taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FD88FB39FBB2.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Wheeler, 2007): ― CHILE, Juan Fernández Islands, Masafuera, Cordón del Barril, 925 m, 1 Mar 1917, C. & I. Skottsberg 561 (GB- 0048946 digital image!; iso- BM- 000938421 digital image!, S- 07 - 13560 digital image!)	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996.taxon	description	Perennials, with short rhizomes. Stems erect, 6 – 20 cm tall, 0.5 – 1 mm in diameter near middle, smooth. Leaves flat, linear, 5 – 10 on each flowering shoot, shorter than to slightly longer than the culms, (0.7 –) 1.5 – 3.5 mm wide, gradually tapering to a scabrous attenuate tip; basal sheaths brown. Spike solitary, androgynous, densely flowered, linear to linear-cylindrical, 2 – 4.5 cm long, 2 – 4.7 mm wide, the staminate part 4 – 6.5 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly shorter than utricles, 1.8 – 3.2 mm long, 0.6 – 1.4 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1 - veined; persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.5 – 1.1 m long. Utricle 2.1 – 4 mm, 0.6 – 1.1 mm wide; rachilla with an exserted length of 1.6 – 2.5 mm, the apical hook 0.7 – 1.4 mm. Nutlets 2.1 – 2.5 mm long, 0.8 – 1.1 mm wide, oblong-obovoid.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — Endemic from Juan Fernández Islands, at the island of Alejandro Selkirk. Apparently known only from a handful of populations.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCDFF70FAA0FC34F996.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: — Moist, shaded places in quebradas and rocky slopes, particularly under ferns such as Lophosoria, sometimes epiphytic on Dicksonia tree ferns; 850 – 1200 m (Wheeler, 2007).	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	materials_examined	Lectotype (designated by Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1997): ― CHILE, Antuco, Valle de Quilai-Leuvu, II- 1827 - 29, Poeppig 243 (BM; iso- HAL- 0109859 digital image!)	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Dumont d’Urville (1843): t. 6, f. B. Epitype (here designated): ― CHILE: Detroit de Magellan, 1841 Hombron s. n. (P- 00277462 digital image!; iso- P- 00277463 digital image!).	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	description	Perennials, with rhizomes short to long-creeping. Stems, erect, 9.5 – 34.5 cm tall, 0.4 – 1.1 mm in diameter near middle, smooth. Leaves, flat, linear, 5 – 10 on each flowering shoot, shorter than to slightly longer than the culms, (0.7 –) 1.5 – 3.5 mm wide, gradually tapering to a scabrous attenuate tip; basal sheaths brown. Spike, solitary, androgynous densely flowered, linear to linear-cylindrical, 2.3 – 6.2 cm long, 1.6 – 3.8 mm wide, the short staminate part 4 – 10.7 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, slightly shorter than utricles, 1.8 – 3.5 mm long, 0.7 – 1.3 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1 veined; persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.4 – 1.1 mm long. Utricle 2.5 – 4.8 mm, 0.6 – 1.3 mm wide; rachilla with an exserted length of 2.3 – 4 mm long, the apical hook 0.9 – 1.8 mm. Nutlets 2 – 2.6 mm long, 0.6 – 1.1 mm wide, oblong-obovoid.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	distribution	Distribution: — From Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, through the Andes north to Colombia, apparently disjunctly distributed across Central America and Mexico (Govaerts et al., 2019).	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	discussion	Notes: The World Checklist of Cyperaceae (Govaerts et al., 2019) included the Falkland Islands in the distribution of Carex firmula on the basis of a report in a manual of Costa Rican plants (Hammel et al., 2003) we found no specimens for this species from the Falkland Islands. Indeed, Flora del Cono Sur (Flora del Cono Sur, 2019 +) does not account that species for the Atlantic archipelago. The closest records for C. firmula seems to be at the eastern most limit of Tierra del Fuego (Isla de los Estados; Wheeler, 1994). Further investigation is required to confirm if C. firmula is found on the Falkland Islands.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA4FFCFFF70F884FB2CFE51.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology: — Montane rainforest or thickets, on moist soil; 3000 – 4000 m elevation in tropical latitudes, down to sea level in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego (Wheeler, 1994, 1996, Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1996).	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FB8AFA44F822.taxon	discussion	The measurements listed in the key are taken from our own study.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
03B91638FFA6FFCFFF70FFC6FAAEFA64.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ECUADOR: Prov. Pichincha, N. side of Volcán Pichincha above Hacienda Yanacocha, 3800 m, 4 Jun 1985, Laegaard 54469 A (AAU, iso- GENT- 0000090032714 digital image!, MO 1295708!, QCA- 38439 digital image!, US- 00588934!) Perennials, with long rhizomes. Stems, 16.5 – 25 cm tall, 0.9 – 1.1 mm in diameter near middle, trigonous, smooth. Leaves, flat, linear, glabrous, 7 – 9 on each flowering shoot, 24.2 – 31 cm long, usually as long as or slightly longer than the culms, 3 – 3.5 mm wide, sparingly serrrulate near base and tip, gradually tapering to an attenuate tip, ligule 1.5 – 2.5 mm, basal sheaths brown. Spike solitary, androgynous, linear to linear-cylindrical, 3 cm long, 2 – 3.5 mm wide, the short staminate part 7 – 9 mm long. Pistillate glumes deciduous, membranous, lanceolate, glabrous, 4.5 – 5 mm long, 1.3 – 1.4 mm wide, apex acute, with a greenish middle strip and margins broadly hyaline, sometimes brown-tinged toward apex, 1 veined, persistent saccate stipe-like structure 0.7 – 0.8 mm long. Utricle 4.9 – 5 mm similar in length to glume, 1.1 – 1.4 mm wide, glabrous, beak narrowly conical, 1.5 – 2 mm long, many-veined with 2 prominent veins; rachilla with an exserted length of 5.9 – 6.6 mm, the apical hook 1.9 – 2.1 mm long. Nutlets 2.4 – 2.6 mm long, 0.8 – 1.1 mm wide, trigonous, oblong. Distribution: — Northern Andes, reported from Colombia (Alzate and Sarrazola, 2018, Idárraga-Piedrahita et al., 2011) and Ecuador (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1995). Ecology: — Montane Polylepis forest; 3800 m (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1995), paramo grasslands 3580 m (Alzate and Sarrazola, 2018), montane rainforest 3500 – 4000 m (Idárraga-Piedrahita et al., 2011). Notes: Previously published descriptions of Carex subsacculata (Wheeler and Goetghebeur, 1997) stated that the saccate stipe-like proximal most part of the glume was shorter in C. subsacculata compared to C. firmula. This difference is not as pronounced in our study and there is overlap in this character in the three taxa. We found that the length of the stipe in C. subsacculata ranged from 0.5 – 1.1 mm, it is not less than 0.5 mm in any of our samples. An incidental observation from this study that requires a larger sample size for confirmation is that the leaf density in C. subsacculata appears higher than C. firmula and that the leaves in C. subsaculata overtop the inflorescence.	en	Ridley, Rhonda, Jimenez-Mejias, Pedro (2022): Incipient insular differentiation of Carex firmula (Cyperaceae, former genus Uncinia) in the Juan Fernández archipelago (Chile). Phytotaxa 533 (5): 267-286, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.533.5.3
