taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B887C4FF9DFFDDD3CD672F0A04F9CF.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Isis Linnaeus, 1758	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9DFFDDD3CD672F0A04F9CF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony with articulated skeleton of gorgonin nodes alternating with calcareous internodes that are solid and composed of radiating bundles of sclerite-like units. Branches originate from the internodes, always beginning with a node at the base of the branch. Coenenchyme thick; polyps completely retractile into small pockets in the coenenchyme, leaving only small pores visible on the surface. Polyps mostly devoid of sclerites, with small rods only in the tentacles. Coenenchyme sclerites mostly small clubs, but may include 6 -, 7 - or 8 - radiates, warty rods, spindles and crosses, heavily sculpted capstans, dumbbells, and double cones. Included genera: Isis Linnaeus, 1758	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9DFFDDD3CD672F0A04F9CF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus Chelidonisis has routinely been included in the Isididae subfamily Isidinae with Isis, chiefly on the basis of the presence of 6 - radiate sclerites in the coenenchyme. However, there are several morphological differences that distinguish the two genera. The axis of Isis is thick with smooth longitudinal ridges on the internodes, whereas in Chelidonisis the axis is slender and the ridges on the internodes are festooned with small spines. The coenenchyme of Isis is very thick and encompasses retractile polyps as compared to the thin coenenchyme of Chelidonisis, wherein the polyps contract into armored verrucae on the branch. In addition, the coenenchyme sclerites of Isis are very diverse capstans, tuberculate spindles, and clubs, whereas in Chelidonisis the sclerites are predominantly 6 - radiates and spindles, and capstans are never present. Finally, the two genera occur in widely separated clades on the molecular phylogeny (Figures 2, 3), as also shown by Quattrini et al. (2020).	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD62830C73FFE6.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Chelidonisis Studer, 1890	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD62830C73FFE6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Modified from Bayer and Stefani (1987 a). Colony branched in one plane, occasionally anastomosing, branching from distal end of internodes; internodes longitudinally ridged, the ridges armed with spines; polyps forming hemispherical or bluntly conical verrucae distributed mostly on two sides of the branches in the plane of ramification; coenenchyme thin; sclerites predominantly in the form of 6 - radiates and with small tuberculate plates in the tentacles. Included genera: Chelidonisis Studer, 1890.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD62830C73FFE6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. See the Remarks under the family Isididae.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD609B0B12F842.taxon	description	Peltastisidinae Grant, 1976	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD609B0B12F842.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Mopsea Lamouroux, 1816	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD609B0B12F842.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. After Alderslade and McFadden (2012). Colony branched or unbranched, branches arising predominantly from internodes but also from nodes. Axial internodes with longitudinal ridges, sometimes ornamented with large or small spines, denticles, or granules. Coenenchyme thin. Sclerites of coenenchyme spindles, platelets, crosses, or more rarely nodules or goblets. Polyps contractile, sometimes angled to the branch surface, adaxially reduced, with or without adaxial sclerites, or more-or-less erect and completely covered with sclerites. Body sclerites in the form of smooth, tuberculate, or thorny scales or plates arranged either transversely or longitudinally, rarely in a disorganized pattern. Anthopomal (distal body) sclerites intermesenterially situated and forming a protective cover over the contracted tentacles. Tentacle rachis with crescentic scales. Included genera: Acanthoisis Studer [& Wright], 1887; Chathamisis Grant, 1976; Echinisis Thomson & Rennet, 1931; Iotisis Alderslade, 1998; Jasminisis Alderslade, 1998; Ktenosquamisis Alderslade, 1998; Lissopholidisis Alderslade, 1998; Minuisis Grant, 1976; Mopsea Lamouroux, 1816; Myriozotisis Alderslade, 1998; Notisis Gravier, 1913; Oparinisis Alderslade, 1998; Paracanthoisis Alderslade, 1998; Peltastisis Nutting, 1910; Primnoisis Studer [& Wright], 1887; Pteronisis Alderslade, 1998; Sclerisis sensu Bayer & Stefani, 1987 (a); Sphaerokodisis Alderslade, 1998; Tenuisis Bayer & Stefani, 1987 (a); Tethrisis Alderslade, 1998.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDAD3CD609B0B12F842.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Grant (1976) erected the subfamilies Circinisidinae and Peltastisidinae in the family Isididae to distinguish a small group of genera from the members of the Mopseinae. Alderslade (1998) accepted the Circinisidinae on the basis of the distinctly smooth body sclerites (that is, lacking spines or complex tubercles on the exposed face and never having a dentate or thorny free margin), but rejected the Peltastisidinae, suggesting that Grant’s interpretation of the sclerite arrangement forming the opercular covering was in error. We have combined the Circinisidinae into the Mopseidae since both groups form one distinct clade in the molecular tree. Further molecular work may show the two groups to form subfamilies within the Mopseidae, but at present that cannot be supported because genera currently assigned to the Mopseinae would make the subfamily paraphyletic.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDBD3CD64B70DE3FA6F.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Keratoisis Wright (1869)	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDBD3CD64B70DE3FA6F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colonies typically with an articulated skeleton of hollow or solid calcium carbonate internodes interrupted by brown to dark brown proteinaceous and sclerite-free nodes. unbranched (“ whip-like ”) or branched with branches originating at the nodes, or from the internodes, either immediately distal to the nodes, or from midway along the internode. Coenenchyme usually thin but sometimes slightly thickened. Colonies may be covered in a fleshy tegument containing nematocysts. Polyps are contractile to varying degrees, but never within the coenenchyme, or only the tentacles contract over the polyp body oral area. Sclerites are only needles, spindles, rods, or scales that are arranged longitudinally, transversely, or obliquely along the polyp body and in the coenenchyme. One or a cluster of mesenterially arranged needle-like sclerites protrude between the bases of the tentacles in many species (in contrast to the intermesenterially arranged anthopomal sclerites of the Mopseidae); other species may not possess needles but a mesenterial arrangement of rod-like sclerites may still be present. Pharyngeal sclerites usually present; include tuberculated or spiny rodlets, and double stars. Included genera: Acanella Gray (1870), Bathygorgia Wright (1885), Cladarisis Watling 2015, Eknomisis Watling & France (2011), Isidella Gray (1857), Jasonisis Alderslade & McFadden (2012), Keratoisis Wright (1869), Lepidisis Verrill (1883), Orstomisis Bayer (1990).	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9AFFDBD3CD64B70DE3FA6F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Keratoisididae is the most morphologically and genetically diverse of the families resulting from the revision of the Isididae. That diversity is manifested in colonies that range in size from a few centimeters to several meters; from tall spindly whips to large bushes; from polyps that contract to small mounds on the branches to tall polyps where only the tentacles contract over the mouth; from polyps with large numbers of needles, rods, or scales to polyps with barely any sclerites but a thick outer integument; or from polyps covered with a nematocyst impregnated integument to polyps where the outer layer of cells is barely discernable. Some of the variation seems to be derived secondarily. For example, small, bramble-like colonies that we have observed on both Atlantic and Pacific seamounts seem to possess an unarticulated axis that, based on the placement of those species in a more complete phylogenetic analysis of Keratoisididae, may represent a loss of that feature (Heestand Saucier, 2016). All of these variations characterize a large number of clades within the family that will be dealt with in a companion paper. Brugler and France (2008) identified a novel (at the time) mitochondrial gene arrangement for keratoisidids, and this, along with our preliminary molecular phylogeny results, drew our attention to the idea that the family Isididae was polyphyletic, as suggested more than a century ago by Kükenthal (1919). Subsequent analyses showed the “ S 1 clade ” of Keratoisididae (that includes Cladarisis Watling 2015) to possess the presumed ancestral octocoral mitochondrial gene order (Pante et al. 2013), and, more recently, Hogan et al. (2019) have reported the interesting finding that species of Pennatulacea in the genus Anthoptilum have the same “ keratoisidin ” mitochondrial genome arrangement found by Brugler and France (2008). Thus, a specific mitochondrial gene arrangement cannot be used as a synapomorphy of this newly erected family.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9BFFD8D3CD66DB0AD8FFE7.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Isidoides Nutting (1910)	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9BFFD8D3CD66DB0AD8FFE7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colonies are planar with pseudo-dichotomous branching. Axis solid, calcareous, with concentric layers that can be white to dark golden-brown in color but not articulated. Polyps are mostly bi-serially or tri-serially arranged on the axis and are non-retractile, but in a preserved state the tentacles are tightly contracted and overlay the oral disk. The sclerites are smooth, flattened, finger biscuit-shaped rods of relatively uniform size that are abundant and tightly packed throughout the surface tissue of the colony, but rarely in the pharynx. Cross-shaped sclerites are present but few in number. Included genera: Isidoides	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
03B887C4FF9BFFD8D3CD66DB0AD8FFE7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Isidoides clade comprises a single species, Isidoides armata, that was described by Nutting (1910) based on specimens collected from the southwestern Pacific Ocean. There were no new reports of Isidoides until 2003, when independent collections on the Norfolk Ridge and off New Caledonia in 2008 and 2011 led to a re-description of the genus by Pante et al. (2013). That work also noted I. armata has a mitochondrial gene arrangement that is (so far as is known) unique among Octocorallia. In the original description of Isidoides, Nutting (1910) noted that the smooth sclerites resembled those of the bamboo coral genus Bathygorgia, although closer examination reveals the crystal arrangement in the sclerites of the two genera is quite different (unpublished observation). However, because Isidoides lacked the characteristic articulated skeleton of Isidae (= Isididae), Nutting placed the genus in the Gorgonellidae (= Ellisellidae). Bayer (1979) included Isidoides in a key to the Chrysogorgiidae, but with neither justification nor explanation of what characters suggested that relationship. Later, Bayer & Grasshoff (1994) stated that Isidoides “ appears to be ” a chrysogorgiid and not an ellisellid, but without further elaboration on the placement of the genus. Our phylogenetic results and those of Pante et al. (2013) do not support a close relationship of Isidoides with chrysogorgiids or ellisellids but instead find them to be sister to Keratoisididae. Bathygorgia, resurrected by Lapointe and Watling (2015), has “ obliquely or longitudinally placed spicules [= sclerites], club- or biscuit-like in shape ” (Wright 1885), which would seem to be similar to Isidoides sclerites as originally noted by Nutting (1910), but an examination of the type specimen of B. profunda shows the sclerites to be “ biscuit-like ” only in their elongate form but in fact are all small rods (Lapointe and Watling, 2015). Thus, except for the lack of an articulated skeleton, Isidoides was thought to fit within the definition of the old Keratoisidinae. On the other hand, the axis of Isidoides is often a dark brown (see Pante et al. 2013) suggesting that the axis may be constructed more like that of primnoids, with concentric layers of gorgonin alternating with calcareous material. The structure of the axis has not yet been examined in further detail. Some consideration was given to including Isidoides in the family Keratoisididae, but to do so would have meant the latter family could not be characterized by any synapomorphy.	en	Saucier, Esprit Heestand, France, Scott C., Watling, Les (2021): Toward a revision of the bamboo corals: Part 3, deconstructing the Family Isididae. Zootaxa 5047 (3): 247-272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5047.3.2
