identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B89C633C28FFB49382F96CBF68FC72.text	03B89C633C28FFB49382F96CBF68FC72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactarius kamengensis Bera & Das 2023	<div><p>Lactarius kamengensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 3; 4)</p><p>A medium-sized bitter to acrid tasting Lactarius with pale yellowish, vaguely zonate pileus, scrobiculate stipe, white latex turning pale yellowish and occurring under Castanopsis (D.Don) Spach.</p><p>HOLOTYPE. — India. Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.26957&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.1536" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.26957/lat 27.1536)">Shergaon</a>, 27°09.216’N, 92°16.174’E, alt. 2369 m a.s.l., scattered 0.01 on soil under Castanopsis in temperate broadleaf forest, 28.VII.2019, I. Bera, IB 19-016 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1878]!) .</p><p>ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. — India. Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.25193&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.130167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.25193/lat 27.130167)">Shergaon</a>, 27°07.810’N, 92°15.116’E, alt. 2243 m a.s.l., scattered on soil under Castanopsis in temperate broadleaf forest, 30.VIII.2019, I. Bera, IB 19-054 (CAL [CAL 1879]) .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the type locality, West “Kameng” district of Arunachal Pradesh.</p><p>GENBANK. — OP806537 (nrITS, holotype) and OP806830 (nrITS, IB 19-054), OP811192 (nrLSU, holotype) andOP811193 (nrLSU, IB 19-054).</p><p>MYCOBANK. — MB 848906.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Pileus 40-60 mm diam., convex when young, gradually becoming planoconvex on maturity; surface moist, smooth, slightly viscid; surface zonate, with combination of pale yellow, greyish yellow to greyish dull yellow (2-4B3), a little darker on maturity but fading towards margin, mostly with whitish concentric, rather vague zones; margin entire, rarely lobed, incurved. Lamellae subdecurrent, yellowish white, crowded (20 L+l/cm at pilear margin); lamellulae present in 4-5 series; concolorous; edge entire. Stipe 40-70 × 18-20 mm, central, cylindrical; surface viscid, yellowish white (1A2) with distinct greyish yellow (4B4) scrobicules at base. Context in pileus thick, pithy in stipe, yellowish white (1-2A2), unchanging in 3% KOH and FeSO4 but immediately turning greenish blue in guaiac. Latex white, turning pale yellow to light yellow within 10 seconds, very bitter. Taste quite bitter at first, then acrid. Odor mild. Spore print could not be obtained.</p><p>Basidiospores 7.4-8.5-9.8(10) × 6.2-7-7.89 µm, (n = 30, Q =1.08-1.2-1.39), usually subglobose to ellipsoid; ornamentation amyloid, up to 1.1-1.7 µm high, composed of isolated warts, sometimes fused into short ridges but never forming any reticulum; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 35.4-46.9× 7.8- 10.4 µm, subclavate, 4-spored; sterigmata 3-6 × 1-2.5 µm. Pleuromacrocystidia abundant, 47-70×4.5-8 µm, emergent up to 26 µm, subcylindric with fusoid, subfusoid to mucronate apices, thin-walled; content dense, granular to fibrous. Pleuropseudocystidia abundant, 1.2-1.4 µm wide, mostly non-emergent, cylindrical to slightly tortuous, with rounded apex. Lamellae edge heteromorphous with basidia, basidioles and cystidia. Cheilomacrocystidia rare, 37-55× 5-7.5 µm, emergent up to 20 µm, subcylindric with subfusoid to appendiculated apices, thin-walled; content dense, granular to fibrous. Subhymenium up to 29 µm thick, cellular. Lamellar trama composed of lactifers, sphaerocytes, and connecting hyphae. Pileipellis up to 215 µm thick, an ixotrichoderm; suprapellis composed of interwoven, septate, mostly ascending hyphae. Stipitipellis up to 114 µm thick, an ixotrichoderm; suprapellis composed of interwoven, septate, mostly ascending hyphae intermixed with lactifers.</p><p>NOTES</p><p>The presence of viscid, zonate, pale yellowish pileus with scrobiculate stipe clearly indicates that the described species is a member of section Zonarii (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998) . Moreover, bitter to acrid tasting medium-sized basidiomata with slightly viscid, zonate, greyish yellow to pale yellow pileus, scrobiculate (towards the base) stipe, white latex turning the cut lamellae light yellowish and the positive macrochemical reaction of the context with guaiac make the studied Lactarius sp. quite distinct in the field. Further, the micromorphological characters such as the basidiospore ornamentation of isolated warts sometimes connected with ridges and ixotrichoderm nature of the pileipellis and stipitipellis make it a recognizable species amongst its other relatives. The similar stature of the basidiocarp, its zonate yellowish pileus and the occurrence with broad-leaved trees remind of the European L. zonarius (Bull.) Fr. Yet striking dissimilarities in characters such as the pale pinkish buff pileus with ochraceous zones, tomentose margin, smaller spore ornamentations (only up to 0.75-1.0 µm high) and ixocutis pileipellis of L. zonarius segregate it from the currently studied specimens of Lactarius (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998) . The zonate pileus character has been shared with some of the closest Asian species belonging to the subsect. Zonarii and associated with broad-leaved forest trees, L. austrotorminosus H.T.Le &amp; A.Verbeken (Thailand), L. austrozonarius H.T.Le &amp; A.Verbeken (Thailand), L. sinozonarius X.H.Wang (China), and L. indozonarius Uniyal, K.Das &amp; Nuytinck (India). Despite that, pale orange to pinkish basidiomata with infundibuliform, papillate, hairy pileus with hairy margin and absence of cheilomacrocystidia in L. austrotorminosus and robust basidiomata (pileus 50-135 mm diam., stipe 25-115 × 15-35 mm) with reddish brownish scaly pileus, subdistant (6 L+l/cm) lamellae, larger basidiospores (7.2- 8.9 -12.2 ×7- 8.4 -10.2 µm) with higher ornamentations (2.5-3.5 µm high), the complete absence of cheilomacrocystidia and ixocutis nature of stipitipellis in L. austrozonarius evidently distinguish these Thai species from the present species (Le et al. 2007). On the other hand, the ochraceus brown hygrophanous pileus with forked lamellae, low ornamentations (0.5-1.0 µm high) of basidiospores, absence of cheilomacrocystidia and ixocutis nature of pileipellis in L. sinozonarius separate it out (Wang 2017). The Indian L. indozonarius has a larger pileus (60-122 mm diam.) with hairy margin and ixocutis pileipellis which are absent in the studied specimens (Uniyal et al. 2018).</p><p>Lactarius yazooensis (originally described from North America) might be confused with the described Lactarius due to its viscid, smooth, zonate pileus, whitish latex, similar-sized and ornamented basidiospores, and occurrences under the broad-leaved trees (Hesler &amp; Smith 1979). But with the striking dissimilarities like the orange ochraceous to rusty orange basidiomata with larger pileus (50-150 mm broad), absence of cheilomacrocystidia, ixocutis nature of pileipellis and presence of caulocystidia, L. yazooensis is quite morphologically distinguishable from the current studied species of Lactarius (Hesler &amp; Smith 1979) . Yet, many look-alikes have been misnamed as L. yazooensis after the North American representatives clearly doubted their conspecificity. The phylogenetic analysis (depicted inFigure 1) states that the North American collections of L. yazooensis are distantly related to the Chinese misnamed L. yazooensis specimens that have formed the clade with L. kamengensis sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B89C633C28FFB49382F96CBF68FC72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bera, Ishika;Das, Kanad	Bera, Ishika, Das, Kanad (2023): Two new species of genus Lactarius Pers. (Russulaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (11): 147-158, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2023v44a11.pdf
03B89C633C24FFB19384FB81B8C0FD4F.text	03B89C633C24FFB19384FB81B8C0FD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lactarius madhuriensis Bera & Das 2023	<div><p>Lactarius madhuriensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 5; 6)</p><p>A medium-sized Lactarius with the umbonate, brownish orange pileus, light brown stipe, watery white latex turning yellowish and occurring in association with Abies .</p><p>HOLOTYPE. — India. Arunachal Pradesh, Sangestar Tso (Madhuri Lake), Tawang district, 27°43.215’N, 91°49.473’E, alt. 3715 m a.s.l., scattered on moss bed in association with Abies in sub-alpine forest, 26.VII.2021, I. Bera, IB 21-032 (holo-, CAL [CAL 1899]!).</p><p>ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED. — India. Arunachal Pradesh, Sangestar Tso (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.82635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.721266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.82635/lat 27.721266)">Madhuri Lake</a>), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=91.82635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.721266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 91.82635/lat 27.721266)">Tawang</a> district, 27°43.276’N, 91°49.581’E, alt. 3705 m a.s.l., scattered on moss bed in association with Abies in sub-alpine forest, 26.VII.2021, I. Bera, IB 21-035 (CAL [CAL 1900]) .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Referring to the type locality Sangestar Tso which is famously known as “Madhuri” Lake.</p><p>GENBANK. — OP808232 (nrITS, holotype) andOP808233 (nrITS, IB 21-035), OP811194 (nrLSU, holotype) and OP811195 (nrLSU, IB 21-035).</p><p>MYCOBANK. — MB 848907.</p><p>HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION. — Growing scattered on moss bed in association with Abies in sub-alpine forest of Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Pileus 15-45 mm in diam., convex with a central umbo when young, gradually becoming planoconvex to infundibuliform, center with a broad shallow depression and an umbo; surface moist, viscid, smooth; brownish orange (7C6) with darker at the central region gradually becoming greyish orange to orange (6B4-6) and paler towards the margin; brittle in consistency; margin incurved, wavy, regular. Lamellae decurrent, rather crowded (17-18 L+l/cm at pilear margin), sometimes forked; lamellulae in five series; orange white to pale orange (5A2-3) turning brownish on maturity; edge entire. Stipe 30-55× 2-5 mm, central, cylindrical, longitudinally striate, striation translucent; combination of light brown and brown (6D 5, 7E 7). Context thin at pileus, hollow in stipe, concolorous to stipe, turning faint yellow with 3% KOH after one minute, no change with FeSO4 and immediately becoming greyish turquoise (24E5) with guaiac. Latex moderate, watery white changing to yellowish after few minutes, chalky when dry, turning exposed lamellae brownish after few minutes, bitter. Taste astringent. Odor mild pleasant. Spore print chalky white (1A1-2).</p><p>Basidiospores 7.2-8.1-8.9(9.6)×5.2-6.3-6.9(7.6) µm, (n=40, Q = 1.11-1.30-1.50[1.54]), usually subglobose to ellipsoid; ornamentation amyloid; up to 0.9 µm high, irregular to linear warts sometimes connected with low ridges but never forming complete reticulum, presence of isolated warts; suprahilar spot inamyloid. Basidia 35-46 × 9-11 µm, subclavate, 4-spored; sterigmata up to 8.7× 1.6 µm. Pleuromacrocystidia abundant, 73.4-112.9 × 6.3-9.7 µm, emergent up to 44.7 µm, cylindric to subcylindric with fusoid, subfusoid, mucronate to appendiculated apices, rarely branched, originating from subhymenium region. Pleuropseudocystidia up to 2.3-2.8 µm wide, mostly non-emergent, cylindrical to sometimes tortuous at apex, rarely branched. Lamellae edge heteromorphous with basidia, basidioles and cystidia. Cheilomacrocystidia 39-51.1× 3.8-6 µm, emergent up to 21.8 µm, cylindric to subcylindric with rounded, fusoid, subfusoid to appendiculate apices. Subhymenium up to 20.13 µm thick, pseudoparenchymatous. Lamellar trama composed of lactifers, sphaerocytes, and connecting hyphae. Pileipellis up to 126 µm thick, hyphoepithelium; suprapellis composed of multiseptated, mostly repent hyphae (12.2-55 ×2-3.1 µm); subpellis pseudoparenchymatous composed of rounded to elongated or somewhat irregularly shaped cells (12.9-31.4× 8-13 µm). Stipitipellis up to 65 µm thick, hyphoepithelium; suprapellis composed of hyphal elements; subpellis is of rounded to elongated to somewhat irregularly shaped cells.</p><p>NOTES</p><p>The somewhat sticky, brownish orange colored pileus with watery white latex turning yellowish on drying and pileipellis of hyphoepithelium nature are typical features of subg. Russularia (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998) which also correspond to the studied species. The unique characters of the novel species are planoconvex to infundibuliform shaped, umbonate, brownish orange, moist pileus with longitudinally striate light brownish stipe; latex changing to yellowish and turning exposed area brownish; positive reaction with guaiac and hyphoepithelial pileipellis.</p><p>The described species is quite identical to European L. subdulcis (Pers.) Gray, due to its small to medium-sized fruitbodies with similar colored convex to funnel shaped pileus, white bitter tasting latex, alike sized and ornamented basidiospores, similar pleuro- and cheilomacrocystidia. However, occassionally forked lamellae, wider stipe (25-65× 4-18 mm), white unchanging latex, shorter cystidia of both lamellar face (40-90[-105] × 6-12 µm) and edge ([15-]20-35× 4-8 µm), pileipellis oedotrichoderm and occurrence with Fagus L. are the striking differences possessed by L. subdulcis that make it distinct from the current species (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998). Another European Lactarius, L. tabidus Fr. can be confused with the studied species for similar characters such as orange brownish pileus with persistent umbo, latex turning pale yellow, astringent taste and hyphoepithelial pileipellis. But the radially wrinkled cap in matured basidiomata, basidiospores with mostly isolated acute warty ornamentation, and its association with Betula, clearly distinguish the former from the latter species (Heilmann-Clausen et al. 1998).</p><p>The Indian species, L. lachungensis Verbeken &amp; Van de Putte also can be confused with the studied species for its unicolored warm orange-brownish basidiomata and similar habitat. Yet the distant (12 L+l/cm), never forking lamellae, unchanging latex, and the ixohyphoepithelium to ixotrichoepithelium pileipellis clearly separate L. lachungensis from the discussed species (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2016). The yellowing of the latex is shared by another Indian species, L. flavigalactus Verbeken &amp; K.Das, but other specific characters like reddish brown basidiomata, ornamentation of the basidiospores with irregular ridges forming incomplete reticulum and the ixocutis nature of pileipellis clearly differentiate L. flavigalactus from the described species (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2016).</p><p>Although L. atrii Van de Putte &amp; K.Das (described from India) (Fig. 2) is phylogenetically close to the studied species, morphological dissimilarities such as light brown basidiocarps with unchanging mild-tasting latex and ixocutis nature of pileipellis visibly distinguish the two species (Wisitrassameewong et al. 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B89C633C24FFB19384FB81B8C0FD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bera, Ishika;Das, Kanad	Bera, Ishika, Das, Kanad (2023): Two new species of genus Lactarius Pers. (Russulaceae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Cryptogamie, Mycologie 20 (11): 147-158, DOI: 10.5252/cryptogamie-mycologie2023v44a11, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/mycologie2023v44a11.pdf
