, two important bionomic features corroborate their separation: the host plant and the life cycle; A. schinivora is monoecious holocyclic on Schinus johnstonii with an abbreviated life cycle with sexuales being present during midsummer (Ortego et al., 2007), whilst Aphis fuentesi is monoecious holocyclic on Baccharis species with sexuales in autumn. Differences between the various Aphis species that live on Baccharis species are shown in the following identification key.	en	Nafría, Juan Manuel Nieto, Ortego, Jaime, Brown, Paul A., López Ciruelos, Sara I., Durante, M. Pilar Mier (2019): Aphis (Hemiptera, Aphididae) species living on Baccharis (Asteraceae) in southern South America, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 4656 (1): 153-167, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.1.8
