identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FD88FB39FBB2.text	03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FD88FB39FBB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex firmula (Kuk.) J. R. Starr, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.	<div><p>1. Carex firmula (Kük.) J.R.Starr, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 32 (in Global Carex Group, 2015).</p><p>Uncinia tenuis f. firmula Kük., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 433 (1920) [basionym]</p><p>Lectotype (designated by Wheeler, 2007): ― CHILE, Juan Fernández Islands, Masafuera, Cordón del Barril, 925 m, 1 Mar 1917, C. &amp; I. Skottsberg 561 (GB- 0048946 digital image!; iso- BM-000938421 digital image!, S-07-13560 digital image!)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FD88FB39FBB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ridley, Rhonda;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996.text	03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex firmula subsp. firmula	<div><p>1a. Carex firmula subsp. firmula (Figure 4)</p><p>Perennials, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 6–20 cm tall, 0.5–1 mm in diameter near middle, smooth. Leaves flat, linear, 5–10 on each flowering shoot, shorter than to slightly longer than the culms, (0.7–) 1.5–3.5 mm wide, gradually tapering to a scabrous attenuate tip; basal sheaths brown. Spike solitary, androgynous, densely flowered, linear to linear-cylindrical, 2–4.5 cm long, 2–4.7 mm wide, the staminate part 4–6.5 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly shorter than utricles, 1.8–3.2 mm long, 0.6–1.4 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1-veined; persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.5–1.1m long. Utricle 2.1–4 mm, 0.6–1.1 mm wide; rachilla with an exserted length of 1.6–2.5 mm, the apical hook 0.7–1.4 mm. Nutlets 2.1–2.5 mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm wide, oblong-obovoid.</p><p>Distribution:—Endemic from Juan Fernández Islands, at the island of Alejandro Selkirk. Apparently known only from a handful of populations.</p><p>Ecology:—Moist, shaded places in quebradas and rocky slopes, particularly under ferns such as Lophosoria, sometimes epiphytic on Dicksonia tree ferns; 850–1200 m (Wheeler, 2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ridley, Rhonda;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.text	03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex firmula subsp. tenuis (Kunth) Jim.	<div><p>1b. Carex firmula subsp. tenuis (Poepp. ex Kunth) Jim. -Mejías &amp; R.Ridley, comb. et stat. nov. (Figure 4)</p><p>≡ Uncinia tenuis Poepp. ex Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 525 (1837) [basionym].</p><p>Lectotype (designated by Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1997): ― CHILE, Antuco, Valle de Quilai-Leuvu, II-1827 -29, Poeppig 243 (BM; iso- HAL-0109859 digital image!)</p><p>= Uncinia gracilis Decne. in J.S.C.Dumont d’Urville, Voy. Pôle Sud, Atlas: t. 6, f. B (1843).</p><p>Holotype: Dumont d’Urville (1843): t. 6, f. B. Epitype (here designated): ― CHILE: Detroit de Magellan, 1841 Hombron s.n. (P-00277462 digital image!; iso- P-00277463 digital image!).</p><p>Perennials, with rhizomes short to long-creeping. Stems, erect, 9.5–34.5 cm tall, 0.4–1.1 mm in diameter near middle, smooth. Leaves, flat, linear, 5–10 on each flowering shoot, shorter than to slightly longer than the culms, (0.7–) 1.5–3.5 mm wide, gradually tapering to a scabrous attenuate tip; basal sheaths brown. Spike, solitary, androgynous densely flowered, linear to linear-cylindrical, 2.3–6.2 cm long, 1.6–3.8 mm wide, the short staminate part 4–10.7 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly shorter than utricles, 1.8–3.5 mm long, 0.7– 1.3 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1 veined; persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.4–1.1 mm long. Utricle 2.5–4.8mm, 0.6–1.3 mm wide; rachilla with an exserted length of 2.3–4 mm long, the apical hook 0.9–1.8 mm. Nutlets 2–2.6 mm long, 0.6–1.1 mm wide, oblong-obovoid.</p><p>Distribution:—From Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, through the Andes north to Colombia, apparently disjunctly distributed across Central America and Mexico (Govaerts et al., 2019).</p><p>Notes: The World Checklist of Cyperaceae (Govaerts et al., 2019) included the Falkland Islands in the distribution of Carex firmula on the basis of a report in a manual of Costa Rican plants (Hammel et al., 2003) we found no specimens for this species from the Falkland Islands. Indeed, Flora del Cono Sur (Flora del Cono Sur, 2019+) does not account that species for the Atlantic archipelago. The closest records for C. firmula seems to be at the eastern most limit of Tierra del Fuego (Isla de los Estados; Wheeler, 1994). Further investigation is required to confirm if C. firmula is found on the Falkland Islands.</p><p>Ecology:—Montane rainforest or thickets, on moist soil; 3000–4000 m elevation in tropical latitudes, down to sea level in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Wheeler, 1994, 1996, Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1996).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ridley, Rhonda;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FB8AFA44F822.text	03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FB8AFA44F822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex Linnaeus 1753	<div><p>Identification key</p><p>The measurements listed in the key are taken from our own study.</p><p>1. Utricles glabrous, with a hooked rachilla protruding from the beak; pistillate scales jointed, the upper part deciduous, the proximal most one remaining on the spike rachis as a saccate stipe appendages.............................................................................................2.</p><p>1’. Without the above cited combination of characters ........................................................................................... Other Carex species.</p><p>2. Utricle 4.9–5 mm long; female glume length 4.5–5 mm; rachilla (exserted part) 5.9–6.6 mm long; hook 1.9–2.1 mm ......... Carex subsacculata</p><p>- Utricle 2.1–4.8 mm long; female glume length 1.8–3.5 mm; rachilla (exserted part) 1.6–4 mm long; hook 0.7–1.8 mm ..............3.</p><p>2’. Stem length to base of inflorescence 41–142 mm, leaf length 74.7–120 mm, average flower density per cm in the middle of inflorescence 12, rachilla length 1.6–2.5 mm, hook length 0.7–1.4 mm ............................................ Carex firmula subsp. firmula</p><p>- Stem length to base of inflorescence 75–383 mm, leaf length 105–360 mm, average flower density per cm in the middle of inflorescence 7, rachilla length 2.3–4 mm, hook length 0.9–1.8 mm ................................................... Carex firmula subsp. tenuis</p><p>3’. Rachilla length 1.6–2.5 mm, hook length 0.7–1.4 mm; average flower density per cm in the middle of inflorescence 12;, leaf length 74.7–120 mm; stem length to base of inflorescence 41–142 mm ............................................ Carex firmula subsp. firmula</p><p>- Rachilla length 2.3–4 mm, hook length 0.9–1.8 mm; average flower density per cm in the middle of inflorescence 7; leaf length 105–360 mm; stem length to base of inflorescence 75–383 mm .......................................................... Carex firmula subsp. tenuis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FB8AFA44F822	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ridley, Rhonda;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FFC6FAAEFA64.text	03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FFC6FAAEFA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex subsacculata (G. A. Wheeler and Goetgh.) J. R. Starr, Bot. J. Linn. Soc.	<div><p>2. Carex subsacculata (G.A.Wheeler and Goetgh.) J.R.Starr, Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 179: 36 (2015).</p><p>Uncinia subsacculata G.A.Wheeler and Goetgh., Aliso 14: 145 (1995).</p><p>Holotype: ECUADOR: Prov. Pichincha, N. side of Volcán Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 3800 m, 4 Jun 1985, Laegaard 54469 A (AAU, iso- GENT-0000090032714 digital image!, MO 1295708!, QCA-38439 digital image!, US-00588934!)</p><p>Perennials, with long rhizomes. Stems, 16.5–25 cm tall, 0.9–1.1 mm in diameter near middle, trigonous, smooth. Leaves, flat, linear, glabrous, 7–9 on each flowering shoot, 24.2–31 cm long, usually as long as or slightly longer than the culms, 3–3.5 mm wide, sparingly serrrulate near base and tip, gradually tapering to an attenuate tip, ligule 1.5–2.5mm, basal sheaths brown. Spike solitary, androgynous, linear to linear-cylindrical, 3 cm long, 2–3.5 mm wide, the short staminate part 7–9 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, 4.5–5 mm long, 1.3–1.4 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1 veined, persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.7–0.8 mm long. Utricle 4.9–5 mm similar in length to glume, 1.1–1.4 mm wide, glabrous, beak narrowly conical, 1.5–2 mm long, many-veined with 2 prominent veins; rachilla with an exserted length of 5.9–6.6 mm, the apical hook 1.9–2.1 mm long. Nutlets 2.4–2.6 mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm wide, trigonous, oblong.</p><p>Distribution:—Northern Andes, reported from Colombia (Alzate and Sarrazola, 2018, Idárraga-Piedrahita et al., 2011) and Ecuador (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1995).</p><p>Ecology:—Montane Polylepis forest; 3800 m (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1995), paramo grasslands 3580 m (Alzate and Sarrazola, 2018), montane rainforest 3500–4000 m (Idárraga-Piedrahita et al., 2011).</p><p>Notes: Previously published descriptions of Carex subsacculata (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1997) stated that the saccate stipe-like proximal most part of the glume was shorter in C. subsacculata compared to C. firmula . This difference is not as pronounced in our study and there is overlap in this character in the three taxa. We found that the length of the stipe in C. subsacculata ranged from 0.5–1.1 mm, it is not less than 0.5 mm in any of our samples. An incidental observation from this study that requires a larger sample size for confirmation is that the leaf density in C. subsacculata appears higher than C. firmula and that the leaves in C. subsaculata overtop the inflorescence.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FFC6FAAEFA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ridley, Rhonda;Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
