taxonID	type	description	language	source
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus alatespinus, new species Polyplectropus amazonicus, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus hystricosus, new species Polyplectropus matatlanticus, new species Polyplectropus novafriburgensis, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus bredini species group (19) Polyplectropus adamsae, new species Polyplectropus brasilensis, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus corniculatus, new species Polyplectropus flintorum, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus charlesi species group (3)	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus tragularius, new species Polyplectropus guyanae species group (2) Polyplectropus guyanae, new species Polyplectropus peruvianus, new species Polyplectropus manuensis species group (3) Polyplectropus manuensis, new species Polyplectropus robertsonae, new species Polyplectropus tripunctatum, new species Polyplectropus narifer species group (5) Polyplectropus hollyae, new species Polyplectropus juliae, new species Polyplectropus minensium, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus blahniki, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Polyplectropus cuzcoensis, new species	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD58A43202FC0A4CFD7CFBD2.taxon	description	Unassigned Polyplectropus spp. (4)	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD79A41202FC0C7CFB33F9E6.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded to deltoid, posterior margin shape ranging from more or less entire to possessing acute median projection. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X either produced and apically bilobed or entire or not readily apparent. Intermediate appendage of varying lengths, shapes, and pubescence, yet always distinct and not fused mesally to tergum X. Preanal appendage bipartite or tripartite; if tripartite dorsolateral process originating from dorsum of mesolateral process and either bulbous with dorsal microsetae or produced into sclerotized, sometimes short or elongate recurved, lanceolate process; mesolateral process setose, usually oblong to quadrate; mesoventral process setose, apex usually produced ventrad, dorsally produced into short or long digitate lobe, apically processes separated or completely fused, with or without peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate either extending anterad beyond sternum IX (when observed in lateral view) or contained entirely within sternum IX, anteriorly bilobed or entire; dorsal branch usually highly setose and variously shaped, peg-like setae present or absent; ventral branch setose and variously shaped, but never larger than dorsal branch. Phallus long or short; dorsal phallic sclerite distinct, apex variously shaped; endothecal membrane with or without embedded spines of varying numbers, lengths, shapes, and robustness. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose and variously shaped; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin ranging from truncate to medially produced; internal part of gonopod VIII sclerotized, variously shaped and textured; several species with highly sclerotized paired structure, here termed internal rods, associated with internal part of gonopod VIII and genital chamber. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing pair of pigmented cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous, digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae (Nielsen 1980).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD7CA41002FC0A1CFDBEF9A7.taxon	description	The P. alienus group is characterized by the combined possession of the following characteristics: 1. Intermediate appendage large, broadly deltoid, and membranous [Bueno-Soria (1990: 373) confused the intermediate appendage with the median lobe of segment X] (Figs. 20 A – C, 21 A – C); 2. Dorsolateral process of preanal appendage bulbous, bearing dorsal microsetae (Figs. 20 A – C, 21 A – C); 3. Mesoventral process of preanal appendage hook-like, apex down-turned and strongly curved (Figs. 20 A, 21 A); 4. Dorsal branch of inferior appendage with posteroventral margin slightly produced (Figs. 20 A, 21 A); 5. Phallic spines elongate and robust (Figs. 20 E, F, 21 E, F); 6. Dorsolateral arms apically fused and produced beyond apex of dorsal phallic sclerite (synapomorphy) (Figs. 20 E, F).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD7CA40E02FC0FDBFA00FA5F.taxon	description	Figs. 20, 125, 133	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD7CA40E02FC0FDBFA00FA5F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.2 mm, n = 3. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown. Specimen preserved in alcohol. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded to subquadrate, anterior margin supramedially convex, posterior margin entire; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin entire. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, broad, membranous, with short setae medially and apically; in dorsal view deltoid, basally produced laterad, broadly rounded apically; in caudal view oblong, directed posterolaterad, meeting basomesally. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process trilobed. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, with posteroventral margin slightly produced; in ventral view broad, lateral margin apically produced, sinuate, posterior margin truncate, mesal margin slightly undulate, slightly convex, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view lanceolate, narrowing posteriorly; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin straight, posterior margin subacute, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowed, dorsolateral arms of dorsal phallic sclerite fused apically, enlarged, subquadrate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute (Fig. 20 F), subapically expanded laterad; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view narrowly oblong being almost 4 times longer than wide; in lateral view oblong; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin obtuse, in lateral view oblong; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view oblong, not meeting mesally. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD7CA40E02FC0FDBFA00FA5F.taxon	materials_examined	BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: P [arque] N [acional] & A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Amboró, Guarda Parque Mataracú, Q [uebrada] Verde Uno, 17 ° 33 ' 14 " S, 63 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 374 m, 19 – 23. xi. 2004, Robertson, Garcia, Vidaurre — 1 male (UMSP); MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocosingo, Finca El Real, Río Santa Cruz, [16 ° 24 ' 00 " N, 92 ° 24 ' 00 " W], 1. vii. 1950, C & M Goodnight, & L Stannard [“ INHS Trichop. 24589] [“ HOLOTIPO ”, white label] — 1 male [holotype] (INHS), 1 female [paratype] (INHS). Distribution. Bolivia and Mexico. The specimens examined from these 2 distant localities are identical.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD62A40F02FC0F76FC12FB07.taxon	description	Figs. 16 G, 21, 133	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD62A40F02FC0F76FC12FB07.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 4.5 mm, n = 8. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded to subquadrate, anterior margin supramedially convex, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, broad and membranous, with long apical setae; in dorsal view deltoid, broadly rounded apically; in caudal view broadly deltoid, directed posterolaterad, basally meeting mesally. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view broadly convex; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin sinuate, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process trilobed. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, with posteroventral margin slightly produced ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin apically produced, entire, posterior margin undulate, mesal margin slightly undulate, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view lanceolate, medially produced laterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posterior margin concave, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate and dorsally sclerotized; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite apically fused; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with 1 stout, elongate, basally and medially bifurcating sclerotized spine. Material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Río Marauia, Endstation vor langer Cachoeira, Fluss tritt hier aus dem Gebirge starkem Gefalle, [00 ° 08 ' 00 " S, 67 ° 05 ' 00 " W], 24. i. 1963, E. J. Fittkau — 1 male [holotype] (NMNH); Rio Irapirapi, Pont Inhira, eine Tagesreise oberhalb Mundung, stark fliessendes Wasser, Wasseranstieg etwa 50 cm. in 3 Studen, [00 ° 24 ' 00 " S, 65 ° 02 ' 00 " W], 13. i. 1963, E. J. Fittkau — 1 male (NMNH); ECUADOR: Pastaza: 1 ° 19 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 28 ' 00 " W, 1200 m, 22. v. 1976, J Cohen — 2 males; Tzapino, 32 km NE Tigueno, 1 ° 11 ' 05 " S, 77 ° 14 ' 00 " W, 400 m, 25. v. 1976, J Cohen — 6 males, 4 females (NMNH); Sucumbios: Cuyabeno (20 km W), 00 ° 16 ' 00 " S, 75 ° 53 ' 00 " W, 24. iv. 1976, J Cohen — 1 male (NMNH); Limoncocha (70 mi. SE), 00 ° 24 ' 00 " S, 76 ° 37 ' 00 " W, 28. v. 1976, J Cohen — 1 male (NMNH); PERU: Pasco: Puerto Bermudez, Río Pichis, [10 ° 17 ' 47 " S, 74 ° 56 ' 11 " W], 15. vii. 1920 [No data about collector] — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Brazil, Ecuador, Perú and Surinam (Flint 1974).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD63A40D02FC0F17FAC8FC47.taxon	description	1. Presence of an elongate, cylindrical dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (absent in P. paysandu) (Figs. 32 A – C); 2. Mesoventral process of preanal appendage with digitate dorsal projection (absent in P. paysandu) (Figs. 32 A – C); 3. Intermediate appendage digitate bearing apical setae (upturned and apically sclerotized in P. paysandu) (Figs. 32 A – C); 4. Inferior appendage with pandurate or oblong dorsal branches, generally directed posterad or posterodorsad and digitate ventral branch; dorsal branch at least 2 x as long as the ventral branch, usually no more than 3 x longer; 5. Anterior base of inferior appendage anteriorly bilobed; 6. Phallic endothecal membrane with embedded sclerotized spines. Several species in the group are dark-brown, appearing almost black. Dark-brown species may have slight grey markings on the forewings. Other species are brown and have greyish mottling on the wings. Additional species have both color patterns (i. e., P. matatlanticus). Most species in the group are quite similar to one another in the shapes of the preanal and intermediate appendages and to a lesser extent in the shape of the inferior appendage. The ventral branch of the inferior appendage varies among species in the group, particularly in the presence or absence of dorsal projections and in the shape of the apex. Additionally, the dorsal lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage varies between species in length and at times it is a diagnostically important character. However, in P. hystricosus this character varies within the species. For most species, differences among the species are characterized by the shape of the endothecal spines, visible only when the genitalia have been cleared.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD61A40B02FC0A84FE5AF930.taxon	description	Figs. 22, 130 Polyplectropus alatespinus is most similar to P. novafriburgensis, new species, in the overall shape of the preanal, intermediate, and inferior appendages. Polyplectropus alatespinus can be distinguished from P. novafriburgensis by the spines in the endothecal membrane, these being projected anterolaterad in P. alatespinus when the endothecal membrane is everted and not V-shaped as in P. novafriburgensis; by the presence of peg-like setae on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage, and by its ventral branch being more elongate and sinuate. Adult. Length of forewing 5.2 – 6.2 mm, n = 27. Color of head, thorax, and legs dark-brown; setae on body dark-brown with golden reflections; setae on wings dark-brown with golden reflections, entire specimen appearing black from a distance. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire and straight, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed posterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin sinuate, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, directed posterad; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin cuspidate, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterodorsad; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin sinuate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines, apically bent dorsad, spines projecting anterola-terad if endothecal membrane protracted (everted). Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view oblong, lateral margin narrowing medially; in lateral view oblong; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin rounded, in lateral view clavate, curved dorsad; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view subquadrate, not meeting mesally. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD61A40B02FC0A84FE5AF930.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Corrego dos Macacos, 21 ° 42 ' 33 " S, 44 ° 53 ' 36 " W, 1360 m, 19 – 20. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — (UMSP 000081869) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca, Corrego dos Macacos, 21 ° 42 ' 33 " S, 44 ° 53 ' 36 " W, 1360 m, 19 – 20. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — 2 males, 2 females (UMSP); Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Rio Campo Belo, 22 ° 27 ' 02 " S, 44 ° 36 ' 49 " W, 1300 m, 23. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — 3 males, 3 females (NMNH); 7. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — 9 males; Rio Campo Belo, trail to Veu da Noiva, 22 ° 25 ' 42 " S, 44 ° 37 ' 10 " W, 1310 m, 24. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — 1 male, 3 females (MZUSP); 5. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — 1 male, 1 female (MZUSP); São Paulo: Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, Rio Galharada, 22 ° 41 ' 40 " S, 45 ° 27 ' 47 " W, 1530 m, 4 – 5. iii. 1996, Holzenthal & Guahyba — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet “ alatespinus ” is derived from the Latin words for winged “ alater ” and spine “ spina ” (Brown 1985) in reference to the shape of the phallic spines, which resemble a pair of wings when the endotheca everts.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD67A40902FC0E41FA90FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 24, 130 Polyplectropus amazonicus, new species, is very distinct from other species in the group. It is most similar to P. rodmani, new species in the elongate dorsal lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage and in the presence of a sclerotized dorsal projection on the ventral branch of the inferior appendage. Polyplectropus amazonicus may be superficially mistaken with P. profaupar Holzenthal & Almeida in the presence of a row of small lateral spines on the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage; however P. amazonicus differs from P. profaupar in several aspects of the shape of the dorsal and ventral branches of the inferior appendage and the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. Even so, P. amazonicus is readily distinguished from P. rodmani, P. profaupar and all other species by the acutely tapering, dorsally produced dorsolateral arm of the dorsal phallic sclerite (Figs. 24 E, F). Adult. Length of forewing 5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs dark-brown; setae on body darkbrown with golden reflections; tegulae with dark-brown setae; setae on wings dark-brown with golden reflections, entire specimen appearing black from a distance. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view rounded, directed posterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, laterally with row of short, sclerotized spines; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into elongate, digitate lobe, ventral margin slightly concave, posterior margin sinuate; in caudal view processes separated, with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process subacute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, posteroventrally produced; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin undulate and subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad and subapically produced dorsad into highly sclerotized point; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin rounded, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong and directed ventrad; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view produced dorsad, tapering posterodorsad into acute, sclerotized point; in dorsal view subapically enlarged, apex tapering into laterally directed point and extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite; endothecal membrane with 2, small, sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD67A40902FC0E41FA90FB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Amazonas: Cerro de la Neblina, Camp III, 00 ° 56 ' 10 " N, 66 ° 03 ' 53 " W, 1820 m, 15 – 17. ii. 1984, D. Davis — (UMSP 000107519) (NMNH). Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. This species is named for the province in Venezuela where the type was collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD65A40702FC0C66FA93FBCF.taxon	description	Figs. 25, 141	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD65A40702FC0C66FA93FBCF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.3 – 6 mm, n = 8. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing laterad; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed ventrolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, slightly expanded subapically; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin slightly angled; in caudal view processes separated, with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view quadrate, posterior margin truncate and subapically slightly produced posterad; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin undulate and rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing acute, medial projection, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view oblong, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines, apex directed ventromesad, bearing apical setae. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. alatespinus. Material Examined. BRAZIL: Paraná: trib [utary] to Rio Mãe Catira, 10.5 km N Porto de Cima, 25 ° 21 ' 47 " S, 48 ° 52 ' 35 " W, 200 m, 10. xii. 1997, Holzenthal & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); Rio Mãe Catira, 10 km N Porto de Cima, 25 ° 21 ' 49 " S, 48 ° 52 ' 28 " W, 200 m, 8 – 9. xii. 1997, Holzenthal & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); Santa Catarina, Nova Teutônia, 20. viii. 1939, F. Plaumann — 1 male (MCZ); same, 17. ix. 1939, F. Plaumann — 1 female (MCZ); same, 4. x. 1939, F. Plaumann — 1 female (MCZ); Nova Teutônia, 27 ° 11 ' 00 " S, 52 ° 23 ' 00 " W, 300 – 500 m, viii. 1963, F. Plaumann — 2 males (NMNH); same, ix. 1963, F. Plaumann — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Brazil. Remarks. According to Flint (1966) the syntypic series consisted of females. He designated a female lectotype and compared it to a series of males and female also previously collected by Plaumann. Flint illustrated the male genitalia from this series. We believe the males and females collected by Plaumann in 1939 and carefully compared by Flint with the lectotype, are the ones we examined and illustrated.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD6BA40502FC0D0CFAE9FDAF.taxon	description	Figs. 26, 140 Polyplectropus gaesum is similar to P. annulicornis Ulmer and P. rodmani, new species in the presence of elongate endothecal phallic spines, however it differs from both species in that the spines are longer and the apices are directed dorsad instead of ventrad. It also differs from those species in the rounded, less acute apex of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, and in the shape of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage. In P. gaesum the basodorsal surface of the ventral branch is robustly produced dorsad. Also, the apex of the ventral branch is distinctively longer, narrower, and laterally more excavate medially than in P. rodmani and P. annulicornis. Additionally, the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage of P. gaesum has a serrate lateral margin. Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin supramedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin entire and straight. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed ventrolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex, lateral margin serrate; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin slightly concave, posterior margin entire; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, apex truncate; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin convex, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, with robust, medial dorsal projection, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin sinuate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines, apically bent dorsad, bearing apical setae. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. alatespinus.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD6BA40502FC0D0CFAE9FDAF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipo, trib [utary] to Rio Capivara, 19 ° 14 ' 24 " S, 43 ° 34 ' 56 " W, 1000 m, 18. ii. 1998, Holzenthal & Paprocki — (UMSP 000032940) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Serra do Cipo, trib [utary] to Rio Capivara, 19 ° 14 ' 24 " S, 43 ° 34 ' 56 " W, 1000 m, 18. ii. 1998, Holzenthal & Paprocki — 3 females. Distribution. Southeastern Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word “ gaesum ” meaning “ a heavy iron javelin ” (Brown 1985) in reference to the stout, elongate endothecal phallic spines. Used as a noun in apposition.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD69A40002FC0BD8FA1EFD7F.taxon	description	Figs. 27, 28, 140 This species can be distinguished from all other species in the group by the presence of many short, sclerotized, peg-like spines in the phallic endothecal membrane. When the endothecal membrane everts, it is oblong and bent anteriorly bearing peg-like spines basolaterally and along the ventral and apical margins. An elongate, basally fused spine may be present basodorsally. When the endothecal membrane is not everted P. hystricosus most resembles P. alatespinus, new species, but differs from this species in the elongate dorsal lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage (almost 2 x longer than in P. alatespinus). However, sometimes the dorsal lobe may not be as long in P. hystricosus (Figs. 28 A, C). Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.5 mm, n = 7. Color of head, thorax, and legs dark-brown; setae on body dark-brown with golden reflections; tegulae with dark-brown setae; setae on wings dark-brown with golden reflections, entire specimen appearing black from a distance. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave becoming straight, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view bilobed; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed posteromesad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into elongate, digitate lobe (variable form has shorter dorsal digitate lobe), with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin sinuate; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus elongate; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane bearing many short, sclerotized, peg-like spines, when endothecal membrane everts, spines arranged basolaterally and along ventral and apical margins of upturned, oblong membrane (Figs. 28 E, 27 E); may also bear a dorsal, elongate, basally fused spine (Figs. 27 E, F).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD69A40002FC0BD8FA1EFD7F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Rio Caparaó, Vale Verde, 20 ° 25 ' 02 " S, 41 ° 50 ' 46 " W, 1350 m, 12 – 13. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — (UMSP 000200972) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Estação Ecológica de Tripuí, Córrego Botafogo, 20 ° 22 ' 54 " S, 43 ° 33 ' 37 " W, 1100 m, 1. ii. 1998, Holzenthal & Paprocki — 1 male (UMSP); same, 16. xii. 1998, Paprocki & Amarante — 1 male [endotheca not everted and drawn] (UMSP); same, 25. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — 1 male [variable form with endotheca everted] (UMSP); Ibitipoca, Sitio of Anestis Papadopolous, 21 ° 43 ' 14 " S, 43 ° 54 ' 33 " W, 1200 m, 23. x. 2000, H. Paprocki — 1 male (MZUSP); Cachoeira do Abacaxi, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12 ' 16 " S, 43 ° 38 ' 10 " W, 1120 m, 30. ix. 2000, Paprocki, Braga & Salgado — 1 male (NMNH); Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Rio Caparaó, Vale Verde, 20 ° 25 ' 02 " S, 41 ° 50 ' 46 " W, 1350 m, 12 – 13. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Southeastern Brazil. Etymology. The species name comes from the Latin word “ hystricosus ” meaning “ spiny ” in reference to the spines in the endothecal membrane, evident when the membrane is everted. Remarks. One specimen within this series lacked an elongate dorsal endothecal phallic spine, visible when the endotheca everts (Figs. 27 E). In some specimens, the endothecal membrane of the phallus failed to evert, presenting difficulties when determining whether the dorsal, elongate spine was there or not. When the endotheca fails to evert, the spine becomes confused with the underlying peg-like spines (Fig. 28 F). Several specimens also had shorter dorsal digitate lobes of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage and shorter ventral branch of the inferior appendage, sometimes half as long as in other specimens (Fig. 28). Additional material may reveal these differences to be continuous across specimens from different localities.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD6CA47F02FC0B96FA8DFBA7.taxon	description	Figs. 29, 30, 140 Polyplectropus matatlanticus resembles P. profaupar Holzenthal & Almeida in the shapes of the inferior and preanal appendages. Polyplectropus matatlanticus can be distinguished from P. profaupar by the presence of 2 stout, but short endothecal phallic spines projecting laterally when the endotheca is everted. In P. profaupar the spines are almost 4 x longer and are apically spiny instead of setose. The 2 species can also be distinguished by the absence of a lateral row of spinules on the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage in P. matatlanticus and by differences in the shapes of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage and intermediate appendage. In P. matatlanticus the dorsal projection on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage is usually acutely pointed, but was instead flattened in 1 individual (Fig. 30 A). Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5.5 mm, n = 49. Color of head and thorax brown or dark-brown, legs brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head, or dark-brown with golden reflections; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae, or with only dark-brown setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along wing margin and on most of wing surface, or dark-brown with golden reflections with grey patch of setae where veins meet at arculus (visible medially on FW when viewing specimen in dorsal view and visible as a white line perpendicular to body). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed laterodorsad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, subapically expanded; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid (sometimes with slight basoventral projection); mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe, with ventraddirected sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute or undulate. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view subquadrate, apex truncate; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin rounded to subacute, mesal margin undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing acute, medial projection or with basal flattened projection (Fig. 30 A), in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad and apically acute; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin sinuate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view subacute; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, small, sclerotized spines, when endothecal membrane is everted spines project laterally, perpendicular to phallic sclerite (Fig. 29 F). Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. alatespinus.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD6CA47F02FC0B96FA8DFBA7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: São Paulo: Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, Rio Galharada, 22 ° 41 ' 40 " S, 45 ° 27 ' 47 " W, 1530 m, 4 – 5. iii. 1996, Holzenthal & Guahyba — (UMSP 000032907) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Corrego das Aguas Pretas & trib [utarie] s, ca. 15 km S Aiuruoca, 22 ° 03 ' 42 " S, 44 ° 38 ' 14 " W, 1386 m, 21. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Neto & Paprocki — 2 males, 1 female (MZUSP); São Paulo: Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão, Cachoeira Galharada, 22 ° 41 ' 44 " S, 45 ° 27 ' 43 " W, 1620 m, 7. iii. 1996, Holzenthal, Rochetti & Oliveira — 5 females (MZUSP); same, Rio Galharada, 22 ° 41 ' 40 " S, 45 ° 27 ' 47 " W, 1530 m, 4 – 5. iii. 1996, Holzenthal & Guahyba — 1 male, 6 females (UMSP); Rio Casquilho, 3.4 km NE Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão, 22 ° 40 ' 17 " S, 45 ° 27 ' 52 " W, 1550 m, 23. i. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich & Paprocki — 1 male, 3 females [variable form] (UMSP); Cachoeira do Paredão, Lajeado, Serra da Bocaina, 22 ° 43 ' 32 " S, 44 ° 37 ' 16 " W, 1550 m, 1 – 2. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik Paprocki & Prather — 3 males, 2 females (NMNH); Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina, Cachoeira Santo Izidro, 22 ° 44 ' 50 " S, 44 ° 36 ' 53 " W, 1480 m, 2. iii. 2002, Blahnik & Paprocki — 2 males (NMNH); Cachoeira dos Posses, 22 ° 46 ' 26 " S, 44 ° 36 ' 15 " W, 1250 m, 3. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik Paprocki & Prather — 1 male, 21 females (MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. The species name is the union of the Portuguese words “ Mata Atlântica ” meaning “ Atlantic Forest ”, a biologically diverse and highly threatened region of Southeastern Brazil where the specimens were collected. Remarks. The 2 types of coloration found in the species group, dark-brown to almost black and brown with greyish mottling, was observed for this species. The holotype and the paratype from the same locality and collected on the same date are dark-brown, as well as the variable male and 3 females from the same locality, Campos de Jordão State Park, but collected from Rio Casquilho. However, all the other paratypes have a lighter shade of brown and greyish mottling on the wing. The male genitalia of this species, except for the variable male previously mentioned, does not vary. Differences between these 2 forms lie in the presence or absence of an acute projection on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage, as well as slight continuous variations in the shape of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD13A47D02FC0DDEFC63FDF7.taxon	description	Figs. 31, 130 Polyplectropus novafriburgensis is most similar to P. alatespinus, new species, in the overall shape of the preanal, intermediate, and inferior appendages. P. novafriburgensis can be distinguished from this species by the spines in the endothecal membrane forming a V-shape when the membrane is everted and not projected anterolaterad as in P. alatespinus, by the absence of peg-like setae on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage, and by the shorter and more linear ventral branch. Adult. Length of forewing 5.3 – 5.7 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs dark-brown; setae on body dark-brown with golden reflections; tegulae with dark-brown setae; setae on wings dark-brown with golden reflections, entire specimen appearing black from a distance. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed posterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin slightly concave, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process undulate and with slight median sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, undulate, posterior margin subacute, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing stout setae along entire dorsal surface, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin sinuate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 basally fused, stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines, apically acute and bent laterad, when endothecal membrane is everted in caudal view spines are V-shaped.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD13A47D02FC0DDEFC63FDF7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, mun [icipal] water supply, 950 m, 20. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — (UMSP 000107517) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, mun [icipal] water supply, 950 m, 20. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 1 male (UMSP); same, 24. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 2 males (NMNH, MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. Named for the type locality, the town of Nova Friburgo.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD11A47D02FC0B0EFEBBF821.taxon	description	Figs. 32, 141	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD11A47D02FC0B0EFEBBF821.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 1. Color of head brown, thorax brown, legs brown (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin convex; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view apex slightly sclerotized and bent anterodosally; in caudal view digitate, broadening apically, directed mesally. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute with sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view broadly pandurate, with posterior margin slightly convex and directed posterad; in ventral view broad, lateral margin apically produced, entire, posterior margin angled, mesal margin entire, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing apical sclerotized spine, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, sclerotized spines. Material examined. URUGUAY: Paysandú: Sta. Rita, orilla Rio Uruguay, [32 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 58 ° 09 ' 00 " W], 1. xii. 1959, C S Carbonell — 1 male [holotype] (FHCU). Distribution. Uruguay. Remarks. Only a single male specimen is known for this species. The male genitalia of the specimen appeared to be slightly damaged, particularly the dorsal region of the genitalia, thus obscuring structures present there.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD16A47802FC0E3CFC1EFC47.taxon	description	Figs. 33, 130 Polyplectropus pratherae resembles P. alatespinus, new species, in the shapes of the intermediate, preanal, and inferior appendages. Polyplectropus pratherae can be distinguished from this species by the presence of 2 basally fused, elongate, sinuate spines with rounded apices in the endothecal membrane of the phallus and by the more rounded ventral margin of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 6 – 6.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs dark-brown; setae on body dark-brown with golden reflections; tegulae with dark-brown setae; setae on wings dark-brown with golden reflections, entire specimen appearing black from a distance. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin entire; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate; in caudal view processes separated bearing dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, sinuate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, slightly convex, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface and with basal dorsal projection, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view digitate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; endothecal membrane with 2 basally fused, elongate, sinuate spines with rounded apices.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD16A47802FC0E3CFC1EFC47.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Rio Caparaó, Vale Verde, 20 ° 25 ' 02 " S, 41 ° 50 ' 46 " W, 1350 m, 12 – 13. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — (UMSP 000087901) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Rio Caparaó, Vale Verde, 20 ° 25 ' 02 " S, 41 ° 50 ' 46 " W, 1350 m, 12 – 13. iii. 2002, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Prather — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Southeastern Brazil. Etymology. It is with great pleasure that we name this species in honor of Dr. Aysha L. Prather, trichopterologist, friend, and one of the collectors of this species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD14A47602FC0D7EFCDBFE1C.taxon	description	Figs. 34, 141	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD14A47602FC0D7EFCDBFE1C.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 – 7 mm, n = 11. Color of head and thorax yellowish-brown, legs yellow; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view bilobed; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing laterad; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, medially with row of short lateral spinules; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe, with ventraddirected sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin slightly angled; in caudal view processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin subapically produced, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing acute, basal projection, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view digitate, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines, bearing small, subapical and apical spinules. Female genitalia. Similar to females of P. alatespinus. Material Examined. Paratypes: BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Urubici: Morro da Igreja, Cachoeira Veu da Noiva, 28 ° 04 ' 36 " S, 49 ° 31 ' 05 " W, 1300 m, 5. iii. 1998, Holzenthal, Froehlich & Paprocki — 2 males, 9 females (UMSP). Distribution. Brazil. Remarks. A female paratype with the same label data as above was removed from the paratype series and identified as a female of the hydropsychid genus Smicridea.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1AA47702FC0B36FB2BF850.taxon	description	Figs. 35, 140 Polyplectropus rodmani is a typical member of the P. annulicornis group resembling P. annulicornis Ulmer in the presence of 2 elongate, endothecal spines in the phallus. However, P. rodmani can be distinguished from P. annulicornis by the posterior truncation of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage (more elongate in P. annulicornis). Additionally, the sclerotized projection on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch originates proximally in P. rodmani and mediad in P annulicornis. Additional distinguishing features present in P. rodmani are the posteriorly directed intermediate appendage, the shorter ventral branch of the inferior appendage, and the more elongate dorsal lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.3 mm, n = 9. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view narrowly digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into elongate, digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view processes separated bearing dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view and anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing dorsal, apical sclerotized spine, in lateral view digitate, truncate posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, sclerotized spines, sinuate, bearing apical setae. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. alatespinus.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1AA47702FC0B36FB2BF850.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Estação Biológica Boraceia, Rio Coruja, 23 ° 40 ' 06 " S, 45 ° 53 ' 57 " W, 850 m, 18. iv. 1998, Holzenthal, Melo & Froehlich — (UMSP 000032933) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Estação Biológica Boraceia, Rio Guaratuba, 23 ° 40 ' 02 " S, 45 ° 53 ' 46 " W, 775 m, 17. iv. 1998, Holzenthal, Melo & Froehlich — 1 male, 2 females (MZUSP); Rio Coruja, 23 ° 40 ' 06 " S, 45 ° 53 ' 57 " W, 850 m, 18. iv. 1998, Holzenthal, Melo & Froehlich (UMSP, NMNH) — 4 males, 1 female. Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. Named in honor of Dr. James Rodman, for recognizing and understanding the obstacles presently facing taxonomy and for taking numerous effective initiatives to address them.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD19A47202FC080BFB2DFD3A.taxon	description	All species in the group lack embedded spines in the endothecal membrane, with the possible exception of P. hymenochilus and P. colombianus. Polyplectropus hymenochilus appears to have several short, lightly sclerotized spines in the endothecal membrane, but this was difficult to confirm because the endothecal membrane failed to evert for the specimens examined. Polyplectropus colombianus appears to have a single, lightly sclerotized spine. Additionally, P. misolja has 3 short spines embedded in a dorsal membrane of the phallic sclerite, but not in the endothecal membrane; these spines also failed to evert. Nevertheless, the absence of spines is not a feature unique to this group. Homoplasious characters supporting the monophyly of the P. bredini group include intermediate appendage basally broad and narrowing apically, dorsolateral process of preanal appendage absent, mesoventral process angled (45 degrees) to straight (180 degrees) and rectangular in shape (as seen in lateral view), peg-like setae present on the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage, peg-like setae on ventral branch present and located apically, dorsolateral arms of dorsal phallic sclerite tapering apically alongside dorsal phallic sclerite (forming a leveled apex), and fork 5 of hind wing sessile. However, this combination of characters does not adequately characterize this heterogeneous group of species. Therefore, 2 subsets of species within the P. bredini group are recognized. The P. trilobatus subset includes P. brasilensis, P. clauseni, P. colombianus, P. corniculatus, P. flintorum, P. panamensis, P. petrae, P. trilobatus, and P. woldai characterized by the combined possession of the following traits: 1. Oblong shape of intermediate appendage bearing few setae basally and apically; 2. Presence of more than 4 peg-like setae on mesoventral process of preanal appendage (except P. colombianus, P. trilobatus, or P. woldai); 3. Presence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (except P. panamensis and P. petrae). Within this subset of species, P. brasilensis, P. clauseni, P. trilobatus, and P. woldai have a submedially and highly incised (sinuate) posterior margin of sternum IX (Fig. 36) whereas P. petrae and P. corniculatus have a deeply concave posterior margin with a slight median flange (Fig. 42). P. colombianus has a unique posterior margin of sternum IX, being medially membranous (Fig. 41) and P. flintorum and P. panamensis have a slightly sinuate margin with a median flange (Fig. 43) (the primitive condition also present in the rest of the species in the group). The second subset of species (P. bredini subset) in the P. bredini group includes P. adamsae, P. bredini, P. hymenochilus, P. kingsolveri, P. maesi, P. mignonae, P. misolja, P. nicaraguensis, and P. perpendicularis and is characterized by the combined possession of the following traits: 1. Narrowly digitate, elongate (as long as or longer than inferior appendage) intermediate appendage with setae throughout (Fig. 37); 2. Apex of phallic sclerite oblong (when observed in lateral view), in caudal view apex of phallus concave forming a trough (Fig. 49); 3. Mesoventral processes almost quadrate (visible in lateral view) (P. nicaraguensis is an exception since the mesoventral process is bulbous; additionally this process is less quadrate in P. hymenochilus and P. kingsolveri) (Fig. 37); 4. Ventral branch of inferior appendage subquadrate with posterior margin slightly angled (visible in ventral view) and apically bearing a transverse row of peg-like setae (Fig. 37); 5. Ventral branch of inferior appendage in lateral view with rounded apex narrowing dorsad (Fig. 37); 6. Prominent lower lip of segment X (Fig. 37); 7. Phallic spines absent. The shape of the intermediate appendage, the mesoventral process of the preanal appendages, the ventral branch of the inferior appendage and the dorsal phallic sclerite of the phallus change little among species in the P. bredini subset. Polyplectropus hymenochilus, P. kingsolveri, P. maesi, and P. misolja have an elongate dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage, absent in all other members of the subset.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1EA47302FC0A56FC0BFCE7.taxon	description	Figs. 48 F – H, 133 This species is most similar to P. mignonae Bueno-Soria in the shape of the phallus and the intermediate and preanal appendages. While similar overall, the dorsal branches of the inferior appendages of the 2 species differ. Polyplectropus adamsae has a narrower dorsal branch with apical and preapical spines, whereas P. mignonae has a basally broader dorsal branch and the spines are located apically. Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 5 mm, n = 41. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous bearing microsetae, digitate and slightly ridged; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, elongate, apically curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view obclavate, curved and narrowing apically, with subapical and apical spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing a row of 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin; in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin convex, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate to oblong; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Very similar to the female of P. bredini.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1EA47302FC0A56FC0BFCE7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: PERU: Madre de Dios: Manú [Biosphere Reserve], Pakitza Bio [logical] Sta [tion], Quebrada Trompetero, 11 ° 56 ' 39 " S, 71 ° 16 ' 59 " W, 350 m, trail 2, marker 156. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — (UMSP 000107422) (NMNH). Paratypes: PERU: Madre de Dios: Manu [Biosphere Reserve], Pakitza Bio [logical] Sta [tion], Quebrada Trompetero, 11 ° 56 ' 39 " S, 71 ° 16 ' 59 " W, 350 m, trail 2, marker 15, 3. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 2 females (UMSP); 6. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 3 females (NMNH); Quebrada Paujil-Picoflor, 11 ° 56 ' 39 " S, 71 ° 16 ' 59 " W, 350 m, 5. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 male, 2 females (NMNH); trail 1, marker 13, 4 – 6. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 female (UMSP); 11 ° 56 ' 00 " S, 71 ° 18 ' 00 " W, 350 m, 30. ix. 1987, M. Pogue — 1 female (NMNH); same, 250 m, Aquajal, 12. ix. 1988, M. Pogue — 1 female (NMNH); trail 1, 1 st stream, 11. ix. 1988, Flint & Adams — 5 males, 8 females (NMNH); trail 2, 1 st stream, 14 – 23. ix. 1988, Flint & Adams — 1 female (NMNH); 17 – 20. ix. 1988, Flint & Adams — 3 females (NMNH); trail 2, marker 12, 16 – 22. ix. 1989, Adams et al. — 1 male (NMNH); trail 2, marker 18, 12 – 23. ix. 1989, Adams et al. — 2 males, 1 female (NMNH); Manú, Pakitza, Trail 1, 1 st stream, 12 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 70 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 250 m, 20. ix. 1988, M. Pogue — 5 males, 1 female; Manú Biosphere Reserve, 10 km S. of Pakitza, 12 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 70 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 250 m, 13 – 14. ix. 1988, Flint & Friedburg — 1 female (NMNH); Río Manú, Pakitza, 12 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 70 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 250 m, 9 – 21. ix. 1988, Flint & Adams — 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. This species is named in memory of the late Nancy Adams, research specialist at the NMNH, Smithsonian Institution and one of the collectors of this species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1FA47102FC0A1EFBBBFE1F.taxon	description	Figs. 36, 132 Polyplectropus brasilensis resembles P. clauseni Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal in the overall shape of the inferior appendage, in the presence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage, and in the overall shape of the phallus. Polyplectropus brasilensis differs in having a digitate intermediate appendage and closely adpressed mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage, which bear apical peg-like setae. Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 mm, n = 5. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown patches of setae basally along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin medially produced and becoming concave ventrally; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with median flange and submedially deeply concave. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, cylindrical, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing mesad; in caudal view digitate, with rounded apex, directed posterodorsad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, directed ventrad, ventral margin concave, posterior margin entire; in caudal view fused basomesally, may appear as if processes are completely fused to form a continuous structure, apex of processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process subacute, with ventral margin bearing many sclerotized, peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, apically convex; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin rounded, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and broad, bearing robust, sclerotized spines apically; in lateral view oblong and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, truncate posterad; in ventral view deltoid to subquadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; lateral projection of phallobase in lateral view digitate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines, membranous basal sheath surrounding phallus.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1FA47102FC0A1EFBBBFE1F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, mun [icipal] water supply, 950 m, 24. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — (UMSP 000107490) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 950 m, 20. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 1 male (NMNH); mun [icipal] water supply, 22 ° 16 ' 00 " S, 42 ° 31 ' 59 " W, 950 m, 24. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 1 male (NMNH); São Paulo: Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Rio Claro @ Poço Verde, 23 ° 38 ' 51 " S, 45 ° 52 ' 30 " W, 840 m, 18. ix. 2002, Blahnik, Prather, Melo, Froehlich, Silva — 1 male (UMSP); Estação Biológica Boracéia, Riacho Rabelo, 23 ° 39 ' 11 " S, 45 ° 53 ' 23 " W, 850 m, 19. ix. 2002, Blahnik & Prather — 1 male (MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. Named for the country where the types were collected, Brazil.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1DA46E02FC0B36FF6DF831.taxon	description	Figs. 37, 38 A, B, 126	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD1DA46E02FC0B36FF6DF831.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.6 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and supramedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous bearing microsetae, digitate and slightly ridged; in dorsal view emarginate; in caudal view membrane surrounding phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, directed posterodorsad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, with posteroventral margin highly undulate, bearing 3 – 6 long, stout, apical sclerotized spines; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin undulate, mesal margin sinuate, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, dorsal branch of specimens from Dominica have 4 apical, elongate spines, while specimens from St. Lucia have only 3; ventral branch setose, broad, bearing a row of 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin; in lateral view clavate, posteromesal margin convex, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate to oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view oblong, in lateral view oblong, broadly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin truncate, in lateral view scirrhous, curved ventrad; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view with mesal margin acutely angled posterad, not meeting mesally. Tergum IX devoid of setae, expanded laterad. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae. Material Examined. DOMINICA: Fond Figures River, Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Bio [logical] Survey Dominica, 13. iii. 1965, W. W. Wirth — 1 male [paratype] (NMNH); 1.3 mi E. of Pont Casse, 12. v. 1964, O. S. Flint — 1 male [paratype] (NMNH); Syndicate Est., 5. iii. 1964, D. F. Bray — 1 female [allotype] (NMNH); SAINT LUCIA: R. Galet, S. of Denneny, 1. viii. 1963, Flint & Cadet — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Saint Lucia (Botosaneanu, 1988; Flint, 1968).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD03A46A02FC0CCFFD09FC17.taxon	description	Figs. 15 E, 38 C, 39, 40, 127	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD03A46A02FC0CCFFD09FC17.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.1 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate and supramedially convex, posterior margin submedially produced and becoming concave ventrally; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire to sinuate, posterior margin with median flange and submedially deeply concave. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, broad, membranous and with ventral digitate projection and long setae basally and apically; in dorsal view digitate to clavate, elongate; in caudal view clavate, produced posteroventrad and entire appendage produced posterad and ventromesally; median papillate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae intermediate appendage apparently fused to mesoventral process of preanal appendage. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view sickle-shaped, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like or subquadrate, mesoventral process dorsally fused to intermediate appendage with dorsolateral expanded lobe with narrowed apex, process with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin angled to concave, posterior margin angled to concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes separated apically, ventral margin of process undulate, with many sclerotized, peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, directed posterodorsad; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin acute, mesal margin entire, concave, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and broad, bearing robust, sclerotized spines apically; in lateral view oblong and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, rounded posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; lateral projection of phallobase in lateral view cylindrical, with truncate apex; endothecal membrane without embedded spines, membranous basodorsally. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view narrowly oblong, narrowly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin rounded. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Cerro Campana, Rio Bochinche, tributary, 6 km (air) NW Dos Rios, 10 ° 54 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 24 ' 00 " W, 640 m, 22 – 23. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male (UMSP) [holotype]; Guanacaste: Río Los Ahogados, 11.3 km ENE Quebrada Grande, 10 ° 51 ' 54 " N, 85 ° 25 ' 23 " W, 470 m, 7. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male (NMNH) [paratype]; Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja, Quebrada Agua Apinolada, 10 ° 47 ' 42 " N, 85 ° 17 ' 31 " W, 795 m, 25. vi. 1986, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 1 male (UMSP) [paratype]; PANAMA: Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino Trail, marker 3, 3 – 9. viii. 1988, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH); 25 – 31. i. 1989, H. Wolda — 1 female (NMNH); 13 – 19. ii. 1991, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Costa Rica and Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD06A46802FC0D2EFAD4FCDF.taxon	description	Figs. 15 B, 41, 134 Polyplectropus colombianus is a very distinct species and superficially resembles P. corniculatus, new species in the presence of an elongate dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and in the overall shape of the inferior appendage. However, P. colombianus is easily distinguished from any other species by the presence of a prominent and apically emarginate basal dorsal digitate lobe on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, by the rounded apex of the incompletely fused mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, by the enlarged and modified apex of the phallus, and by the medially membranous posterior margin of sternum IX. Additionally, this species has small clusters of microsetae on the surface of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, a feature unique to this species. Adult. Length of forewing 5.8 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown patches of setae basally along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and ventrally membranous; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with slight median flange and mesally membranous. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, oblong with setose, basal digitate lobe, primary lobe with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view digitate, basally produced laterad, with small, lateral papillate lobe; in caudal view digitate, basolateral lobe becoming oblong and flanking phallocrypt laterally, directed posterad; lateral papillate lobe very small, midway between phallocrypt and mesolateral process of preanal appendage, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view mesoventral process setose, in lateral view digitate, basodorsally produced into apically emarginate, clavate lobe, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin deeply concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, surface with small scattered sculptured clumps of minute setae, processes apically separated, ventral margin of process rounded with basal dorsal digitate lobe clavate, apically emarginate and lacking clumps described above. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view, anteriorly bilobed; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view obclavate, abruptly narrowing apically, bearing several apical, sclerotized spines; in ventral view broad, lateral margin sinuate, posterior margin truncate, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong and directed ventrad; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view broad, produced dorsad; in dorsal view subapically broad, apex cuspidate; endothecal membrane with lightly sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD06A46802FC0D2EFAD4FCDF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. COLOMBIA: Meta: Quebrada Blanca, 3 km W. Restrepo, [4 ° 15 ' 00 " N, 73 ° 34 ' 00 " W], 11. ii. 1983, O S Flint — (UMSP 000107489) (NMNH). Distribution. Colombia. Etymology. This species is named for the Republic of Colombia, where the holotype was collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD04A46602FC0AF6FD35FE97.taxon	description	Figs. 42, 132 This species is unique among other species in the genus in having a pair of dorsal lanceolate projections on the posterior margin of tergum VIII. Other distinguishing features include a slightly sculptured apex of the intermediate appendage and a downturned apex of the phallus. Polyplectropus corniculatus superficially resembles P. colombianus, new species. Both species have an elongate dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and oblong and elongate intermediate appendage bearing few apical setae. Polyplectropus corniculatus also resembles P. petrae in the highly concave posterior margin of sternum IX. Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 5 mm, n = 9. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Posterodorsal margin of tergite VIII modified, bearing paired, dorsal lanceolate projections, directed posterad. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin concave and with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, oblong, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view clavate, subapically broad, apically with scale-like surface; in caudal view digitate, dorsolateral lobe produced medially into digitate, curved digitate lobe, directed posteromesad, apparently fused basoventrally to mesoventral process of preanal appendage. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, subapically expanded; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view rounded, mesoventral process fused to intermediate appendage, directed ventrad, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view fused basomesally, apex of processes separated, ventral margin of process angled, bearing sclerotized spines. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, bearing several apical, sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin apically produced, posterior margin angled, mesal margin undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view lanceolate, medially produced laterad; in ventral view deltoid to quadrate, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong and directed ventrad; endothecal membrane without embedded spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD04A46602FC0AF6FD35FE97.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. PERU: Madre de Dios: Manú [Biosphere Reserve], Pakitza Bio [logical] Sta [tion], Quebrada Paujil-Picoflor, 11 ° 56 ' 39 " S, 71 ° 16 ' 59 " W, 350 m, 5. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — (UMSP 000107443) (NMNH). Paratypes. PERU: Madre de Dios: Manú [Biosphere Reserve], Pakitza Bio [logical] Sta [tion], Quebrada Paujil-Picoflor, 11 ° 56 ' 39 " S, 71 ° 16 ' 59 " W, 350 m, 5. vii. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 male, 7 females (UMSP, NMNH). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. “ Corniculatus ” is the Latin word for “ horned ”, in reference to the narrow, paired processes arising from the posterior edge of tergum VIII.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0AA46702FC08AEFCCFF837.taxon	description	Figs. 43, 134 Polyplectropus flintorum is readily distinguished from other species in the group by the presence of several peg-like setae on the ventral surface of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, by the sclerotized apex of the intermediate appendage, and by the shape of the phallus, being elongate, oblong, and apically emarginate (when observed from dorsal view). This species resembles P. kanukarum, new species and P. corniculatus, new species in the shape of the oblong intermediate appendage, which also bears few apical setae and in the presence of the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage. Additionally, P. flintorum and P. kanukarum have superficially similar ventral branch of the inferior appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 4.5 mm, n = 10. Color of head and thorax dark-brown, legs brown (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin entire. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, cylindrical and basally produced dorsad, with long basal setae and a couple apically; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed mesoventrad, with ventral microsetae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, basally broad, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view quadrate, anteroventral margin angled, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process with several stout, sclerotized peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view digitate, curved, abruptly narrowing apically, bearing 2 – 3 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad, bearing several robust, sclerotized spines apically; in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterodorsad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly angled, posterior margin rounded gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0AA46702FC08AEFCCFF837.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. VENEZUELA: Territorio Federal Amazonas [Estado Amazonas]: Camp II, Cerro de la Neblina, 00 ° 50 ' 00 " N, 065 ° 59 ' 00 " W, 2100 m, 29. i. 1985, W E Steiner (UMSP 000107523) (NMNH). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Territorio Federal Amazonas [Estado Amazonas]: Cerro de la Neblina, Camp XI, 00 ° 52 ' 00 " N, 65 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 1450 m, 25 – 28. ii. 1985, P Spangler, P Spangler & R Faitoute — 1 female (NMNH); Cerro de la Neblina, Camp VII, 00 ° 51 ' 00 " N, 65 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 1850 m, 30 Jan – 10. ii. 1985, P Spangler & R. Faitoute — 1 male (UMSP); Camp II, Cerro de la Neblina, 00 ° 50 ' 00 " N, 065 ° 59 ' 00 " W, 2100 m, 29. i. 1985, W E Steiner — 1 male (UMSP); Cerro de la Neblina, Camp I, 00 ° 52 ' 08 " N, 66 ° 05 ' 22 " W, 1850 m, 6 – 8. ii. 1984, D Davis — 5 males, 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. It gives us great pleasure to name this species in honor of Dr. Oliver S. Flint Jr. and Mrs. Carol Flint for their contribution to Trichopterology, as well as for their generosity, hospitality, and amity during the senior author’s many visits to Washington, DC.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD08A46502FC09EEFE7FFA5F.taxon	description	Figs. 44, 128	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD08A46502FC09EEFE7FFA5F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 4.7 mm, n = 4. Color of head yellowish-brown, thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing a lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, membranous base enclosing phallocrypt (funnellike). Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view digitate, apex tapering laterad, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view subquadrate, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, ventral margin sinuate, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process truncate, with basolateral margin produced laterad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view digitate, subapically curved ventrad, bearing sclerotized apical spine; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin truncate, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing row of robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin, in lateral view clavate, truncate posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posterior margin angled and mesal margin angled and basally folding (comb-like), gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex obliquely angled and directed ventrad; endothecal membrane with several (about 20) thin, sclerotized spines. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Quebrada Alcornoque, El Hacha, 11 ° 00 ' 32 " N, 85 ° 34 ' 37 " W, 250 m, 26. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 3 males [holotype] (UMSP) [paratypes] (INBIO) (NMNH); Quebrada Pedregal, El Hacha, 10 ° 58 ' 59 " N, 85 ° 32 ' 20 " W, 300 m, 27. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male [paratype] (UMSP). Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD09A46302FC0F73FC18FB9F.taxon	description	Figs. 16 E, 45, 128	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD09A46302FC0F73FC18FB9F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.9 mm, n = 9. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view oblong, produced basomesally; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view digitate to quadrate, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and broad; in lateral view quadrate, emarginate posterad, posterior margin concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. bredini. Material Examined. BELIZE: Toledo: Columbia For [est] Sta [tion], 2. viii. 1970, Y. Sedman — 1 male (NMNH); MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque, 19. v. 1984, Garcia, Barrera, Ibarra — 8 males, 2 females [holotype & paratypes] (IBUNAM). Distribution. Belize, Guatemala, and Mexico (Bueno-Soria 1990; Flint et al. 1999). Remarks. This species presents slight variations in the thickness of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage; specimen from Belize has a slightly narrower branch.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0FA46102FC0DB3FDF6FD0F.taxon	description	Figs. 16 B, 46, 128	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0FA46102FC0DB3FDF6FD0F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.5 mm, n = 25. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate and submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, narrowly digitate, setose; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view clavate, narrowing apically, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin sinuate, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process undulate, with sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, apex emarginate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin emarginate, mesal margin entire, convex, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing row of robust, sclerotized spines along apex; in lateral view clavate, narrowing posterodorsad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin highly undulate, claw-like, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong, narrow; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. When endothecal membrane becomes everted ventrolaterally it has 2 short, digitate lobes and an elongate, broader median lobe with bilobed apex. Ventrolateral lobes almost 1 / 3 rd length and width of median lobe. Material Examined. NICARAGUA: Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte [Zelaya]: Río Las Latas, 14 ° 04 ' 00 " N, 88 ° 33 ' 00 " W, 220 m, 2. vi. 1998, Maes & Hernandez — 1 male [holotype] (UMSP); PANAMA: Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino Trail, marker 3, 4 – 10. iii. 1987, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH); 13. i. 1988 – 16. ii. 1988, H. Wolda — 3 male, 1 female (NMNH); 1 – 21. vi. 1988, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH); 10. viii. – 18. x. 1988, H. Wolda — 2 males (NMNH); 15 – 28. ii. 1989, H. Wolda — 2 male (NMNH); 17. i. – 6. iii. 1990, H. Wolda — 4 males (NMNH); 25. iv. – 29. v. 1990, H. Wolda — 3 males, 1 female (NMNH); 12. ix. – 1. xii. 1990, H. Wolda — 2 males (NMNH); 30. i. – 5. ii. 1991, H. Wolda — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH); 1 – 21. vi. 1988, H. Wolda — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Nicaragua and Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0DA46102FC0A46FE40F819.taxon	description	Figs. 47, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD0DA46102FC0A46FE40F819.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.2 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellow (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin supramedially convex; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, directed posterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view digitate, in lateral view digitate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin straight, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view elongate and narrow, medially curved dorsad, bearing setae on rounded apex; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view clavate, apically produced dorsad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin angled, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate to oblong; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. PANAMA: Chiriquí: Fortuna Dam Site nr. Hornitos, 8 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 82 ° 16 ' 00 " W, 1050 m, 10 – 16. viii. 1977, H. Wolda — 1 male [holotype] (NMNH). Distribution. Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD32A45C02FC0E40FD15FB07.taxon	description	Figs. 48, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD32A45C02FC0E40FD15FB07.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 5 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous bearing microsetae, digitate and slightly ridged; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, elongate, apically curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view obclavate, basally broad and narrowing apically with 2 apical spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, basal width of dorsal branch differs from holotype being narrower and more ventrally curved in some specimens; ventral branch setose, short, bearing a row of 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin; in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin convex, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus elongate; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate to oblong; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Similar to the female of P. bredini. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Quebrada Pedregal, El Hacha, 10 ° 58 ' 59 " N, 85 ° 32 ' 20 " W, 300 m, 27. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male (UMSP); Puntarenas: Arenal, Queb [rada] Tronadorcita, 24. vii. 1967, O. S. Flint — 1 male [paratype] (NMNH); NICARAGUA: Chontales: Puente Quinama, E. Villa Somoza, 29. vii. 1967, O. S. Flint — 2 males [holotype & paratype] (NMNH). Distribution. Costa Rica and Nicaragua.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD30A45A02FC0C3EFD18FC17.taxon	description	Figs. 17 B, 49, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD30A45A02FC0C3EFD18FC17.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5 mm, n = 5. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, remainder of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view membrane surrounding phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, subapically produced dorsad, apically bearing 3 – 4 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin straight, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing a row of 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin; in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin rounded, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate to oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines, but with 3 short, sclerotized spines dorsad of phallic sclerite, apparently on a dorsal membrane. Material Examined. MEXICO: Campeche: Calakmul, Ejdo. N [ue] vo. Becan, El Chorro, 18 ° 35 ' 25 " N, 89 ° 15 ' 29 " W, 130 m, 30. iv. 1997, Contreras, Gonzalez, Ibarra, Martinez — 2 males (IBUNAM); Chiapas: Cascada Misolja, 20 km S Palenque, 17 – 18. v. 1981 C & O Flint — 2 males [holotype] (NMNH); UNITED STATES: Texas: Real County, Frío River, Leakey, 9. vi. 1994, R. Garano — 1 male (DRC). Distribution. Mexico and USA (Texas).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD36A45802FC0D2EFE6DFEC7.taxon	description	Figs. 50, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD36A45802FC0D2EFE6DFEC7.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and ventrally produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with median projection. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view rounded, directed posterad, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded and basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view digitate, subapically produced dorsad and apex truncate, bearing 1 – 2 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad; in lateral view digitate, truncate posterad, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. NICARAGUA: Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte [Zelaya]: Río Las Latas, 14 ° 04 ' 00 " N, 88 ° 33 ' 00 " W, 220 m, 2. vi. 1998, Maes & Hernandez — 2 males [holotype] (UMSP) [paratype] (NMNH). Distribution. Nicaragua.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD34A45802FC08FEFD0EF819.taxon	description	Figs. 17 D, 51, 126	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD34A45802FC08FEFD0EF819.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 2.5 – 4.8 mm, n = 7. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on wings brown with few scattered grey markings. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with median flange and sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, oblong, with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view basally broad, with 2 setose, digitate unequal lateral and apical lobes; in caudal view digitate, curved, setose lobe produced ventrolaterad and mesoventrally fused to lower lip of segment X. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view oblong, directed ventrad, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view apically fused to form a single continuous structure, ventral margin of process rounded, with ventral margin bearing many sclerotized, peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin angled, undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin undulate, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, broad; in lateral view quadrate and forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, truncate posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin rounded, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view slightly broadening apically, not extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite, apex rounded; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material examined. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Cerro Campana, Río Bochinche trib [utary] 6 km (air) NW Dos Rios, 10 ° 56 ' 42 " N, 85 ° 24 ' 47 " E, 600 m, 22 – 23. vii. 1987, Holzenthal Morse & Clausen — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH); Reserva Forestal San Ramón, Río San Lorencito & trib [utarie] s, 10 ° 12 ' 58 " N, 84 ° 36 ' 25 " W, 980 m, 2 – 4. vii. 1986, Holzenthal Heyn & Armitage — 2 males [paratypes] (UMSP); Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, ca. 0.7 km N Est [ación] Maritza, 10 ° 57 ' 36 " N, 85 ° 30 ' 00 " E, 550 m, 31. viii. 1990, Huisman & Quesada — 1 male (UMSP); Heredia: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Río Peje, Est [ación] Magsasay, 10 ° 24 ' 07 " N, 84 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 130 m, 25 – 26. viii. 1990, Holzenthal Blahnik & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); PANAMA: Panama: Barro Colorado Island, C [anal] Z [one], [9 ° 09 ' 49 " N, 79 ° 50 ' 16 " W],. vii. 1967, W W Wirth — 1 male [holotype] (NMNH). Distribution. Costa Rica and Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD35A45702FC0E62FE64FB9F.taxon	description	Figs. 52, 128	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD35A45702FC0E62FE64FB9F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long erect brown setae; setae on wings brown with few scattered grey markings. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, narrowly digitate with long setae throughout; in dorsal view digitate, linear; in caudal view digitate, directed posterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view quadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin straight, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute with sclerotized point and basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view L-shaped, apex truncate, bearing 2 – 3 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing a row of 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along posterior margin; in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posterior margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate to oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: Río Bellavista trib [utary], Las Alturas, road to quarry, 8 ° 57 ' 07 " N, 82 ° 50 ' 53 " W, 1480 m, 19. iii. 1991, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Huisman — 1 male [holotype] (UMSP). Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD3BA45502FC0DB6FBEEFE97.taxon	description	Figs. 17 C, 53, 132 Polyplectropus petrae is superficially very similar to P. panamensis Bueno-Soria. Both species lack a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and have a “ mitten-shaped ” inferior appendage (i. e., with shallowly fused dorsal and ventral branches). Additionally, the mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage are completely fused to each other, thus forming a rounded, entire structure below the phallocrypt. The fused mesoventral processes bear numerous peg-like setae. Furthermore, both species have similar intermediate appendage bearing basal and apical setae. Polyplectropus petrae can be easily distinguished from P. panamensis by the presence of a dorsal digitate lobe on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage and peg-like setae on the inferior appendage. The dorsal branch of the inferior appendage is also broader than in P. panamensis. Adult. Length of forewing 4 mm, n = 1. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin concave and with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, oblong, with long basal and few apical setae; in dorsal view oblong and tapering mesally to rounded apex; in caudal view narrowly digitate, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view broadly deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view rounded, directed ventrad and with broad dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view fused to form a single continuous structure, ventral margin of process rounded, with ventral margin bearing many sclerotized, peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view subquadrate, broadly narrowing posterad, with several apical, sclerotized spines; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin rounded, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines medially and apically; in lateral view oblong and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid to rounded, mesal margin acutely angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex tapering ventrally; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane without embedded spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD3BA45502FC0DB6FBEEFE97.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Estação Ecológica do Tripuí, Córrego Tripuí, 20 ° 23 ' 22 " S, 43 ° 32 ' 32 " W, 1070 m, 21. ii. 1999, Paprocki, Braga & Amarante — (UMSP 000046959) (MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. Named with great affection for the senior author’s daughter, Petra.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD39A45502FC08AEFE64F819.taxon	description	Figs. 54, 132	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD39A45502FC08AEFE64F819.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellow (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate and supramedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with median flange and submedially deeply concave. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage fused to mesoventral process of preanal appendage, quadrate, with long apical setae; in dorsal view oblong, mesally fused to papillate lobe; in caudal view digitate, membranous base enclosing phallocrypt (funnel-like), directed posteromesad, mesoventrally produced into highly sclerotized bifurcated process, with acute apices (this process is part of preanal appendage). Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view sickle-shaped, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process fused to intermediate appendage, basally digitate, mesally tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, ventral margin sinuate; in caudal view rounded ventrolaterally, produced mesoventrally into highly sclerotized bifurcated process, bearing acute apices. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, undulate, mesal margin undulate, convex, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view robustly oblong, rounded posterad; in ventral view oblong, posteromesal margin convex, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering posterad, produced dorsad into rounded apex; in dorsal view directed posterolaterad, apex angled; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. VENEZUELA: Aragua: Río El Limón, fish hatchery, Maracay, [10 ° 14 ' 49 " N, 67 ° 35 ' 45 " W], 28. iv. 1975, F. H. Weibezahn — 1 male [holotype] (NMNH). Distribution. Venezuela.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD3FA45002FC09EEFD39FAFF.taxon	description	Figs. 17 G, 55, 132 Polyplectropus woldai can be readily distinguished from all other species in the group by the peculiar shape of the intermediate appendage. The intermediate appendage is elongate, basally broad and narrowing apically. It is directed ventrally and bears 2 long apical spines. In addition, the intermediate appendage appear to be fused basally to the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, thus forming a complex structure. The mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage are digitate, located lateroventral of the intermediate appendage and broadly separated from each other. Polyplectropus woldai also has a short dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and the inferior appendages are “ mitten-shaped ”, but nonetheless are elongate and broad. This species resembles P. brasilensis in having shallowly fused dorsal and ventral branches of the inferior appendage and in having a submedially, deeply concave posterior margin of sternum IX. Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange and submedially deeply concave. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate and with ventral, elongate digitate projection, with long basal setae and apically with 2 stout spines; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering into curved lanceolate rods; in caudal view basally broad, narrowing into elongate, digitate lobe bearing 2 stout apical spines, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process short, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view sickle-shaped, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view oblong, mesoventral process basodorsally fused to intermediate appendage, directed posterad, ventral margin linear, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, apically convex; in ventral view broad, lateral margin apically produced, sinuate, posterior margin rounded, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines apically; in lateral view oblong and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, rounded posterad; in ventral view rounded, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowing apically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines, membranous dorsad.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD3FA45002FC09EEFD39FAFF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: PANAMA: Chiriquí: Fortuna Dam Site nr. Hornitos, 8 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 82 ° 16 ' 00 " W, 1050 m, 8. iii. – 16. v. 1978, H. Wolda — (UMSP 000100599) (NMNH); Paratypes: PANAMA: Chiriquí: Fortuna Dam Site nr. Hornitos, 8 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 82 ° 16 ' 00 " W, 1050 m 17. v. – 25. vii. 1978, H. Wolda — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Panama. Etymology. Named in honor of Henk Wolda, who collected not only this, but several other new species as a result of his Trichoptera research in Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD22A44E02FC0854FB19FB5F.taxon	description	Species previously assigned, either by original or subsequent designation, to the P. charlesi group included P. beutelspacheri Bueno-Soria, P. charlesi (Ross), P. exilis Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, P. hymenochilus Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, P. kingsolveri Bueno-Soria, P. kylistos Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal, P. mathisi Bueno-Soria, P. mignonae Bueno-Soria, P. misolja Bueno-Soria, P. nicaraguensis Chamorro-Lacayo, and P. perpendicularis Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal. Several of these species, with the exception of P. charlesi, P. exilis, and P. kylistos, have been removed from this group and transferred to the P. bredini group, or in the case of P. beutelspacheri, not assigned to a group. The 3 remaining species in the P. charlesi group are characterized by the combination of the following traits: 1. Pronounced ventral median projection of sternum IX (less pronounced in P. exilis) (Fig. 56 D; synapomorphy); 2. The absence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (Fig. 56 A) 3. The presence of a papillate lobe (Fig. 56 C); 4. And by the presence of a plate-like, oblong intermediate appendage (Figs. 56 A – C).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD22A44D02FC0C76FEFCF9BF.taxon	description	Figs. 15 C, 56, 123	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD22A44D02FC0C76FEFCF9BF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 7.8 mm, n = 213. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin submedially concave and ventrally produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with pronounced median projection. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view emarginate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to subacute apex; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed mesally; median papillate lobe very small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage bipartite; apparently with basal remnant of dorsolateral process of preanal appendage; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view digitate, directed ventrad, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view ventral margin of process truncate, bearing sclerotized spines. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, curved ventrad, variant form lanceolate and curved ventrad, bearing 1 – 2 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin sinuate, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing apical sclerotized spine; in lateral view ovate; in ventral view rounded, mesal margin concave, gradually converging mesally, ventral branches greatly separated mesally from each other. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex curved dorsad; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view digitate, not extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 medium-sized, lightly sclerotized spines. Material examined. MEXICO: Durango: Peñon Blanco (La Concha), [24 ° 47 ' 23 " N, 104 ° 02 ' 12 " W], 16. vii. 1985, E Barrera — 1 male (IBUNAM); Guerrero: Río Bejucos, [17 ° 11 ' 00 " N, 99 ° 24 ' 00 " W], 8. vii. 1999, A Rojas, & R. Gavino — 1 male (IBUNAM); Michoacán: Apatzingan, W. of Apatzingan 5 mi, 19 ° 04 ' 59 " N, 102 ° 20 ' 59 " W, 366 m, 13. viii. 1941, Hoogstraal — 1 male; Aguililla, 31. vii. 1985, R Barba, & F Arias — 1 male; Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, 18 ° 06 ' 00 " N, 96 ° 07 ' 00 " W, 5. xii. 1933, M. Fraire — 1 male; Putla, Río Las Peñas, [17 ° 02 ' 00 " N, 97 ° 56 ' 00 " W], 3. iii. 1986, E. Mariño — 1 male, 1 female (IBUNAM); Chiltepec, [16 ° 08 ' 59 " N, 95 ° 55 ' 59 " W], 11. xii. 1937, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS); Totoltepec, [15 ° 53 ' 51 " N, 96 ° 28 ' 37 " W], 2. xi. 1987, R. Barba, F. Arias, E. Barrera — 1 male (IBUNAM); Puebla: Cuetzalan Rancho Pahuata 14.6 km de Cuetzalan, [20 ° 02 ' 00 " N, 97 ° 31 ' 00 " W], 29. vi. 1996, Contreras and Barba — 1 male, 3 females (IBUNAM); San Luis Potosí: Tamazunchale, [21 ° 16 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 46 ' 59 " W], 29. iii. 1951, Lattin & Walker — 1 male; Palitla, [21 ° 16 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 49 ' 59 " W], 5. viii. 1966, O S Flint — 1 male, 2 females (NMNH); 2 km S of Tamasunchale (R. 1 km 363), [21 ° 16 ' 00 " N, 098 ° 47 ' 00 " W], 213 m, 31. v. 1948, W. Nutting & F Werner — 1 male; Tamaulipas: Santa Engracia (Hacienda), [24 ° 01 ' 00 " N, 99 ° 12 ' 00 " W], 21. iii. 1936, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS); 9. iii. 1939, CCP — 2 males (INHS); 44 mi. N. Ciudad Victoria, [23 ° 43 ' 00 " N, 99 ° 07 ' 59 " W], 16. viii. 1953, R. B. & J. M. Selander — 1 male (INHS); Veracruz: Chicontepec, [20 ° 58 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 10 ' 00 " W], 14. x. 1975, J Bueno-Soria — 1 male (IBUNAM); Tebanca 15 km S. E. Estacion de Biología Los Tuxtlas, [18 ° 23 ' 00 " N, 95 ° 00 ' 00 " W], 3. iii. 1988 Barba & Barrera — 5 males, 5 females (IBUNAM); Catemaco, Tebanca, [18 ° 25 ' 00 " N, 95 ° 07 ' 00 " W], E Barrera — 1 male (IBUNAM); Los Tuxtlas, Río La Palma, 2. xii. 1988, H & R Barba — 1 male (IBUNAM); UNITED STATES: Arizona: Apache Co., 5 mi W Eagar, Little Colorado R., [34 ° 06 ' 40 " N, 109 ° 17 ' 27 " W], 29. vi. 1961, Kingsolver — 2 males (INHS); Yavapai Co., Converg. Oak Cr. & Verde R., [34 ° 33 ' 42 " N, 112 ° 22 ' 58 " W], 10. ix. 1976, Sanderson — 1 female (INHS); Texas: Bandera County, Winans Creek @ TX Hwy 16 ca. 4 mi N. Bandera, 29 ° 43 ' 35 " N, 99 ° 04 ' 24 " W, 12. iv. 1992, Moulton & Stewart — 11 males (DRC); Blanco Co., Pedernales River, in Pedernales Falls State Park, downstream falls @ picnic area, 30 ° 05 ' 52 " N, 98 ° 25 ' 16 " W, 244 m, 24. vii. 1985, Brigham & Brower — 5 males (INHS); Guadalupe Co., San Marcos River @ TX 1979 bridge, S. Martindale, ca 5 mi. ESE I- 35 @ San Marcos (city), 29 ° 49 ' 56 " N, 97 ° 50 ' 30 " W, 149 m, 5. ix. 1986, AR Brigham — 18 males (INHS); Hays Co., San Marcos River in San Marcos, Rio Vista Dam @ Cheatham Street / Houston Rd., 29 ° 52 ' 45 " N, 97 ° 55 ' 55 " W, 171 m, AR Brigham — 1 male (INHS); Kerr Co., North Fork, Guadalupe River @ TX 1340 about 7 mi w intersection of TX 1340 & TX 39 (Bee Caves Creek), 30 ° 03 ' 25 " N, 99 ° 25 ' 10 " W, 561 m, 23. vii. 1985, Brigham & Brower — 1 male (INHS); North Fork, Guadalupe River @ TX 1340 1 mi W Intersection of TX 1340 / TX 39, 30 ° 04 ' 25 " N, 99 ° 21 ' 17 " W, 536 m, Brigham & Brower — 1 male (INHS); [Val Verde County], San Felipe Springs, Del Rio, [29 ° 22 ' 06 " N, 100 ° 53 ' 06 " W], 19. iv. 1939, H. H & J. A. Ross — 1 male (INHS) [holotype] [“ INHS Trichop. 24566 ”]. Specimens examined of variable forms of P. charlesi: MEXICO: Chiapas: nr. Pijijiapan, 5. vii. 1965, P J Spangler — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH); Chintul, Río Chintul (trib. R. Grijalva) Rt. 187, 17 ° 14 ' 33 " N, 93 ° 35 ' 07 " W, 20. ix. 1996, Bueno-Soria, Barba, Contreras — 6 males (IBUNAM); Durango: Peñon Blanco, Balneario Belem, [24 ° 47 ' 23 " N, 104 ° 02 ' 13 " W], 1640 m, 10. vii. 1985, E Barrera — 6 males, 2 females (IBUNAM); Oaxaca: Valle Nacional, [17 ° 46 ' 59 " N, 96 ° 19 ' 00 " W], 2. iii. 1932, A. Dampf — 3 males (INHS); Putla, Río Las Peñas, [17 ° 02 ' 00 " N, 97 ° 56 ' 00 " W], 3. iii. 1983, E Mariño — 1 male, 1 female (IBUNAM); Rancho Monter, [16 ° 53 ' 53 " N, 96 ° 24 ' 51 " W], 14. xii. 1937, A. Dampf — 3 males (INHS); 16. xii. 1937, A. Dampf — 2 males (INHS); Chiltepec, [16 ° 08 ' 59 " N, 95 ° 55 ' 59 " W], 9. xii. 1937, A. Dampf — 2 males (INHS); 11. xii. 1937, A. Dampf — 2 males (INHS); Tabasco: Municipio Huimanguillo, Est. 10, Arroyo Las Flores, Villa de Gpe. 2 Secc. Los Chimalapas, km 5 + 920 carr, Malpasito-Carlos A. Madrazo, 17 ° 22 ' 03 " N, 93 ° 36 ' 15 " E, 25. iii. 1998, Bueno-Soria & Barba — 8 males, 3 females (IBUNAM); Río Teapa, Villahermosa, [17 ° 59 ' 00 " N, 92 ° 55 ' 00 " W], 6. v. 1985, H. Velasco — 9 males, 2 females (IBUNAM); Veracruz: Ocotal, Texisapa, [20 ° 36 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 19 ' 00 " W], 8. xii. 1985, R Barba — 1 male (IBUNAM); Tebanca 15 km S. E. Estacion de Biología Los Tuxtlas, [18 ° 23 ' 00 " N, 95 ° 00 ' 00 " W], 3. iii. 1988, Barba & Barrera — 38 males, 1 female (IBUNAM); Catemaco, Tebanca, [18 ° 25 ' 00 " N, 95 ° 07 ' 00 " W], R Barba, et al. — 16 males, 7 females (IBUNAM); UNITED STATES: Arizona: Coconino Co., Oak Cr. Grasshopper Pt., [35 ° 59 ' 00 " N, 112 ° 11 ' 51 " W], 12. vii. 1977, Sanderson — 1 male (INHS); Oak Cr. Chavez Crossing, [35 ° 59 ' 40 " N, 112 ° 11 ' 00 " W], 20. vi. 1961, Kingsolver — 2 males (INHS); 20. vii. 1977, Sanderson — 1 male (INHS); 20. vi. 1961, Kingsolver — 2 females (INHS); Navajo County, 9 mi. N. White River, North Fork White River, nr Roberts Ranch, [35 ° 07 ' 27 " N, 109 ° 32 ' 15 " W], 28. vi. 1961, Kingsolver — 2 males, 5 females (INHS); Yavapai Co., Oak Cr. at Mormon Crossing, 34 ° 37 ' 01 " N, 110 ° 47 ' 13 " W, 3 – 4. v. 1984, Sanderson — 2 males, 1 female (INHS); Converg. Oak Cr. & Verde R., [34 ° 33 ' 42 " N, 112 ° 22 ' 58 " W], 3. viii. 1978, Sanderson — 1 male (INHS); Oak Cr., Page Spgs., [34 ° 46 ' 03 " N, 111 ° 53 ' 34 " W], 14. vii. 1977, Sanderson — 1 male, 1 female (INHS). Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, and USA (Flint et al. 1999). Remarks. The dorsal branch of the inferior appendage varies across the entire range of this species. The holotype has an apically broader dorsal branch of the inferior appendage, becoming narrower in other specimens. Even though the different forms have been collected from the same localities, no 2 forms were collected together. The observed variability of the dorsal branch among the specimens examined was not discrete, but instead was continuous. When the dorsal branch is apically broad, 2 (or sometimes more) apical spines are present. In the narrower dorsal branches, these spines are retained but the more basal spine also retains a small basal process or stub. This spine-and-stub complex resembles those present on the inferior appendage of P. kylistos (Fig. 58 A). However, in P. kylistos the spine-and-stub complex is basal and closer to the ventral branch.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD21A44B02FC0FD6FE7CFA5F.taxon	description	Figs. 57, 123	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD21A44B02FC0FD6FE7CFA5F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.9 mm, n = 20. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long erect brown setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with pronounced medial projection. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, setose; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering mesally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe very small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with basolateral margin produced laterad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, posteroventrally produced; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin subapically produced, sinuate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, dorsal branch with lightly sclerotized, lanceolate process arising between dorsal and ventral branches, directed posteromesally, longer than ventral branch (medial process broken in some paratypes); ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view lanceolate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin rounded, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane without embedded spines, phallobase bearing dorsal microsetae. Material examined. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Reserva Forestal San Ramón, Río San Lorencito & trib [utarie] s, 10 ° 12 ' 58 " N, 84 ° 36 ' 25 " W, 980 m, 30. iii. – 1. iv. 1987, Holzenthal, Hamilton & Heyn — 1 male (UMSP); Cartago: Reserva Tapantí, Quebrada Segunda @ administration building, 9 ° 45 ' 40 " N, 83 ° 47 ' 13 " W, 1250 m, 9 – 10. v. 1990, Holzenthal & Blahnik — 1 male (UMSP); Puntarenas: Río Cotón, in Las Alturas, 8 ° 56 ' 17 " N, 82 ° 49 ' 34 " W, 1360 m, 18. iii. 1991, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); Río Guineal, ca 1 km (air) E Finca Helechales, 9 ° 04 ' 34 " N, 83 ° 05 ' 31 " W, 840 m, 22. ii. 1986, Holzenthal, Morse & Fasth — 4 males (UMSP); same, 4. viii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 3 males, 4 females (UMSP); Río Singrí, ca 2 km (air) S Finca Helechales, 9 ° 03 ' 25 " N, 83 ° 04 ' 55 " W, 720 m, 21. ii. 1986, Holzenthal Morse & Fasth — 6 males (UMSP). Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD27A44902FC0F76FE64FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 58, 123	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD27A44902FC0F76FE64FB2F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.6 mm, n = 3. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin submedially concave and ventrally produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with pronounced median projection. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view membrane surrounding phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, setose; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering mesally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe very small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process highly concave. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, curved ventrad and tapering apically into posteroventrad-directed spine; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin produced basolaterad, entire, posterior margin acute, mesal margin entire, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, broad, bearing a basal membranous lobe with a robust sclerotized apical spine on a membranous stalk or stub; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, apex cuspidate, posteromesal margin angled and sinuate, gradually converging mesally, ventral branches broadly separated mesally from each other. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowing apically and bent dorsad, apex with ventrad-directed, highly sclerotized point; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view subacute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering posterad, apex rounded and turned anterodorsad; in dorsal view digitate, not extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, sclerotized spines, directed posterolaterad. Material examined. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Río Pizote, ca. 5 km (air) S Brasilia, 10 ° 58 ' 19 " N, 85 ° 20 ' 42 " W, 390 m, 12. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 2 males (UMSP); Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Río Orosí, Estación Pitilla, 10 ° 59 ' 28 " N, 85 ° 25 ' 41 " W, 700 m, 22 – 25. v. 1990, Holzenthal & Blahnik — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD25A44602FC0FBFFABFFEBF.taxon	description	1. A complex intermediate appendage bearing more than 1 lobe (Figs. 59 C, 61 C); 2. A pandurate dorsal branch of the inferior appendage having a truncate apex (Fig. 59 A); 3. A basal dorsal digitate lobe on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage (Figs. 60 A, C).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2AA44702FC08D6FD54FEBF.taxon	description	Figs. 59, 140	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2AA44702FC08D6FD54FEBF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 5.1 mm, n = 22. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on wings dark-brown with grey and yellow setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, bipartite, digitate with mesoventral oblong lobe with long setae throughout; in dorsal view primary lobe oblong; in caudal view broadly digitate, secondary lobe rounded. Preanal appendage bipartite; small remnant of dorsolateral process of preanal appendage; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into digitate lobe with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view apically fused to form a single continuous structure, with ventral margin emarginate. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin angled, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing a basal digitate lobe; in lateral view clavate, narrowing posterad and apically cuspidate; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex curved dorsad; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; endothecal membrane with 2 thin, medium-sized spines. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: San Pedro, A [rroy] o Piray-Guazú No., [26 ° 37 ' 59 " S, 54 ° 07 ' 59 " W], 22. xi. 1973, O S Flint — 1 male (NMNH) [holotype] [“ USNM Type No. 100492 ”]; BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, [27 ° 03 ' 00 " S, 52 ° 24 ' 00 " W], x. 1963, F. Plaumann — 8 males, 1 female (NMNH) [paratypes]; Nova Teutônia, [27 ° 11 ' 00 " S, 52 ° 23 ' 00 " W], 300 – 500 m, xi. 1963, F. Plaumann — 6 males (NMNH) [paratypes]; i. 1964, F. Plaumann — 5 males (NMNH) [paratypes]; URUGUAY: Salto: Río Uruguay, Salto Grande, [31 ° 22 ' 59 " S, 57 ° 58 ' 00 " W], 10. xi. 1955, C S Carbonell — 1 male (FHCU) [paratype]. Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2BA44502FC0E39FB30FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 60, 97 B, 137 This species is very similar to P. fuscatus Flint and P. tragularius, new species by the presence of a bipartite intermediate appendage, a pair of narrow, medium-sized endothecal phallic spines, and a dorsal, digitate lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. All 3 species have similar inferior appendage, particularly the pandurate dorsal branch. Polyplectropus rondoniensis can be distinguished from P. fuscatus by the presence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and by the apically free mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage (fused in P. fuscatus). Polyplectropus rondoniensis differs from P. tragularius by the more robust, basally fused endothecal phallic spines, by the more prominent dorsal digitate lobe of the mesoventral process, by the shape of the secondary ventral lobe of the intermediate appendage, being deltoid in P. rondoniensis and quadrate in P. tragularius, and by the presence of a median projection on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4.3 – 4.7 mm, n = 32. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, multilobate with ventral digitate projection, setose; in dorsal view rounded with digitate ventral setose lobe and medial membranous lobe; in caudal view tripartite, primary lobe ventromesally produced into digitate setose lobe and medially into membranous oblong lobe. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with dorsal digitate lobe and ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate; in ventral view clavate, lateral margin produced basolaterad, sinuate, posterior margin acute, mesal margin sinuate, concave, subbasally produced, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate; in lateral view oblong, basally produced, rounded posterad; in ventral view oblong posteromesal margin gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view subacute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with 2 basally fused, medium-sized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2BA44502FC0E39FB30FB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Rondônia: creek 8 km S of Cacaulandia, 21. xi. 1991, D. Petr — (UMSP 000100990) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Rondônia: creek 8 km S of Cacaulandia, 21. xi. 1991, D. Petr — 4 males, 27 females (NMNH) (UMSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. This species is named for the type locality, the state of Rondônia in Brazil.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD29A44302FC0C66FAA8FA5F.taxon	description	Figs. 17 F, 61, 97 D, 137 Polyplectropus tragularius is a typical species of the P. fuscatus group by having a bipartite intermediate appendage, a pair of narrow, medium-sized endothecal phallic spines, a dorsal, digitate lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage as well as a pandurate dorsal branch. This species can be distinguished from P. fuscatus Flint by the presence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage, by the apically free mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage (fused in P. fuscatus), by the long, apically broader and rounded ventral lobe of the intermediate appendage (rounded in P. fuscatus), and by the oblong ventral branch of the inferior appendage (quadrate in P. fuscatus). Polyplectropus tragularius differs from P. rondoniensis, new species by the narrower endothecal phallic spines, by the less prominent dorsal digitate lobe of the mesoventral process, by the shape of the secondary ventral lobe of the intermediate appendage, being quadrate in P. tragularius and deltoid in P. rondoniensis, and by the absence of a median projection on the dorsal surface of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.8 mm, n = 32. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, multilobate with ventral digitate projection, setose; in dorsal view rounded with digitate ventral setose lobe and medial membranous lobe bearing ventral microsetae dorsad of phallocrypt (may be part of lower lip of tergum X); in caudal view tripartite, primary lobe ventrally produced into digitate setose lobe and medially into membranous inversely deltoid lobe with ventral microsetae dorsally flanking phallocrypt. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with dorsal digitate lobe and ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes separated with dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin of process truncate to rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin produced basolaterad, sinuate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin sinuate, concave, subbasally produced, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate; in lateral view clavate, basally produced, narrowing posterad; in ventral view oblong, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view subacute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with 2 thin, medium-sized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD29A44302FC0C66FAA8FA5F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional Peruaçu, Rio Peruaçu, 15 ° 06 ' 40 " S, 44 ° 14 ' 29 " W, 590 m, 16. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — (UMSP 000080851) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Espirito Santo: Fazenda Santa Clara, 15 km SE Santa Teresa, [19 ° 55 ' 00 " S, 40 ° 36 ' 00 " W], 460 m, 22. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 1 male (NMNH); 24 km SE of Santa Teresa, [19 ° 55 ' 00 " S, 40 ° 36 ' 00 " W], 280 m, 22. iv. 1977, C & O Flint — 4 males, 1 female (NMNH); Minas Gerais: Parque Nacional Peruaçu, Rio Peruaçu, 15 ° 06 ' 40 " S, 44 ° 14 ' 29 " W, 590 m, 16. xi. 2001, Holzenthal Amarante Blahnik & Paprocki — 2 males, 5 females (UMSP); Aldeia de Cachoeira das Pedras, 20 ° 06 ' 49 " S, 44 ° 01 ' 25 " W, 925 m, 28 – 29. ix. 2000, Paprocki & Braga — 1 male, 7 females (MZUSP); São Paulo: Pedregulho, 20 ° 09 ' 07 " S, 47 ° 30 ' 38 " W, 617 m, 16. ix. 2003, Holzenthal Paprocki & Calor — 9 males (UMSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. The species name comes from the Latin word “ tragularius ” meaning “ javelin-thrower ” (Brown 1985). The name is in reference to the lightly sclerotized, narrow endothecal phallic spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2CA44002FC09EEFD72FE01.taxon	description	1. Dorsal digitate lobe on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage; 2. Presence of peg-like spines in the phallic endothecal membrane; 3. Oblong intermediate appendage with a pair of apical setae; 4. Absence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage; 5. Clavate dorsal branch of the inferior appendage.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2CA44102FC0B33FEC6F80A.taxon	description	Figs. 16 C, 62, 138 Polyplectropus guyanae can be readily distinguished from P. peruvianus, new species by the presence of an apically bifurcating mesoventral process of the preanal appendage (completely fused apically and bearing rows of peg-like setae in P. peruvianus). Additionally, P. guyanae has a rounded apex of the intermediate appendage (concave with mesal papillate lobes bearing apical setae in P. peruvianus), an oblong apex of the dorsal phallic sclerite (ventrally produced and sclerotized in P. peruvianus), and an oblong ventral branch of the inferior appendage (narrowing apically in P. peruvianus). Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 3.8 mm, n = 6. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view narrowly rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing mesad; in caudal view rounded, curved, directed laterodorsad. Preanal appendage bipartite; possible small remnant of dorsolateral process of preanal appendage; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, dorsally produced into elongate, digitate lobe, anteroventral margin angled, posterior margin truncate; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes slightly separated apically, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin apically produced, sinuate and undulate, posterior margin acute, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view oblong, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex narrowly oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with many short, sclerotized, peg-like spines, when everted spines arranged in a circle, dorsally not as densely packed, also visible is a horseshoe-shaped sclerite (not readily visible when endotheca is not everted).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD2CA44102FC0B33FEC6F80A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. GUYANA: Dubulay Ranch, Aramatani Cr [eek], 6 ° 33 ' 00 " N, 57 ° 48 ' 00 " W, 15 – 18. iv. 1995, O S Flint — (UMSP 000107501) (NMNH) Paratype. GUYANA: Dubulay Ranch, Aramatani Cr [eek], 6 ° 33 ' 00 " N, 57 ° 48 ' 00 " W, 15 – 18. iv. 1995, O S Flint — 2 males, 2 females (NMNH); VENEZUELA: Territorio Federal Amazonas [Estado Amazonas]: Cerro de la Neblina, small stream east side of basecamp, [00 ° 51 ' 00 " N, 66 ° 10 ' 00 " W], 140 m, 20 – 24. iii. 1984, Flint & Louton — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Guyana and Venezuela. Etymology. This species is named for the country of Guyana where the holotype and several paratypes were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD2A4BF02FC09EEFA13FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 17 A, 63, 138 Polyplectropus peruvianus is easily distinguished from P. guyanae by the fused apex of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage bearing rows of peg-like setae (apically bifurcating and lacking peg-like setae in P. guyanae). Furthermore, the intermediate appendage in P. peruvianus is apically concave and has apical setae on mesal papillate lobes (with a simple rounded apex in P. guyanae), and the apex of the dorsal phallic sclerite is ventrally produced (simple and oblong in P. guyanae), and the ventral branch of the inferior appendage is broadly deltoid (oblong in P. guyanae). Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, cylindrical, with apical setae on papillate lobes; in dorsal view cylindrical, apically concave with papillate lobes in middle of concavity; in caudal view rounded, apically concave with median papillate lobes, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage bipartite; possible small remnant of dorsolateral process of preanal appendage; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view rounded, with dorsal digitate lobe, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view processes apically fused to form a single continuous structure, ventral margin of process rounded, bearing sclerotized peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, posteroventrally produced; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin, sinuate, posterior margin acute, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view deltoid, bent dorsad and narrowing into acute sclerotized point; in ventral view broadly deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex broad, oblong, subapically produced ventrad; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded, apex in caudal view trapezoidal (large structure may be fused dorsolateral arms of phallic sclerite); endothecal membrane with many short, sclerotized, peg-like spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD2A4BF02FC09EEFA13FB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. PERU: Loreto: Callicebus Research Station, Mishana, Río Nanay, 25 km SW Iquitos, [3 ° 44 ' 53 " S, 73 ° 14 ' 50 " W], 120 m, 10 – 17. i. 1980, J B Heppner — (UMSP 000107492) (NMNH). Allotype. PERU: Loreto: Callicebus Research Station, Mishana, Río Nanay, 25 km SW Iquitos, [3 ° 44 ' 53 " S, 73 ° 14 ' 50 " W], 120 m, 10 – 17. i. 1980, J B Heppner — 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. This species is named for the country of Peru where the holotype and paratype were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD3A4BC02FC0F26FB1BFE97.taxon	description	1. A small, bulbous intermediate appendage located laterad almost at the base of the mesolateral lobe of the preanal appendage; 2. Pronounced lower lip of segment X; 3. Basally fused mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage; 4. Mesoventral process of preanal appendage not curved or hooked, but more or less at 45 ° angle; 5. Presence of an elongate, sclerotized, cylindrical dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage; 6. Dorsolateral process of preanal appendage basally curving mesally then laterally (less so in P. manuensis); 7. Mesal margin of dorsal branch of inferior appendage with internal flange; 8. Dorsal branch oblong, narrow and directed almost at a 90 degree angle; 9. Ventral branch small, almost indistinguishable from dorsal branch (in lateral view).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD0A4BD02FC08AEFACDFB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 64, 139 This is a typical species of the P. manuensis group differing from P. robertsonae, new species and P. tripunctatum, new species by the bifid apex of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage (trifid in P. tripunctatum and P. robertsonae, yet middle lobe attenuate in the latter species) and by the shape of the ventral branch of the preanal appendage, produced as a small lobe when viewed in lateral view, not bifid as in P. tripunctatum or downturned and basally rounded as in P. robertsonae. Adult. Length of forewing 4.8 – 5.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin ventrally produced, posterior margin submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin sinuate and medially highly concave, posterior margin sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate and elongate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, small, digitate, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view deltoid; in caudal view rounded, small, arising at base of mesolateral process of preanal appendage, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view broadly convex; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view digitate, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin slightly angled; in caudal view fused basomesally, ventral margin of process acute, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong, directed dorsad; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin subapically produced, sinuate, posterior margin emarginate, mesal margin sinuate, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, posterior margin truncate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD0A4BD02FC08AEFACDFB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. PERU: Madre de Dios: Amazonia Lodge, Toma del Agua (stream), 12 ° 52 ' 13 " S, 71 ° 22 ' 34 " W, 415 m, 29. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — (UMSP 000107441) (NMNH). Paratypes. PERU: Madre de Dios: Amazonia Lodge, Toma del Agua (stream), 12 ° 52 ' 13 " S, 71 ° 22 ' 34 " W, 415 m, 29. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. This species is named after Manú National Park where the specimens were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD1A4BB02FC0C66FC23FC6F.taxon	description	Figs. 65, 139 Polyplectropus robertsonae has a trifid mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, as does P. tripunctatum, new species (bifid in P. manuensis), but the median lobe in P. robertsonae, new species is lightly sclerotized, whereas in P. tripunctatum this median lobe is larger than adjacent lobes and strongly sclerotized. In addition, P. robertsonae has a downturned and basally rounded ventral branch (bifid in P. tripunctatum or a small, simple lobe in P. manuensis). Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 3. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin ventrally produced, posterior margin submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin sinuate and medially highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, with microsetae, digitate and elongate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, small, bulbous, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view bulbous; in caudal view bulbous, small, arising at base of mesolateral process of preanal appendage, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterodorsad, tapering mesoventrad into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view forked with distal lobe lightly sclerotized, proximal lobe with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin angled; in caudal view basally fused to form a single continuous structure, ventral margin of process trilobed, median lobe narrower and lightly sclerotized than adjacent lobes. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong, directed dorsad and subapically slightly produced posterad; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin apically produced, posterior margin undulate, mesal margin undulate, apically expanded, becoming concave, widening into an internal flange and shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short; in lateral view almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, basally rounded and narrowing ventrad into rounded sclerotized point; in ventral view quadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view obtuse.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD1A4BB02FC0C66FC23FC6F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: P [arque] N [acional] & A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Amboró, Guarda Parque Mataracú, Confluence of Quebrada Verde Uno y Dos, 17 ° 33 ' 11 " S, 63 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 371 m, 23. xi. 2004, Robertson, Garcia, Vidaurre — (UMSP 000101111) (UASC). Paratypes. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: P [arque] N [acional] & A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Amboró, Guarda Parque Mataracú, Confluence of Quebrada Verde Uno y Dos, 17 ° 33 ' 11 " S, 63 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 371 m, 23. xi. 2004, Robertson, Garcia, Vidaurre — 2 males (NMNH) (UMSP). Distribution. Bolivia. Etymology. We are pleased to name this species in honor of Desiree Robertson, fellow Trichopterologist and friend who collected the only known specimens of this species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD7A4B902FC0AA6FAA2FE97.taxon	description	Figs. 66, 139 Polyplectropus tripunctatum is very similar to the other 2 species in the P. manuensis group. This species has a trifid mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, as does P. robertsonae (bifid in P. manuensis), but the median lobe in P. tripunctatum resembles adjacent lobes in shape and sclerotization. In P. robertsonae this median lobe is not as pronounced and it is weakly pigmented. In addition, P. tripunctatum has a bifid ventral branch (downturned and basally rounded in P. robertsonae or a small, simple lobe in P. manuensis). Adult. Length of forewing 4 mm, n = 1. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin ventrally produced, posterior margin submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin sinuate and highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate and elongate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, small, digitate, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view rounded; in caudal view rounded, small, arising at base of mesolateral process of preanal appendage, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterodorsad, tapering mesoventrad into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view bilobed, with ventraddirected sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin angled; in caudal view apex fused to form a single continuous structure, ventral margin of process trilobed, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong, directed dorsad and subapically slightly produced posterad; in ventral view narrow, broadening apically, lateral margin apically produced, posterior margin undulate, mesal margin undulate, apically expanded, becoming concave, widening into an internal flange and shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short; in lateral view almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, emarginate posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view obtuse.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD7A4B902FC0AA6FAA2FE97.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. PERU: Cuzco: Paucartambo to Pilcopata rd., Quebrada Quitacalzón at Puente Quitacalzón, 13 ° 01 ' 34 " S, 71 ° 29 ' 58 " W, 1050 m, 25 – 27. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — (UMSP 000107421) (NMNH). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. The species name originates from the Latin words for 3 “ tri ” and point “ punctus ” (Brown 1985) in reference to the diagnostic trifid apex of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD5A4B902FC0AFEFBB1FAA7.taxon	description	3 new species; P. hollyae, P. juliae, and P. minensium. The P. narifer group is characterized by the combined possession of the following traits: 1. A complex, multilobate intermediate appendage (except P. hollyae) (Fig. 68 C); 2. Presence of a dorsal digitate process on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage (Figs. 69 A, C); 3. Presence of a cylindrical, sclerotized dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (bipartite in P. juliae) (Fig. 67 A); 4. Apically acute dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (Fig. 67 A); 5. Dorsally expanded apex of the dorsal phallic sclerite (slightly less in P. hollyae) (Figs. 68 E, F); 6. Presence of small to medium-sized endothecal phallic spines (Figs. 69 E, F).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD5A4B702FC0CDEFE99FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 67, 133 Polyplectropus hollyae is readily distinguished from other species in the group by the presence of a simple, unilobed intermediate appendage, completely fused mesoventral processes of the preanal appendage, and by the less expanded apex of the phallic sclerite (elongate and apically produced dorsally in other species in the group). This species is most similar to P. minensium, new species based on the presence of an elongate dorsal digitate lobe on the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, a single dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage, and small, robust endothecal phallic spines. Both species also have very similar inferior appendages. Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.5 mm, n = 6. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin concave. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long apical setae; in dorsal view deltoid, broadly rounded apically; in caudal view digitate, subapically with small setose lobe, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid and emarginate, in lateral view apically emarginate, deltoid overall; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basal dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin concave; in caudal view fused to form a single continuous structure and dorsal digitate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, ventral margin of process acute, apically bearing many sclerotized, peg-like setae. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate with acute apex, subapically produced dorsad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, undulate, posterior margin acute, mesal margin entire, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad, bearing acute, basal projection and bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally; in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterodorsad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view obtuse; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with 2 stout laterally directed, medium-sized, sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD5A4B702FC0CDEFE99FB2F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Cachoeira do Abacaxi, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12 ' 16 " S, 43 ° 38 ' 10 " W, 1120 m, 7. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — (UMSP 000081585) (MZUSP). Paratypes. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Cachoeira do Abacaxi, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12 ' 16 " S, 43 ° 38 ' 10 " W, 1120 m, 7. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — 5 females (MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. We are pleased to name this species in honor of the late Ms. Hollis Williams, Museum Specialist, Smithsonian Institution for her hospitality and kindness during the senior author’s tenure at that Institution.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDBA4B502FC0C6BFBD9FC47.taxon	description	Figs. 68, 133 This species differs from all other species in the group in having a bifid dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage. Polyplectropus juliae is most similar to P. ulmeriana, new species based on the deltoid shape of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage, which bears a posterobasal process, on the short, deltoid ventral branch of the inferior appendage, on the overall shape of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, and on the digitate lobes of the intermediate appendage. Polyplectropus juliae can be distinguished from P. ulmeriana by the elongate endothecal phallic spines (almost 2 x longer in P. juliae) and by the more elongate and apically produced dorsal phallic sclerite. Furthermore, the posterobasal process on the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage is curved dorsally in P. juliae (linear in P. ulmeriana). Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.5 mm, n = 11. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae and ventral microsetae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing laterad; in caudal view digitate, laterally and medially produced, median lobe longer and curved laterad, basally meeting medially and bearing ventral microsetae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bipartite, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, 2 medium-sized processes directed posterad, one being more dorsad and curved while other more linear, tapering mesally into acute apex, basally bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, basally broad, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basal dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin concave, posterior margin concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view deltoid, apex acute and with basoventral posterodorsally curved lanceolate projection; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, basally with lanceolate process, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view digitate, bent dorsad and narrowing into acute sclerotized point; in ventral view deltoid, with acute apex and basally broad, rapidly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view dorsally emarginate; endothecal membrane with 2 thin, mediumsized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDBA4B502FC0C6BFBD9FC47.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, Rio Preto, 18 ° 07 ' 10 " S, 43 ° 20 ' 28 " W, 830 m, 14. xi. 2001, Blahnik & Amarante — (UMSP 000079551) (MZUSP). Paratypes. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, Rio Preto, 18 ° 07 ' 10 " S, 43 ° 20 ' 28 " W, 830 m, 14. xi. 2001, Blahnik & Amarante — 1 male, 7 females (UMSP); Rio Preto, 20 km (rd) S São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, 18 ° 07 ' 00 " S, 43 ° 20 ' 22 " W, 650 m, 19. v. 1998, Holzenthal & Paprocki — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Brazil Etymology. In honor of the senior author’s sister, Julia E. Chamorro Callejas.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD9A4B302FC0D7EFE4EFC47.taxon	description	Figs. 16 D, 69, 143 Both P. minensium and P. narifer Flint have a tripartite intermediate appendage with at least one lobe being sclerotized. Both species have a single dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage and a rounded apex (instead of acute) of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage (best observed in ventral view). However, P. minensium can be distinguished from P. narifer by the dorsally directed hook-shaped sclerotized lobe of the intermediate appendage (posteriorly directed in P. narifer), by the acute apex of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (apparently rounded in P. narifer), by the elongate dorsal digitate lobe of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, and by the smaller, less robust apex of the dorsal phallic sclerite. Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 5.5 mm, n = 13. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, tripartite and basally with digitate dorsally directed primary lobe, apically becoming hook-like and upturned dorsad, mesally broadly membranous, with long setae throughout and ventral microsetae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing laterad, basally produced into lateral lobe and mesoventrally into membranous digitate lobe; in caudal view tripartite, basomesal digitate lobe flanking phallocrypt dorsad and directed dorsad and ventrally bearing microsetae, basolateral lobe setose, apical lobe lanceolate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex and with elongate, dorsal digitate lobe extending beyond phallocrypt, yet flanking it laterad, ventral margin concave, posterior margin undulate; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, apex acute and slightly curved ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, sinuate, posterior margin acute, mesal margin entire, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally; in lateral view digitate, truncate posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, short, sinuate, sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDD9A4B302FC0D7EFE4EFC47.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, trib [utary] to Rio Belchior, 20 ° 25 ' 18 " S, 43 ° 25 ' 42 " W, 700 m, 6. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — (UMSP 000081577) (MZUSP). Paratypes: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, trib [utary] to Rio Belchior, 20 ° 25 ' 18 " S, 43 ° 25 ' 42 " W, 700 m, 6. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — 3 males, 5 females (UMSP); P [arque] E [stadual] de São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Córrego das Éguas, 18 ° 08 ' 43 " S, 43 ° 22 ' 09 " W, 891 m, 14. x. 2000, Paprocki, Amarante & Isaac — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH); Cachoeira do Abacaxi, Vale do Tropeiro, 20 ° 12 ' 16 " S, 43 ° 38 ' 10 " W, 1120 m, 7. xi. 2001, Holzenthal, Amarante, Blahnik & Paprocki — 2 males (MZUSP). Distribution. Brazil. Etymology. This species is named after the State of Minas Gerais in Brazil where the holotype and paratypes were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDFA4B002FC0D7EFD97F982.taxon	description	Figs. 70, 134	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDFA4B002FC0D7EFD97F982.taxon	description	Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin entire. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, bipartite and laterally hook-like, medially digitate, setose; in dorsal view lateral process deltoid with cuspidate apex, mesal process deltoid with rounded apex. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view digitate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basal dorsal digitate lobe, ventral margin concave, posterior margin truncate. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin angled, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin sinuate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view oblong, apically acute; in ventral view rounded, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate. Distribution. Surinam Remarks. No material was examined for this species and description of the male genitalia is based on the original publication (Flint 1974).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDCA4AE02FC0FB4FD38FB2F.taxon	description	Figs. 71, 143	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDDCA4AE02FC0FB4FD38FB2F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 6 mm. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, bipartite and both lobes digitate with short apical setae; in dorsal view digitate, apex narrowing laterad or produced mesally into smaller digitate lobe; in caudal view digitate, basally broad, bearing ventral microsetae, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basal dorsal digitate lobe and ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes slightly separated apically, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view deltoid to lanceolate, basally with short, lanceolate process; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, basally with lanceolate projection, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, in lateral view orbicular, rounded posterad; in ventral view rounded, posteromesal margin basally rounded, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowing apically and bent dorsad into rounded apex; endothecal membrane with 2 thin, medium-sized spines. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Entre Rios: A [rroy] o Piray Mini W, Dos Hermanas, [33 ° 10 ' 00 " S, 58 ° 53 ' 59 " W], 23. xi. 1973, O S Flint — 3 males [holotype & paratypes] (NMNH); BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, 27 ° 11 ' 00 " S, 52 ° 23 ' 00 " W, 300 – 500 m,. xi. 1963, F Plaumann — 2 males [paratypes] (NMNH); PARAGUAY: Itapua: Pirapo, [26 ° 51 ' 00 " S, 55 ° 31 ' 59 " W],. i. 1972, G. & L E Peña — 1 male [paratype] (NMNH). Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC3A4AF02FC09EEFBA6FB81.taxon	description	For the most part, the male genitalia of species in the P. santiago group sensu stricto are homogenous, with most species distinguished by differences in the phallus. Namely, these differences lie in the size, shape, and direction of the endothecal phallic spines of the phallus. The P. santiago group is characterized by the combined possession of the following traits (Figs. 72 – 96): 1. Bulbous dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage bearing dorsal microsetae; 2. Elongate anterior basal plate of the inferior appendage (anteriorly beyond sternum IX); 3. Pronounced lower lip of segment X (entire in most, bilobed in P. robacki subset); 4. Highly sclerotized, lanceolate intermediate appendage (confused by some with dorsolateral process of preanal appendage) (membranous in P. laminatus subset); 5. Dorsal branch of inferior appendage more than 4 times longer than wide (P. robacki subset have a narrow, recurved dorsal branch); 6. Ventral branch short, both ventral branches shallowly fused (fusion 1 / 3 rd of entire anterior basal plate length); 7. Peg-like setae absent on inferior appendage; 8. Females with a pair of variously shaped, parallel internal sclerotized rods.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC3A4AD02FC0DB3FE7FFD57.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid to rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view lanceolate, sinuate, with slight lateral projection and sclerotized apex; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed mesodorsad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin tapering ventrad into sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong, elongate, with posteroventral margin slightly concave subapically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad; in lateral view ovate, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view broadly rhombate, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex tapering ventrally; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view obcordate; endothecal membrane with 1 stout, elongate, apically bifurcating sclerotized spine. Material examined. COSTA RICA: Heredia: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Río Peje, Estación Magsasay, 10 ° 24 ' 07 " N, 084 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 130 m, 25 – 26. viii. 1990, Holzenthal Blahnik & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); Puerto Viejo, 13. viii. 1965, R. T. Allen — 1 male (INHS) [“ INHS Trichop. 24560 ”]. Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC1A4AA02FC0A6EFD94FAE0.taxon	description	Figs. 15 A, 73, 131 Polyplectropus andinensis resembles P. robacki (Yamamoto), P. bolivianus, new species, and P. brborichorum, new species (P. robacki subset) in the overall shape of the male genitalia, particularly in the acutely curved, narrow dorsal branch of the inferior appendage. Polyplectropus andinensis can be distinguished from these species by the more robust intermediate appendage. Polyplectropus bolivianus also has a robust intermediate appendage, however it is shorter and the endothecal membrane of the phallus has 2 stout, sclerotized spines. In addition to the differences in the intermediate appendage, the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage does not usually extend beyond the apex of the ventral branch, characteristic also observed in P. brborichorum. Adult. Length of forewing 6.0 – 6.5 mm, n = 5. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and yellow; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin concave, posterior margin highly convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, stout basally broad with long basal setae; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering into curved rods, directed laterad; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basodorsal digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with basal, digitate, setose dorsolateral projection. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally setose and broader, becoming highly curved, directed anterad beyond half of segment IX, recurved posteromesally; in ventral view narrow, basally sclerotized with digitate, laterally directed lobe, narrowing and recurving apically, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad; in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, posterior margin rounded to truncate, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; endothecal membrane without embedded spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC1A4AA02FC0A6EFD94FAE0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BOLIVIA: Chuquis [aca]: Monteagudo, 1300 m, 24. xii. 1984, L. E. Peña G. — (UMSP 000085577) (NMNH). Paratypes: ARGENTINA: Salta: 5 km. S [outh] Orám, 13. x. 1973, O. S. Flint — 1 male (NMNH); BOLIVIA: Chuquis [aca]: Monteagudo, 1300 m, 24. xii. 1984, L. E. Peña G. — 3 males (NMNH). Distribution. Argentina and Bolivia. Etymology. This species is named for the Andes mountain range of South America, at the Eastern edge of which this species was collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC6A4A802FC0C12FE37FC3F.taxon	description	Figs. 74, 136	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC6A4A802FC0C12FE37FC3F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 2. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view lanceolate; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin tapering ventrad into sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, elongate, with posteroventral margin slightly concave subapically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin entire, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, mesal margin slightly convex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view membranous; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines. Material examined. BRAZIL: [Amazonas]: Manaus, [no date], Mann — 2 males (MCZ) [“ MCZ 321 / 10 ”]. Distribution. Brazil.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC4A4A902FC0D56FB7FF821.taxon	description	Figs. 75, 131 Polyplectropus bolivianus is readily distinguished from all other species in the P. robacki subset by the narrow and elongate dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (present also in P. robacki (Yamamoto), P. andinensis, new species, and P. brborichorum, new species) and by the presence of endothecal phallic spines. The intermediate appendage of P. bolivianus is shorter and more robust than in P. andinensis, P. robacki, and P. brborichorum. Adult. Length of forewing 6.5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and yellow; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin concave, posterior margin highly convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, stout, with long basal setae; in dorsal view basally broad, broadly tapering apically, directed laterad; in caudal view broad, curved, broadly narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basodorsal digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with basal, digitate, setose dorsolateral projection. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally setose and broader, becoming highly curved, directed anterad beyond half of IX segment, recurved posteromesally; in ventral view narrow, basally sclerotized with digitate, laterally directed lobe, narrowing and recurving apically, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, posterior margin rounded to truncate, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute and sclerotized; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDC4A4A902FC0D56FB7FF821.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: BOLIVIA: La Paz: Río Coroico, 1200 m, 23 – 26. xi. 1984, L. E. Peña G. — (UMSP 000085581) (NMNH) Distribution. Bolivia. Etymology. This species is named for the country of Bolivia where the type was collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCAA4A702FC09EEFCECFA3C.taxon	description	Figs. 76, 137	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCAA4A702FC09EEFCECFA3C.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.6 – 4.5 mm, n = 4. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view lanceolate, directed posterolaterad; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed laterodorsad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave and sinuate, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, mesal margin convex, posterolateral margin concave, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view membranous; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex, apex directed medially; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, sclerotized spines. Material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Rio Marauiá, Endstation langer Cachoeira, Flussss tritt hier aus dem Gebirge mit starkem Gefälle, 28. i. 1963, E. J. Fittkau — 1 male (NMNH) [holotype] [“ USNM Type No. 74124 ”] [“ A- 502 ”]; GUYANA: Potaro: Kaieteur Falls, 5 ° 10 ' 30 " N, 59 ° 28 ' 54 " W, 411 m, 21 – 23. viii. 1997, O. S. Flint — 3 males (NMNH) [paratype]. Distribution. Brazil, Guyana, and Surinam (Flint, 1974).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCBA4A202FC0F58FC05FEEF.taxon	description	Figs. 15 G, 77, 125	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCBA4A202FC0F58FC05FEEF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.9 – 4.8 mm, n = 159. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, broad and membranous, with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view rectangular, basally slightly broadened, apically truncate; in caudal view setose base digitate, apex rounded, subapically produced ventrad, directed posterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded to truncate; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, short, apex acute; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and broad, in lateral view obovate; in ventral view obdeltoid, mesal margin acutely angled, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex obliquely angled; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view broad, subapically expanded, narrowing apically; in dorsal view digitate, sinuate, extending beyond apex, apex directed laterodorsad; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, mediumsized, sclerotized spines. Material examined. BELIZE: Cayo: San Ignacio (14 km S) Chaa River Cottage, [17 ° 09 ' 22 " N, 89 ° 04 ' 17 " W], 23. v. 1986, P Spangler & R. Faitoute — 1 male (NMNH); COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Río Pizote, ca. 5 km N Dos Rios, 10 ° 56 ' 53 " N, 85 ° 17 ' 28 " W, 470 m, 9. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 41 males (UMSP); Río Pizote, ca. 5 km (air) S Brasilia, 10 ° 58 ' 19 " N, 85 ° 20 ' 42 " W, 390 m, 12. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); 9. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 52 females (UMSP); Guanacaste: 10 mi. NW Liberia, [10 ° 38 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 26 ' 00 " W], 25. vii. 1965, P J Spangler — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH) [paratypes]; Río Tempisquito, ca. 3 km S Route 1, 10 ° 47 ' 24 " N, 85 ° 33 ' 07 " W, 75 m, 6. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 2 males (NMNH) [holotype] [“ Type No. 104460 ”], 1 female (UMSP); Río Tizate, 7.2 km NE Cañas Dulces, 10 ° 46 ' 23 " N, 85 ° 26 ' 56 " W, 275 m, 28. vi. 1986, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 1 male (UMSP); Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Quebrada Pedregal, El Hacha, 10 ° 58 ' 59 " N, 85 ° 32 ' 20 " W, 300 m, 27. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male (UMSP); Heredia: La Selva Field Station near Puerto Viejo, 21 – 28. iii. 1988, Steiner, Hill, Swearingen & Mitchell — 2 males, 2 females (NMNH); 1.5 mi S. of Potrerillos, [9 ° 58 ' 00 " N, 84 ° 10 ' 00 " W], 27. vii. 1967, O S Flint — 1 male, 1 female (IBUNAM) [paratypes]; Río Sarapiquí, 7 km W Puerto Viejo, 10 ° 27 ' 07 " N, 84 ° 04 ' 01 " W, 50 m, 11. ii. 1986, Holzenthal, Morse & Fasth — 1 male, 2 females (UMSP); Río Bijagual, on road to Magsasay, 10 ° 24 ' 29 " N, 84 ° 04 ' 34 " W, 140 m, 12. ii. 1986, Holzenthal, Morse & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); Estación Biología La Selva, Quebrada Sura, 10 ° 26 ' 13 " N, 84 ° 00 ' 36 " W, 50 m, 20 – 21. vi. 1986, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 10 males, 11 females (UMSP); Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Río Peje, Est [acion] Magsasay, 10 ° 24 ' 07 " N, 84 ° 03 ' 00 " W, 130 m, 25 – 26. viii. 1990, Holzenthal, Blahnik & Huisman — 8 males (UMSP); Puntarenas: Río Ceibo, route 2 ca. 6 km W rd to Buenos Aires, 9 ° 08 ' 56 " N, 83 ° 22 ' 37 " W, 250 m, 20. ii. 1986, Holzenthal, Morse & Fasth — 1 male, 3 females (UMSP); 9 mi NW Esparta, [09 ° 59 ' 00 " N, 84 ° 40 ' 00 " W], 22. vii. 1965, P J Spangler — 1 male (NMNH); HONDURAS: Olancho: Río Agua Amarilla, Pacayal, 5 km S El Carbon, [15 ° 07 ' 00 " N, 86 ° 03 ' 00 " W], 27. vii. 1989, Lentz & Lopez — 2 males, 5 females (NMNH); MEXICO: Veracruz: Catemaco, Tebanca, [18 ° 25 ' 00 " N, 95 ° 07 ' 00 " W], 3. iii. 1988, R Barba, et al. — 3 females (IBUNAM); Chintul, [22 ° 02 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 22 ' 00 " W], 6. iii. 1988, R Barba — 2 females (IBUNAM); A Cadena — 1 female (IBUNAM); NICARAGUA: Río San Juan: Refugio Bartola, Río San Juan / Río Bartola, 10 ° 58 ' 00 " N, 84 ° 21 ' 00 " W, 35 m, 9. viii. 2000, M L Chamorro — 1 male (UMSP); Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte [Zelaya]: Rio Waspuk, Rápido Waula Kumbas, 14 ° 21 ' 00 " N, 84 ° 36 ' 00 " E, 75 m, ix. 1996, Maes & Hernández — 1 male (MEL). Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCEA4A302FC0823FB76FCB7.taxon	description	Figs. 78, 131 Polyplectropus brborichorum can be distinguished from species in the P. robacki subset by the digitate, apically attenuate intermediate appendage; the apex is so lightly pigmented that the intermediate appendage may at times appear missing. In addition to the differences in the intermediate appendage, the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage does not extend beyond the apex of the ventral branch, characteristic also present in P. andinensis. No characteristics differentiating the female of P. brborichorum from P. costalis (Banks) (only known from the female) were found. However, since no male has ever been associated with P. costalis and given the largely homogeneous morphology of Polyplectropus female genitalia, we here describe the specimens from Ecuador as new. Adult. Length of forewing 5.3 – 6.0 mm, n = 3. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and yellow; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin concave, posterior margin highly convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, lightly sclerotized, digitate, with long basal setae; in dorsal view digitate, directed posterad; in caudal view dorsoventrally flattened, apex quadrate, becoming lightly sclerotized almost invisible (other male specimen had a slightly more sclerotized intermediate appendage, yet overall shape was same). Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with short basodorsal digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally setose and broader, becoming highly curved, directed anterad beyond half of IX segment, recurved posteromesally; in ventral view narrow, basally sclerotized with digitate, laterally directed lobe, narrowing and recurving apically, expanding posterad into ventral branch (dorsal branch differed in size between 2 specimens, being shorter in holotype); ventral branch setose, basally broad; in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, posterior margin rounded to truncate, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Very similar to P. costalis.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCEA4A302FC0823FB76FCB7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: ECUADOR: Past [aza]: Est [ación] Fluv [ial] Métrica, Puyo (27 km N), 4. ii. 1976, Spangler et al. — (UMSP 000085574) (NMNH). Paratypes: ECUADOR: Pichincha: Río Umachaca, For [est] Sta [tion] Maquipucuna, 00 ° 07 ' 30 " N, 078 ° 37 ' 00 " W, 1250 m, ca. 5 km E Nanegal, 4 – 5. ix. 1990, O. S. Flint — 1 male (UMSP), 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Ecuador. Etymology. This species (currently known only from Ecuador) is named with much affection in honor of M. L. Chamorro’s Ecuadorian-Yugoslavian uncle, Ladislao (Lalo) Brborich and his family, Gloria Callejas, Rossina, Claudia and Ladislao (Lalito) for their generosity and hospitality throughout the years.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCFA4A302FC0ACEFE5CF919.taxon	description	“ … [P. banksianus] is being described from that material BANKS recorded as Ecnomodes buchwaldi ULM. Unfortunately, the types of the latter are reported to be lacking their abdomens, and considering the large number of superficially similar species of restricted range in the genus, it seems unlikely that we will ever know the specific identity of buchwaldi, or that these example [s] are actually the latter which was from Ecuador. ” The wing vein pattern, as illustrated by Ulmer (1911: 18, Fig. 4) and the identification by Banks of P. banksianus as E. buchwaldi suggests this species belongs in the P. santiago group. However, Flint may be correct in stating that the identity of P. buchwaldi is unlikely to be resolved. Therefore, P. buchwaldi is here designated as a nomen dubium. Distribution. Ecuador.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCFA4A102FC0E2BFE50FE27.taxon	description	Figs. 79, 131.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCFA4A102FC0E2BFE50FE27.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 6 mm (n = 1). Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view ovate, narrowing posteromesally; in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterad, narrowly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin truncate; in lateral view clavate, curved posterad. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae and dorsolaterad to circular opening a pair of sinuate, sclerotized, elongate cylindrical rods. Material Examined. COLOMBIA: Tolima: Cañon del Norte, 1,700 m, March, Fassl — 1 female (MCZ) [holotype]. Distribution. Colombia.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCDA49E02FC0B5EFD6FF81D.taxon	description	Figs. 15 D, 80, 81, 142	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDCDA49E02FC0B5EFD6FF81D.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 5.5 mm, n = 19. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view oblong; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view lanceolate, curved medially; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, broad, in lateral view ovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly convex, apically subacute, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view membranous; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex, apex directed medially, horseshow-shaped; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Río Iguazú, Camp. Nañdu, 25. xi. 1973, O. S. Flint — 1 male (NMNH) [holotype] [“ USNM Type No. 100493 ”]; BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Rio Pandeiros, Pandeiros, ca. 50 km W Januária, 15 ° 30 ' 44 " S, 44 ° 30 ' 15 " W, 495 m, 17. xi. 2001, Holzenthal & Amarante — 1 male, 3 females (UMSP); Rio Santo Antônio, downstream from Morro do Pilar, 19 ° 08 ' 08 " S, 43 ° 21 ' 15 " W, 530 m, 17. x. 2000, Paprocki & Ferreira — 2 males, 1 female (UMSP); spring trib [utary] to Rio Macauba, near Pandeiros, 15 ° 28 ' 38 " S, 44 ° 44 ' 38 " W, 525 m, Paprocki & Blahnik — 2 males, 2 females (UMSP); Paraná: Foz do Iguaçu, Cataratas, 19. viii. 2000, W. Mey — 3 males (NMNH); Santa Catarina: Nova Teutônia, [27 ° 11 ' 00 " S, 52 ° 23 ' 00 " W], 300 – 500 m, ii. 1964 F. Plaumann — 1 male (NMNH) [paratype]; URUGUAY: Salto: Río Uruguay, Salto Grande, 10. xi. 1955, C S. Carbonell — 4 males, 2 females (FHCU) [paratypes]. Distribution. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF3A49D02FC0AD2FE4EFBA7.taxon	description	Figs. 82, 138 Polyplectropus ecuadoriensis resembles species in the P. laminatus subset (P. laminatus (Yamamoto) and P. bravoae Bueno). However, Polyplectropus ecuadoriensis differs from both species in having a digitate ventral branch with a longer, less acute apex of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (obdeltoid ventral branch, in ventral view, in P. laminatus and P. bravoae), as well as having an apically concave and laterally produced intermediate appendage and longer endothecal phallic spines. Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 4.6 mm, n = 20. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, elongate; in dorsal view emarginate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, quadrate, apex concave, with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view broadest apically, slightly narrowing basally and produced basolaterad; in caudal view almost rectangular, broadening apically, directed mesally. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with slight basal, setose, dorsolateral digitate lobe. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, subbasally slightly bent dorsad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and broad, in lateral view oblong, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view digitate, mesal margin concave, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view subacute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view broadening, apically curved dorsad; in dorsal view digitate, broadening apically, extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines, subapically bent.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF3A49D02FC0AD2FE4EFBA7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: ECUADOR: Sucumbios: Lago Agrio (5 km N), 00 ° 05 ' 20 " N, 76 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 26. ix. 1975, A Langley — (UMSP 000107531) (NMNH). Paratypes: BOLIVIA: La Paz: A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Madidi, Rio Tuichi at entrance to Chalalan lodge and tributary, 14 ° 25 ' 01 " S, 067 ° 54 ' 23 " W, 300 m, 29. vii. 2003, Robertson and Blahnik — 8 males, 1 female (UMSP); Santa Cruz: P [arque] N [acional] & A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Amboró, Guarda Parque Mataracú, Confluence of Quebrada Verde Uno y Dos, 17 ° 33 ' 11 " S, 63 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 371 m, 23. xi. 2004, Robertson, Garcia, Vidaurre — 32 males, 95 females (UASC); P [arque] N [acional] & A [rea] N [atural] [de] M [anejo] I [ntegrado] Amboró, Guarda Parque Mataracú, Q [uebrada] Verde Uno, 17 ° 33 ' 14 " S, 63 ° 52 ' 09 " W, 374, 19 – 23. xi. 2004, Robertson, Garcia, Vidaurre — 5 males (UMSP); ECUADOR: Cotopaxi: Latacunga, 133 km W, [00 ° 55 ' 59 " S, 78 ° 37 ' 00 " W], 329 m, 2. vii. 1975, Langley & Cohen — 2 females (NMNH); Napo: Tena, [00 ° 59 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 49 ' 00 " W], 25. v. 1977, Spangler & Givens — 1 female (NMNH); Tena (4 Kms S), [00 ° 59 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 49 ' 00 " W], 26. v. 1977, Spangler & Givens — 2 females (NMNH); Tena (17 Kms SW), [00 ° 59 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 49 ' 00 " W], 28. v. 1977, Spangler & Givens — 1 male (NMNH); Lago Agrio (48 Kms W), Rio Aguarico, [00 ° 05 ' 20 " S, 76 ° 52 ' 09 " W], 20. ix. 1975, Langley & Cohen — 1 female (NMNH); Pastaza: Est [ación] Fluv [ial] Metrica, Puyo (27 km N), [01 ° 28 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 58 ' 59 " W], 4. ii. 1976, Spangler et al. — 1 male (NMNH); Puyo: [1 ° 28 ' 00 " S, 77 ° 59 ' 00 " W], 1 – 7. ii. 1976, Spangler et al. — 1 female (NMNH); Sucumbios: Lago Agrio (5 km N), [00 ° 05 ' 20 " N, 076 ° 52 ' 09 " W], 26. ix. 1975, A Langley — 1 male, 1 female (NMNH); Lago Agrio (18 kms E), Rio Aguarico, [00 ° 05 ' 20 " N, 76 ° 52 ' 09 " W], 23. ix. 1975, A Langley — 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Bolivia and Ecuador. Etymology. This species is named for the country of Ecuador where the holotype and several of the paratypes were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF1A49B02FC0DDEFC54FD7F.taxon	description	Figs. 83, 136	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF1A49B02FC0DDEFC54FD7F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 4.0 mm, n = 3. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view lanceolate, directed mesad; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view narrowly oblong, with posteroventral margin slightly concave subapically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view membranous; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate, horseshow-shaped; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Iguazú, 30. i. – 13. iii. 1945, Haywood, Willing & Golbach — 1 male (IML, currently at INHS) [holotype]; BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Río Santo Antônio, downstream from Morro do Pilar, 19 ° 08 ’ 08 ” S, 43 ° 21 ’ 15 ” W, 530 m, 17. x. 2000, Paprocki & Ferreira — 2 males, 1 female (UMSP). Distribution. Argentina and Brazil. Remarks. Type never deposited at IML, currently housed at INHS.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF7A49902FC0B96FEFBFCDF.taxon	description	Figs. 84, 142	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF7A49902FC0B96FEFBFCDF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 – 7 mm, n = 80. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, tripartite, all rod-like with long basal setae, basally divided into a dorsal, ventral and median lanceolate processes, dorsal process curved posterodorsad, median process curved mesad, ventrolateral process curved mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin tapering ventrad into sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, with posteroventral margin slightly concave subapically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex, apex directed medially, apex angled, membranous; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material examined. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Rio das Velhas, upstream from São Bartolomeu, 20 ° 18 ' 39 " S, 43 ° 33 ' 57 " W, 18. ix. 1998, Paprocki & Amarante — 32 males, 70 females (UMSP) (MZUSP);	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF7A49902FC0B96FEFBFCDF.taxon	materials_examined	URUGUAY: Artigas: San Gregorio, 29. xi. 1959, Carbonell, Mesa & San Martin — 1 male (NMNH) [illustrated UMSP 000101012], 1 male, 1 female (FHCU). Distribution. Brazil and Uruguay. Remarks. When Flint (1983: 27) described P. ulmeriana he wrote: “ This species is undoubtedly the one figured by Ulmer in his original description of P. flavicornis. The type series, however, must have been mixed, because the male in the syntypic series that I studied and designated as lectotype (Flint 1966) was a very different species. Consequently the species here described was left without a name. ” The syntypic series of P. flavicornis was mixed. As a consequence, when Flint (1966) designated a lectotype for P. flavicornis, which he illustrated and redescribed, he inadvertently selected a buried species different from the one Ulmer had illustrated and described in 1905 a. In 1983 Flint realized the species he had designated in 1966 as the lectotype for P. flavicornis was not the one illustrated and described by Ulmer (1905 a). Flint (1983) later described Polyplectropus ulmeriana for a species collected in Argentina, which corresponds to the same species Ulmer had originally illustrated and described in 1905 a under the name P. flavicornis. Therefore, the species that has the name P. flavicornis is not the one illustrated and described by Ulmer in 1905 a; Ulmer’s 1905 a illustration and description is of the later described P. ulmeriana. Both names are currently valid.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF5A49702FC0AF6FDC1FD7F.taxon	description	Figs. 85, 122	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF5A49702FC0AF6FDC1FD7F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.8 – 4.6 mm, n = 38. Color of head and thorax yellowish-brown, legs yellow; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view lanceolate; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, directed ventrolaterad, apex turned dorsad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave and sinuate, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex narrowly oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view digitate; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex, apex directed medially, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, sclerotized spines. Material examined. BELIZE: Cayo: Río Privassion, Blancaneaux Lodge, [17 ° 03 ' 00 " N, 88 ° 58 ' 00 " W], 9 – 11. vii. 1973, Y. Sedman — 1 male, 8 females (NMNH); Mountain Pine Ridge, 27 – 29. vi. 1971, G. Stacell — 2 males, 12 females (NMNH); Toledo: Blue Creek Village, 10. vi. 1981, W. E. Steiner — 1 male (NMNH); MEXICO: Chiapas: Cascada Misolja, 20 km S Palenque, 17 – 18. v. 1981, C & O Flint — 1 male (NMNH) [paratype]; Cascada de Misolja, 18. v. 1981, J. Bueno-Soria — 1 female (IBUNAM) [paratype]; Bonampak, 20 – 25. v. 1980, J. Bueno-Soria — 1 male, 3 females (IBUNAM) [paratype]; Agua Azul, 23. vii. 1978, J. Bueno- Soria — 4 males (IBUNAM) [holotype] [paratypes]; Boca Lacantun, 24. v. 1984, Barrera et. al. — 1 male (IBUNAM) [paratypes]; Palenque, Río Chacamax-Nututum, 17 ° 29 ' 10 " N, 91 ° 58 ' 24 " W, 15. vii. 1998 R. Barba — 2 males (IBUNAM); Oaxaca: Rta. Juchitan-Tehuantepec a 17 km de Tehuantepec, 23. vii. 1978, J. Bueno-Soria — 1 male (IBUNAM); 23. v. 1981, J. Bueno-Soria — 1 female (IBUNAM). Distribution. Belize and Mexico.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFBA49402FC0B9CFE51FEEF.taxon	description	Figs. 86, 142	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFBA49402FC0B9CFE51FEEF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body brown with clusters of grey setae on apex of head; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view lanceolate, curved mesad; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin truncate, mesal margin sinuate, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, broad, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view broadly rhombate, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, mediumsized, sclerotized spines. Material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Puerto Rico, 26 ° 48 ' 00 " S, 55 ° 02 ' 00 " W, 4 – 8. iv. 1971, C & O Flint — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Argentina.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF9A49502FC09EEFE45F891.taxon	description	Figs. 87, 97 A, 121	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDF9A49502FC09EEFE45F891.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5.5 mm, n = 69. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering into curved lanceolate rods; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view digitate, curved ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and basally broad, in lateral view digitate, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, shape almost deltoid, ventral branches, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, dorsolateral arm downturned and curved dorsad; endothecal membrane with 4 medium-sized, highly sclerotized spines, 2 median spines fused roughly midway and curved laterad, outer spines curved mesad. Material examined. MEXICO: Chiapas: trib [utary] to Rio de Teapa on Mex. 195, 1.5 mi. N Ixhuatan, 23. xii. 1983, Hamilton, Holzenthal & Kovach — 21 males [paratypes] (NMNH); Cascada Misolja, 20 km S Palenque, 17 – 18. v. 1981, C & O Flint — 11 males, 8 females [paratypes] (NMNH) (IBUNAM); Cascada de Misolja, 18. v. 1981, J. Bueno-Soria — 1 male [holotype] (IBUNAM), 2 females [paratypes] (IBUNAM); Río Lacanja, 19. v. 1981, J. Bueno-Soria — 8 males, 1 female [paratypes] (IBUNAM); Palenque, Río Chacamax- Nututum, 17 ° 29 ' 10 " N, 91 ° 58 ' 24 " W, 15. vii. 1998, R. Barba — 3 males [paratypes] (IBUNAM); Tecpatan, 30. viii. 1946, A. Dampf — 3 males [paratype] (INHS); Morelos: San Rafael Vicente Aranda, 18. vi. 1982, H. Velasco — 1 female [paratype] (IBUNAM); 12. vii. 1982, H. Velasco — 1 female [paratype] (IBUNAM); Tabasco: Río Puyacatengo, Grutas Cocona, 7. iii. 1988, R. Barba, Barrera, Cadena — 8 males [paratypes] (IBUNAM); Teapa, Río Puyacatengo, 17 ° 32 ' 47 " N, 92 ° 55 ' 52 " W, 11. x. 1996, Bueno-Soria, Santiago, Barba, Contreras — 1 male [paratype] (IBUNAM). Distribution. Mexico.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFFA49102FC09EEFC0DFF37.taxon	description	Figs. 88, 138	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFFA49102FC09EEFC0DFF37.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.3 – 4.5 mm, n = 64. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings yellow with small patches of brown setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view subquadrate, anterior margin supramedially convex, posterior margin submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, becoming straight, posterior margin highly convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, apex turned dorsad; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, stout, with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view subquadrate, apex truncate, broadening mesally and laterally, apicolateral margin produced posterolaterad, in some specimens not as broad apically; in caudal view setose base digitate, apex quadrate, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, ventral margin of process subacute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, with dorsal and ventral margins convex and concave, respectively and apex acute; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin acute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, broad, in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering posterad, apex rounded and turned anterodorsad; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex of phallic sclerite, apex directed dorsolaterad, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, sclerotized spines. Material examined. COLOMBIA: Antioquia: Río Claro, [5 ° 35 ' 24 " N, 75 ° 52 ' 02 " W], 3. v. 1984, U Matthias — 1 male; Valle del Cauca, Río Raposo, [3 ° 53 ' 36 " N, 77 ° 04 ' 11 " W], i. 1965, V. H. Lee — 21 males, 6 females; COSTA RICA: Puntarenas: 9 mi NW Esparta, [9 ° 59 ' 00 " N, 84 ° 40 ' 00 " W], 22. vii. 1965, P J Spangler — 1 male (NMNH); ECUADOR: El Oro: 9 mi South of Santa Rosa, 3 ° 27 ' 00 " S, 79 ° 58 ' 00 " W, 23. i. 1955, Schlinger & Ross — 1 male (CAS currently at INHS) (holotype); Los Rios: Quevedo (56 km N), Rio Palenque Biological Station, 01 ° 01 ' 59 " S, 079 ° 27 ' 00 " W, 250 m, 28 – 29. vii. 1976, J Cohen — 10 males; PANAMA: Colón: Canal Zone, Gamboa, Pipeline Road, [8 ° 30 ' 00 " N, 79 ° 58 ' 00 " W], 3. v. 1984, W W Wirth — 5 male & females (NMNH); VENEZUELA: Portuguesa: Río Las Marias at Finca Los Cerajones, ca. 5 km NE Potrero, 9 ° 12 ' 20 " N, 69 ° 42 ' 27 " W, 270 m, 25. iii. 1997, Holzenthal & Flecker — 4 males, 14 females (UMSP); Zulia: Caño Carichuano, 3.4 km SE Carbones del Guasare, 11 ° 00 ' 07 " N, 72 ° 17 ' 06 " W, 70 m, 12 – 13. i. 1994, Holzenthal Cressa & Rincón — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, and Venezuela. Remarks. Type never deposited at CAS, currently at INHS.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFDA48F02FC0854FB16FF37.taxon	description	Figs. 89, 136 Polyplectropus maculatus is most similar to P. banksianus Flint in the shapes of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage, mesoventral process of preanal appendage, and sternum IX. It also resembles P. elongatus (Yamamoto) in the shape of the phallus and presence of elongate, stout spines, and in the shape and direction of the intermediate appendage. Polyplectropus maculatus differs from P. banksianus in the subapical expansion of the ventral margin of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage and in the presence of elongate spines in the endothecal membrane of the phallus (spines more than 2 x as long as in P. banksianus). Polyplectropus maculatus can be distinguished from P. elongatus in the more acute apex of the ventral branch (rounded in P. elongatus) and expanded apex of the dorsal branch (being cylindrical in P. elongatus) of the inferior appendage. Also, the endothecal spines in the phallus are more robust in P. maculatus. Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 5.1 mm, n = 99. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view slightly broad basally, tapering into curved rods; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view rectangular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, with apicoventral margin produced ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin sinuate, entire, posterior margin angled and truncate, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, mesal margin slightly convex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering ventrally; in dorsal view digitate, extending beyond apex, apex directed medially, apex rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDFDA48F02FC0854FB16FF37.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Territorio Federal Amazonas [Estado Amazonas]: Cerro de la Neblina, Basecamp, 00 ° 51 ' N, 66 ° 10 ' W, 140 m 19. iii. 1984, Flint & Louton — (UMSP 000107510) (NMNH). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Territorio Federal Amazonas [Estado Amazonas]: Cerro de la Neblina, Basecamp, 140 m, 24. xi. – 1. xii. 1984, R L Brown — 1 male (NMNH); Cerro de la Neblina, Basecamp, 00 ° 51 ' N, 66 ° 10 ' W, 140 m, 4 – 12. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 31 males (NMNH); 13 – 20. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 3 males, 1 female (NMNH); 21 – 29. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 11 males (NMNH); 21 – 28. ii. 1985, Spangler, Faitoute & Steiner — 1 female (NMNH); in rainforest, 20. ii. 1985, Spangler, Faitoute & Steiner — 1 male (NMNH); 13 – 20. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 1 female (NMNH); 21 – 29. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 8 females; 4 – 12. ii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 11 females (NMNH); Agua Blanca, 00 ° 49 ' 00 " N, 66 ° 08 ' 00 " W, 160 m, 20 – 21. iii. 1984, Flint & Louton — 9 males, 7 females (UMSP); Camp IV, 00 ° 58 ' 00 " N, 65 ° 57 ' 00 " W, 760 m, 15 – 18. iii. 1984, O S Flint — 5 males (NMNH); Cerro de la Neblina, small stream east side of basecamp, 00 ° 51 ' 00 " N, 66 ° 10 ' 00 " W, 140 m, 20 – 24. iii. 1984, Flint & Louton — 5 males, 2 females (NMNH); Cerro de la Neblina, Basecamp, 00 ° 50 ' 00 " N, 66 ° 09 ' 44 " W, 140 m, 1 – 10. iii. 1984, Davis & McCabe — 4 males (NMNH). Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. This species is named for the lighter colored mottling on the forewing.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE3A48F02FC084EFCA2F891.taxon	description	Figs. 90, 136	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE3A48F02FC084EFCA2F891.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 5. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid to rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view slightly broad basally, tapering into curved rods; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, apex acute; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, sinuate, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view broadly rhombate, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex oblong; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, elongate, sclerotized spines, form from Peru has slightly more basally robust spines and slightly longer than holotype. Material examined. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Laguna Superior de Juchitán, 30. iv. 1932, A. Dampf — 4 males (holotype & paratypes) (INHS). PERU: [Oxapampa]: Puerto Bermudez, Río Pichis, 15. vii. 1920 [No data about collector] — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Mexico and Peru. Remarks. We identified the specimen from Peru as P. oaxaquensis. Apart from slight differences in the phallic spines (specimen from Peru had slightly wider and longer spines), we did not find substantial differences to warrant the Peruvian specimen to be recognized as new and different from P. oaxaquensis. Further collecting may reveal P. oaxaquensis to be present in Central America and Northern South America. On the other hand, more specimens collected from Peru may reveal additional characters we may have overlooked, warranting the description of a new species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE1A48A02FC09EEFDBBFA67.taxon	description	Figs. 91, 131	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE1A48A02FC09EEFDBBFA67.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 – 7 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and yellow; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view broadly deltoid, anterior margin concave, posterior margin highly convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like and stout, with long basal setae; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering into curved lanceolate rods, directed laterad; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, laterally flattened, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with basodorsal digitate lobe, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with basal, digitate, setose dorsolateral projection. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally setose and broader, becoming highly curved, directed anterad beyond half of IX segment, recurved posteromesally; in ventral view narrow, basally sclerotized with digitate, laterally directed lobe, narrowing and recurving apically, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, posterior margin rounded to truncate, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view acute; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material examined. PERU: Cuzco: Paucartambo, Paucartambo to Pilcopata rd., streamlet 50 m E Quita Calzon, 1050 m, 26. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 male (NMNH); Huanuco: Tingo Maria, Huallaga River, 24 – 27. ix. 1955, Roback — 1 male (INHS) [holotype]. Distribution. Peru. Remarks. The holotype is in moderately poor condition. The inferior appendage has become detached from the rest of the genital capsule.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE6A48802FC0C9EFEABFA5F.taxon	description	Figs. 92, 97 C, 122	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE6A48802FC0C9EFEABFA5F.taxon	description	Polyplectropus santiago conforms closely to other species in the group and is similar to P. hamulus Flint in the size and shape of the phallic spines as well as similarities in the shape of the ventral branch of inferior appendage. However, P. santiago is easily distinguished from P. hamulus and other members of the group by a shorter, laterally directed, and basally broader intermediate appendage. Additionally, the dorsal phallic sclerite is apically broad and highly sinuate (directed ventrad). Adult. Length of forewing 6 – 6.5 mm, n = 54. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and yellow; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, basally broad and narrowing apically, with long basal setae and few scattered subapically; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to acute apex; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, laterally flattened, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed medially, with apex curved posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, bearing dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, directed posterodorsad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, basally broad, in lateral view ovate, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view broadly rhombate, mesal margin straight, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex large, subquadrate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 stout, medium-sized, laterally directed, sclerotized spines. Material examined. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Villa Santiago, 250 m, 22. vi. 1940 Hoogstraal — 1 male [holotype] (INHS); Municipio de Allende, Raíces, Río Ramos, 25 ° 15 ' 00 " N, 100 ° 02 ' 00 " W, 28. v. 1985, Bueno- Soria & Contreras — 1 male (IBUNAM); San Luis Potosí: El Salto Falls, 19. vi. 1962, Mockford — 2 males; UNITED STATES: Texas: Bandera County: Sabinal River @ FM 337, 14 mi E Leakey, 13. x. 1995, Moulton & Abbot — 11 males (DRC); Winans Creek @ TX Hwy 16 ca. 4 mi N. Bandera, 12. iv. 1992, Moulton & Stewart — 9 males (DRC); Blanco County: Pedernales River, in Pedernales Falls State Park, downstream falls @ picnic area, 244 m, 24. vii. 1985, Brigham & Brower — 2 males (INHS); Kerr County: North Fork, Guadalupe River @ TX 1340 about 7 mi w intersection of TX 1340 & TX 39 (Bee Caves Creek), 30 ° 03 ' 25 " N, 99 ° 25 ' 10 " W, 561 m, 23. vii. 1985, Brigham & Brower — 2 males (INHS); Guadalupe River @ Kerrville, 0.1 mi downstream TX 16 in Louise Hays Park, 30 ° 02 ' 40 " N, 99 ° 08 ' 25 " W, 488 m, 24. vii. 1985, A. Brower — 1 males; Uvalde County: Nueces River, 18 mi NW Uvalde @ 19 mi crossing on TX 55, 29 ° 23 ' 45 " N, 100 ° 00 ' 05 " W, 335 m, 4. ix. 1986, AR Brigham — 23 males; Val Verde County: Devils River, Riffle 0.6 at upstream, TX 163 @ Rakers Crossings, 20 mi N. Comstock (Bakers Crossing 7.5 map), 29 ° 58 ' 10 " N, 101 ° 09 ' 20 " W, 457 m, 22. vii. 1985, Brigham & Brower — 2 males (DRC). Distribution. Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, USA (Texas) (Bueno-Soria 1990; Flint et al. 1999).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE4A48602FC0F76FE3CFC47.taxon	description	Figs. 93, 136	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE4A48602FC0F76FE3CFC47.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; mottled wing (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obcordate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view lanceolate, base circular; in caudal view lanceolate, elongate, apically curved, directed posterolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process short, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, posteromedially with short spine and bearing basal and dorsal microsetae; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin sinuate, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process cuspidate, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, slightly curved apically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin sinuate, slightly undulate, posterior margin angled, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad, in lateral view ovate, broadly narrowing posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly convex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane with 2 thin, medium-sized spines. Material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: Rio Marauiá, Endstation langer Cachoeira, Flussss tritt hier aus dem Gebirge mit starkem Gefälle, 28. i. 1963, E. J. Fittkau — 1 male (NMNH) [holotype]. Distribution. Brazil.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDEAA48402FC0D7EFDC9FEBF.taxon	description	Fig. 94, 121	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDEAA48402FC0D7EFDC9FEBF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.5 mm, n = 9. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin convex, medially shallowly emarginate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, bipartite, with long basal setae and few scattered apically, with shorter dorsal lanceolate rod and twice as long ventral lanceolate rod, both, directed ventrolaterad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, with apicoventral margin produced ventrad and curved ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex and subapically concave, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and broad, in lateral view obovate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly convex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, dorsally bearing anteriorly directed, stout sclerotized spine, apex oblong; endothecal membrane with 3 to 4, stout, medium-sized, highly curved spines. Material examined. MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocosingo, Reserva Montes Azules, 23. iv. 1986, R. Barba — 6 males, 3 females (IBUNAM) (paratypes). Distribution. Mexico. Remarks. The holotype was not examined since the former keeper of Trichoptera at IBUNAM, Joaquin Bueno-Soria, was unable to locate it.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE8A48402FC08D6FBF9F889.taxon	description	Figs. 95, 121 Polyplectropus zamoranoensis is most similar to P. zaragozai Bueno in several aspects of the male genitalia, particularly in the inferior appendage and superficially in the phallus. Polyplectropus zamoranoensis can be distinguished from P. zaragozai by the number, shape and direction of the endothecal spines in the phallus; 2 short, ventrally curved in P. zamoranoensis and 6 medium-sized spines in P. zaragozai on the whole directed posterad. Additionally, the dorsolateral arm of the phallic sclerite is relatively larger and directed dorsad in P. zamoranoensis and the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage is also longer. Adult. Length of forewing 6.5 mm, n = 4. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex and sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view slightly broad basally, tapering into curved rods; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally broad and narrowing apically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate, dorsolateral arm of phallic sclerite apically acute and extending beyond apex of sclerite and directed dorsolaterad; endothecal membrane with 2 short, ventraddirected spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE8A48402FC08D6FBF9F889.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: HONDURAS: El Zamorano, 8. iv. 1966, G. F. Freytag — (UMSP 000100919) (NMNH). Paratypes: HONDURAS: El Zamorano, 8. iv. 1966, G. F. Freytag — 3 females (NMNH). Distribution. Honduras. Etymology. This species is named for the type locality and the world recognized Institution therein located, which bears the same name, Zamorano. Remarks. This species was originally part of the paratype series of P. zaragozai.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE9A48002FC0E29FC44FCE7.taxon	description	Figs. 96, 121	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDE9A48002FC0E29FC44FCE7.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 6 – 6.5 mm, n = 16. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin convex and sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obtuse; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, rod-like, with long basal setae; in dorsal view slightly broad basally, tapering into curved rods; in caudal view lanceolate, curved, narrowing and becoming sclerous apically, directed mesoventrad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process bulbous, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view deltoid, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view lanceolate, basally broad and narrowing apically; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view ovate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin produced posterad into pointed apex, shallowly converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view slightly sinuate, dorsally produced subapically, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane with 6 stout sclerotized spines, a mesal pair directed posterad, a dorsobasal pair curved laterad, and an apicodorsal pair directed dorsad. Material examined. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Río Tulancingo, 60 km N. E. de Pachuca, [20 ° 07 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 44 ' 00 " W], 17. v. 1980, J. Bueno-Soria — 2 males [paratype]; 1 female (IBUNAM); Río Venados, [20 ° 24 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 58 ' 00 " W], 30. iii. 1980. P. Carter — 2 males (IBUNAM); 19. iv. 1980, P. Carter — 3 males (IBUNAM); 12. vii. 1980, P. Carter — 5 males (IBUNAM); Veracruz: Puente Soteapan, 18 ° 14 ' 00 " N, 94 ° 52 ' 00 " W, 8. xii. 1985, R. Barba — 2 males, 1 female [paratypes] (IBUNAM). Distribution. Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico (Bueno-Soria 1990).	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD92A4FE02FC0B44FC2FFBE7.taxon	description	1. Presence of an elongate, sclerotized dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage; 2. presence of a papillate lobe; 3. shape of intermediate appendage with apex turned mesally; 4. presence of microsetae interspersed throughout surface of intermediate appendage; 5. dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite tapering subapically.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD92A4FD02FC0D1EFE6EFCE7.taxon	description	Figs. 98, 99 A, B, 135 — [as Polyplectropus recurvatus (Yamamoto), Flint 1981: 16]. This species was identified by Flint (1981) as P. recurvatus (Yamamoto), however it differs from this and other species in the P. thilus group by the presence of a digitate flange bearing 3 – 4 sclerotized spines along the posteroventral margin of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage. Polyplectropus blahniki also resembles P. zuliae, new species on the overall shape of the intermediate appendage, on the rounded shape of the mesolateral process of the preanal appendage, on the shape of the phallus, and on the shape of the median papillate lobe. Additional characters distinguishing P. blahniki from P. zuliae and P. recurvatus are the presence of a short, rounded ventral branch of the inferior appendage (best observed in ventral view), the shape of the posterior margin of the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, and the more rounded shape of the intermediate appendage. The females of P. blahniki and P. zuliae are indistinguishable. Adult. Length of forewing 4.7 – 5 mm, n = 6. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view digitate. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, stout, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe very small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin angled, in caudal processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process rounded, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view deltoid, posteroventral margin produced posterad into digitate flange, bearing 3 – 4 sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, sinuate, posterior margin undulate and concave, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view oblong, narrowing posterad; in ventral view rounded, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view oblong, lateral margin narrowing medially; in lateral view oblong, narrowly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin acuminate; in lateral view clavate, curved dorsad; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view with mesal margin acutely angled posterad, meeting mesally, surface rugous. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD92A4FD02FC0D1EFE6EFCE7.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Falcón: P. N. Cueva de la Quebrada del Toro, 10 ° 49 ' 35 " N, 69 ° 07 ' 59 " W, 530 m, 11. vi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Cressa — (UMSP 000074855) (UMSP). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Aragua: Río El Limon, fish hatchery, Maracay, 10 ° 14 ' 49 " N, 67 ° 35 ' 45 " W, 19 – 20. xi. 1974, F. H. Weibezahn — 1 male (NMNH); 30. i. 1975, F. H. Weibezahn — 3 males (NMNH); 25 – 26. ii. 1975, F. H. Weibezahn — 1 female (NMNH). Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. It gives us great pleasure to name this species in honor of a great Trichopterologist, collector, and scientist, Dr. Roger J. Blahnik; who was one of the collectors of this species, and whose discussions and exchanges we value greatly.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD91A4FB02FC0A1BFD16FE97.taxon	description	Figs. 100, 126	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD91A4FB02FC0A1BFD16FE97.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.8 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate and submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, broad and membranous and with long apical setae and ventral digitate lobe; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view broadly deltoid, produced posteroventrad, directed posterolaterad, ventral projection may be papillate lobe. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, posterior margin truncate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, slightly undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin entire, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view lanceolate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. MEXICO: Veracruz: Estación de Biología — UNAM " Los Tuxtlas " unnamed stream, E. of station, 18. xii. 1983, Hamilton, Holzenthal & Kovach — 2 males [holotype] (NMNH) [paratype] (UMSP). Distribution. Mexico. Remarks. The abdomen of the holotype was not found in the vial. However, paratype were compared with the original description and illustrated.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD97A4F902FC08AEFE30FA2A.taxon	description	Figs. 101, 126 Polyplectropus cressae differs from all other species in the group by the broad dorsal branch of the inferior appendage, which has a truncate posterior margin and mesally has medial semicircular ridges, and by the broad shape of the intermediate appendage. This species superficially resembles P. deltoides in the shapes of the dorsolateral and mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 4.9 mm, n = 6. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate and submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obcordate. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, stout, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view quadrate, rounded posterad; in caudal view digitate, parallel sided, broadly rounded apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe very small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex, slightly expanding subapically; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view subquadrate with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin angled, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process subacute, with posterior margin sinuate, tapering mesally. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view broadly pandurate, with posterior margin truncate to slightly convex; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, entire, mesal margin undulate, convex, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, dorsal branch in oblique lateral view mesally with medial semicircular ridges; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin subapically produced, rapidly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view ovate, narrowing posteromesally; in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterad, broadly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin slightly obtuse; in lateral view scirrhous, curved posterad; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view with mesal margin rounded, meeting mesally. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD97A4F902FC08AEFE30FA2A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Lara: Parque Nacional Terepaima, Quebrada San Antonio, 9 ° 51 ' 45 " N, 69 ° 13 ' 06 " W, 631 m, 17. vi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Cressa — (UMSP 000074841) (UMSP). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Lara: Parque Nacional Terepaima, Quebrada San Antonio, 9 ° 51 ' 45 " N, 69 ° 13 ' 06 " W, 631 m, 17. vi. 2001, Holzenthal, Blahnik, Paprocki & Cressa — 3 males, 3 females. Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. Named in honor of Dr. Claudia Cressa, distinguished Venezuelan scientist and 1 of the collectors of this species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD95A4F702FC0F66FB7CFC3F.taxon	description	Figs. 103, 135 Polyplectropus cuzcoensis is readily distinguished from all species in the group by the cylindrical mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, which bears microsetae (hook-like in other species of the group), by the spiny apex of the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (unmodified in all other species in the group), and by the more rounded intermediate appendage. Polyplectropus cuzcoensis is similar to P. denticulus Bueno and P. deltoides (Yamamoto) on the overall shape of the inferior appendage, on the presence of a dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage, and on the overall shape of the intermediate appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 – 7.5 mm, n = 9. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate and submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to rounded apex; in caudal view rounded, directed posterodorsad; median papillate lobe small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering into acute apex, with small apical, scale-like spines; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view cylindrical, directed ventrad, ventral margin concave, posterior margin angled; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, with basolateral margin produced laterad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, apex truncate to rounded; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin undulate, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad, bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex truncate tapering ventrally; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Similar to the female of P. blahniki.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD95A4F702FC0F66FB7CFC3F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: PERU: Cuzco: Paucartambo to Pilcopata rd., river at Puente Unión, 13 ° 04 ' 13 " S, 71 ° 34 ' 00 " W, 1670 m, 21 – 23. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — (UMSP 000107432) (NMNH). Paratypes: PERU: Cuzco: Paucartambo to Pilcopata rd., river at Puente Unión, 13 ° 04 ' 13 " S, 71 ° 34 ' 00 " W, 1670 m, 21 – 23. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 2 males, 4 females (NMNH); Paucartambo to Pilcopata rd., Río San Pedro at Puente San Pedro, 13 ° 03 ' 18 " S, 71 ° 32 ' 47 " W, 1445 m, 24. vi. 1993, Blahnik & Pescador — 1 male, 1 female (UMSP). Distribution. Peru. Etymology. Named for the type locality, Cuzco, the former capital city of the Inca Empire.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9BA4F502FC0D56FD09FC6F.taxon	description	Figs. 104, 125	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9BA4F502FC0D56FD09FC6F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.2 – 8 mm, n = 30. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view oblong; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process subacute, with ventrolateral margin entire. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, posterior margin variable, from truncate to rounded; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, slightly convex, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view clavate, rounded posterad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin straight, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex tapering ventrally; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Typical of the group. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Cartago: Reserva Tapantí, Río Grande de Orosí, 9 ° 41 ' 10 " N, 83 ° 45 ' 22 " W, 1650 m, 8 – 9. vii. 1986, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 5 males (UMSP); 18 – 21. iii. 1987, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 1 male, 5 females (UMSP); Quebrada Palmitos & falls, ca. 9 km (road) NW tunnel, 9 ° 43 ' 12 " N, 83 ° 46 ' 48 " W, 1400 m, 2 – 3. vi. 1990, Holzenthal, Blahnik & Muñoz — 1 male (UMSP); Puntarenas: Río Bellavista, ca. 1.5 km NW Las Alturas, 8 ° 57 ' 04 " N, 82 ° 50 ' 46 " W, 1400 m, 18. ii. 1986, Holzenthal, Morse & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); 15 – 17. vi. 1986, Holzenthal, Heyn & Armitage — 2 males (UMSP); 8 – 9. iv. 1987, Holzenthal, Hamilton & Heyn — 1 male (UMSP); 2 – 3. viii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male (UMSP); 10 – 11. viii. 1990, Holzenthal Blahnik & Muñoz — 3 males (UMSP); Reserva Bosque Nubosa Monte Verde, Quebrada Cuecha, 10 ° 18 ' 36 " N, 84 ° 47 ' 24 " W, 1550 m, 28. ii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); PANAMA: Chiriquí: Fortuna Dam Site nr. Hornitos, 8 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 82 ° 16 ' 00 " W, 1050 m, 17. v. – 25. vii. 1978, H. Wolda — 3 males, 2 females (NMNH); Cerro Punta, 4. xi. 1955, R. M. Altman — 4 males [holotype] (, INHS). Distribution. Costa Rica and Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD99A4F302FC0AA6FA92FD87.taxon	description	Figs. 105, 127	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD99A4F302FC0AA6FA92FD87.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 5.5 mm, n = 16. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; setae on wings yellow with small patches of brown setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate and submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and submedially concave; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long setae throughout; in dorsal view subquadrate; in caudal view digitate, directed posterolaterad; median papillate lobe small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with ventrolateral margin produced ventrad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, posterior margin truncate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin slightly undulate, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex oblong; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: Quebrada Garcia, 10.6 km ENE Quebrada Grande, 10 ° 51 ' 43 " N, 85 ° 25 ' 41 " W, 470 m, 8. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Quebrada Alcornoque, El Hacha, 11 ° 00 ' 32 " N, 85 ° 34 ' 37 " W, 250 m, 26. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 1 male (UMSP); Río Orosí, Estación Pitilla, 10 ° 59 ' 28 " N, 85 ° 25 ' 41 " W, 700 m, 22 – 25. v. 1990, Holzenthal & Blahnik — 1 male (UMSP); Heredia: Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Río Peje, Puesto El Ceiba, 10 ° 19 ' 37 " N, 84 ° 04 ' 41 " W, 480 m, 29 – 31. v. 1990, Holzenthal, Blahnik & Muñoz — 1 male (UMSP); [Limón]: Río General, Pacuare, 1. vii. 1967, Flint & Ortiz — 1 male [holotype] (NMNH) [“ USNM Type No. 104449 ”]; Puntarenas: Río Jaba, rock quarry, 1.4 km (air) W Las Cruces, 8 ° 47 ' 24 " N, 82 ° 58 ' 12 " W, 1150 m, 15. iii. 1991, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Huisman — 3 males, 1 female (UMSP); San Miguel, 10 – 14. xi. 1991, F. A. Quesada — 3 males (UMSP); San José: Reserva Biológica Carara, Río del Sur, 1.5 km (rd) S Carara, 9 ° 46 ' 08 " N, 84 ° 31 ' 52 " W, 160 m, 13. iii. 1991, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Huisman — 1 male (UMSP); NICARAGUA: Jinotega: Cerro Muzú, 14 ° 33 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 07 ' 00 " W, 220 m, 7 – 10. ix. 1997, Maes & Hernandez — 1 male (MEL). Distribution. Costa Rica, Mexico (Bueno-Soria 1990), and Nicaragua. Remarks. The right dorsal branch of the inferior appendage and the left mesoventral process of the preanal appendage of the holotype are broken. Paratypes from Alajuela were actually P. yolandae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9FA4F302FC0BC4FEE5F819.taxon	description	Figs. 106, 125 Polyplectropus insularis is very distinctive and easily distinguished from all other species in the group by the much more robust intermediate appendage and enlarged ventrally positioned papillate lobe. This species resembles P. puyoensis, new species in having the dorsal and ventral branches of the inferior appendage shallowly fused and on the overall shape of the dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimen preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with median flange and convex. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view membrane surrounding phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, robust bearing apical setae; in dorsal view rounded, produced ventromesally into enlarged papillate lobe; in caudal view bipartite, dorsolateral digitate lobe produced ventromesally into dorsally curved papillate lobe. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view oblong; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin sinuate, posterior margin concave; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process acute, with sclerotized point and with ventrolateral margin slightly produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, apex truncate; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, convex, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view oblong and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex truncate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; endothecal membrane without embedded spines.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9FA4F302FC0BC4FEE5F819.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: PANAMA: Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino Trail, marker 3, 27. ix. – 30. x. 1989, H. Wolda — (UMSP 000100586) (NMNH). Distribution. Panama. Etymology. Named is in reference to the type locality, Barro Colorado Island. “ Insularis ” is the Latin word for “ island ”.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9CA4EE02FC0E4EFE7CFB9F.taxon	description	Figs. 107, 126	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD9CA4EE02FC0E4EFE7CFB9F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 mm, n = 2. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with median flange and sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, setose; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to subacute apex; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad, basoventrally membrane surrounding phallocrypt. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, posteromesally again, and tapering laterally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, directed posterodorsad; in ventral view broad, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin undulate, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, dorsal branch in oblique lateral view with small submedial lobe; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally and medially; in lateral view lanceolate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowly oblong; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Limón: Reserva Biológica Hitoy-Cerere, Río Cerere, Est [acion] Miramar, 9 ° 40 ' 16 " N, 83 ° 01 ' 41 " W, 90 m, 23 – 24. iii. 1987, Holzenthal, Hamilton & Heyn — 1 male [holotype] (UMSP). Reserva Biológica Barbilla, Río Dantas, 15 km (rd) S Pacuarito, 9 ° 59 ' 38 " N, 83 ° 26 ' 35 " W, 300 m, 27 – 30. i. 1992, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Kjer — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Costa Rica.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD82A4EC02FC0DB6FDDCFDAF.taxon	description	Figs. 108, 135	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD82A4EC02FC0DB6FDDCFDAF.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.4 mm, n = 5. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin entire; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to acute apex; in caudal view digitate, short, curved apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view broadly convex; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process truncate. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, bearing medial apical spine; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view digitate, rounded posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin acutely angled, ungulate, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. TRINIDAD: Northern Range, stream just below Blue Basin Waterfall, 17. iv. 1991, L. Botosaneanu & D. Sakal [holotype] (ZMUA); Maracas River, 10 – 11. xii. 1990, coll. University of West Indies — 2 male, 1 female [paratypes] (NMNH); TOBAGO: Roxborough 5.9 km N, C 2 / 4, 11 ° 17 ' 00 " N, 60 ° 35 ' 00 " W, 400 m, 15 – 16. vi. 1993, Adams & Mathis — 1 male (NMNH); Bloody Bay, River tributary, Forest Reserve, 29. iv. 1996, D. Bass — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Trinidad & Tobago.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD80A4ED02FC0BE6FCFBF80F.taxon	description	Figs. 109, 135 Polyplectropus puyoensis is easily recognized by the shallowly fused dorsal and ventral branches of the inferior appendage and a basally broad dorsal branch. In addition, the ventral branches are broadly separated from each other (closer in other species in the group) (best seen in ventral view) and have basomesal peg-like setae (absent or not as large in other species). In overall genitalic features, particularly the intermediate and preanal appendages, this species is most similar to P. recurvatus (Yamamoto). Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5 mm, n = 7. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, elongate, apically curved, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose, in lateral view hook-like, with ventraddirected sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view subquadrate, apex truncate to slightly rounded; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin acute, mesal margin undulate, convex, shallowly fused to ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view digitate and almost forming a continuous structure with dorsal branch, rounded posterad; in ventral view rounded, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view truncate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. blahniki.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD80A4ED02FC0BE6FCFBF80F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: ECUADOR: Pastaza: Puyo (16 kms. W), 3. ii. 1976, P. J. Spangler (UMSP 000107553) (NMNH). Paratypes: ECUADOR: Pastaza: Puyo (12 Kms. W), 9. v. 1977, Spangler & Givens — 1 male (NMNH); Estación Fluvial Metrica, Puyo (27 km N), 4. ii. 1976, Spangler et al. — 2 males, 3 females (NMNH). Distribution. Ecuador. Etymology. Named for the type locality, Puyo in Ecuador.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD86A4E902FC09EEFD47FDF7.taxon	description	Figs. 110 – 112, 135	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD86A4E902FC09EEFD47FDF7.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.3 mm, n = 5. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, stout, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, elongate, apically curved, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe small, flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view digitate, apex tapering posterad (shape of apex may vary), in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process rounded (may appear truncate in some). Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, with ventral margin undulate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin with submedial flange, entire, mesal margin undulate, straight, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch, variable form with apical stout, spine-like setae; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate to rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Typical of species group. Material Examined. COLOMBIA: Tolima: 18 mi. W Honda, 16. iii. 1955, Schlinger & Ross — 1 male [holotype] (INHS); ECUADOR: Cotopaxi: Latacunga, 133 km W, 329 m, 2. vii. 1975, Langley & Cohen — 1 male, 3 females [variant] (NMNH); Los Rios, Quevedo (56 km N), Rio Palenque Biological Station, 250 m, 28 – 29. vii. 1976, J. Cohen — 1 male [variant] (NMNH); VENEZUELA: Lara: Parque Nacional Terepaima, Río Auro near Sabana Alta, 9 ° 44 ' 44 " N, 69 ° 16 ' 37 " W, 480 m, 16. vi. 2001, Holzenthal Blahnik, Paprocki & Cressa — 1 male [variant] (UMSP). Distribution. Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Remarks. Polyplectropus recurvatus from Ecuador differs from the Colombian and Venezuelan forms by the presence of elongate, apical spine-like setae on the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (Fig. 111). The Venezuelan form differs from the Colombian form only in minor variations in the shapes of the intermediate appendage, inferior appendage, and the mesoventral process of the preanal appendage. The only specimen from Ecuador is slightly damaged and several features of the male genitalia were difficult to observe. Type was never deposited at CAS, currently at INHS.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD85A4E702FC0B0EFDDCFE97.taxon	description	Figs. 17 E, 113, 125	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD85A4E702FC0B0EFDDCFE97.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 6.5 – 7 mm, n = 5. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin sinuate and submedially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange and sinuate. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage and fused along membrane to mesoventral process of preanal appendage, digitate, with long basal setae; in dorsal view digitate and broad, tapering mesoventrally to subacute apex; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view orbicular, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose membrane surrounding phallocrypt; in lateral view hooklike with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process acute, with sclerotized point and basally broad. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, apex concave; in ventral view broad, lateral margin apically produced, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing robust, sclerotized spines basally; in lateral view lanceolate, narrowing posterodorsad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex narrowly oblong; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material Examined. MEXICO: Chiapas: Río Contento, 7 km N. Ocosingo, 20. v. 1981, C & O Flint — 1 male, 1 female (IBUNAM); Colón (Lagartero), 14 ° 50 ' 15 " N, 92 ° 15 ' 00 " W, 6. iv. 1979, J Bueno-Soria — 1 male (IBUNAM); Jalisco: 17 mi S. of Mazamitla, 5. xii. 1948, E. S. Ross — 1 male (CAS) [holotype] [type no. 9464]; NICARAGUA: Estelí: Area Protegida Miraflor, Quebrada Grande, 13 ° 13 ' 20 " N, 86 ° 15 ' 33 " W, 1200 m, 19. vii. 2000, Chamorro & Lacayo — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Mexico, Nicaragua.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8BA4E402FC08AEFA8EF833.taxon	description	Figs. 99 C, D, 114, 130 This species is most similar to P. pugiunculatus Botosaneanu, but differs in the presence of a shortened dorsolateral process of the preanal appendage (elongate in P. pugiunculatus), by the narrower mesoventral process of the preanal appendage and intermediate appendage. Polyplectropus venezolanus also differs from other members of the group by the presence of 2 apicoventral peg-like setae on the interior margin (mesal margin) of the dorsal branch of the inferior appendage (1 present in P. pugiunculatus). Adult. Length of forewing 5 mm, n = 3. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin entire; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to subacute apex; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process short, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate, with ventral margin undulate, bearing several apical, sclerotized spines; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin slightly convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin convex, rapidly converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view emarginate; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Ventral plates of segment VIII setose, in ventral view oblong, medial margin narrowing posterolaterally; in lateral view oblong, narrowly fused to sternite VIII; external part of gonopod of segment VIII in ventral view with posterior margin obcordate; in lateral view acute, curved dorsad; internal part of gonopod sclerotized, in ventral view with mesal margin linear. Tergum IX devoid of setae, lightly sclerotized. Segment X setose, apically bearing a pair of sclerotized cerci surrounded by 2 pairs of membranous digitate processes. Genital chamber opening to processus spermathecae through sclerotized circular opening of ductus spermathecae.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8BA4E402FC08AEFA8EF833.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Sucre: Rio Cocollar, 1.5 km SE Las Piedras de Cocollar, 10 ° 09 ' 37 " N, 63 ° 47 ' 36 " W, 810 m, 7 – 8. iv. 1995, Holzenthal & Flint (UMSP). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Sucre: Q [ue] b [ra] d [a] Zapateral, 1.5 km SE Las Piedras de Cocollar, 10 ° 09 ' 45 " N, 63 ° 47 ' 35 " W, 810 m, 9. iv. 1995, Holzenthal & Flint — 1 female (NMNH); Rio Cocollar, 1.5 km SE Las Piedras de Cocollar, 10 ° 09 ' 37 " N, 63 ° 47 ' 36 " W, 810 m, 7 – 8. iv. 1995, Holzenthal & Flint — 1 male (UMSP). Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. This species is named for the country of Venezuela, type locality of the species.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD89A4E202FC09EEFC80F87F.taxon	description	Figs. 115, 130	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD89A4E202FC09EEFC80F87F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4.8 – 5 mm, n = 25. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin entire; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, digitate, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view broad, tapering mesoventrally to subacute apex; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view broadly convex; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, directed ventrad, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process acute. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate (variable form from Nicaragua has broader dorsal branch and is larger overall), posteroventral margin produced medially; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing robust, sclerotized spines along entire dorsal surface; in lateral view digitate, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Typical of species group. Material Examined. COSTA RICA: Alajuela: Parque Nacional Rincón de la Vieja, Quebrada Provisión, 10 ° 46 ' 08 " N, 85 ° 16 ' 52 " W, 810 m, 4. iii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male (UMSP); unnamed river, Cerro Campana ca. 6 km (air) NW Dos Rios, 10 ° 54 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 24 ' 00 " W, 640 m, 15 – 16. ii. 1986, Holzenthal & Fasth — 1 male, 1 female (UMSP) (used to be paratypes of P. denticulus); Reserva Forestal San Ramón, Río San Lorencito & tribs., 10 ° 12 ' 58 " N, 84 ° 36 ' 25 " W, 980 m, 30. iii. – 1. iv. 1987, Holzenthal, Hamilton & Heyn — 2 males; 13 – 16. vi. 1988, C. & O. Flint and Holzenthal — 1 male; 6 – 10. iii. 1991, Holzenthal, Muñoz & Huisman — 2 males; Guanacaste: Parque Nacional Guanacaste, Río Tempisquito, Maritza, 10 ° 57 ' 29 " N, 85 ° 29 ' 49 " W, 550 m, 19 – 20. vii. 1987, Holzenthal, Morse & Clausen — 2 males; 30 – 31. viii. 1990, Huisman Blahnik & Quesada — 9 males, 2 females?; Estación Maritza, Río Tempisquito, 10 ° 57 ' 29 " N, 85 ° 29 ' 49 " W, 550 m, 13 – 16. vii. 1992, F. Muñoz-Quesada — 4 male (INBIO); Río Tempisquito Sur, Maritza, 10 ° 57 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 28 ' 48 " W, 600, 30 – 31. viii. 1990, coll. Huisman & Quesada — 3 males; Río Orosí, Estación Pitilla, 10 ° 59 ' 28 " N, 85 ° 25 ' 41 " W, 700 m, 22 – 25. v. 1990, Holzenthal & Blahnik — 1 male; ca. 0.7 km N Est [acion] Maritza, 10 ° 57 ' 36 " N, 85 ° 30 ' 00 " W, 550 m, 31. viii. 1990, Huisman & Quesada — 1 male; Heredia: Rara Avis Biol [ogical] Stat [ation] Quebrada Chiquiza, 31. iii. 1989, Blahnik and Solis — 1 male; NICARAGUA: Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte [Zelaya]: Cerro Saslaya, 13 ° 44 ' 00 " N, 85 ° 01 ' 00 " W, 700 m, iv. 1996, Maes & Hernandez — 2 males, 4 females (NMNH) (variable inferior appendage and mesoventral process of preanal appendage); PANAMA: Chiriquí: Fortuna Dam Site nr. Hornitos, 8 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 82 ° 16 ' 00 " W, 1050 m, 25. iv. – 1. v. 1979, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH); Panama: Barro Colorado Island, Snyder-Molino Trail, marker 3, 22 – 28. xi. 1978, H. Wolda — 1 male (NMNH). Distribution. Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8FA4E002FC09EEFEC6FA8F.taxon	description	Figs. 116, 130 This species is very similar to P. yolandae Chamorro-Lacayo & Holzenthal in the overall shape of the preanal and inferior appendages and in the shape of the phallus. However, P. zuliae differs in having an apically acute mesoventral process of the preanal appendage, a rounded intermediate appendage, and a narrower dorsal branch of the inferior appendage. Adult. Length of forewing 4.5 – 5 mm, n = 7. Color of head and thorax brown, legs yellowish-brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings golden brown along costal margin with patches of grey setae interspersed along margin and on most of wing surface. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view obcordate. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, stout, with long and short setae throughout; in dorsal view rounded; in caudal view digitate, narrowing apically, directed posteromesad; median papillate lobe flanking phallocrypt laterally, bearing small apical setae. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posteromesad then posterolaterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view broadly deltoid; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, tapering ventrally into sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view processes slightly separated, ventral margin of process cuspidate, with sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view oblong, with ventromedian flange; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, mesal margin undulate, subapically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, bearing 4 – 7 robust, sclerotized spines basally and apically; in lateral view deltoid, narrowing posterad; in ventral view deltoid, mesal margin slightly concave, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; in dorsal view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Female genitalia. Similar to female of P. blahniki.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8FA4E002FC09EEFEC6FA8F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Zulia: Los Angeles del Tucuco, 15 – 16. iv. 1981, Menke & Hollenberg (NMNH) (UMSP 000085318). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Zulia: Los Angeles del Tucuco, 15 – 16. iv. 1981, Menke & Hollenberg — 5 males, 1 female. Distribution. Venezuela. Etymology. This species is named for the province in Venezuela, Zulia, where the holotype and paratypes were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8DA4DF02FC0E76FDA7FB2F.taxon	description	Fig. 117	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDD8DA4DF02FC0E76FDA7FB2F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5.5 mm, n = 1. Color of head, thorax, and legs yellowish-brown; setae on wings brown to dark brown with scattered patches of golden setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid to slightly quadrate, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage shorter than inferior appendage, triangular, directed ventrad, with long mesolateral setae, apex bifurcate, beak-like, with sclerotized dorsal lobe and more slender, less sclerotized, closely appressed ventral lobe; in dorsal view narrowing posteriorly; in caudal view dorsal lobe rod-like, directed ventrolaterad, apex acute. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose, in dorsal and in lateral view circular; mesoventral process setose, located laterally, bulbous; in caudal view not fused basomesally, processes broadly separated, ventral margin of process rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate short and uniformly broad, not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin entire, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin entire, slightly angled, expanding posterad into shallowly fused ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, basally broad narrowing apically; in lateral view digitate, apically truncate; in ventral view quadrate to deltoid, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex acute; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; endothecal membrane with pair of medium-sized, curved spines. Material examined. VENEZUELA: T [erritorio] F [ederal] Amazonas [= Estado Amazonas]: Puerto Ayacucho (40 km S) El Tobogán, Caño Coromoto [5 ° 39 ' 50 " N, 67 ° 37 ' 25 " W], 24. i. 1989, Spangler, Faitoute & Barr — 1 male (UMSP) [paratype].	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB3A4DD02FC0C66FE7FFC3F.taxon	description	Figs. 118, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB3A4DD02FC0C66FE7FFC3F.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 4 – 5 mm, n = 20. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown (specimens preserved in alcohol). Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view rounded, anterior margin highly convex, posterior margin sinuate and medially produced; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae; in dorsal view digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage not longer than inferior appendage, bipartite, digitate, with a pair of long apical setae with 2 basal papillate lobes bearing small apical setae; in dorsal view primary lobe rounded; in caudal view primary lobe rounded, directed posterodorsad. Preanal appendage bipartite; dorsolaterally with small remnant of process; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view ovate, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin sinuate, posterior margin angled; in caudal view processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute with sclerotized point. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view pandurate; in ventral view broad, lateral margin angled, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin slightly undulate, subapically expanded, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate and broad, bearing robust, sclerotized spines medially and apically; in lateral view oblong, apically produced dorsad; in ventral view subquadrate, mesal margin slightly angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus short; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view sinuate, apex pandurate; endothecal membrane without embedded spines. Material examined. MEXICO: Guerrero: Zihuaquio, Km 95, ruta Ciudad Altamirano-Zihuatanejo, [17 ° 38 ' 00 " N, 101 ° 33 ' 00 " W], 24. vii. 1985, R Barba — 1 male (IBUNAM) [paratype]; 25. vii. 1985, R Barba — 2 males (UMSP 000100897 specimen drawn) (IBUNAM) (NMNH) [paratype]; Ruta 134, Río Placeres del Oro, [18 ° 13 ' 45 " N, 100 ° 54 ' 15 " W], 22. ii. 1984, H. Velasco — 1 male (IBUNAM) [paratype]; Morelos: Cuernavaca, [18 ° 55 ' 00 " N, 99 ° 15 ' 00 " W], 23. ii. 1932, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; 29. ii. 1932, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; 2. iii. 1932, Dampf & Plummer — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; 23 – 29. iii. 1932, Dampf & Plummer — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; 8 – 11. iv. 1932, Dampf & Plummer — 2 males (INHS) [paratype]; Cuautla, [18 ° 48 ' 00 " N, 98 ° 57 ' 00 " W], 1312 m, 27. vii. 1937, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS); [paratype] 30. viii. 1937, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; 12. ix. 1937, A. Dampf — 1 male (INHS) [paratype]; Camomilas, [18 ° 44 ' 00 " N, 99 ° 04 ' 00 " W], 9. v. 1942, A. Dampf — 7 males (INHS) [paratype]. Distribution. Mexico. Remarks. The holotype was not examined. The former curator of Trichoptera at IBUNAM, J. Bueno- Soria, was unable to locate it.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB1A4DB02FC0D56FDEEFD87.taxon	description	Figs. 16 A, 119, 134 Polyplectropus kanukarum resembles several species in the P. bredini group based on the presence of an elongate dorsolateral process, on the submedially produced anterior margin of sternum IX (lateral view), and on the clavate shape of the ventral branch of the inferior appendage (especially when viewed laterally). Polyplectropus kanukarum also resembles P. flintorum in the shape of the oblong intermediate appendage bearing few apical setae and in the shape of the inferior appendage. However, P. kanukarum can be distinguished from all other species in the genus by the undulating posterior margin of sternum IX, by the presence of a lateral, single peg-like phallic spine in the endothecal membrane, and by the deltoid ventral branch of the inferior appendage, which has a highly sclerotized apex (when viewed ventrally). Adult. Length of forewing 3.5 – 4 mm, n = 11. Color of head, thorax, and legs brown; setae on body grey and golden brown; tegulae with long, golden brown and grey setae; setae on wings darker brown along costal margin, rest of wing lighter shade of brown with scattered patches of grey setae. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin submedially produced, posterior margin undulate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin highly concave, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae; lower lip of tergum X membranous, smooth, without dorsal microsetae, digitate; in caudal view produced dorsad of phallocrypt. Intermediate appendage longer than inferior appendage, oblong, with long basal setae and few scattered apically; in dorsal view broad basally, narrowing posterolaterad; in caudal view digitate, curved, directed ventrolaterad, apex rounded. Preanal appendage tripartite; dorsolateral process elongate, originating from dorsum of mesolateral process, directed anterad, recurved posterad, tapering mesally into acute apex; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view obovate, in lateral view subquadrate; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view hook-like, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, ventral margin concave, posterior margin convex; in caudal view fused basomesally, processes separated, ventral margin of process subacute, basodorsally produced. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, with posteroventral margin slightly produced ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, entire, posterior margin subacute, mesal margin entire, angled, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, short and basally broad, in lateral view digitate, apically acute; in ventral view deltoid, posteromesal margin angled, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view cylindrical, apex truncate; apex of dorsal phallic sclerite in dorsal view rounded; dorsolateral arm of dorsal phallic sclerite in lateral view tapering subapically; when endothecal membrane is everted, a small, peg-like spine everts laterad.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB1A4DB02FC0D56FDEEFD87.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype male. GUYANA: [Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo]: Kanuku M [oun] t [ain] s, Moco Moco River, [3 ° 18 ' 02 " N, 59 ° 38 ' 54 " W] 29. iv. 1995, O S Flint — (UMSP 000107494) (NMNH). Paratypes. GUYANA: [Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo]: Kanuku M [oun] t [ain] s, Kumu River & Falls, [3 ° 15 ' 54 " N, 059 ° 43 ' 30 " W], 29. iv. 1995, O S Flint — 2 males, 2 females; Kanuku M [oun] t [ain] s, Moco Moco River, [3 ° 18 ' 02 " N, 59 ° 38 ' 54 " W] 29. iv. 1995, O S Flint — 6 males. Distribution. Guyana. Etymology. This species is named for the Kanuku mountains in the country of Guyana where the holotype and paratypes were collected.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB7A4D802FC0BBEFE45FBB1.taxon	description	Figs. 16 H, 120, 124	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
0349878BDDB7A4D802FC0BBEFE45FBB1.taxon	description	Adult. Length of forewing 5 mm, n = 1. Color of head yellow, thorax and legs yellow. Male genitalia. Sternum IX in lateral view deltoid, anterior margin entire, posterior margin sinuate; in ventral view rectangular, anterior margin entire, posterior margin with slight median flange. Tergum X membranous, oblong, bearing dorsal microsetae. Intermediate appendage as long as inferior appendage, oblong, with long basal setae; in dorsal view basally broad, tapering mesally to rounded apex; in caudal view digitate, membranous. Preanal appendage bipartite; mesolateral process setose; in dorsal view oblong, in lateral view orbicular; mesoventral process setose; in lateral view digitate, with ventrad-directed sclerotized apex, anteroventral margin concave, posterior margin rounded. Inferior appendage bipartite with anterior basal plate not extending anterad beyond sternum IX when observed in lateral view; dorsal branch setose, in lateral view clavate, curved ventrad; in ventral view narrow, lateral margin convex, undulate, posterior margin rounded, mesal margin entire, apically expanded, becoming concave, expanding posterad into ventral branch; ventral branch setose, elongate, in lateral view lanceolate, rounded posterad; in ventral view basally rectangular, abruptly narrowing apically, sclerotized apex curved posteromesad, ventral branch not visible in lateral view, gradually converging mesally. Phallus long; endothecal membrane with 3 to 4 stout, short, linear, sclerotized spines. Material examined. MEXICO: Nayarit: Compostela, [21 ° 14 ' 00 " N, 104 ° 55 ' 00 " W], 21. x. 1982, Ibarra & García — 1 male (IBUNAM) [holotype]. Distribution. Mexico.	en	Chamorro, Maria Lourdes, Holzenthal, Ralph W. (2010): 2582. Zootaxa 2582: 1-252
