identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
025787F3FFAC582EFF48E859FFC5A59A.text	025787F3FFAC582EFF48E859FFC5A59A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus cyanopodus Sigura & Justine 2008	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus cyanopodus n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 2–4)</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus cyanopodus (Richardson) (Serranidae).</p> <p>Type locality: Lagoon off Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Type specimens: Holotype, JNC1660 A3, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.25/lat -22.333334)">Passe de Dumbéa</a>, off Nouméa, New Caledonia (22°20’S, 166°15’E, 25.xi.2005).</p> <p>Material examined: 141 specimens, including 52 ‘carmine’ (c) and 17 ‘picrate’ (p).</p> <p>Material deposited: Holotype (c) and 87 paratypes (26 c, 44 uc, 17 c), MNHN, JNC546, 1625, 1626, 1660, 1661; paratypes, BMNH 2007.11.23.1. (c), 2007.11.23.2 (uc); USNPC 100398 (c), 100399 (uc); SAMA</p> <p>AHC 29294 (c), 29295 (uc); HCIP M-457 (1 c, 1 uc); SZU 2007112101-1 (c), 2007112101-2 (uc).</p> <p>Prevalence: 82 % (14/17) in all fish (Table 2); 100% (12/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 68; this species represented 9% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Etymology: From the host name.</p> <p>Description. Body wide; length h 360, c 501±96 (340–700, n = 34), width h 310, c 329±45 (240–410, n = 25). Tegument scaly; posterior region with scales on ventral and dorsal faces from squamodiscs to level of ovary and testis. Anterior region with 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots; distance between outer margins of anterior eye-spot pair h 25, c 37±9.2 (22–64, n = 35), of posterior eye-spot pair h 21, c 31±9.2 (20– 59, n = 38).</p> <p>Haptor differentiated from rest of body, less wide than body, width h 185, c 185±18 (150–230, n = 36), provided with 2 similar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets.</p> <p>Squamodiscs round in shape, made up of rows of rodlets; central rows forming closed ovals; rodlets crenate in central rows; rodlets progressively thinner from centre to periphery; rodlets adjacent in all rows except last row; last row with very thin, separated rodlets; ventral and dorsal squamodiscs similar; ventral squamodisc length h 74, c 66±6.4 (52–78, n = 35), width h 70, c 70±3.8 (63–77, n = 36), with h 15, generally 14 (11–16, n = 36) rows of rodlets and 0–1 closed oval; total number of rodlets h 192, mean 175 (162–192, n = 8, individual variations in Table 3); dorsal squamodisc, length h 77, c 68±6.0 (60–83, n = 31), width h 66, c 66±4.2 (60–80, n = 33), with h 15, generally 15 (12–15, n = 34) rows of rodlets and 0–2 closed ovals; total number of rodlets h 164, mean 169 (156–178, n = 8, individual variations in Table 3).</p> <p>* Drawn in figs 4 A, B; v, central row ‘v-shaped’ almost close; i, incomplete row.</p> <p>Ventral hamulus with thick handle and distinct guard, outer length h 36, c 38±2.0 (31–42, n = 67), p 40±1.7 (37–45, n = 31), inner length h 32, c 31±1.4 (27–34, n = 59), p 32±1.6 (29–36, n = 31). Dorsal hamulus with indistinct guard, outer length h 35, c 35±1.6 (30–38, n = 76), p 35±1.0, (32–36, n = 31), inner length h 20, c 22±1.3 (19–25, n = 69), p 21±0.9 (20–24, n = 31). Dorsal (lateral) bars straight, with flattened medial extremity and thick cylindrical lateral extremity, length h 60, c 59±3.3 (47–64, n = 76), p 61±2.8 (55–67, n = 31), maximum width c 13±2.0 (8–18, n = 66), p 16±1.4 (12–18, n = 31). Ventral bar flat, with slightly constricted median portion and blunt extremities, length h 84, c 83±3.9 (74–90, n = 38), p 87 (74–93, n = 16), maximum width h 10, c 11±1.5 (8–15, n = 38), p 13 (9–15, n = 16); groove visible on its ventral side.</p> <p>Pharynx subspherical, length h 37, c 45±4.2 (35–54, n = 38), width h 37, c 38±4.5 (30–52, n = 38). Oesophagus apparently absent, such that intestinal bifurcation immediately follows pharynx. Caeca simple, terminate blindly at level of posterior margin of vitelline field.</p> <p>Testis subspherical, intercaecal, length h 50, c 66±20 (25–110, n = 30), width h 116, c 101±32 (38–160, n = 30). Vas deferens emerges from antero-sinistral part of testis, enlarges into seminal vesicle; seminal vesicle in middle region of body, transforms into duct; duct forms bends then transforms into small bulb, followed by duct; duct enlarges then connects with quadriloculate organ. Prostatic reservoir small, connects with quadriloculate organ. Quadriloculate organ with fourth (posterior) chamber slightly more sclerotised than 3 anterior chambers; first chamber with very thin anterior wall; fourth chamber ends in short sclerotised cone, prolonged by sclerotised tube; tube slightly wider at extremity than at base; end of tube prolonged by thin unsclerotised filament of variable length. Inner length of quadriloculate organ h 53, c 51±1.9 (47–55, n = 38), p 61 (55–69, n = 15); cone length h 8, c 7±1.1 (6–10, n = 38), p 6 (5–8, n = 15); tube length h 27, c 26±1.6 (22–29, n = 39), p 26 (24–29, n = 14); tube diameter at base h 4, c 4±0.5 (3–5, n = 38), p 5 (4–5, n = 15); tube diameter at extremity h 5, c 5±0.5 (4–6, n = 38), p 5 (5–6, n = 15); filament length h 17, c 0–21 (n = 36), p 0– 21 (n = 14).</p> <p>Ovary subequatorial, intercaecal, pre-testicular, encircles right caecum. Ovary width h 70, c 77±26 (28– 150, n = 33). Oviduct passes medially to form oötype, surrounded by Mehlis’ gland; oötype short, opens into uterus. Uterus dextral. Unsclerotised vagina inconspicuous, elongate (Figure 3L). Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype inconspicuous. Vitelline fields extend posteriorly from posterior to pharyngeal level in 2 lateral bands, confluent in post-testicular region and terminate anterior to peduncle. Bilateral connections from vitelline fields to oötype inconspicuous. Egg elongate, uc 88 x 31 (80–100 x 25–37, n = 5).</p> <p>Sclerotised vagina (nomenclature of parts according to Justine 2007a; see Figure 12) sinistral, a complex sclerotised structure; aspect changes according to specimen and orientation (Figure 3). Sclerotised vagina comprises anterior trumpet, followed by straight primary canal, primary chamber and secondary chamber; trumpet in continuity with unsclerotised vagina (Figure 3L); primary canal cone-shaped; wall progressively thinner from anterior to posterior part; canal continues into primary chamber; primary chamber large, ovoid, aligned and in continuity with primary canal; wall thick; interior crest within primary chamber, transversal, approximately at mid-length; crest sometimes looking like an interior wall, but the chamber is probably never separated in two parts; secondary canal inserted on anterior part of primary chamber; secondary chamber sclerotised, spherical, ventral to primary chamber; accessory structure, curved, weakly sclerotised, inserted on secondary chamber and directed anteriorly. External surface of primary chamber smooth, internal surface of anterior part of primary chamber and of primary canal with irregular ornamentations. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype connects to secondary chamber (Figs 3L, N, O). Total length of sclerotised vagina h 35, c 38±2.1 (34–41, n = 38), p 41 (34–44, n = 16); external length of primary chamber h 20, c 21±2.0 (17–29, n = 38), p 24 (21–25, n = 16); internal maximum width of primary chamber h 13, c 14±1.1 (12–16, n = 38), p 16 (13–19, n = 16); external maximum width of primary chamber h 16, c 16±0.9 (14–18, n = 38), p 19 (16– 22, n = 16); internal maximum width of secondary chamber h 6, c 6±0.4 (5–6, n = 38), p 6 (5–7, n = 16).</p> <p>Amorphous material often present within primary chamber. Orientation of sclerotised vagina: trumpet always anterior.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. See after P. podocyanus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFAC582EFF48E859FFC5A59A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFA3582BFF48E91AFC77A63E.text	025787F3FFA3582BFF48E91AFC77A63E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus podocyanus Sigura & Justine 2008	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus podocyanus n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 5–6)</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Type locality: Lagoon off Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Type specimens: Holotype, JNC1660 A25, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.25/lat -22.333334)">Passe de Dumbéa</a>, off Nouméa, New Caledonia (22°20’S, 166°15’E, 25.xi.2005).</p> <p>Material examined: 51 specimens including 13 ‘carmine’ (c) and 1 ‘picrate’ (p).</p> <p>Material deposited: Holotype (c) and 38 paratypes (7 c, 30 uc, 1 p), MNHN, JNC546, 1625, 1626, 1660; paratypes, BMNH 2007.11.23.3. (c), 2007.11.23.4 (uc); USNPC 100400 (c), 100401 (uc); SAMA AHC 29296 (uc); M-458 (1 c, 1 uc); SZU 2007112102-1 (uc).</p> <p>Prevalence: 35 % (6/17) in all fish (Table 2); 50% (6/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10) in which it was the rarest species.</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 14; this species represented 3.5% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Etymology: An anagram based on the host name, cyanopodus.</p> <p>Description. [Measurements based on 12 carmine specimens and 1 picrate specimen]. Body length h 330, c 420 (300–570, n = 11), width h 250, c 266 (170–320, n = 11). Tegument scaly; posterior region with scales on ventral and dorsal faces from squamodiscs to level of ovary and testis. Anterior region with 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots; distance between outer margins of anterior eye-spot pair h 26, c 34 (24–44, n = 11), of posterior eye-spot pair h 21, c 29 (21–37, n = 11).</p> <p>Haptor differentiated from rest of body, less wide than body, width h 140, c 151 (130–190, n = 11), provided with 2 similar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets.</p> <p>Squamodiscs round in shape, made up of rows of rodlets; central row sometimes forming closed oval; rodlets progressively thinner from centre to periphery; rodlets adjacent in all rows except last row; last row with very thin, separated rodlets; ventral and dorsal squamodiscs similar; ventral squamodisc length h 70, c 65 (59–71, n = 10), width h 71, c 73 (68–82, n = 10), with h 14, generally 14 (13–15, n = 10) rows of rodlets and 0–1 closed oval; total number of rodlets h 188, mean 188 (161–201, n = 8, individual variations in Table 4); dorsal squamodisc, length h 74, c 68 (60–76, n = 10), width h 68, c 64 (56–70, n = 10), with h 15, generally 14 (13–15, n = 10) rows of rodlets and 0–1 closed oval; total number of rodlets h 165, mean 182 (165–209, n = 8, individual variations in Table 4).</p> <p>...continued</p> <p>* Holotype, drawn in Figs 6A, B; v, central row ‘v-shaped’ almost close; i, incomplete row.</p> <p>Ventral hamulus with thick handle and distinct guard, outer length h -, c 36 (32–39, n = 14), p 40 (n = 2), inner length h 25, c 28 (25–30, n = 14), p 30 (n = 2). Dorsal hamulus with indistinct guard, outer length h -, c 32 (30–34, n = 18), p 33, (n = 2), inner length h -, c 20 (18–22, n = 15), p 21 (n = 2). Dorsal (lateral) bars straight, with flattened medial extremity and cylindrical lateral extremity, length h 51, c 52 (48–55, n = 22), p 60 (n = 2), maximum width h 15, c 15 (12–18, n = 19), p 17 (n = 2). Ventral bar flat, with slightly constricted median portion and blunt extremities, length h 77, c 78 (73–84, n = 11), p 83 (n = 1), maximum width h 11, c 12 (11–13, n = 11), p 14; groove visible on its ventral side.</p> <p>Pharynx subspherical, length h 30, c 42 (30–51, n = 11), width h 28, c 34 (26–43, n = 14). Oesophagus apparently absent, such that intestinal bifurcation immediately follows pharynx. Caeca simple, terminate blindly at level of posterior margin of vitelline field.</p> <p>Testis subspherical, intercaecal, length h 42, c 62 (40–93, n = 10), width h 90, c 87 (40–138, n = 10). Vas deferens emerges from antero-sinistral part of testis, enlarges into seminal vesicle; seminal vesicle in middle region of body, transforms into duct; duct forms bends then transforms into small bulb, followed by duct; duct connects with quadriloculate organ. Prostatic reservoir small, connects with quadriloculate organ. Quadriloculate organ with fourth (posterior) chamber slightly more sclerotised than 3 anterior chambers; first chamber with very thin anterior wall; fourth chamber ends in short sclerotised cone, prolonged by sclerotised tube; tube slightly wider at extremity than at base; end of tube prolonged by thin unsclerotised filament of variable length. Inner length of quadriloculate organ h 43, c 42 (38–46, n = 11), p 55; cone length h 5, c 6 (5–18, n = 11), p 6; tube length h 23, c 21 (19–25, n = 11); tube diameter at base h 3, c 3 (2–4, n = 11); tube diameter at extremity h 4, c 4 (3–5, n = 11); filament length h 7, c 4–13 (n = 9).</p> <p>Ovary subequatorial, intercaecal, pre-testicular, encircles right caecum. Ovary width h 63, c 59 (33–77, n = 11). Oviduct passes medially to form oötype, surrounded by Mehlis’ gland; oötype short, opens into uterus. Uterus dextral. Unsclerotised vagina often inconspicuous, elongate. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype inconspicuous. Vitelline fields extend posteriorly from posterior to pharyngeal level in 2 lateral bands, confluent in post-testicular region and terminate anterior to peduncle. Bilateral connections from vitelline fields to oötype inconspicuous. Egg unknown.</p> <p>Sclerotised vagina (nomenclature of parts according to Justine 2007a; see Figure 12) sinistral, a complex sclerotised structure; aspect changes according to specimen and orientation (Figure 5). Sclerotised vagina comprises anterior trumpet, followed by straight primary canal, primary chamber and secondary chamber; primary canal cylindrical; longitudinal axis of primary canal often forming angle with longitudinal axis of primary chamber; canal continues into primary chamber; primary chamber large, pear-shaped, in continuity with primary canal; wall thick; secondary canal inserted on anterior part of primary chamber; secondary chamber sclerotised, spherical, ventral to primary chamber; accessory structure, curved, weakly sclerotised, inserted on secondary chamber and directed anteriorly. External surface of primary chamber smooth, internal surface with irregular ornamentation in anterior region, smooth in posterior region; no interior crest. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype connects to secondary chamber. Total length of sclerotised vagina h 29, c 28 (24–30, n = 11), p 33; external width of primary chamber h 12, c 11 (10–13, n = 11), p 14; internal maximum width of primary chamber h 9, c 8 (6–8, n = 11), p 12; internal maximum width of secondary chamber h 3, c 3 (2–4, n = 11), p 3. Orientation of sclerotised vagina: trumpet always anterior.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis (in common with P. cyanopodus). P. cyanopodus and P. podocyanus share the following characteristics of the sclerotised vagina: an anterior trumpet, a straight primary canal, a conspicuous heavily sclerotised primary chamber, and a smaller secondary chamber. Comparisons are here restricted to species with a distinct primary canal and large, heavily sclerotised chambers.</p> <p>Four species have a coiled or curved primary canal, vs straight: P. malabaricus Justine &amp; Sigura, 2007 and P. maternus Justine &amp; Sigura, 2007, both from E. malabaricus off New Caledonia, P. minutus Justine, 2007 from Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes) off New Caledonia and P. fuitoe Justine, 2007, from E. macula- tus off New Caledonia (Justine 2007a, b; Justine &amp; Sigura 2007). In addition, the latter has a long, heavily sclerotised secondary canal, vs short.</p> <p>P. venus Hinsinger &amp; Justine, 2006, from E. howlandi (Günther) off New Caledonia, has a pear-shaped primary chamber resembling that of P. podocyanus, but the primary canal is curved and the vagina is very large (total length 55) (Hinsinger &amp; Justine 2006a).</p> <p>P. bacchus Sigura, Chauvet &amp; Justine, 2007, from E. coeruleopunctatus (Bloch) off New Caledonia, has a generally similar structure of the vagina but the primary chamber is very small, vs large (Sigura, Chauvet &amp; Justine 2007).</p> <p>P. vagampullum (Young, 1969) Kritsky &amp; Beverley-Burton, 1986 from E. quoyanus (Valenciennes) off South China and Australia, has been redescribed by Beverley-Burton &amp; Suriano (1981), Justine (2005a), and Zeng &amp; Yang (2007). It is differentiated by the relative proportions of the primary canal and primary chamber, its wide cylindrical primary canal (vs shorter in the two species from E. malabaricus) and the insertion of the secondary chamber in the posterior part of the primary chamber (vs anterior insertion).</p> <p>P. auitoe Justine, 2007, from E. maculatus off New Caledonia, is the species most resembling P. cyanopodus. The species has a very similar structure of the sclerotised vagina, and very similar measurements of the main sclerotised organs (ventral hamulus outer length 35 vs 36, dorsal hamulus outer length 33 vs 36, dorsal bar length 58 vs 60, ventral bar length 76 vs 84, quadriloculate organ inner length 51 vs 51. It can be differentiated by its short primary canal (longer in P. cyanopodus), and absence of an interior crest in the primary chamber (present in P. cyanopodus). The two species P. auitoe and P. cyanopodus are clearly very closely related.</p> <p>The two new species P. cyanopodus and P. podocyanus are similar in many measurements (Table 7) such as the length of the ventral and dorsal hamulus, of the ventral bar, and differ only slightly in lateral bar lengths (59 vs 52); both species have large squamodiscs with similar rodlet counts; for the quadriloculate organ, proportions and measurements of cone and tube are similar, but the inner length is slightly greater in P. cyanopodus (51 vs 42). The general structure of the vagina is similar in both species, but the shapes are clearly different. This distinction can be made on the following characters: longer primary canal in P. cyanopodus; shape of primary chamber ovoid in P. cyanopodus vs pyriform in P. podocyanus; presence of an interior crest in P. cyanopodus, absent in P. podocyanus; total vaginal length, greater in P. cyanopodus (38 vs 28), with no overlap. These two species are probably closely related but the structures of their sclerotised vaginae are clearly distinct.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFA3582BFF48E91AFC77A63E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFA65830FF48EB76F9F9A4D8.text	025787F3FFA65830FF48EB76F9F9A4D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus chauveti Sigura & Justine 2008	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus chauveti n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 7–9)</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Type locality: Lagoon off Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Type specimens: Holotype, JNC1625 A27, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.25/lat -22.333334)">Passe de Dumbéa</a>, off Nouméa, New Caledonia (22°20’S, 166°15’E, 25.x.2005).</p> <p>Material examined: 57 specimens including 16 ‘carmine’ (c) and 9 ‘picrate’ (p).</p> <p>Material deposited: Holotype (c) and 28 paratypes (7 c, 12 uc, 9 p), MNHN, JNC1625, 1626, 1660, 1661; paratypes, BMNH 2007.11.23.5. (c), 2007.11.23.6–7 (2 uc); USNPC 100402 (1 c, 1 uc), 100403 (1 uc); SAMA AHC 29297 (c), 29298 (uc); HCIP M-459 (1 c, 2 uc); SZU 2007112103-1 (c), 2007112103-2 (uc).</p> <p>Prevalence: 47 % (8/17) in all fish (Table 2); 67% (8/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 48; this rare species represented 3.8% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Etymology: Named after Professor Claude Chauvet, a renowned specialist of grouper biology, who kindly provided most of the fish hosts used in this study.</p> <p>Description: Body wide; length h 590, c 517 (380–641, n = 13), width h 391, c 328 (220–461, n = 13). Tegument scaly; posterior region with scales on ventral and dorsal faces from squamodiscs to below level of ovary and testis. Anterior region with 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots; distance between outer margins of anterior eye-spot pair h 30, c 37 (29–50, n = 5), of posterior eye-spot pair h -, c 29 (22–37, n = 11).</p> <p>Haptor differentiated from rest of body, less wide than body, width h 211, c 197 (170–244, n = 12), provided with 2 dissimilar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets.</p> <p>Squamodiscs round in shape, made up of rows of rodlets; central rows forming closed ovals in certain cases (6/15); rodlets crenate in central rows; rodlets progressively thinner from centre to periphery; rodlets adjacent in all rows except last row; last row with very thin, separated rodlets; ventral and dorsal squamodiscs dissimilar; ventral squamodisc length h 76, c 71 (61–83, n = 10), width h 68, c 72 (65–80, n = 10), with h 14, generally 14 (13–16, n = 10) rows of rodlets and 0–1 closed oval; total number of rodlets h 178, mean 191 (178–206, n = 8, individual variations in Table 5); dorsal squamodisc, length h 86, c 76 (67–87, n = 7), width h 76, c 73 (66–78, n = 7), with h 15, generally 15 (13–16, n = 8) rows of rodlets and 0–1 closed ovals; total number of rodlets h 201, mean 200 (188-205, n = 6, individual variations in Table 5).</p> <p>* Holotype, drawn in Figs. 8D,E; v, central row ‘v-shaped’ almost close; i, incomplete row.</p> <p>Ventral hamulus with thick handle and distinct guard, outer length h 43, c 42 (39–45, n = 21), p 45 (41– 48, n = 16), inner length h 35, c 35 (30–39, n = 22), p 37 (36–39, n = 16). Dorsal hamulus with indistinct guard, outer length h 37, c 37 (32–40, n = 24), p 37 (35–40, n = 14), inner length h 23, c 23 (20–25, n = 16), p 23 (20–26, n = 14). Dorsal (lateral) bars straight, with flattened medial extremity and thick cylindrical lateral extremity, length h 64, c 61 (54–66, n = 24), p 67 (61–77, n = 16), maximum width h 16, c 16 (13–18, n = 22), p 16 (13–20, n = 16). Ventral bar flat, with slightly constricted median portion and pointed extremities, length h 90, c 91 (88–100, n = 12), p 98 (89–104, n = 9), maximum width h 13, c 14 (11–17, n = 12), p 15 (13–18, n = 9); groove visible on its ventral side.</p> <p>Pharynx subspherical, length h 48, c 43 (28–54, n = 13), width h 46, c 40 (24–55, n = 13). Oesophagus apparently absent, such that intestinal bifurcation immediately follows pharynx. Caeca simple, terminate blindly at level of posterior margin of vitelline field.</p> <p>Testis subspherical, intercaecal, length h 85, c 68 (51–95, n = 11), width h 142, c 116 (54–188, n = 11). Vas deferens emerges from antero-sinistral part of testis, enlarges into seminal vesicle; seminal vesicle in middle region of body, transforms into duct; duct forms bends then connects with quadriloculate organ. Prostatic reservoir small, connects with quadriloculate organ. Quadriloculate organ with fourth (posterior) chamber slightly more sclerotised than 3 anterior chambers; fourth chamber ends in short sclerotised cone, prolonged by sclerotised tube; diameter of tube regular; end of tube prolonged by thin unsclerotised filament of variable length. Inner length of quadriloculate organ h 42, c 43 (40–49, n = 13), p 59 (55–68, n = 10); cone length h 9, c 9 (8–11, n = 13), p 10 (8–12, n = 10); tube length h 28, c 21 (19–26, n = 13), p 19 (16–21, n = 10); tube diameter h 3, c 2 (2–3, n = 13), p 3 (2–3, n = 10); filament length h 6, c 0–37 (n = 13), p 0–29 (n = 10).</p> <p>Ovary subequatorial, intercaecal, pre-testicular, encircles right caecum. Ovary width h 95, c 78 (41–114, n = 12). Oviduct passes medially to form oötype, surrounded by Mehlis’ gland; oötype short, opens into uterus. Uterus dextral. Unsclerotised vagina often inconspicuous. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype inconspicuous. Vitelline fields extend posteriorly from posterior to pharyngeal level in 2 lateral bands, confluent in post-testicular region and terminate anterior to peduncle. Bilateral connections from vitelline fields to oötype inconspicuous. Egg in utero elongate, c 68–70 x 31–47 (n = 2), uc 95 x 36 (83–105 x 30–41, n = 8); this species had a higher proportions of specimens with eggs than the others.</p> <p>Sclerotised vagina (nomenclature of parts according to Justine 2007a; see Figure 12) sinistral, a complex sclerotised structure; aspect changes according to specimen and orientation (Figure 9). Sclerotised vagina comprises anterior trumpet, followed by coiled primary canal, primary chamber and secondary chamber; trumpet surrounded by heavily sclerotised irregular ring; primary canal cylindrical, always coiled once; canal continues into primary chamber; primary chamber small, ovoid, aligned and in continuity with primary canal; wall of primary chamber thick; secondary canal very thin, follows wall of primary canal and connects with anterior part of primary chamber; secondary chamber sclerotised, spherical, ventral to primary chamber; accessory structure small, inserted on secondary chamber, often inconspicuous. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype connects to secondary chamber (Figure 9L). Total length of sclerotised vagina (measured from extremity of trumpet to posterior extremity, i.e. not taking in account curved length along bend and coil of canal) h 37, c 36 (30–40, n = 13), p 40 (34–45, n = 10); external diameter of primary chamber h 6, c 6 (4–7, n = 13), p 7 (6–8, n = 10); internal diameter of primary chamber h 2, c 2 (2–3, n = 13), p 3 (2–4, n = 10); external diameter of secondary chamber h 7, c 6 (5–8, n = 13), p 8 (6–10, n = 10); internal diameter of secondary chamber h 3, c 34 (2–3, n = 13), p 3 (2–74, n = 10). Orientation of sclerotised vagina: trumpet always anterior.</p> <p>Remarks on a juvenile specimen. We report observation on a specimen in which the sclerotised vagina was already fully formed, thus allowing identification of the species. Measurements were: body length 425 (82% of adult mean), width 170 (52%), haptor width 200 (100%). Haptoral hard parts were of adult size. The male quadriloculate organ (inner length 45) and sclerotised vagina (length 31) had adult sizes, but their development was not completed. The sclerotised vagina (Figure 8C) was almost similar to an adult organ, but the walls of the primary canal, primary chamber and secondary chamber were thinner than in adult organs, and the sclerotised ring around the trumpet was absent. The quadriloculate organ (Figure 8B) had a more elongate general shape and much thinner external walls than an adult organ, and the cone and tube were indistinguishable. We conclude that the development of the female organs was more advanced than that of the male organs in this juvenile. These observations are similar to that done in an immature of P. manifestus Justine &amp; Sigura, 2007 (Justine &amp; Sigura 2007), particularly in the late differentiation of the tube and cone of the quadriloculate organ.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. P. chauveti is very similar to P. euitoe Justine, 2007, from E. maculatus off New Caledonia (Justine, 2007). Similarities include the shape of the sclerotised vagina, with similar general shape and presence of an heavily sclerotised ring around the trumpet. However, the trumpet ring is much more developed in P. chauveti than in P. euitoe. In addition, P. chauveti has longer ventral hamuli (outer length 42 vs 34), longer dorsal hamuli (outer length 37 vs 31), longer dorsal bars (61 vs 52) and especially a longer ventral bar (91 vs 68) than P.euitoe.</p> <p>P. hirundineus Justine, 2005, from Variola louti (Forsskål) off New Caledonia (Justine, 2005b) is also similar to P. chauveti in the general shape of its sclerotised vagina. Again, P. chauveti can be differentiated by its heavily sclerotised ring around the trumpet, not found in P. hirundineus. The shape of the secondary chamber is also different (round in P. chauveti vs elongate in P. hirundineus). In addition, P. chauveti has longer haptoral hard parts, especially the ventral bar (91 vs 71 in P.hirundineus).</p> <p>In the three species, the ventral and dorsal squamodiscs are dissimilar within a species, with in each case an elongate dorsal squamodisc and a round ventral squamodisc. However, the numbers of rodlets in the ventral squamodisc of each species are different, with 191 in P. chauveti, 135 in P. euitoe and 132 in P. hirundineus, and a dorsal squamodisc with respectively 200, 112 and 117 rodlets. The dorsal squamodisc of P. chauveti has more rodlets (200 vs 191) that the ventral squamodisc, a character not found in the other two species and probably not found in other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, in which the ventral squamodisc is generally larger than the dorsal one.</p> <p>These three species are clearly closely related, but P. chauveti can be distinguished by details of the morphology of the sclerotised vagina and by different measurements of the haptoral hard parts.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFA65830FF48EB76F9F9A4D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFBC5833FF48EE84FC71A438.text	025787F3FFBC5833FF48EE84FC71A438.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus exoticus Sigura & Justine 2008	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus exoticus n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 10–11)</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Type locality: Lagoon off Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Type specimens: Holotype, JNC1660 A35, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.25/lat -22.333334)">Passe de Dumbéa</a>, off Nouméa, New Caledonia (22°20’S, 166°15’E, 25.xi.2005).</p> <p>Material examined: 226 specimens including 63 ‘carmine’ (c) and 17 ‘picrate’ (p).</p> <p>Material deposited: Holotype (c) and 154 paratypes (24 c, 123 uc, 17 p), MNHN, JNC546, 1625, 1626, 1660, 1661; paratypes, BMNH 2007.11.23.8–9 (2 c), 2007.11.23.10–11 (2 uc); USNPC 100404 (2 c), 100405 (2 uc); SAMA AHC 29299–300 (2 c), 29301–2 (2 uc); HCIP M-460 (2 c, 2 uc); SZU 2007112104-1–2 (2 c), 2007112104-3–4 (2 uc).</p> <p>Prevalence: 76 % (13/17) in all fish (Table 2); 100% (12/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 144; this species represented 15% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Etymology: From Greek exotikos, ‘from the outside, alien, foreign’ to mark the strange structure of this species.</p> <p>Description. Body length h 470, c 500±82 (395–800, n = 32), width h 280, c 289±37 (200–370, n = 32). Tegument scaly; tegumental scales located only on both sides of squamodisc and a narrow band above it, on ventral and dorsal sides; total number of tegumental scales c. 80 per side. Anterior region with 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots; distance between outer margins of anterior eye-spot pair h 32, c 34 (26–38, n = 11), of posterior eye-spot pair h 34, c 37±6.4 (29–60, n = 27); eyes of anterior pair often disaggregated.</p> <p>Haptor differentiated from rest of body, less wide than body, width h 180, c 188±9 (170–215, n = 31), provided with 2 similar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets.</p> <p>Squamodiscs round in shape, made up of rows of rodlets; central rows forming closed circles; rodlets progressively thinner from centre to periphery; rodlets adjacent in all rows except last row; last row with very thin, separated rodlets; ventral and dorsal squamodiscs similar; rodlets in all rows except first and last row bear anteriorly directed spur (‘éperon’); rodlets at both extremities of row devoid of spurs; ventral squamodisc length h 60, c 60±5.2 (49–69, n = 29), width h 53, c 53±2.1 (51–62, n = 29), with h 12, generally 12 (9–14, n = 29) rows of rodlets and 2 closed oval; total number of rodlets h 103, mean 101 (90–110, n = 7, individual variations in Table 6); dorsal squamodisc, length h 59, c 60±4.7 (52–69, n = 28), width h 54, c 52±1.6 (49–56, n = 28), with h 13, generally 12 (10–13, n = 28) rows of rodlets and 1–2 closed ovals; total number of rodlets h 102, mean 95 (83–105, n = 9, individual variations in Table 6). Structure and measurements of squamodiscs remarkably constant among specimens.</p> <p>Ventral hamulus with thick handle and distinct guard, outer length h 45, c 45±1.4 (41–49, n = 63), p 49±1.8 (45–53, n = 32), inner length h 43, c 42±1.8 (36–45, n = 63), p 45±1.5 (41–47, n = 32). Dorsal hamulus with indistinct guard, outer length h 43, c 42±1.3 (39–45, n = 64), p 43±1.6, (37–45, n = 32), inner length h 24, c 24±1.2 (20–27, n = 64), p 24±1.1 (21–26, n = 32). Dorsal (lateral) bars straight, with flattened medial extremity and cylindrical lateral extremity with posteriorly directed hook, length h 59, c 61±2.6 (54–69, n = 64), p 66±4.8 (61–90, n = 32), maximum width h 13, c 14±2.9 (10–19, n = 56), p 19±2.4 (14–24, n = 31). Ventral bar flat, bow-shaped, with constricted median portion and elongate extremities, length h 76, c 79±4.4 (68–90, n = 31), p 81 (67–93, n = 16), maximum width h 12, c 13±1.2 (10–15, n = 31), p 15 (13–17, n = 16); groove visible on its ventral side.</p> <p>Pharynx subspherical, length h 46, c 43±4.0 (35–51, n = 32), width h 38, c 39±3.6 (34–50, n = 32). Oesophagus apparently absent, such that intestinal bifurcation immediately follows pharynx. Caeca simple, terminate blindly at level of posterior margin of vitelline field.</p> <p>Testis small, subspherical, intercaecal, length h 21, c 40 (21–60, n = 10), width h 48, c 81 (26–126, n = 10); testis lateral to ovary or, if very small, posterior to ovary. Vas deferens emerges from antero-sinistral part of testis, enlarges into seminal vesicle; seminal vesicle in middle region of body, transforms into duct; duct transforms into small bulb, followed by second small bulb; duct enlarges then connects with quadriloculate organ. Prostatic reservoir very small, connects with quadriloculate organ. Quadriloculate organ with extremely thick wall, fourth (posterior) chamber slightly more sclerotised than 3 anterior chambers; fourth chamber ends in tubular structure (homologous to the cone of other species, but not conical in this case); short cylinder, probably homologous to tube of other species, at extremity of ‘cone’, with complex internal structure (Fig. 10C); no filament. Inner length of quadriloculate organ h 41, c 39±1.8 (36–43, n = 32), p 58 (50–65, n = 16); ‘cone’ length h 16, c 16±0.9 (14–18, n = 32), p 16 (15–18, n = 16); ‘tube’ length h 5, c 5±0.4 (4–5, n = 32), p 4 (3–6, n = 16); ‘tube’ diameter at extremity h 5, c 4±0.4 (3–5, n = 32), p 5 (4–6, n = 16).</p> <p>* Holotype, drawn in Figs. 11J, K. c, closed row; i, incomplete row.</p> <p>Ovary subequatorial, intercaecal, pre-testicular, encircles right caecum. Ovary width h 105, c 97±14 (74– 124, n = 30). Oviduct passes medially to form oötype, surrounded by Mehlis’ gland; oötype short, opens into uterus. Uterus dextral. Unsclerotised vagina inconspicuous. Duct from sclerotised vagina to oötype inconspicuous. Vitelline fields extend posteriorly from posterior to pharyngeal level in 2 lateral bands, widely confluent in post-testicular region and terminate anterior to peduncle. Bilateral connections from vitelline fields to oötype inconspicuous. Egg in utero elongate, 75 x 38 (n = 1).</p> <p>Sclerotised vagina (nomenclature of parts according to Justine 2007a inapplicable, see Figure 12) sinistral, a complex sclerotised structure; aspect changes according to specimen and orientation (Figure 11). Sclerotised vagina comprises a discoid structure with a dorsal central dome, and a dorsal structure with variable shape, often showing up to three small cavities. In perfectly polar view of the disc, the dome appears to be surrounded by a ring of c. 18 lobes (Fig. 10D). Homologies with the usual structure found in Pseudorhabdosynochus unknown, but the duct from the sclerotised vagina to the ootype connects at the level of the dorsal structure, which thus is probably homologous to the secondary chamber of other species. Diameter of sclerotised vagina h 15, c 16±1.3 (13–18, n = 32), p 18 (14–20, n = 16) Orientation of sclerotised vagina: disc generally in semi-polar view, sometimes in ‘lateral’ view (Figs 11C, D, G, H); dorsal structure generally posterior.</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. P. exoticus has unique characters that differentiate it from all other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus:</p> <p>— the sclerotised vagina has an aberrant structure, in which the usual parts (trumpet, chambers, canals) cannot be recognized.</p> <p>— the quadriloculate organ has a very special distal (posterior) extremity, in which the usual organization of cone and tube cannot be recognized.</p> <p>— the lateral bars of the haptor have a hook on the outer extremity, in contrast to many species of Pseudorhabdosynochus that have a cylindrical median extremity.</p> <p>The only other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus in which the sclerotized vagina does not show the usual pattern is P. guitoe Justine, 2007 from E. maculatus off New Caledonia, but the structure is completely different. In addition, the quadriloculate organ of P. guitoe, as in P. exoticus, has a very thick wall and no real cone, but its structure is different at the distal extremity.</p> <p>The general disk-shape of the sclerotised vagina of P. exoticus bears some resemblance with that of Laticola dae Justine, 2007 and L. cyanus; homologies are uncertain and an interpretation in term of phylogenetic relationships or of polarization of characters is certainly premature, but at least these striking resemblances suggest that similar genes, present in a common ancestor of Laticola spp. and Pseudorhabdosynochus spp., are expressed in the three species.</p> <p>P. exoticus, although showing the distinctive characters of Pseudorhabdosynochus, particularly the quadriloculate organ, is clearly an aberrant species, differing from all other species of the genus.</p> <p>Remarks on the rodlet spurs. The rodlets of the squamodiscs of P. exoticus bear anteriorly directed spurs. These spurs are sometimes mentioned for diplectanids. Euzet &amp; Oliver (1965) provided a figure and a detailed description of spurs (‘éperons’) on the squamodiscs of Echinoplectanum echinophallus (Euzet &amp; Oliver, 1965) Justine &amp; Euzet, 2006. Spurs were also found in Ec. plectropomi (Young, 1969) Justine &amp;Euzet, 2006, but not in five other species of Echinoplectanum Justine &amp; Euzet, 2006. Diplectanum uitoe Justine, 2007 from E. maculatus also has spurs, but they are absent in the eight species of Pseudorhabdosynochus described from the same fish (Justine 2007a). Among five species of Pseudorhabdosynochus described from E. costae (Steindachner), only two have spurs (P. dolicocolpos Neifar &amp; Euzet, 2007 and P. sosia Neifar &amp; Euzet, 2007) (Neifar &amp; Euzet 2007). A detailed examination with the focus set on the surface of the rodlets is necessary to ascertain the presence of absence of the spurs in a squamodisc. The previous examples of several species described by the same authors show that the presence of the spurs is highly variable within members of Echinoplectanum, Diplectanum and Pseudorhabdosynochus. Presence of spurs has probably no significance for the differentiation of genera but can be considered an additional character for the differentiation of certain species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFBC5833FF48EE84FC71A438	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFB3583EFF48EE84F973A7B8.text	025787F3FFB3583EFF48EE84F973A7B8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus duitoe Justine 2007	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus duitoe Justine, 2007</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch) (Serranidae).</p> <p>New host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Material examined: 8 specimens: 2 ‘picrate’ (p), 6 ‘unflattened carmine’ (uc).</p> <p>Comparative material examined: Type specimens, MNHN.</p> <p>Material deposited: vouchers, MNHN JNC 1659, 1902.</p> <p>Prevalence: 18 % (3/17) in all fish (Table 2); 0% (0/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10); 33% (1/3) in small fish with ‘foreign’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 10; this species represented 0.5% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Short description. [Limited to selected measurements of 5 uc specimens from JNC 1902 and 1 p specimen from JNC 1659, measurements in original description indicated as OD]. Quadriloculate organ inner length uc 46 (44–48), p 43, OD 46; cone length uc 7 (5–9), p 9, OD 9; tube length uc 18 (17–19), p 17, OD 20; sclerotised vagina total length uc 24 (23–25), p 25, OD 24; lateral (dorsal) bar length uc 48 (45–54), p 50, OD 49; ventral bar length, uc 66 (63–67), p 72, OD 72. Structure of sclerotised vagina very similar to that of specimens from the type-host. The specimens were mature with fully developed ovary and testis, and one had an egg in the uterus.</p> <p>Remarks. Based on the structure of their sclerotised vagina, quadriloculate organ and their measurements, these specimens are similar to the type-specimens of P. duitoe from the type-host, E. maculatus.</p> <p>These specimens are considered to be the result of infection of young specimens of E. cyanopodus by infective stages of P. duitoe originating from another species of grouper, E. maculatus, which shares the same environment as young E. cyanopodus. Although apparently ‘accidental’, this infection produces adult monogeneans. However, these species were never encountered in older E. cyanopodus which harbour other species. See paragraph about the role of spawning aggregation on monogenean infection.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFB3583EFF48EE84F973A7B8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFB3583FFF48EAE1F9F7A53E.text	025787F3FFB3583FFF48EAE1F9F7A53E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudorhabdosynochus huitoe Justine 2007	<div><p>Pseudorhabdosynochus huitoe Justine, 2007</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus maculatus (Bloch) (Serranidae).</p> <p>New Host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Material examined: 8 specimens, 4 ‘picrate’ (p), 4 ‘unflattened carmine’ (uc).</p> <p>Comparative material examined: Type specimens, MNHN.</p> <p>Material deposited: vouchers, MNHN JNC 1530, 1901, 1902.</p> <p>Prevalence: 18 % (3/17) in all fish (Table 2); 0% (0/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10); 100% (3/3) in small fish with ‘foreign’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 10; this species represented 0.5% of the total number of monogeneans.</p> <p>Short description. [Limited to selected measurements of 4 uc specimen from JNC 1902 and 2 p specimens from JNC 1530, measurements in original description indicated as OD]. Quadriloculate organ inner length uc 47 (42–50), p 60–64, OD 45; cone length uc 12 (11–13), p 10–13, OD 13; tube length uc 12 (10–13), p 12–16, OD 15; sclerotised vagina total length uc 19 (16–21), c 25–27, OD 25; lateral (dorsal) bar length uc 76 (73–80), c 78–87, OD 84; ventral bar length uc 112 (95–120), p 120, OD 119. Structure of sclerotised vagina very similar to that of specimens from the type-host. The specimens were mature with fully developed ovary and testis.</p> <p>Remarks. Based on the structure of their sclerotised vagina, quadriloculate organ and their measurements, these specimens are similar to the type-specimens of P. duitoe from the type-host, E. maculatus. As for P. duitoe, see the remarks about the role of spawning aggregation on monogenean infection.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFB3583FFF48EAE1F9F7A53E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
025787F3FFB55806FF48E831F947A76E.text	025787F3FFB55806FF48E831F947A76E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laticola cyanus Sigura & Justine 2008	<div><p>Laticola cyanus n. sp.</p> <p>(Figs 13–14)</p> <p>Type host: Epinephelus cyanopodus Richardson (Serranidae).</p> <p>Type locality: Lagoon off Nouméa, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Site: Between secondary gill lamellae.</p> <p>Type specimens: Holotype, JNC1625 A41, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=166.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 166.25/lat -22.333334)">Passe de Dumbéa</a>, off Nouméa, New Caledonia (22°20’S, 166°15’E, 25.x.2005).</p> <p>Material examined: 918 specimens, including 75 ‘carmine’ (c) and 1 ‘picrate’ (p).</p> <p>Comparative material examined: Type specimens of Laticola dae Journo &amp; Justine, 2006, MNHN.</p> <p>Material deposited: Holotype (c) and 296 paratypes (11 c, 284 uc, 1 p), MNHN JNC546, 1625, 1626; paratypes, BMNH 2007.11.23.12. (c), 2007.11.23.13–14 (2 uc); USNPC 100406 (c), 100407 (2 uc); SAMA</p> <p>AHC 29303 (c), 29304–5 (2 uc); HCIP M-461 (1 c, 2 uc); SZU 2007112105-1 (c), 2007112105-2–3 (2 uc).</p> <p>Prevalence: 41 % (7/17) in all fish (Table 2); 58% (7/12) in large fish with ‘specific’ fauna (Table 10).</p> <p>Intensity: See Table 2; maximum calculated intensity 600; this species represented 61% of the total number of monogeneans, 65% of the diplectanids, and was the most abundant..</p> <p>Etymology: From the host name.</p> <p>Description. Body length h 503, c 487 (400–540, n = 16), uc 479±64 (400–680, n = 30), width h 249, c 232 (150–285, n = 16), uc 147±27 (100–250, n = 30). Tegument scaly; posterior region with scales on ventral and dorsal faces from squamodiscs to level of ovary and testis. Anterior region with 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots; distance between outer margins of anterior eye-spot pair h 29, c 36 (29–42, n = 13), of posterior eye-spot pair h 36, c 32 (27–39, n = 12).</p> <p>Haptor differentiated from rest of body, less wide than body, width h 160, c 153 (132–175, n = 13), uc 151±10 (120–160, n = 30), provided with 2 similar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets.</p> <p>Squamodiscs round in shape, made up of rows of rodlets; central rows forming closed circles; rodlet thickness similar from centre to periphery, except 2–3 last rows with thinner rodlets; rodlets adjacent in all rows except 3–4 last row; ventral and dorsal squamodiscs similar; ventral squamodisc length h 47, c 50 (44– 52, n = 13), uc 47 (41–51, n = 10), width h 50, c 49 (47–52, n = 13), uc 49 (46–52, n = 10), with h 12, generally 12 (11–12, n = 20) rows of rodlets and always 2 closed circles in centre; total number of rodlets h 86, mean 89 (80–99, n = 20, individual variations in Table 8); dorsal squamodisc, length h 49, c 48 (40–56, n = 12), uc 46 (41–51, n = 10), width h 48, c 50 (45–54, n = 12), with h 11, 9–13 (n = 14) rows of rodlets and always 2 closed circles in centre; total number of rodlets h 85, mean 89 (85–96, n = 14, individual variations in Table 8).</p> <p>Ventral hamulus with distinct handle and guard, outer length h 42, c 42±1.0 (40–44, n = 28), inner length h 40, c 40±1.3 (37–42, n = 28). Dorsal hamulus with indistinct guard, outer length h 39, c 38±1.5 (34–40, n = 30), inner length h 22, c 22±0.8 (20–23, n = 28). Dorsal (lateral) bars straight, with flattened medial extremity and cylindrical lateral extremity, length h 49, c 50±1.5 (48–53, n = 29), maximum width h 14, c 14±1.8 (11–18, n = 28). Ventral bar flat, bow-shaped, with constricted median portion and blunt extremities, length h 62, c 66 (62–69, n = 15), maximum width h 10, c 10 (10–12, n = 15); groove visible on its ventral side.</p> <p>Pharynx subspherical, length h 39, c 39 (33–42, n = 16), width h 40, c 38 (32–45, n = 16). Oesophagus apparently absent, such that intestinal bifurcation immediately follows pharynx. Caeca simple, terminate blindly at level of posterior margin of vitelline field.</p> <p>Testis transversally elongate, intercaecal, length h 26, c 39 (23–103, n = 16), width h 105, c 72 (33–127, n = 16). Vas deferens inconspicuous; seminal vesicle inconspicuous. Prostatic glands conspicuous, form two large fields on both sides of body from pharynx to mid-length of penis; prostatic reservoir single, small, connects with penis. Penis “spoon-shaped”: a curved funnel, made up of anterior cone and straight posterior tube; tube wider at extremity than at base. Posterior limit of tube smooth (no striations). Within penis anterior cone, 4 thin transversal walls limit 4 chambers. Thin cirrus inside penis from most anterior part of cone to end of tube; cirrus often protruding from distal extremity of tube. Inner length of penis h 43, c 43 (42–53, n = 15), uc 47 (44–51, n = 6); outer length h 66, c 62 (54–68, n = 15), uc 58 (54–62, n = 6); tube diameter at base h 5, c 5 (5–6, n = 16), uc 6 (5–7, n = 9); tube diameter at extremity h 11, c 11 (10–13, n = 16), uc 11 (9–12, n = 9).</p> <p>Ovary subequatorial, intercaecal, pre-testicular, encircles right caecum. Ovary width h 110, c 103 (74– 135, n = 16). Oviduct passes medially to form oötype, surrounded by Mehlis’ gland; oötype short, opens into uterus. Uterus dextral, with thick wall. Vagina sinistral; unsclerotised vagina inconspicuous in preserved slides. No seminal receptacle seen. Sclerotised vagina a disc, with smaller hemisphere on one side. Small dorsal structure, heavily sclerotised, containing one chamber. Diameter of sclerotised disc h 15, c 15 (14–16, n = 16), uc 15 (14–16, n = 10). Egg xx.</p> <p>* Holotype, drawn in Figs. 13D, 14U; c, closed central row; i, incomplete row.</p> <p>Note on a juvenile specimen. In a juvenile specimen (body length 280, 58% of adult size), the general structure of the sclerotised vagina was similar to that of adult specimens but the diameter of the disc was smaller (12 vs 15, 80%) and the small dorsal structure had a thin wall (vs heavily sclerotised) (Fig. 14J).</p> <p>Differential diagnosis. Laticola was created to accommodate the diplectanids from Lates calcarifer (Bloch). Some confusion exists with three papers (Wu &amp; Li 2005; Wu, Li, Zhu &amp; Xie 2006; Yang, Kritsky, Sun, Zhang, Shi &amp; Agrawal 2006) describing almost simultaneously these monogeneans, added to multiple previous descriptions of the same species (see Yang et al. 2006). Pseudorhabdosynochus yangjiangensis Wu &amp; Li has been considered a junior synonym of L. paralatesi (Nagibina, 1976) Yang et al., 2006 (Yang et al. 2006). Pseudorhabdosynochus seabassi Wu, Li, Zhu &amp; Xie, 2005 is certainly a species of Laticola, and has a thistle-shaped vagina which resembles that of L. lingaoensis Yang et al., 2006; if this synonymy is ascer- tained, L. lingaoensis, the type-species of Laticola will have to be renamed L. seabassi, because of priority in description. Formal nomenclatural changes are not proposed here because they would require examination of all type specimens, a task beyond the scope of this paper.</p> <p>Notwithstanding the nomenclatural problems stated above, it seems that only 4 species are known in Laticola prior to the current description of a new species (Table 9). Three are parasites of Lates calcarifer (Centropomidae) and one is a parasite of E. maculatus (Serranidae). Measurements are of little help for differentiating the species (Table 9). L. latesi (Tripathi, 1957) Yang et al., 2006 is immediately differentiated from all other species by presence of a single squamodisc. Based on the morphology of the vagina, two groups can be differentiated: one group without a discoid sclerotised vagina, including L. latesi, L. lingaoensis, and L. paralatesi, and a group with a discoid sclerotised vagina, including L. dae Journo &amp; Justine, 2006 and L. cyanus.</p> <p>* ‘Length’ for the three first species; outer length for the latter 2 species.</p> <p>L. cyanus can be differentiated from the three species from Lates calcarifer by the presence of a discoid sclerotised vagina. It can be differentiated from L. dae, from E. maculatus in New Caledonia, which shares the presence of a sclerotised discoid vagina, by a smaller penis length (62 vs 94), smaller diameter of the sclerotised vagina (15 vs 19) and fewer closed circles in the squamodiscs (2 vs 2–3). In addition, the distal extremity of the penis in L. cyanus is smooth while that of L. dae has longitudinal striations.</p> <p>Relationships of Laticola spp. with a group of species of ‘ Diplectanum’ with a similar ‘spoon-shaped’ penis, but which is much smaller, remain to be clarified (Justine, 2007a, b); these species are D. grouperi Bu et al., 1999 from E. coioides, D. uitoe Justine, 2007 from E. maculatus; D. nanus Justine, 2007, from C. sonnerati, and D. maa Justine &amp; Sigura, 2007 from E. malabaricus.</p> <p>Remarks. Although certain species of Pseudorhabdosynochus are shared between E. maculatus and young E. cyanopodus, it is worth mentioning that no specimen of L. dae was found in E. cyanopodus, suggesting strict specificity for this species of Laticola.</p> <p>Composition of the diplectanid fauna in the two fish, E. maculatus and E. cyanopodus, shows striking similarities, with, in each case, a dominant species (a species of Laticola in both fish) and a series of rarer species (nine species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and Diplectanum in E. maculatus, four species of Pseudorhabdosynochus in E. cyanopodus). Clearly, species of Laticola are the main diplectanids in each of these two fish species, and this situation contrasts dramatically to that found in other groupers: more than 20 species of groupers have been investigated in New Caledonia, and others in other locations, and no species of Laticola has been reported from these other species. Close phylogenetic relationships exist between E. maculatus and E. cyanopodus (Damien Hinsinger, unpublished, based on genetic analysis). It is likely that a common ancestor of these two species has acquired a species of Laticola, which later differentiated into two different species, one in each fish species.</p> <p>The sharing of some monogenean species by E. cyanopodus and E. maculatus warrants some comment:</p> <p>— E. maculatus has eight species of Pseudorhabdosynochus. Of these, only two were found in very small number in young E. cyanopodus, suggesting that the six other species have a very strict specificity.</p> <p>— The relative abundance of diplectanids in E. maculatus is strikingly different between L. dae, the most abundant species with almost 50% of the specimens, and the species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, each with 2– 7% of the total; however, specimens of L. dae were not found in E. cyanopodu s. This means that infection of E. cyanopodus is not a function of the relative abundance of infective stages of monogeneans from E. maculatus, but that specificity plays a role; P. duitoe and P. huitoe are apparently the only species able to switch hosts.</p> <p>— No specimens of P. duitoe or P. huitoe were found in older E. cyanopodus, showing that the apparently ‘accidental’ infection by these species is later lost by older specimens. Perhaps host immunity is stronger in old E. cyanopodus, which discard the few monogeneans they acquired in their youth.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/025787F3FFB55806FF48E831F947A76E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sigura, Aude;Justine, Jean-Lou	Sigura, Aude, Justine, Jean-Lou (2008): Monogeneans of the speckled blue grouper, Epinephelus cyanopodus (Perciformes, Serranidae), from off New Caledonia, with a description of four new species of Pseudorhabdosynochus and one new species of Laticola (Monogenea: Diplectanidae), and evidence of monogenean faunal changes according to the size of fish. Zootaxa 1695: 1-44
