taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B80677FFF3FF20FDFCBCD36E2CF93D.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Amphitrite infundibulum Montagu, 1808.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF20FDFCBCD36E2CF93D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (modified from Capa et al. 2019) Medium- to large-sized sabellids, with variable number of pairs of radioles in semicircular radiolar lobes, each radiole with two rows of vacuolated cells. Basal membrane and radiolar flanges present, basal flanges absent; radiolar eyes present or absent. Dorsal lips with radiolar appendages, pinnular appendages absent; ventral radiolar appendages present or absent, ventral lips developed, extending dorso-ventrally along inner surface of base of radiolar lobes; parallel lamellae and ventral sacs absent. Anterior peristomial ring with narrow ventral lobe. Posterior peristomial ring collar absent. Peristomial vascular loops absent. Peristomial eyespots absent. Thorax with up to eight chaetigers, abdomen with variable number. Glandular ridge on chaetiger 2 present. Ventral shields absent. Interramal eyespots may be present. Thoracic notochaetae and abdominal neurochaetae in irregular bundles, arranged in low, circular tori, groups within fascicles not differentiated. Thoracic uncini acicular, with similarly sized teeth above main fang on transverse rows, hood absent, long handle; neuropodial companion chaetae absent. Abdominal notopodial tori forming almost complete cinctures around body (feature unique among sabellids); uncini avicular, handle absent, breast developed and several rows of shorter teeth above main fang. Abdominal neurochaetae elongate, narrowly hooded. Pygidial eyespots present or absent. Pygidial cirrus absent.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	description	Figs 1 – 6, 11, Table 1	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Neotype ENGLAND • Kingsbridge estuary, Saltstone; 50.2540 ° N, 3.7588 ° W; low shore; 1 Oct. 2019; T. Darbyshire leg.; mud; GenBank: OQ 343676 (16 S), OQ 341617 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0001. Topotypes ENGLAND • 3 spec.; same collection data as for neotype; GenBank: OQ 343673 – 5 (16 S), OQ 341614 – 6 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0002 – 0004. Other material WALES – Pembrokeshire • 4 specs; Gann Flats; 51.7124 ° N, 5.1661 ° W; low shore; 27 Nov. 2019; T. Darbyshire leg.; muddy sand; GenBank: OQ 343670 – 2 (16 S), OQ 341611 – 3 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0005 to 0008 • 7 specs; same collection data as for preceding; NMW. Z. 2019.023.0009 to 0012 • 1 spec.; Milford Haven; 51.6861 ° N, 4.9769 ° W; depth 9.9 m; 15 Oct. 1996; S. J. May leg.; medium silt; NMW. Z. 2011.045.0037 • 7 specs; Gann Flats; 51.7124 ° N, 5.1661 ° W; low shore; P. Knight-Jones leg.; muddy sand; NMW. Z. 2009.038.0671. ENGLAND – Dorset • 2 specs; Portland Harbour; 50.5817 ° N, 2.4663 ° W; depth 1.9 m; 29 Jul. 2019; T. Darbyshire leg.; sandy mud; GenBank: OQ 343677 – 8 (16 S), OQ 341618 – 9 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0013 to 0014 • 1 spec.; Kingsbridge estuary; 50.2540 ° N, 3.7588 ° W; low shore; mud; NHMUK 1980.390 – Cornwall • 2 specs; Helford estuary; 50.0983 ° N, 5.1178 ° W; depth 9 m; 16 Sep. 2012; T. Darbyshire leg.; maerl; NMW. Z. 2012.058.0065 to 0066 • 3 specs; St Anthony; low shore; P. Knight-Jones; mud and sand; NMW. Z. 2009.038.0675. IRELAND – County Galway • 2 specs; Ballynakill Harbour, Fahy Bay; 53.5604 ° N, 10.0157 ° W; low shore; 21 Mar. 1988; A. S. Y. Mackie leg.; muddy gravel; NMW. Z. 1988.069.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	description	Description Neotype complete with 123 chaetigers, 8 thoracic and 115 abdominal; body length 58 mm, crown length 20 mm. Topotypes with 130 – 149 chaetigers, body length 58 – 65 mm, crown length 19 – 22 mm. Preserved colour pale brown over body, darker on chaetigers 1 – 10 except around parapodia. Dark brown pigmentation present on basal ¼ of radiolar crown, internal side of ventral lobe, radiolar appendages and on radiolar tips, cream elsewhere. Colour when alive with pale orange-brown body, white, pink or purple radioles and dark brown radiolar tips (Fig. 3 A – E). Body flattened dorso-ventrally, widest around chaetiger 4, then tapering posteriorly to a blunt pygidium (Fig. 3 D). Radiolar crown with semicircular radiolar lobes bearing 26 pairs of radioles (Fig. 4 A, B). Radioles connected by basal membrane along # / 5 of their length (measured from base to lower margin of membrane between radioles) with broad radiolar flanges (Fig. 4 C); with long tapered tips (measured from end of pinnulae to tip of radiole), ¹ / 5 of the total radiole length. Dark brown pigmentation occurs over last ¼ of radiole, from just below start of radiolar tip, spreading outward to where basal membrane connects to rachis, then continuing to tip, creating a lanceolate appearance (Figs 3 – E, 4 A – C, E, 6 A); radiolar tip triangular, elongating evenly to tip (Fig. 4 E). Radioles supported by two rows of vacuolated cells (Fig. 6 B); radiolar eyes absent. Pinnulae slender, with blunt ends in basal region, becoming finer, tapered and longest in distal part of radiole (Fig. 4 A), 0.25 × total length of radiole, then rapidly decreasing in length to start of radiolar tip; pinnulae terminate at or just above lower margin of basal membrane. Dorsal lips with fleshy, large, triangular radiolar appendages, oriented transversely and arising from ventral internal border of ventral lips; surrounded by enlarged ventral lips connected to radiolar lobes dorsally (Figs 4 D, 6 C); pinnular appendages absent; ventral radiolar appendages absent; parallel lamellae and ventral sacs both absent. Posterior peristomial ring collar absent. Anterior peristomial ring with ventral, triangular lobe, high with concave indentation (Fig. 4 B). Lateral notches present, deep, impacting chaetiger 1 (Fig. 4 F). Glandular girdle present, toward posterior boundary of chaetiger 2 (Figs 3 D, 4 A – C). Ventral shields inconspicuous. Interramal eyespots present, one or two, from chaetiger 3 to chaetiger 8; lateral eyespots present in abdominal region to end of body, minute, 1 – 2 per segment (Fig. 4 F). First notopodia as oval cushions with dense, fine, narrow-hooded notochaetae (Fig. 5 A), up to 150. Second notopodia twice the size of the first, then reducing in size gradually along thorax (Fig. 4 F); notochaetae of same form as on first notopodium (Figs 5 B, 6 D), 150 – 200 per fascicle. Thoracic neurochaetae acicular uncini with long handles, mostly non-emergent; long elongate fang, not greatly hooked, with several minute teeth above and a slight constriction at top of shaft (Figs 5 C, 6 E). Companion chaetae absent. Neuropodia small, oval with narrow-hooded neurochaetae. Abdominal notopodial tori forming almost complete cinctures around body, with avicular uncini with 1 – 2 large teeth and 1 – 3 smaller teeth over main fang; upper teeth 0.5 – 0.65 × length of main fang (Figs 5 D, 6 F); breast rounded, equal to or slightly longer than main fang, handle absent (Fig. 6 F). Pygidium rounded, eyespots present in a transverse line across tip. Pygidial cirrus absent. Tube semi-transparent, gelatinous, with light covering of fine sand grains, some pale brown colouration toward proximal end (Figs 3 E, 4 E). Methyl green staining pattern Peristomial ring and ventral lobe with solid staining followed by complete rings on the posterior border of each segment. Variation Radiolar pinnulae 0.13 – 0.25 × total length of radioles. Interramal eyespots present on thorax from chaetiger 3 or 4; lateral eyespots present or absent on abdomen for a variable number of chaetigers, minute and easily missed. Pygidial eyespots present or absent (usually present). Data from photos submitted by divers or taken by the author, along with the examination of museum specimens confirmed as M. infundibulum, show a range in the number of radioles from 13 to 37 pairs. The tube has a slightly firmer feel to it than that of M. polychroma sp. nov., which is softer.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	discussion	Remarks Myxicola infundibulum and M. violacea (Langerhans, 1884) (the latter described from Madeira) are the only current taxa in the genus described with dark coloured tips to the radioles of the crown. Records of M. infundibulum are only verified here (through genetics and morphology) for the UK, Adriatic and Australia although darkly-tipped Myxicola are reported from elsewhere in the Mediterranean (see Discussion). Myxicola violacea is only recorded from Madeira and no other records of the species have been found. Langerhans’ description and figures bear strong resemblance to those of M. infundibulum, particular those of the radiole tip and thoracic chaetae (Langerhans 1884). However, Langerhans also described and figured two sets of peristomial eyes for M. violacea, as well as abdominal uncini that are alternately large or small in each cincture; these features are not reflected in M. infundibulum as described here and are the main distinctions available between the two taxa at this time. It should be noted that Langerhans described his specimens as immature; all were small, no more than 15 mm in length or with no more than 11 pairs of radioles, and some radioles were not darkly-tipped, giving rise to the potential that Langerhans may have been looking at more than one species at the time as well as juveniles that might exhibit modified characters, although juvenile M. infundibulum observed during this study did not exhibit peristomial eyes or more than one type of uncinus and all had dark radiole tips. Type material for M. violacea was enquired of from museums in Germany but was not found, and so further investigation needs to be done to determine whether the taxa that exist around the island are, or include, true M. infundibulum. If they do, then M. violacea would become a junior synonym of M. infundibulum. For now, both names are retained until their relationship can be resolved and morphological characters confirmed. The pigment present in the tips does not break down easily as in some taxa and can still be identified in specimens over 200 years old, as was evident in the specimens from NHMUK. The presence or absence of darkly pigmented radiole tips can therefore be used as a diagnostic character for this taxon, although other characters should be taken into account as well. Other pigment features such as the abdominal (lateral) eyespots and pygidial eyespots are not so consistent and are unreliable as characters. Thoracic (interramal) eyespots were consistent in their presence across all body sizes. In addition to the dark radiole tips, Myxicola infundibulum can be distinguished from all other current members of the genus using a range of other characters. Myxicola aesthetica, with which it overlaps in distribution, and M. nana Capa & Murray, 2015 (described from Australia) are both smaller, with fewer thoracic chaetigers (M. infundibulum: 8; M. aesthetica: 3 – 4; M. nana: 6) and fewer pairs of radioles (M. infundibulum: 13 – 33; M. aesthetica: 7 – 10; M. nana: 6). Around the UK, M. infundibulum is distinct from the newly described M. polychroma sp. nov. by the radiolar pinnulae which, in M. infundibulum, are 0.13 – 0.25 × the length of the radiole and terminate around the lower margin of the basal membrane, whereas in M. polychroma sp. nov. pinnulae are 0.22 – 0.3 × the length of the radiole, at their longest, and terminate below the lower margin of the basal membrane. Additionally, the dorsal lips of M. infundibulum are oriented transversely and arise from the ventral internal border of the ventral lips, whereas in M. polychroma sp. nov. the dorsal lips are oriented dorsal-ventral and arise centrally. Finally, the abdominal uncini in M. infundibulum have a rounded breast, whereas those of M. polychroma sp. nov. show a more angled profile. Of the remaining larger species, which are more geographically removed, M. sulcata Ehlers, 1912 (Antarctica) has only 10 – 20 thoracic chaetae, on inconspicuous notopodia, on each segment (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2017), in comparison to over 100 for M. infundibulum on large notopodial pads, M. ommatophora Grube, 1878 (Philippines) has a clay tube (not gelatinous) and paired subdistal radiolar eyes (absent in M. infundibulum), and M. fauveli Potts, 1928 (Suez Canal) has only around 12 pairs of radioles and a sharply delineated filiform radiolar tip (triangular tip, not sharply delineated in M. infundibulum).	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution Present on the west and southwest coasts of the UK only as far north as southern Scotland and the south and west coasts of Ireland; also Adriatic Sea (Croatia) and Australia, confirmed through genetic sequencing. All records from the UK and Ireland of ‘ black-tipped’ Myxicola are attributed to M. infundibulum. Records of ‘ black-tipped’ Myxicola also exist from Penpoull (Brittany, France; De Saint-Joseph 1894) and additional locations in the Mediterranean (Grube 1850; Claparède 1869; Soulier 1902) but need confirmation as to whether they are M. infundibulum or another taxon that has dark radiole tips. All records of Myxicola infundibulum without black tips on the radioles should be re-evaluated and those with black tips but from outside the northeast Atlantic region should be considered suspect and re-evaluated according to the new description and genetic information available.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFF3FF39FDE8B9C168F3FEA2.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology From intertidal to shallow waters (15 – 20 m) in mud, muddy sand and muddy gravel.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ECEE 8088 - 72 FD- 4 C 8 F- 9 F 4 E-C 579193 E 04 A 5 Figs 1 – 2, 7 – 11, Table 1	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Body with 8 thoracic chaetigers and over 180 abdominal chaetigers; glandular ridge on chaetiger 2. Crown with 17 – 32 pairs of orange, green or white radioles with non-differentially-coloured tips; pinnulae long, fine, terminating below the lower margin of the basal membrane, 0.22 – 0.3 × yhr total length of the radiole. Dorsal lips with large, fleshy triangular radiolar appendages. Thoracic notochaetae dense, fine, narrow-hooded, over 100 per notopodium; abdominal neurochaetae similar. Abdominal uncini form almost complete cincture around the body. Interramal eyespots present, lateral eyespots present or absent, pygidial eyespots present or absent. Tube very soft, gelatinous.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	etymology	Etymology As the generic name Myxicola is derived from Greek stems, the specific epithet is also taken from Greek rather than Latin; a noun in apposition derived from the Greek ‘ poly ’ (= ‘ many’) and ‘ chromos ’ (= ‘ colour’) referring to the three different colour variations, not just shades of a single colour, found within the species.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype SCOTLAND • Loch Fyne; 56.2594 ° N, 4.9347 ° W; depth 12 m; 12 Nov. 2022; L. Baldock leg.; sandy mud; NMW. Z. 2019.023.0015. Paratypes SCOTLAND – Loch Fyne • 1 spec.; same collection data as for holotype; NMW. Z. 2019.023.0016. – Loch Sunart • 1 spec.; 56.6677 ° N, 5.8910 ° W; depth 26 m; 23 Oct. 2019; G. Brown leg.; mud; GenBank: OQ 343682 (16 S), OQ 341622 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0017 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; depth 22 m; L. Baldock leg.; mud; GenBank: OQ 343684 (16 S), OQ 341623 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0018 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; depth 24 m; 24 Oct. 2019; G. Brown leg.; NMW. Z. 2019.023.0019. WALES – Pembrokeshire • Martins Haven; 1 spec.; 51.7376 ° N, 5.2443 ° W; depth 14 m; 29 Jun. 2019; T. Darbyshire leg.; sandy mud; GenBank: OQ 343683 (16 S), OQ 341624 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0023 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; depth 12.7 m; GenBank: OQ 343685 (16 S), OQ 341625 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0024. Other material SCOTLAND – Loch Duich • 1 spec.; 57.2612 ° N, 5.5142 ° W; depth 20 m; 3 May 2019; C. Rickard leg.; GenBank: OQ 343679 (16 S), OQ 341620 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0020 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; depth 19.5 m; 14 Oct. 2019; sandy mud; GenBank: OQ 343680 (16 S), OQ 341621 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0021 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 17 May 2019; NMW. Z. 2019.023.0022. – Shetland • 2 specs; Sullom Voe; depth 24 m; 1985; fine sand; NMW. Z. 1986.112.0091 to 0092 • 1 spec.; near Sullom Voe; 31 m; Apr. 1984; medium sand; NMW. Z. 1986.112.0486. WALES – Pembrokeshire • 1 spec.; Martins Haven; 51.7376 ° N, 5.2443 ° W; depth 13.4 m; 29 Jun. 2019; T. Darbyshire leg.; sandy mud; GenBank: OQ 343681 (16 S), OQ 341626 (COI); NMW. Z. 2019.023.0025. ISLE OF MAN – Irish Sea • 1 spec.; 7 mi. W of Sloc; 54.1294 ° N, 4.9156 ° W; depth 55 m; muddy sand and shell gravel; NMW. Z. 2009.038.0678.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	description	Description Holotype complete with 104 chaetigers, 8 thoracic and 96 abdominal; body length 55 mm, crown length 22.7 mm. Paratypes with 86 – 191 chaetigers, body length 41 – 140 mm, crown length 19.7 – 31 mm. Preserved colour uniformly cream for both crown and body. Colour when alive, cream / pinkish body with white, orange or pale green radioles (Fig. 7 A – E). Body flattened dorso-ventrally, widest around chaetiger 4 – 5 (Fig. 8 A – B), then tapering posteriorly to a blunt pygidium (Fig. 7 E). Radiolar crown with semicircular radiolar lobes (Fig. 8 A – B, D) bearing 29 pairs of radioles. Radioles connected by basal membrane along 85 % of their length (Fig. 8 C; measured from base to lower margin of connection between radioles); radioles with broad radiolar flanges and digitiform tips (Figs 8 C, 10 A; measured from end of pinnulae to tip of radiole), 18 % of total radiole length. Radioles supported by two rows of vacuolated cells (Fig. 10 B). Radiolar eyes absent. Pinnulae slender with blunt ends in basal region, becoming finer, tapered and longest in distal part of radiole, 0.24 × total length of radiole, then rapidly decreasing in length, terminating below lower margin of basal membrane. Dorsal lips with large, fleshy, triangular radiolar appendages, arising centrally and oriented dorsalventrally on a central line, surrounded by enlarged, lobate ventral lips connected to radiolar lobes dorsally (Figs 8 D, 10 C – D); pinnular appendages absent; ventral radiolar appendages absent; parallel lamellae and ventral sacs both absent. Posterior peristomial ring collar absent. Anterior peristomial ring with ventral triangular lobe, high with concave indentation (Fig. 7 B). Lateral notches present, shallow, not impacting chaetiger 1 (Fig. 8 E). Glandular girdle present, toward posterior boundary of chaetiger 2 (Fig. 8 A, E). Ventral shields inconspicuous. Interramal eyespots present, one or two, minute, from chaetiger 3 or 4 to chaetiger 8, absent from abdominal region. First notopodia as oval cushions with dense, fine, narrow-hooded notochaetae, up to 100. Second notopodia twice the size of the first, then reducing in size gradually down thorax; notochaetae of same form as on first notopodium, 100 – 150 per fascicle (Fig. 8 E, 9 A, 10 E). Thoracic neuropodia situated at posteroventral border of notopodia, with few (up to 5) acicular uncini with long handles, strongly hooked, with long main fang and no clear teeth above (Figs 9 B, 10 F). Companion chaetae absent. Abdominal neuropodia small, oval, with narrow-hooded neurochaetae (Fig. 9 C). Abdominal notopodial tori forming almost complete cinctures around body, with avicular uncini with one large tooth and 0 – 4 smaller teeth, variable in size, over main fang; upper teeth 0.6 – 0.8 × length of main fang (Figs 9 D – E, 10 G); breast well-developed, with angled profile, slightly longer than main fang, handle absent (Fig. 10 G). Pygidium rounded, eyespots not seen. Pygidial cirrus absent. Tube semi-transparent, gelatinous, with few fine sand grains attached, slight colouration toward proximal end (Fig. 8 F). Methyl green staining pattern Peristomial ring and ventral lobe with solid staining (Fig. 8 A, E) followed by complete rings on the posterior border of each segment. Variation Radiolar pinnulae 0.22 – 0.3 × total length of radioles. Interramal eyespots present from chaetigers 3 or 4 and on rest of thorax; lateral eyespots absent or on first 1 – 4 segments of abdomen; the larger the animal the fewer the eyespots. Pygidium generally without eyespots although a row of 7 minute eyespots laterally on either side found on one small specimen. Radiole count 17 – 32 pairs, determined from a combination of divers’ photos and collected specimens.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	discussion	Remarks Myxicola polychroma sp. nov. has been recorded around the UK for many years, although it has not been recognised as a separate species. Other names that have previously been recorded from British waters are M. sarsii, M. steenstrupi and M. viridis, all of which were synonymised with M. infundibulum many years ago. As it is likely that more species of Myxicola will be identified in the future, possibly with the re-validation of previously synonymised names, it is worth making distinctions here from those other, currently invalid, species described from European waters. The original description of M. sarsii does not provide any information on which to base a comparison; however, Sars (1862) provided more detail, finding a radiole count only ranging from 12 to 21 pairs, accounting for both juvenile and mature specimens (Myxicola polychroma sp. nov. has 17 – 32 pairs of radioles). Myxicola steenstrupi, as detailed later, is represented by type specimens that themselves appear to represent different taxa; however, the type from Greenland has slender, digitiform radiolar appendages (large, triangular radiolar appendages in M. polychroma sp. nov.) and the Faroe Island type has short radiolar tips and small, blunt radiolar appendages (M. polychroma sp. nov. has long radiolar tips and large, triangular radiolar appendages); all specimens of M. steenstrupi also possess only 12 – 21 pairs of radioles, as opposed to 17 – 32 pairs in M. polychroma sp. nov. Myxicola grubii was described with dark tips to the radioles (Krøyer 1856) and M. viridis with green banded radioles (McIntosh 1874), and so neither could be potential candidates for the identity of M. polychroma sp. nov. The remaining two (invalid) European species M. modesta and M. parasites, were both clearly very small specimens, with only 9 and 11 pairs of radioles described, respectively (Quatrefages 1866), and it is unknown whether they represented juvenile forms of larger taxa or not. If they were not juveniles, then the small body size and few radioles would distinguish them from M. polychroma sp. nov. immediately. In addition to the radioles though, M. parasites had only a short basal membrane, in comparison to the long membrane present in M. polychroma sp. nov., and M. modesta possessed no lateral or interramal eyes. Although it has been stated earlier in this paper that the presence or absence of lateral eyes is an unreliable character, interramal eyes are more consistent; both are always present in small specimens and it is only in larger and preserved specimens that lateral eyes become inconsistent or fade. Quatrefages’ specimens were described live, so preservation was not a factor, and either juvenile (so eyespots should be present if they were the same as M. polychroma sp. nov.) or a naturally small taxon, in which case they could also be discounted. Myxicola polychroma sp. nov. is distinct from the other valid species of Myxicola in the UK, M. infundibulum and Myxicola aesthetica, by the lack of differential colour on the radiole tips (dark radiole tips in M. infundibulum) and by having 8 thoracic chaetigers and 17 – 32 pairs of radioles, as opposed to 3 – 4 thoracic chaetigers and 7 – 10 pairs of radioles in M. aesthetica (Soulier 1902). All other known species are far removed geographically, but can be distinguished through a variety of characters: Myxicola violacea, the only other European species, has dark tips to the radioles (M. polychroma sp. nov. has pale tips), M. nana has only 6 thoracic chaetigers (Capa & Murray 2015) (M. polychroma sp. nov. has 8), M. ommatophora has paired subdistal radiolar eyes and a clay tube (Grube 1878) (M. polychroma sp. nov. has no radiolar eyes and a gelatinous tube), M. fauveli has only 12 pairs of radioles with longitudinal green bands and sharply delineated filiform tips (Potts 1928) (M. polychroma sp. nov. has more than 12 pairs of radioles, without banding or sharply delineated tips) and M. sulcata also has only 12 – 17 pairs of radioles (Tovar-Hernández et al. 2017) and few, inconspicuous notochaetae (M. polychroma sp. nov. has more than 17 pairs of radioles and more than 100 fine but conspicuous notochaetae per notopodium).	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	distribution	Distribution Found on the west and southwest coasts of the UK: west coast of Scotland, Isle of Man, west Wales and southwest England. A single record was received from the east coast of Scotland.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEAFF3CFDAEBEBB68C3FB90.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Subtidal from 5 – 35 m (occasionally deeper) in sandy mud and muddy, soft sediments.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEFFF3EFD80BB84685FF92C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Syntypes FAROE ISLANDS • 1 spec.; Tórshavn; NHMD 109911. GREENLAND • 1 spec.; NHMD 109912. Additional material FAROE ISLANDS • 1 spec., 1 juv.; head of Kaldbakfjord; depth 1 – 2 m; P. Knight-Jones leg.; from abandoned Mytilus ropes; NMW. Z. 2009.038.0673.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEFFF3EFD80BB84685FF92C.taxon	description	Description Faroese specimens Faroe Islands syntype complete, in 2 pieces, with 54 chaetigers, 7 – 8 thoracic (difficult to determine due to condition) and 46 abdominal; body length 26 mm, crown length 11 mm. Other specimens complete, with 46 and 50 chaetigers, of which 8 are thoracic; body lengths 12 and 31 mm, crown lengths 5 and 9 mm. Preserved colour cream (NMW. Z) or pale brown (syntype), no pigment observed. 1 – 2 minute interramal (thoracic) and lateral (abdominal) eyespots present on NMW. Z specimens only, as well as pygidial eyespots, pygidium tip missing on type. Radiolar crown with semicircular radiolar lobes bearing 20 pairs of radioles (type) or 12 and 17 pairs, respectively, on juvenile and larger NMW. Z specimens. Connecting basal membrane long (damaged between most radioles on type). All radiole tips damaged except on juvenile: very high basal membrane with free portion of tip less than 10 % total length of radiole, tip tapering to a blunt point; pinnulae long, thin, ca 0.25 × total length of radiole, terminating below lower margin of basal membrane. Radiolar eyes absent. Dorsal lips with small, digitiform radiolar appendages, arising centrally, surrounded by enlarged, lobate ventral lips that overlap centrally, connected to radiolar lobes dorsally; pinnular appendages absent; ventral radiolar appendages absent; parallel lamellae and ventral sacs both absent. Anterior peristomial ring with small ventral, triangular lobe, concave. Lateral notches present. Notopodia as oval cushions with fine notochaetae, number difficult to assess due to damage, but less than 100. Form of notochaetae and uncini not observed. Tube not present. Greenlandic syntype Syntype complete with 55 chaetigers, 8 thoracic and 47 abdominal; body length 41 mm, crown length 15 mm. Preserved colour pale brown, no pigment or eyespots observed. Body shape unclear due to extent of dissection, but widest anteriorly, tapering to pygidium, tip missing. Radiolar crown with semicircular radiolar lobes bearing 20 – 21 pairs of radioles. Radioles with wide radiolar flanges and long, tapered tips, approximately 23 % of total radiole length. Pinnulae very fine, dense, longest in distal part of radiole, up to 0.25 × total length of radiole, then rapidly decreasing in length, terminating at or above lower margin of basal membrane. Radiolar eyes absent. Dorsal lips with slender, digitiform radiolar appendages, arising centrally, surrounded by enlarged, lobate ventral lips connected to radiolar lobes dorsally; pinnular appendages absent; ventral radiolar appendages absent; parallel lamellae and ventral sacs both absent. Anterior peristomial ring too damaged and degraded to describe. Notopodia as oval cushions, notochaetae all broken. Uncini not observed. Pygidial tip missing, tube not present.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEFFF3EFD80BB84685FF92C.taxon	discussion	Remarks The two type specimens from the Faroes and Greenland were borrowed from the Natural History Museum of Denmark and examined along with two additional specimens in NMW. Z from the Faroe Islands collected by Phyllis Knight-Jones. Both type specimens were in poor condition and many of those characters that have been detailed above for M. infundibulum and M. polychroma sp. nov. could not be observed. The larger NMW. Z specimen also had a badly damaged crown, limiting observations on the crown and dorsal lips, and the remaining specimen was a juvenile, although in good condition. No attempt is therefore made here to re-validate the species. Although it is considered that the species is likely to be found to be valid in the future, to do so will require the examination and / or collection of new specimens from the type localities to gather the necessary morphological details and, ideally, tissue samples for comparative genetic work. In the meantime, the details above are noted. Both syntypes had labels with remarks from Mary Petersen stating that they were specimens of Krøyer’s, listed in his unpublished catalogue of worms received by NHMD from the Royal Museum, and in that way they had been identified as syntypes for the described species. The two syntypes are very different in size, the type from Greenland being nearly twice as large as that from Faroe Islands, but for roughly the same number of chaetigers and radioles. The NMW. Z specimens were of a similar size to the Faroe Island type, with similar numbers of chaetigers and radioles. The damage and degradation on both types made some observations on the body and chaetae almost impossible as well as on the crown of the Faroe Islands type. The crown of the Greenland type was in a much better condition. The two types show different characteristics in the radioles and dorsal lips, leading to the conclusion that they represent different taxa, although further observations on the chaetae are also needed. This also presents a dilemma as to which type specimen would be designated for the name. Although it is believed that Myxicola steenstrupi is likely to be recognised as a valid species in the future, at the present time it must wait until new specimens are available and a detailed description can be developed in conjunction with one of the available type specimens.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
03B80677FFEFFF3EFD80BB84685FF92C.taxon	description	DNA Results The UK Myxicola infundibulum specimens showed no genetic variation within the 16 S and COI genes, with only a single haplotype being present for each. The same 16 S haplotype was also retrieved from all Australian specimens, except one, and the specimen from Croatia, both of which showed small variations (16 S: 0.0042 and 0.0085) from the rest. For COI, fewer Australian sequences were available, and none for the Mediterranean, but of the six that were available, all were identical to the UK specimens except for the one from Adelaide (K 2 P = 0.0109). Of the United States and Canadian M. ‘ infundibulum ’ and Myxicola sp. sequences analysed, either from GenBank or from Dane (2008), none returned a K 2 P distance less than 0.2154 (COI) or 0.0389 (16 S) from the ‘ true’ M. infundibulum. The COI sequences for Myxicola aesthetica, on the other hand, were closer to those for M. ‘ infundibulum ’ from the USA and Canada (K 2 P = 0.1214 – 0.1768) than they were to any UK or Australian specimens (K 2 P = 0.2154 – 0.2559) of M. infundibulum or M. polychroma sp. nov. Myxicola polychroma sp. nov. showed a similar scale of distance from ‘ true’ M. infundibulum as it did from United States and Canadian M. ‘ infundibulum ’. Maximum parsimony returned 7 most parsimonius trees for the 16 S dataset (tree length: 477; CI = 0.7862). All trees contained the same major clades (outgroups, ‘ true’ infundibulum, USA Myxicola and M. polychroma sp. nov.), only differing in the relationships within the ‘ true’ infundibulum clade, all of which had little support. Two most parsimonius trees were returned for the COI dataset (tree length = 651; CI = 0.6559), the main difference between them being the position of the M. polychroma sp. nov. clade with respect to the outgroups and the other taxa of Myxicola. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and the maximum parsimony consensus trees for both genes all returned similar tree topologies with the same well-supported overarching clades (Fig. 11 A – B). In both the 16 S and COI datasets, those specimens identified as Myxicola infundibulum from the UK, including those from the type locality, formed a strongly supported distinct clade along with all specimens from Australia and, for 16 S, the specimen from Croatia (16 S: 88 – 95 % bootstrap support, 0.7 Bayesian posterior probability; COI: 100 % bootstrap support, 1.0 posterior probability). There was no distinction between the populations around the UK or between the UK, Australia and Croatia (Fig. 11 A). Myxicola aesthetica formed a separate clade, along with one of the Myxicola sp. sequences, in the COI tree, indicating a probable identity match (Fig. 11 B). The remaining two Myxicola sp. sequences formed their own well-supported clade, sister to that of Myxicola aesthetica, and it is likely that they represent an as-yet undescribed M. aesthetica - like taxon. All USA (16 S) and USA and Canadian (COI) M. ‘ infundibulum ’ sequences formed a strongly-supported distinct clade for both genes (Fig. 11 A – B), confirming their different identity and the restriction of M. infundibulum ’ s native range to the northeast Atlantic, except where anthropogenically introduced. Myxicola polychroma sp. nov. formed a strongly or fully supported clade in all analyses, although its affinities to the other taxa were not completely resolved, with the COI tree returning it as sister to ‘ true’ infundibulum (Fig. 11 B), but the 16 S analyses finding it to be sister to a combined M. infundibulum and USA Myxicola clade (Fig. 11 A). The latter analyses, however, did not include any M. aesthetica or Pacific Myxicola sequences that would provide a wider comparison of taxa.	en	Darbyshire, Teresa (2023): Designation of a neotype for Myxicola infundibulum (Montagu, 1808) (Annelida: Sabellidae) and a new species from the UK. European Journal of Taxonomy 900 (1): 106-137, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2023.900.2305, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2305/10005
