identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
026387900D6CFFBEFF3135DDFEC3FE9B.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF3135DDFEC3FE9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus leucas (Muller and Henle 1839)	<div><p>Carcharhinus leucas (Müller and Henle 1839) —Bull Shark</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Distribution: Compagno (1984b), circumtropical, WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF3135DDFEC3FE9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF31340FFEC3FE6B.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF31340FFEC3FE6B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus limbatus (Muller and Henle 1839)	<div><p>Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller and Henle 1839) — Blacktip Shark</p> <p>Justification: Listed as infrequent hook &amp; line bycatch (Whiteman, 2005:25) and as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Distribution: Compagno (1984b), circumtropical, WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF31340FFEC3FE6B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF31375FFE52FD19.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF31375FFE52FD19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861)	<div><p>Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861) — Oceanic Whitetip Shark</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4). Distribution: Circumtropical, Compagno (1984b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF31375FFE52FD19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF313788FB59FCCF.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF313788FB59FCCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus perezii (Poey 1867)	<div><p>Carcharhinus perezii (Poey 1867) — Reef Shark</p> <p>Listed as Carcharhinus springeri and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Justification: See above general comments.</p> <p>Distribution: Compagno (1984b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF313788FB59FCCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF313625FEC3FB9E.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF313625FEC3FB9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron and Lesueur 1822)	<div><p>Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron and Lesueur 1822) — Tiger Shark</p> <p>Justification: Photograph of a large freshly caught St. Croix fish seen by us, and listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Compagno (1984b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF313625FEC3FB9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF313175FAFEFB11.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF313175FAFEFB11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868)	<div><p>Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868) — Lemon Shark</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Distribution: Compagno (1984b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF313175FAFEFB11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF313180FD0DFA74.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF313180FD0DFA74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey 1861)	<div><p>* Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey 1861) — Caribbean Sharpnose Shark</p> <p>Justification: Although Clavijo et al. (1980) did not list this species, it undoubtedly occurs in St. Croix. Randall (1968, fig. 4) documented it from St. John.</p> <p>Distribution: Compagno (1984b) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Campagno (1984b) stated that R. porosus is found close inshore on insular shelves of the Caribbean and is one of the commonest inshore sharks.</p> <p>SPHYRNIDAE —hammerhead sharks (2 species)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF313180FD0DFA74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFBEFF31336FFEC1F929.text	026387900D6CFFBEFF31336FFEC1F929.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphyrna lewini (E.Griffith & C.H.Smith 1834)	<div><p>* Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith 1834) — Scalloped Hammerhead</p> <p>Justification: Listed as part of Bigeye Scad by-catch (Tobias, 1991:91).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Compagno (1984b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFBEFF31336FFEC1F929	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6CFFB9FF313398FD60FF3C.text	026387900D6CFFB9FF313398FD60FF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphyrna mokarran (Ruppell 1837)	<div><p>Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell 1837) — Great Hammerhead</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4); common Caribbean species often occurring inshore and around coral reefs.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Compagno (1984b) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: An article in a local newspaper, dated 3 April 1982, included a photograph of a huge Great Hammerhead caught off Sandy Point that weighted 795 kg (1,753 lbs) and had a total length of 4.4 m (14 ft 6 in).</p> <p>HEXANCHIDAE —cow sharks (1 species)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6CFFB9FF313398FD60FF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6BFFB9FF3136CBFB3BFB36.text	026387900D6BFFB9FF3136CBFB3BFB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790)	<div><p>Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen 1790) — Spotted Eagle Ray</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.08719 (1), St. Croix, Feb., 1906; our own observations in addition to REEF (15/20).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944:178) noted "small specimens are often seen in the slightly brackish waters of Fairplain Stream."</p> <p>This species has been considered to have a circumtropical distribution but recent studies using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data have shown that this species is a complex of at least 2 or 3 species (White et al., 2010). The species apparently is absent from the Indo-West Pacific and preliminary data suggest that eastern Atlantic and eastern Pacific members of the Aetobat us narinari complex are also probably a different species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6BFFB9FF3136CBFB3BFB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6BFFB9FF313708FD64FCDE.text	026387900D6BFFB9FF313708FD64FCDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasyatis americana Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928	<div><p>Dasyatis americana Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928 — Southern Stingray</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.08125 (1, disc width 238 mm), St. Croix, 1896; observed in Tague Bay (Mateo and Tobias, 2001:213); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); many sight records in addition to REEF (61/96).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>MYLIOBATIDAE —eagle rays (2 species)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6BFFB9FF313708FD64FCDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6BFFB9FF313595FD50FD9F.text	026387900D6BFFB9FF313595FD50FD9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexanchus nakamurai Teng 1962	<div><p>Hexanchus nakamurai Teng 1962 — Bigeye Sixgill Shark</p> <p>Justification: Listed as Hexanchus griseus (junior synonym of H. nakamurai according to Eschmeyer, 2013), and as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:4).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: This shark occurs as deep as 600 m but may occasionally come to the surface at night in the tropics (Compagno, 1984a) and has been taken in the Florida Keys in 129– 139 m.</p> <p>DASYATIDAE —whiptail stingrays (1 species)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6BFFB9FF313595FD50FD9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D6BFFB9FF3131A0FE8EF902.text	026387900D6BFFB9FF3131A0FE8EF902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Manta birostris (Walbaum 1792)	<div><p>Manta birostris — Caribbean Manta (Manta Ray)</p> <p>Justification: Many visual records, and listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:5).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Marshall et al. (2009) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Marshall et al. (2009) present data and color photographs indicating that a second previously unrecognized and putative new Manta species occurs in and appears to be endemic to the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean. In some areas of the northern Atlantic, including the Bahamas, it occurs together with the circumtropical Manta birostris (Walbaum) but only the "new" species apparently occurs around islands of the Lesser Antilles. Images of mantas from St. Croix look like typical M. birostris. Additional research is required to clarify the taxonomic status of the variant Manta sp. and better determine its ecology and precise distribution. If this manta proves to be a distinct species, the name Manta giorna Lesueur 1824 will probably be used for it.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D6BFFB9FF3131A0FE8EF902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF31369EFB1BFBB9.text	026387900D69FFBBFF31369EFB1BFBB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anarchias similis (Lea 1913)	<div><p>* Anarchias similis (Lea 1913) — Pygmy Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF 159060 (1, 67 mm TL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF31369EFB1BFBB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF313425FB17FD94.text	026387900D69FFBBFF313425FB17FD94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chilorhinus suensonii Lutken 1852	<div><p>Chilorhinus suensonii Lütken 1852 — Seagrass Eel</p> <p>Listed as Chilorhinus suensonii by Cope (1871:482) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1989c) WA (BA, FL, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Chilorhinus suensonii (see Table 4).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF313425FB17FD94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF31312EFA7CFB49.text	026387900D69FFBBFF31312EFA7CFB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795)	<div><p>Echidna catenata (Bloch 1795) — Chain Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8); REEF (8/14).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension Island.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF31312EFA7CFB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF3131BEFEBEFAF4.text	026387900D69FFBBFF3131BEFEBEFAF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enchelycore carychroa Bohlke and Bohlke 1976	<div><p>Enchelycore carychroa Böhlke and Böhlke 1976 — Chestnut Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 36).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF3131BEFEBEFAF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF3130EDFA94F984.text	026387900D69FFBBFF3130EDFA94F984.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788)	<div><p>Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre 1788) — Viper Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 36).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF3130EDFA94F984	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF31337DFCACF8A4.text	026387900D69FFBBFF31337DFCACF8A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867	<div><p>* Gymnothorax conspersus Poey 1867 — Saddled Moray</p> <p>Listed as Gymnothorax "new species" by Clavijo et al. (1980:6).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 136093 (1, 1095 mm TL) and ANSP 137565 (1, 725 mm TL), near Frederiksted in 183 ─ 213 m [identified by E. B. Böhlke]; ZMUC P.313605 (1, 935 mm TL), Christiansted, 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989) WA (North Carolina, BA, GA, VI, LA, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: A deep-water moray with most collections made by trawl in depths below 200 m, but a few specimens taken in 50–200 m (Böhlke et al. (1989:163).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF31337DFCACF8A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF31321FFB2FF83A.text	026387900D69FFBBFF31321FFB2FF83A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839	<div><p>Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani 1839 — Green Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); REEF (28/61).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF31321FFB2FF83A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D69FFBBFF31370DFB87FD2B.text	026387900D69FFBBFF31370DFB87FD2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Stromman 1896)	<div><p>* Kaupichthys hyoproroides (Strömman 1896) — False Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 34).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1989c) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), IWP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D69FFBBFF31370DFB87FD2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF3133A3FB32F8C6.text	026387900D68FFBAFF3133A3FB32F8C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ahlia egmontis (Jordan 1884)	<div><p>Ahlia egmontis (Jordan 1884) — Key Worm Eel</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 32).</p> <p>Distribution: McCosker et al. (1989) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF3133A3FB32F8C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF313233FBF3F856.text	026387900D68FFBAFF313233FBF3F856.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aprognathodon platyventris Breder 1927	<div><p>Aprognathodon platyventris Breder 1927 — Stripe Eel</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 11).</p> <p>Distribution: McCosker et al. (1989) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF313233FBF3F856	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF3135DDFDD2FECC.text	026387900D68FFBAFF3135DDFDD2FECC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862)	<div><p>* Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson 1862) — Sharktooth Moray</p> <p>Justification: SIO 76‒205 (1, 775 mm TL), Lang Bank; specimen listed in Böhlke et al. (1989:154). Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (North Carolina, BD, GA, VI), EA.</p> <p>Remarks: This rarely collected moray has been recorded from depths of 148‒274 m in the western Atlantic and 85‒200 m in the eastern Atlantic.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF3135DDFDD2FECC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF313427FF03FD9A.text	026387900D68FFBAFF313427FF03FD9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856)	<div><p>Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup 1856) — Goldentail Moray</p> <p>Listed as Muraena miliaris and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:6).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7); REEF (57/61).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF313427FF03FD9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF31370FFECDFD46.text	026387900D68FFBAFF31370FFECDFD46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829)	<div><p>Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier 1829) — Spotted Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 35); REEF (55/107).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF31370FFECDFD46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF3137B3FB9AFBF5.text	026387900D68FFBAFF3137B3FB9AFBF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax ocellatus (Agasssiz 1831)	<div><p>* Gymnothorax ocellatus (Agasssiz 1831) — Ocellated Moray</p> <p>Justification: Whiteman (2005:21 and 24) listed as hook &amp; line bycatch based on one specimen of " Gymnothorax ocella [sic],Ocellated moray, " from the northeast end of St. Croix including Lang Bank.</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA)</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are required to confirm the above species record, which could have been based on G. conspersus. We provisionally accept the identification because there are confirmed records of G. ocellatus from the northern Virgin Islands. Böhlke et al. (1989:175) stated that this "is the most common moray taken by trawl in the Caribbean... in depths commonly ranging from 15 ─ 90 m. ” They also reported that a few specimens were taken by hook and line. All of the St. Croix hook and line fish listed by Whiteman (2005) are relatively shallow-water species, which agrees with the depth range of Gymnothorax ocellatus in contrast to the much deeper depths (&gt; 200 m) commonly recorded for G. conspersus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF3137B3FB9AFBF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF3131E3FA94FA86.text	026387900D68FFBAFF3131E3FA94FA86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855)	<div><p>Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau 1855) — Purplemouth Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 23); REEF (6/15).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF3131E3FA94FA86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D68FFBAFF313073FB84FA15.text	026387900D68FFBAFF313073FB84FA15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930)	<div><p>* Monopenchelys acuta (Parr 1930) — Redface Moray</p> <p>Justification: UF 164649 (1, 102 mm TL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke et al. (1989): WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA), Ascension, IWP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D68FFBAFF313073FB84FA15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D61FFB3FF31305DFCB2FA11.text	026387900D61FFB3FF31305DFCB2FA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Atherinomorus stipes	<div><p>Atherinomorus stipes (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Broadhead Silverside, Fig. 6E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10) and UF 180968 (13, 32–49 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; ANSP 73293 (5); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D61FFB3FF31305DFCB2FA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D61FFEFFF31338DFEAFF96C.text	026387900D61FFEFFF31338DFEAFF96C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Exocoetidae Risso 1827	<div><p>EXOCOETIDAE —flyingfishes</p> <p>The only flyingfish Clavijo et al. (1980) listed from St. Croix was Cheilopogon heterurus (Rafinesque 1810), as Cypselurus heterurus. This is certainly a misidentification, probably of Cheilopogon melanurus (Valenciennes 1847), based on current knowledge of the distribution of C. heterurus (see Parin and Belyanina, 2000). Most species of flyingfishes are epipelagic and oceanic, although adults of a few species may occasionally occur inshore. At least 11 species of flyingfishes have distributions including both the Greater and Lesser Antilles (Parin, 2002). Because no voucher specimens are available from St. Croix, we exclude the family from this checklist.</p> <p>HEMIRAMPHIDAE —halfbeaks (3 species)</p> <p>* Hemiramphus balao Lesueur 1821 — Balao</p> <p>Justification: St. Croix photograph of school identified as H. balao (Randall, 1996:61).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are needed to confirm the St. Croix occurrence of this widely distributed Caribbean species.</p> <p>Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linnaeus 1758) — Ballyhoo</p> <p>Listed as Hemirhamphus pleii by Cope (1871:481) and Hemiramphus brasiliensis by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 149513 (1, 247 mm BL), BIRNM; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:8); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381) and during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49). Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, LA, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>* Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani 1841) — Atlantic Silverstripe Halfbeak</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 73295 (1) [identified by B. B. Collette]; MCZ 57865 (9) [identified by B. B. Collette]; MNHN B-1072 (1) [lectotype of H. richardi.]; ZMUC P. 342678 (1), ZMUC P. 342679 (1).</p> <p>Distribution: Banford and Collette (1993) WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Hemiramphus richardi (see Table 4). Records of this species from Bermuda are based on misidentifications of Hyporhampus collettei, a recently described endemic (Banford, 2010).</p> <p>BELONIDAE —needlefishes (5 species)</p> <p>Ablennes hians (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1846) — Flat Needlefish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:8); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71); REEF (4/18). Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>* Platybelone argalus (Lesueur 1821) — Keeltail Needlefish</p> <p>Justification: Observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (3/15). Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP).</p> <p>Strongylura timucu (Walbaum 1792) — Timucu</p> <p>Justification: UF 183082 (3, 79–86 mm BL), Great Pond Bay; ANSP 73292 (2) and ANSP 80622 (1). Distribution: Collette (1968) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Tylosurus acus acus (Lacepède 1803) — Atlantic Agujón</p> <p>Justification: UF 180956 (1, 190 mm BL), Frederiksted Pier; ZMUC P.342680 (1, 625 mm BL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Tylosurus acus occurs in all tropical seas except the eastern Pacific with four currently recognized subspecies; only the subspecies Tylosurus acus acus (Lacepède) occurs in the western Atlantic.</p> <p>Tylosurus crocodilus (Péon and Lesueur 1821) — Houndfish (Gar)</p> <p>Justification: MCZ 57864 (2, 155-258 BL), Tague Bay [identified by B. B. Collette]; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:8); REEF (14/6).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA, IWP.</p> <p>POECILIIDAE —livebearers (2 species)</p> <p>Clavio et al. (1980:9) reported Mosquitofish, as Gambusia spp., as "common" and indicated that specimens were housed at the Bureau of Fish and Wildlife (BFW), St. Croix. One original BFW specimen lot (now UF 183002), collected from Caledonia Gut on 12 Aug 1980 and originally identified as Gambusia, was based on a misidentification of Poecilia mexicana (see below). This misidentification, the fact that Beatty (1944) did not record Gambusia, and our lack of observations or collections of Mosquitofish from suitable habitats in 2011-2012 despite considerable effort, strongly suggests that reports of this fish on St. Croix are attributable to misidentifications of juvenile Poecilia.</p> <p>* Poecilia mexicana Steindachner 1863 — Shortfin Molly, Fig. 7A–B</p> <p>Listed both as Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp. (see above) and Molly, Poecilia sp. by Clavio et al. (1980:9) and recorded as "introduced."</p> <p>Justification: UF 181004 (3, 64–70 mm SL), Salt River; UF 181028 (7, 17–47 mm SL), unnamed stream at East End road; UF 180998 (4, 29–55 mm SL), Concordia / Mahogany Gut; UF 180999 (5, 27–35 mm SL) and UF 183002 (6, 16–34), Caledonia Gut; UF 183129 (21, 8–41 mm SL), Southgate Pond.</p> <p>Distribution: Introduced freshwater species native to Atlantic coast from Texas to Costa Rica.</p> <p>Remarks: Identification of this species is based on the distinguishing characters given in Schultz and Miller (1971) and Poeser (2003).</p> <p>Poecilia reticulata Peters 1859 — Guppy, Fig. 7C–D</p> <p>Justification: UF 180978 (44, 12– 27 mm SL) and UF 180980 (45, 12– 33 mm SL) Mahogany Gut; UF 183252 (10, 21–27 mm SL), Creque Dam Gut.</p> <p>Distribution: Widely introduced freshwater species and very common in aquarium trade; native to northern South America, Netherland Antilles, Venezueland Islands, Trinidad, Windward (Barbados) and Leeward (St. Thomas and Antigua) islands (Rosen and Bailey, 1963).</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944) reported the guppy as "common in all streams and reservoirs," perhaps an exaggeration as it certainly does not occur in all St. Croix streams currently.</p> <p>ANOMALOPIDAE —flashlight fishes (1 species)</p> <p>Kryptophanaron alfredi Silvester and Fowler 1926 — Caribbean Flashlight Fish, Fig. 7E</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 144324 (2, 70.5– 96 mm SL), Salt River Canyon, 18–20 m, Sept., 1978.</p> <p>Distribution: Colin et al. (1979) WA (BA, GA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: During daylight hours Kryptophanaron alfredi occurs in rugged, steep-profile habitats unsuitable for trawling and at depths too deep for Scuba diving. Although the species ascends to relatively shallow depths at night to feed, the timing and duration of the upward movement is strongly influenced by the moon phase and cloud cover. The blue-green bioluminescent lights of blinking flashlight fishes can be detected underwater from a distance of 10- 15 m. The species is very sensitive to strong illumination and rapidly seeks cover when dive lights are turned on. Collection of flashlight fishes requires night dives, with dive lights turned off, closely approaching an individual and only then blinding it with a strong light so that it can be dip-netted (Colin et al., 1979).</p> <p>The unique light source of flashlight fishes is a subocular luminous organ containing symbiotic luminescent bacteria. The bacteria continuously emit light and "turning off" the light is accomplished by partial downward rotation of the light organ and simultanously flipping a black membraneous shutter upward in front of it. Johnson and Rosenblatt (1988) describe the complex anatomical mechanisms associated with organ rotation and shutter blinks in flashlight fishes.</p> <p>HOLOCENTRIDAE —squirrelfishes (8 species)</p> <p>Flammeo marinus (Cuvier 1829) — Longjaw Squirrelfish Justification: UF (BIRNM, 11); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF</p> <p>(273/226).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: We follow Dornburg et al. (2012) and Eschmeyer (2013) in assigning this species to Flammeo Jordan and Evermann instead of Neoniphon Castelnau.</p> <p>Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck 1765) — Squirrelfish</p> <p>Listed as Holocentrum longipinne by Cope (1871:465) and Holocentrus adscensionis by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:70); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (149/239).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA. Holocentrus rufus (Walbaum 1792) — Longspine Squirrelfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (366/341).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Myripristis jacobus Cuvier 1829 — Blackbar Soldierfish</p> <p>Juveniles described as the new species Rhinoberyx chryseus (see Table 4) and adults listed as Myripristis jacobus by Cope (1871:464, 465).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:69); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (380/423).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot 1853) — Cardinal Soldierfish, Fig. 7F</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 15); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (8/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Sargocentron coruscum (Poey 1860) — Reef Squirrelfish</p> <p>Listed as Adioryx coruscus and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:9).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 14); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (17/34).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sargocentron poco (Woods 1955) — Saddle Squirrelfish</p> <p>Listed as Adioryx poco and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:9).</p> <p>Justification: UF 159664 (1, 87 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC).</p> <p>Sargocentron vexillarium (Poey 1860) — Dusky Squirrelfish</p> <p>Listed as Adioryx vexillarius and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:9).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 18); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (119/101).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>CAPROIDAE —boarfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Antigonia capros Lowe 1843 — Deepbody Boarfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 182987 (3, 97–128 mm SL), Lang Bank, 90 m, June 2010; SIO 76–207 (1), Frederiksted Roadsted, 17º42.5'N, 64º35.7'W.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: A deep-water species with adults occurring near the bottom in about 65– 350 m.</p> <p>SYNGNATHIDAE —pipefishes and seahorses (11 species)</p> <p>* Acentronura dendritica (Barbour 1905) — Pipehorse, Fig. 8A</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:338).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Dawson (1982b) assigned this species to the genus Amphelikturus Parr but subsequently (Dawson, 1985) treated Amphelikturus as a subgenus of Acentronura Kaup.</p> <p>Anarchopterus tectus (Dawson 1978) — Insular Pipefish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as Micrognathus tectus and "occasional in grassbeds" by Clavijo et al. (1980:10); there are also confirmed records from the northern Lesser Antilles.</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (FL, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are needed to confirm the identification and occurrence of this pipefish at St. Croix.</p> <p>Bryx dunckeri (Metzelaar 1919) — Pugnose Pipefish, Fig. 8D</p> <p>Listed as Syngnathus dunckeri and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 14); ZMUC P.391076–91 (16, 37–55 mm SL), Frederiksted, 1922; recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:338).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Bryx randalli (Herald 1965) — Ocellated Pipefish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Cosmocampus albirostris (Kaup 1856) — Whitenose Pipefish</p> <p>Justification: REEF (2/0). This species is unlikely to be confused with any another species of pipefish, and the observers were positive of the identification.</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Cosmocampus brachycephalus (Poey 1868) — Crested Pipefish</p> <p>Listed as Hippichthys brachycephalus by Fowler (1951:25).</p> <p>Justification: UF 180905 (1, 86 mm SL), Long Point Bay; ANSP 73287 (1); listed as "occasional' by Clavijo et al. (1980:10).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Cosmocampus elucens (Poey 1868) — Shortfin Pipefish</p> <p>Justification: UF 164662 (1, 108 mm SL), UF 164664 (2, 93–105 mm SL) and (BIRNM, 2); recorded, as Syngnathus elucens, from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:338).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns 1842) — Banded Pipefish (Harlequin Pipefish), Fig. 8B</p> <p>Listed as Micrognathus ensenadae and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:10).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg 1933 — Longsnout Seahorse, Fig. 8C</p> <p>Listed as Hippocampus punctulatus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183051 (1, 130 mm TL), SSW of Butler Bay; ANSP 820 (1); TCWC 6184.01 (1); ZMUC P.391074-75 (2); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:66); REEF (18/34).</p> <p>Distribution: Vari (1982) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Microphis brachyurus lineatus (Kaup 1856) — Opossum Pipefish</p> <p>Listed as Oostethus brachyurus lineatus and "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:10).</p> <p>Justification: MCZ 43183 (1), Christiansted, 1957; USNM 106632 (3), Fairplain Stream, 1937 [identification by C. E. Dawson].</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Under the name Doryrhamphus lineatus Beatty (1944:178) stated "taken in Fairplain Stream, below bridge." Dawson (1985) recognized four subspecies of Microphis brachyurus (Bleeker), two in the Indo-West Pacific and two in the Atlantic; only the subspecies Microphis brachyurus lineatus occurs in the western Atlantic. The Opossum Pipefish breeds in both estuarine and freshwater. Adults are usually found in low salinity or freshwater areas.</p> <p>Syngnathus caribbaeus Dawson 1979 — Caribbean Pipefish, Fig. 8E</p> <p>Justification: UF 182935 (1, 122 mm SL), Triton Bay; UF 180904 (5, 53–117 mm SL), Long Point Bay; UF 181021 (1, 97 mm SL), Salt River; UF 183057 (5, 84.5– 143 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982b) WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>AULOSTOMIDAE —trumpetfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Aulostomus maculatus Valenciennes 1837 — Atlantic Trumpetfish</p> <p>Listed as Aulostoma coloratum by Cope (1871:480) and as Aulostomus maculatus by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:65); REEF (299/407).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>FISTULARIIDAE —cornetfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus 1758 — Bluespotted Cornetfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 183062 (1, 89.5 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; FMNH 52840 (1); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (5/6).</p> <p>Distribution: Fritzsche (1976) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>DACTYLOPTERIDAE —flying gurnards (1 species)</p> <p>Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus 1758) — Flying Gurnard</p> <p>Justification: UF 183039 (2, 298–305 mm SL); FMNH 89590 (1); FMNH 89593 (1); ZMUC P.821995 (1); ZMUC P. 821996 (1); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:80); REEF (6/11).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>SCORPAENIDAE —scorpionfishes (8 species)</p> <p>* Pontinus castor Poey 1860 — Longsnout Scorpionfish</p> <p>Justification: We examined a color photograph of a 227 mm SL specimen caught on a vertical longline in 228–238 m by Jens Skon at 17.4564'N, 64.3677'W, on 2 Feb. 2005 [identification confirmed by W. N. Eschmeyer].</p> <p>Distribution: Eschmeyer (1969) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Reported from depths of 73–283 m (Eschmeyer, 1969) so we include the species in this checklist.</p> <p>* Pontinus rathbuni Goode and Bean 1896 — Highfin Scorpionfish</p> <p>Listed as Pontinus macrolepis and "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:29).</p> <p>Justification: SIO 76‒205 (1, 210 mm SL), Lang Bank [identification confirmed by W. N. Eschmeyer]. Distribution: Eschmeyer (1969) WA (North Carolina, FL, GOM, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Pterois volitans (Linnaeus 1758). — Red Lionfish (Lionfish)</p> <p>Justification: UF 183076 (1, 120 mm SL), SSW Butler Bay; UF 183068 (2, 70–138 mm SL) Molasses Pier.</p> <p>Distribution: Schofield (2010) and Betancur-R, et al., (2011) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: This Indo-Pacific species is believed to be the first non-native marine fish to become established in the northwestern Atlantic and Caribbean Sea (Whitfield et al., 2002; Schofield, 2010). The first reports of lionfish from the U. S. Virgin Islands were from two sites off the north shore of St. Croix in June 2008. Lionfish are now established throughout the Virgin Islands and have been taken inside the boundaries of Buck Island Reef National Monument (Schofield, 2010) and at many other sites around St. Croix (William Coles, pers. com.). Lionfish densities have expanded rapidly at several localities and these predators are capable of drastically reducing recruitment of juvenile fishes on small patch reefs (Albins and Hixon, 2008). The speed with which lionfishes have spread throughout the western Atlantic Ocean is unprecedented (Schofield, 2010; Betancur-R, et al., 2011) and many countries and Caribbean islands, including St. Croix, are involved in efforts to control their numbers. One reason eradication efforts are unlikely to be successful is because lionfish have been observed at depths of 300 m, well beyond the limits of practical scuba diving.</p> <p>* Scorpaena bergii Evermann and Marsh 1900 — Goosehead Scorpionfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 164872 (1, 42 mm SL) and UF 164891 (1, 34 mm SL), (BIRNM, 2); ZMUC P.791504 (1, 49 mm SL), St. Croix, 1875; recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339).</p> <p>Distribution: Eschmeyer (1965, 1969) WA (FL, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Scorpaena grandicornis Cuvier 1829 — Plumed Scorpionfish</p> <p>Listed as Scorpaena grandicornis by Cope (1871:472) and Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF 182313 (4, 35‒39 mm SL), off Great Salt Pond; ZMUC P.791500 (1, 77 mm SL), St. Croix, 1906; ZMUC P.1791503 (1, 101 mm SL), St. Croix, 1875.</p> <p>Distribution: Eschmeyer (1969) WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Scorpaena inermis Cuvier 1829 — Mushroom Scorpionfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 16); recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339).</p> <p>Distribution: Eschmeyer (1965, 1969) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Scorpaena plumieri Bloch 1789 — Spotted Scorpionfish, Fig. 8F</p> <p>Listed as Scorpaena albofasciata by Flower (1951:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); UF 183276 (3, 85–150 mm SL) and UF 183280 (1, 220 mm SL), both Coakley Bay; ANSP 73289 (1); ZMUC P.791501 (1, 123 mm SL); ZMUC P.1791502 (1, 63 mm SL), St. Croix, 1875; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:76); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (54/74).</p> <p>Distribution: Eschmeyer (1965, 1969) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena.</p> <p>Scorpaenodes caribbaeus Meek and Hildebrand 1928 — Reef Scorpionfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 23).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>TRIGLIDAE —searobins (1 species)</p> <p>* Prionotus ophryas Jordan and Swain 1885 — Bandtail Searobin, Fig. 9A Justification: St. Croix color photograph (Randall, 1996:82), here reproduced with permission; Clavijo et al.</p> <p>(1980:30) presumably identified this species as Prionotus sp., listing it as rare and occuring in 1–15 meters. Distribution: Ginsburg (1950) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA). Remarks: The best references for identification of western Atlantic species of Prionotus are Ginsburg (1950) and Russell et al. (1992).</p> <p>CENTROPOMIDAE —snooks (2 species)</p> <p>* Centropomus ensiferus Poey 1860) — Swordspine Snook, Fig. 9B</p> <p>Justification: UF 180893 (2, 127–295 mm SL), Salt River, Sugar Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch 1792) — Common Snook, Fig. 9C</p> <p>Justification: UF 180887 (1, 209 mm SL), Salt River, Sugar Bay; ZMUC P.47421–22 (2), Frederiksted, Jan. 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944:178) stated for this species "common in the waters of Fairplain Stream."</p> <p>SERRANIDAE —groupers and sea basses (41 species)</p> <p>We do not follow Smith and Craig (2007), Craig et al. (2011) and Page et al. (2013) in classifying the groupers in a separate family Epinephelidae because the most recent molecular evidence supports a monophyletic Serranidae with groupers included (C.C. Baldwin and G. D. Johnson, pers. comm).</p> <p>Alphestes afer (Bloch 1793) — Mutton Hamlet</p> <p>Listed as Alphestes chloropterus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); observed in Tague Bay (Mateo and Tobias, 2001:214); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Cephalopholis cruentata (Lacepéde 1802) — Graysby</p> <p>Listed as Serranus coronatus by Cope (1871:466), and as Petrometopon cruentatum by Fowler (1919:144) and Clavijo et al. (1980:12).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 30); REEF (398/418).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Described from St. Croix as new species Bodianus stellatus (see Table 4).</p> <p>Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus 1758) — Coney</p> <p>Listed as Serranus ouatalibi by Cope (1871:466) and as Cephalopholis fulva by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 15); REEF (405/409).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Dermatolepis inermis (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1833) — Marbled Grouper</p> <p>Justification: FMNH 89600 (1) "St. Croix," before Sept. 1911 [identification confirmed by P. Willink]. Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randal (1993) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus 1766) — Sand Perch</p> <p>Justification: REEF 4/0.</p> <p>Distribution: Bortone (1977) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Shulman et al. (1983:1510) recorded juveniles of Diplectrum sp., probably this species, colonizing small artifical reefs at Salt River Canyon. In his revision of the genus, Bortone (1977) reported one collection of D. formosum from "W. of Anegada Island," and we have examined a 165 mm SL specimen (ZMUC P.43771) from St. Thomas. In contrast, D. bivittatum (Valenciennes) is widely distributed in the northern Virgin Islands and we have examined one collection from St. Thomas (UF 207110), and the University of Puerto Rico collection (UPR) has additional holdings of the species from the British Virgin Is., St. John and St. Thomas. We assume that REEF observations of Diplectrum formosum (see above) are correctly identified because the color patterns of these two species are very different. In the absence of voucher specimens or good photographic documentation, identification of this species is provisional.</p> <p>Epinephelus adscensionis (Osbeck 1765) — Rock Hind</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:24); (REEF (17/51).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randall (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Epinephelus guttatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Red Hind</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7); ZMUC P.43774 (1, 295 mm SL), Christiansted, 1906; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:88); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (102/158).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein 1822) — Goliath Grouper (Jewfish)</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); one individual observed at Salt River Canyon (Kaufman and Ebersole (1984:258).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randall (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Randall (1968:89) includes a photograph of a 340-pound fish caught at St. John. Since 1990 it has been illegal to harvest this grouper in U. S. waters. The Goliath Grouper shows no signs of recovery except in Florida and is currently listed as Critically Endangered (Sadovy de Mitcheson et al., 2013). Records of this species from the eastern Pacific are based on misidentifications of the closely related Epinephelus quinquefasciatus Bocourt (Craig et al., 2008).</p> <p>Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes 1828) — Red Grouper</p> <p>Justification: Occasional landings reported by St. Croix fisherman (Brownell and Rainey, 1971:52) and listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); REEF (1/4).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Epinephelus striatus (Bloch 1792) — Nassau Grouper</p> <p>Listed as Epinephalus striatus by Cope (1871:466) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.43775 (1, 175 mm SL) St. Croix, July 1863; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:24); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (20/29).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randal (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Gonioplectrus hispanus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Spanish Flag</p> <p>Justification: AMNH 20856 (1, 197 mm SL); SIO 76‒205 (1, 192 mm SL), Lang Bank.</p> <p>Distribution: Bullock and Smith (1991) WA (FL, GOM, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: We examined a color image of a 215 mm SL specimen (not retained) of this beautiful grouper caught in deep water NE of Horse Reef.</p> <p>Hypoplectrus aberrans Poey 1868 — Yellowbelly Hamlet</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); REEF (1/3).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA). Hypoplectrus chlorurus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Yellowtail Hamlet</p> <p>Listed as Plectropoma chlorurum by Cope (1871:466).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); spawning observed (Lobel and Neudecker, 1985:80); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); color photograph of St. Croix fish (Lobel, 2011:fig. 11); REEF (147/109).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypoplectrus guttavarius (Poey 1851) — Shy Hamlet</p> <p>Listed as Plectropoma guttavarium by Cope (1871:466) and Hypoplectrus unicolor guttavarius by Fowler (1951:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 206972 (1), BIRNM; spawning studied (Lobel and Neudecker, 1985); observed in East and West Wall censuses (Toller, 2002: Appendix 1); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (32/44).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Hypoplectrus indigo (Poey, 1851) — Indigo Hamlet</p> <p>Justification: Observed in Tague Bay (Mateo and Tobias, 2001:214); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (5/5). Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypoplectrus nigricans (Poey 1852) — Black Hamlet</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); spawning observed (Lobel and Neudecker, 1985:80); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (32/26).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypoplectrus puella (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Barred Hamlet</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); spawning observed (Lobel and Neudecker, 1985:80); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (106/119).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypoplectrus unicolor (Walbaum 1792) — Butter Hamlet</p> <p>Listed as Hypoplectrus unicolor by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 206971 (1); ANSP 13293 (1); spawning observed (Lobel and Neudecker, 1985:80); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (110/113).</p> <p>Distribution: Aguilar-Perera and González-Salas (2009) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hyporthodus mystacinus (Poey 1852) — Misty Grouper (Johnpow)</p> <p>Justification: Listed as Epinephelus mystacinus and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:24).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randall (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BD, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: We follow Craig and Hastings (2007) and Craig et al. (2011) in assiging this grouper to the genus Hyporthodus Gill rather than its traditional placement in Epinephelus Bloch.</p> <p>Liopropoma carmabi (Randall 1963) — Candy Basslet</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:12); REEF (3/3).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Liopropoma mowbrayi Woods and Kanazawa 1951 — Cave Basslet</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:11); submersible observations in 40–200 m (García Sais, 2005:94); REEF (1/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Liopropoma rubre Poey 1861 — Peppermint Basslet</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); REEF (91/46).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Kotthaus (1970:20) described Flagelloserranus danae as a new genus and species from the vicinity of St. Croix (17º43'N, 64º56'W) where it was collected by trawl in 35 m. Like another Indo-Pacific species of Flagelloserranus described in the same paper, Randall and Taylor (1988) determined that the 14.2 mm SL holotype (ZMUC P.43208) is based on the postlarva of Liopropoma sp. Although species identification of the tiny holotype may be impossible, we provisionally identify it as Liopropoma rubre because it is by far the most common species of Liopropoma known from St. Croix.</p> <p>* Mycteroperca acutirostris (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Western Comb Grouper</p> <p>Listed as Trisotropis undulosus by Cope (1871:465) and as Mycteroperca ruber by Fowler (1919:144); Smith (1971:206) was less certain that these two synonymies apply to Mycteroperca acutirostris.</p> <p>Justification: Clavijo et al. (1980) did not record this species and although there are no extant museum voucher specimens from St. Croix, the species has been reliably recorded from the northern Virgin Islands and St. Martin in the Leeward Islands.</p> <p>Distribution: Heemstra and Randall (1993) WA (GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Randall and Heemstra (1993:262) discuss past taxonomic confusion associated with the name Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch), which is based on an eastern Atlantic species. All literature references to " M. rubra " (or ruber) from the western Atlantic actually apply to the closely related M. acutirostris. A color photograph of a small specimen (as M. rubra) from St. John is given in Randall (1968:67) and Randall (1996:91) gives a color photograph of an adult from Bonaire. Voucher specimens or photographs are needed to confirm the St. Croix occurrence of this grouper.</p> <p>* Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey 1860) — Black Grouper</p> <p>Justification: Unmistakable photographic image in "Scuba Bob Klemow's Nekton St. Croix 2009" under King's Cross slide series http://www.scubadadreefpix.com/sc/pier.htm [30 May 2013].</p> <p>Distribution: Heemstra and Randal (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Mycteroperca interstitalis (Poey 1860) — Yellowmouth Grouper</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:12); REEF (1/1).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randall (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Mycteroperca tigris (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1833) — Tiger Grouper</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:12); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:24); observed by us at BIRNM; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (10/ 35).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randal (1993) WA (BA, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Mycteroperca venenosa (Linnaeus 1758) — Yellowfin Grouper</p> <p>Justification: UF 206749 (1, 520 mm SL), obtained from St. Croix fisherman, Aug. 1960 (specimen can not be located but catalog ledger includes color notes taken by J. E. Randall that confirm the identification); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); REEF (6/8).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith (1971) and Heemstra and Randal (1993) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Atlantic Creolefish</p> <p>Listed as Brachryhinus creolus by Cope (1871:465), and as Paranthias furcifer by Fowler (1919:144) and Clavijo et al. (1980:12).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.43772–73 (2, 165–180 mm SL), Christiansted, 1906; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980); REEF (71/82).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p> <p>Remarks: In a recent molecular phylogeny of groupers, Craig and Hastings (2007) indicated that Paranthias furcifer and the eastern Pacific P. colonus (Valenciennes) are both nested within Cephalopholis. In a subsequent major publication on groupers of the world, Craig et al. (2011) retained the traditional Paranthias furcifer classification, "pending additional study." Unlike other Cephalopholis, the two species of Paranthias typically feed in the water column above the reef. Their reduced dentition, relatively small mouth and forked tail are adaptions associated with planktonic feeding that has occurred independently in other families of fishes with similar trophic ecology.</p> <p>Parasphyraenops incisus (Colin 1978) — Bantam Bass</p> <p>Listed as Serranus incisus by Clavijo et al. (1980:12).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980) with voucher specimens [identified by P. L. Colin] in UPR collection; REEF (9/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (North Carolina, BA, GA, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: We follow Johnson and Smith-Vaniz (1987) in assigning this species to Parasphyraenops Bean. In addition to St. Croix, this diminutive planktivore (maximum size 55 mm SL) is known from Mona Island and Jamaica (Colin, 1978), off North Carolina, the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos (Quattrini et al., 2004) and Venezuela.</p> <p>Pseudogramma gregoryi (Breder 1927) — Reef Bass, Fig. 9D</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 18).</p> <p>Distribution: Randall and Baldwin (1997) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA), Ascension Island.</p> <p>Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitchill 1818) — Freckled Soapfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:13); REEF (16/29).</p> <p>Distribution: Guimarães (1999) WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are needed to unequivocally substantiate the occurrence of this small species of soapfish at St. Croix.</p> <p>* Rypticus carpenteri Baldwin and Weigt 2012 — Slope Soapfish, Fig. 10A</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13) [identified by Carole Baldwin]; UF 183074 (9, 36–62.5 mm SL), SSW of Butler Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: Baldwin and Weight (2012) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: This recently described species can be easily confused with Rypticus subbifrenatus. According to Baldwin and Weight (2012), R. carpenteri differs in having the pectoral fin, outer portions of the soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins pale yellow to yellow (versus fins tan, straw colored or brown, and the same or darker than background trunk coloration); interorbital region usually with pair of dark spots at posterior end set slightly apart from orbital rim (interorbital region usually with two pairs of dark spots, one set on or abutting orbital rim and the other pair close behind and sometimes joined to form a stripe; and caudal fin usually with at least a few, sometimes tiny spots (caudal fin usually without spots but one or two spots sometimes present on base of fin).</p> <p>Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Greater Soapfish</p> <p>Listed as Rhypticus [sic] saponaceus by Cope (1871:467) and as Rypticus saponaceus by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 9); REEF (80/121).</p> <p>Distribution: Guimarães (1999) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill 1927 — Spotted Soapfish, Fig. 10B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4) [identified by Carole Baldwin].</p> <p>Distribution: Baldwin and Weight (2012) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Schultzea beta (Hildebrand 1940) — School Bass</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:12); REEF (5/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Serranus baldwini (Evermann and Marsh 1899) — Lantern Bass</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (49/26).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Serranus chionaraia Robins and Starck 1961 — Snow Bass</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 144373 (1, 42.8 mm SL), N. of Frederiksted, 34 m, March 1977.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Serranus luciopercanus Poey 1852 — Crosshatch Bass</p> <p>Justification: USNM 289633 (1, 130 mm SL), shelf edge NW of BIRNM, Oct. 1970; one specimen caught on on shelf edge of St. Croix, NW of Buck Island in 73 m (Brownell and Rainey, 1971:54).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Serranus tabacarius (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1829) — Tobaccofish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (140/153).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Serranus tigrinus (Bloch 1790) — Harlequin Bass, Fig. 10C</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (390/403).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Serranus tortugarum Longley 1935 — Chalk Bass</p> <p>Justification: UF 183138 (1, 18.6 mm SL), SSW of Butler Bay; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:13); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (4/2).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>GRAMMATIDAE —basslets (2 species)</p> <p>Gramma linki Stark and Colin 1978 — Yellowcheek Basslet</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 144645 (1, 35 mm SL), Cane Bay, 55 m, March 1977.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, WC).</p> <p>Gramma loreto Poey 1868 — Fairy Basslet</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); REEF (375/433).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke and Randall (1963) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>OPISTOGNATHIDAE —jawfishes (4 species)</p> <p>Opistognathus aurifrons (Jordan and Thompson 1905) — Yellowhead Jawfish Justification: UF 158566 (2, 29.4–35.4 mm SL), BIRNM; UF 183029 (1, 47.5 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier;</p> <p>ANSP 138139 (1); REEF (114/85). Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Opistognathus gilberti Böhlke 1967 — Yellow Jawfish</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 138136 (1, 35.5 mm SL), Cane Bay, 42 m, May 1977.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Opistognathus maxillosus Poey 1860) — Mottled Jawfish, Fig. 10D</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); UF 183104 (1, 68.5 mm SL), Coakley Bay; UF 231167 (4, 40–62 mm SL), Tague Bay; listed as "common" by Clavijo (1980:24).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz (1997) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Undocumented visual reports (REEF) of Opistognathus magrognathus Poey from St. Croix are assumed to have been based on misidentifications of O. maxillosus.</p> <p>* Opistognathus whitehursti (Longley 1927) — Dusky Jawfish, Fig. 10E</p> <p>Justification: UF 158565 (1, 10.6 mm SL) and UF 160639 (1, 53 mm SL), (BIRNM, 2); UF 183105 (2, 42.7–46.4 mm SL), Coakley Bay; recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz (1997) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, SA).</p> <p>CENTRARCHIDAE —sunfishes (3 species)</p> <p>Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque 1819 — Bluegill</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo (1980:13).</p> <p>Distribution: Widely introduced freshwater species, native to North America.</p> <p>Lepomis microlophus (Günther 1859) — Redear Sunfish (Shellcracker)</p> <p>Justification: UF 183035 (2, 145–173 mm SL), freshwater pond at Lower Love Estate, July 1977; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo (1980:13).</p> <p>Distribution: Widely introduced freshwater species, native to North America.</p> <p>Micropterus salmoides (Lacepède 1802) — Largemouth Bass</p> <p>Justification: UF 183035 (1, 268 mm SL), freshwater pond at Lower Love Estate, July 1977; listed as "rare" by Clavijo (1980:13).</p> <p>Distribution: Widely introduced freshwater species, native to North America.</p> <p>PRIACANTHIDAE —bigeyes (4 species)</p> <p>* Cookeolus japonicus (Cuvier 8219)— Bulleye</p> <p>Justification: We examined a color photograph of adult caught on a vertical longline in 240–300 m off Baron's Bluff, July 2005 (see remarks).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Starnes (1988) WA (BD, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, IWP, EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Reported to be relatively common in 165–260 m; Cookeolus japonicus also has been taken as shallow as 60 m (Starnes, 1988) and thus is included here.</p> <p>Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepéde 1801) — Glasseye Snapper</p> <p>Listed as Priacanthus macrophthalmus by Cope (1871:468) and as P. cruentatus by Clavijo et al. (1980:14).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); UF 182991 (1, 185 mm SL), Butler Bay; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:117); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (180/200).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Starnes (1988) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1829 — Bigeye</p> <p>Listed as Priacanthus arenatus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:13); observed during Frederiksted reef system (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (2/6).</p> <p>Distribution: Starnes (1988) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Pristigenys alta (Gill 1862) — Short Bigeye</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:14).</p> <p>Distribution: Starnes (1988) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>APOGONIDAE —cardinalfishes (17 species)</p> <p>Apogon affinis (Poey 1875) — Bigtooth Cardinalfish, Fig. 11A</p> <p>Listed as Cheilodipterus affinis and "occasional" by Clavijo et al., (1980:14).</p> <p>Justification: UF 159357 (1, 36 mm SL), BIRNM; REEF (2/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA), EA.</p> <p>* Apogon aurolineatus (Mowbray in Breder 1927) — Bridle Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: Recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:342); REEF (6/2).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Although not listed by Clavijo et al. (1980), we tentatively accept the above records as reliable because the species has a broad Caribbean distribution and there are confirmed collections from St. John, St. Thomas and Tortola. Voucher specimens are needed to confirm the occurrence of this cardinalfish in St. Croix.</p> <p>Apogon binotatus (Poey 1867) — Barred Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 28); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (126/70).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, LA, nSA).</p> <p>Apogon lachneri Böhlke 1959 — Whitestar Cardinalfish, Fig. 11B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); REEF (58/14).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Apogon maculatus (Poey 1860) — Flamefish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 51); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:121); REEF (92/58).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Apogon pillionatus Böhlke and Randall 1968 — Broadsaddle Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); REEF (3/0).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke and Randall (1968) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Apogon planifrons Longley and Hildebrand 1940 — Pale Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10); REEF (10/5).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke and Randall (1968) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley 1932 — Twospot Cardinalfish Justification: Clavijo et al. (1980) did not record this species from St. Croix and we did not collect it. This</p> <p>cardinalfish has a very distinctive color pattern and because misidentification would be unlikely we accept the following visual records: REEF (16/6).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Apogon quadrisquamatus Longley 1934 — Sawcheek Cardinalfish, Fig. 11C</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); UF 183141 (1, 27.8 mm SL), SSW Butler Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Apogon robinsi Böhlke and Randall 1968 — Roughlip Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: Observed at Salt River Canyon (Bortone et al., 1986:7); REEF (2/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are required to confirm the identification and independently substantiate the above occurrence records; sight records of this species could have been misidentifications.</p> <p>Apogon townsendi (Breder 1927) — Belted Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 44); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:126); REEF (123/65).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Astrapogon alutus (Jordan and Gilbert 1882) — Bronze Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:14).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are required to confirm the identification and better document the St. Croix occurrence record. We accept the prior listing as reliable because Clavijo et al. recorded the other two species of Astrapogon as "occasional."</p> <p>Astrapogon puncticulatus (Poey 1867) — Blackfin Cardinalfish, Fig. 11D</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 45).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, GOM, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Astrapogon stellatus (Cope 1867) — Conchfish, Fig. 11E</p> <p>Justification: UF 180910 (1) and UF 181014 (1), both from off Long Reef and taken from conch shells; ANSP 80581 (1); ZMUC P.44321–22 (2, 35–45), St. Croix, Jan. 1872.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Apogonichthys melampodus (see Table 4).</p> <p>Phaeoptyx conklini (Silvester 1915) — Freckled Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 49).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey 1860) — Dusky Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 42).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p> <p>Phaeoptyx xenus (Böhlke and Randall 1968) — Sponge Cardinalfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:14); REEF (61/4).</p> <p>Distribution: Böhlke and Randall (1968) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Voucher specimens are required to confirm the occurrence of this cardinalfish in St. Croix.</p> <p>MALACANTHIDAE —tilefishes (2 species)</p> <p>* Caulolatilus williamsi Dooley and Berry 1977 — Yellowbar Tilefish Justification: SIO 76–205 (1), Lang Bank [identification confirmed by H. J. Walker]; two specimens (not</p> <p>saved) caught off St. Croix in depths between 126–180 m were also reported in Dooley and Berry's (1977) original description of the species; listed as Caulolatilus cyanops Poey, and as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15) based on a misidentification of the SIO specimen.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (Cay Sal Bank, Mona Island, and St. Croix), but almost certainly more widely distributed.</p> <p>Malacanthus plumieri (Bloch 1786) — Sand Tilefish</p> <p>Listed as Malacanthus plumieri by Cope (1871:464).</p> <p>Justification: FMNH 52813 (1); ZMUC P.45559 (1, 400 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1848; ZMUC P.45560 (1, 385 mm SL), St. Croix, June 1846; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:129); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (179/181). Distribution: Dooley (1978) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, SA), Ascension.</p> <p>CARANGIDAE —jacks (19 species)</p> <p>Alectis ciliaris (Bloch 1778) — African Pompano</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (2/0).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Caranx bartholomaei Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1833 — Yellow Jack</p> <p>Justification: UF 180972 (2); UF 182875 (1); ZMUC P.461595 (1, 101 mm FL), Christiansted, 1906; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); caught in fish traps in Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 10); REEF (6/13).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Caranx crysos (Mitchill 1815) — Blue Runner, Fig. 12A</p> <p>Justification: UF 183277 (1, 173 mm FL), Frederiksted Pier; ZMUC P.461603 (1, 138 mm FL), Christiansted, 1906; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (34/26).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Caranx hippos (Linnaeus 1766) — Crevalle Jack, Fig. 12B</p> <p>Listed as Caranx hippus [sic] by Cope (1871:472) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 180892 (3, 220–240 mm FL), Salt River; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); observed in Salt River Canyon (Arneson, 1979:4).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz and Carpenter (2007) WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Caranx latus Agassiz 1831 — Horse-eye Jack</p> <p>Justification: UF 180908 (3, 97–128 mm FL), Salt River; UF 1830701 (1, 137 mm FL), Rod Bay; FMNH 52804 (2); ZMUC P.461602 (1); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); REEF (48/78).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p> <p>Caranx lugubris Poey 1860 — Black Jack</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); observed at Frederiksted fish market by G. D. Dennis (pers. comm.); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); REEF (2/2).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Caranx ruber (Bloch 1793) — Bar Jack</p> <p>Listed as Selar ruber by Cope (1871:472) and as Caranx ruber by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183281 (14, 150–174 mm FL), Frederiksted Pier; FMNH 52805 (2); ZMUC P.461651 (1, 416 mm FL), St. Croix, Sept. 1844; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (336/407).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena.</p> <p>Remarks: Described from St. Croix as new species Scomber ruber (see Table 4).</p> <p>* Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus 1766) — Atlantic Bumper, Fig. 12C</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.461594 (1, 245 mm FL, dry mount), St. Croix, 21 Dec. 1842; REEF (3/0). Distribution: WA (BD *, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1833) — Mackerel Scad [Sea Robin]</p> <p>Justification: UF 160672 (1, 210 mm FL), BIRNM; UF 181009 (10, 157–188 mm FL), Frederiksted fish market; FMNH 52806 (2); predominent pelagic species at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381, 384); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71); REEF (69/31).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>* Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier 1829) — Round Scad</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 169407 (2), Frederiksted, July 1957.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>* Decapterus tabl Berry 1967 — Redtail Scad</p> <p>Justification: color photograph (see remarks); REEF 4/3.</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz (2003) WA (BD, FL, GOM, nSA), Ascension and St. Helena, IWP; probably more widely distributed in Caribbean Sea.</p> <p>Remarks: Lad Akin (pers. comm.) who is familar with this scad in Florida, especially its red caudal fin, reported seeing Decapterus tabl at St. Croix in 2013. A color photograph in Grace-McCaskey (2012, Fig. 12) of a fresh Decapterus in the left hand of a commercial fisher selling his catch at La Reine fish market, St. Croix, also appears to be D. tabl. Unfortunately, the image of the fish is very small in the photograph but there is no mistaking its red caudal fin. Voucher specimens or better photographs are needed to unequivocally document the St. Croix occurrence of this carangid.</p> <p>Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy and Gaimard 1825) — Rainbow Runner</p> <p>Justification: UF 180973 (2); listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16); REEF (2/1).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch 1793) — Bigeye Scad (Jackfish)</p> <p>Listed as Selar crumenophthalmus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 11283 (4); ZMUC P.461659 (1, 187 mm FL), St. Croix, Sept. 1844; ZMUC P.4623–24 (2, 160–170 mm FL), St. Croix, 1896; seasonal abundance in St. Croix shelf waters (Tobias, 1991:82); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>* Selene brownii Cuvier 1831) — Full Moonfish, Fig. 12D</p> <p>Listed as Vomer setapinnis by Cope (1871:472) and Vomer spixii by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.461 (1, 101 mm FL), St. Croix, 1896; ZMUC P.461591 (1, 165 mm FL), St. Croix Sept. 1848; ZMUC P.461592 (1, 185 mm FL), St. Croix, no date; ZMUC P.461667 (1, 155 mm FL), Christiansted, 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Selene brownii is superficially very similar to S. setapinnis (Mitchill), but differs in having a more rounded head profile in adults and fewer total gill rakers (usually 31‒34 versus 34‒44).</p> <p>Selene vomer (Linnaeus 1758) — Lookdown Justification: FMNH 90999 (1); MCZ 65049 (1); ZMUC P.461649 (1, 250 mm FL), St. Croix, no date; ZMUC</p> <p>P.461650 (1, 165 mm FL), St. Croix, Jan. 1846. Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Seriola dumerili (Risso 1810) — Greater Amberjack</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16); caught on Lang Bank (W. Tobias, pers. comm. to Jed Brown, 27 Aug. 2012).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1833 — Almaco Jack</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16); we also have seen a color photograph of an angler caught St. Croix fish; REEF (2/3).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Permit</p> <p>Listed as Trachynotus rhomboides by Cope (1871:472) and as Trachinotus falcatus by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF 183071 (1, 103 mm FL) and UF 183088 (1, 84.5 mm FL), both Rod Bay; ANSP 149253 (1); MCZ 65047 (1); ZMUC P.461660 (1); ZMUC P.461665 (1), St. Croix, Sept. 1845.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Trachinotus goodei Jordan and Evermann 1896 — Palometa</p> <p>Listed as Trachynotus [sic] glaucus by Cope (1871:472) and as Trachinotus glaucus by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); ZMUC P.461661‒63 (3, 76‒145 mm FL); ZMUC P.461664 (1, 180 mm FL), St. Croix, April 1848.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>RACHYCENTRIDAE —cobias (1 species)</p> <p>Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus 1766) — Cobia</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Cobia apparently occur in St. Croix only as very rare waifs. William Tobias, who has worked as a fishery biologist in St. Croix for over 30 years, has never seen a locally caught Cobia, although there are reports of them from St. Thomas (Tobias, pers. comm. to Jed Brown, 27 Aug., 2012). Bunkley-Williams and Williams (2006) discuss the rarity of insular Caribbean records of Cobia, including Puerto Rico.</p> <p>CORYPHAENIDAE —dolphinfishes (2 species)</p> <p>Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus 1758 — Pompano Dolphinfish</p> <p>Justification: See remarks; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Gibbs and Collette (1959) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Epipelagic in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide, but precise western Atlantic range unknown because of past confusion with Coryphaena hippurus.</p> <p>Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus 1758 — Dolphinfish (Mahi Mahi)</p> <p>Justification: Dolphinfish (widely marketed as Mahi Mahi) is a priority pelagic fish caught by St. Croix anglers.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Gibbs and Collette (1959) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>ECHENEIDAE —remoras (4 species)</p> <p>Although no voucher specimens are available for any species of remora, and two listed below have not previously been recorded from St. Croix, this is likely a collecting artifact. All four species have commensal or mutualistic relationships associated with removal of parasitic copepods from host species (see remarks) that are relatively common around St. Croix, and E. naucrates is a frequently sighted inshore remora associated with a wide variety of coral-reef fishes.</p> <p>Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 1758 — Sharksucker</p> <p>Justification: Relatively common species with several photographs available from St. Croix; REEF (5/10). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, St. Helena, EA, IWP.</p> <p>* Remora brachyptera (Lowe 1839) — Spearfish Remora</p> <p>Justification: Usually found on body or inside gill chamber of billfishes and sharks (O'Toole, 2002:618) that occur off St. Croix.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (FL, GOM, GA, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>* Remora osteochir (Cuvier 1829) — Marlinsucker</p> <p>Justification: This remora has a mutualistic relationship with billfishes (O'Toole, 2002:618) that occur off St. Croix.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remora remora (Linnaeus 1758) — Remora</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:15); this remora has a mutualistic relationship, primarily with sharks (O'Toole, 2002:618); (REEF (6/3).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP. Remarks: Several on-line photographs of fish identified as R. remora from St. Croix, including those of Pittman et al. (2008), are actually based on misidentifications of unusually large individuals of Echeneis naucrates.</p> <p>LUTJANIDAE —snappers (15 species)</p> <p>Apsilus dentatus Guichenot 1853 — Black Snapper (Black silk)</p> <p>Listed as Lutjanus arnillus by Cope (1871:470) and as Apsilus dentatus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16); caught in traps on Lang Bank (Brownell and Rainey, 1971:59); caught on deep-water vertical set lines (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:6).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Etelis oculatus (Valenciennes 1832) — Queen Snapper</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.47423 (1, 195 mm SL), Frederiksted, 1906; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus analis (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Mutton Snapper</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.47425 (1, 115 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; ZMUC P.47426 (1, 160 mm SL), St. Croix, July 1863; listed catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:159); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (55/95).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus apodus (Walbaum 1792) — Schoolmaster</p> <p>Justification: UF 180961 (9, 25‒94 mm SL), Salt River; UF 183278 (4, 100‒165 mm SL), Rod Bay; ZMUC P. 47428‒29 (2, 123‒225 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; ZMUC P.47430 (1, 105 mm SL) St. Croix, July 1863; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (274/299).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Moura and Lindeman (2007) have determined that literature reports of this species from southeastern Brazil are based on misidentifications of the Brazilian endemic Lutjanus alexandrei Moura and Lindeman.</p> <p>Lutjanus buccanella (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Blackfin Snapper</p> <p>Justification: UF 182975 (19, 32–48 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; ZMUC P.47431-33 (3, 100–187 mm SL), Frederiksted, 1906; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:25); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:161); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (10/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus campechanus (Poey 1860) — Red Snapper</p> <p>Listed as Lutjanus purpureus and "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183006 (1, 139 SL), Butler Bay; three specimens of " Lutjanus purpureus," identification confirmed by L. R. Rivas, caught in 64–73 m W. off Sandy Point (Brownell and Rainey (1971:64).</p> <p>Distribution: Rivas (1966) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Lutjanus campechanus and L. purpureus (Poey) have generally been considered to be closely related, essentially allopatric species (Anderson, 2003) or subspecies but a genetic study (Gomes et al. 2012) suggests that there is only a single species of red snapper. This change in taxonomic rank or species concept has been adopted by Eschmeyer (2013).</p> <p>Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Cubera Snapper</p> <p>Justification: USNM 198837 (2); listed as part of Bigeye Scad by-catch (Tobias, 1991:91); observed in Salt River Canyon (Arneson, 1979:4); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:26); REEF (10/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus 1758) — Gray Snapper</p> <p>Listed as Lutjanus griseus by Cope (1871:470) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.47434‒38 (4, 108–113 mm SL) St. Croix, Sept. 1845; caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (18/41).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Moura and Lindeman (2007) have determined that literature reports of this species from southeastern Brazil are based on misidentifications of the Brazilian endemic Lutjanus alexandrei.</p> <p>Lutjanus jocu (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Dog Snapper</p> <p>Justification: UF 182994 (1, 135 mm SL), Manning Bay Lagoon; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17); observed in Salt River Canyon (Arneson, 1979:4); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:26); caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); submersible observations in 60-120 m (García Sais, 2005:93); REEF (5/9).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension Island.</p> <p>Lutjanus mahogoni (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Mahogany Snapper</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (359/361).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus 1758) — Lane Snapper</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.47439 (1, 125 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; ZMUC P.47440–44 (5, 112–155 mm SL); caught in fish traps in Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996:Table 10); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:165); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (34/39).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lutjanus vivanus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1828) — Silk Snapper</p> <p>Listed as Lutjanus vivanus by Cope (1871:468) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:26). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch 1791) — Yellowtail Snapper</p> <p>Listed as Ocyurus chrysurus by Cope (1871:468) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); UF 182874 (4, 54–77 mm SL), Frederkisted Pier; FMNH 52812 (3); ZMUC P.47445 (1, 240 mm SL) St. Croix, Sept. 1845; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:166); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (286/388).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Pristipomoides macrophthalmus (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Cardinal Snapper</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.47424 (1, 210 mm SL) Frederiksted, 1906; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Pristipomoides aquilonaris (Good and Bean) and P. macrophthalmus are very similar morphologically and co-occur in the Greater Antilles and probably other islands of the Antilles; see Anderson (1966) for distinguishing characters of both species.</p> <p>Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1829) — Vermilion Snapper</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:26). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>LOBOTIDAE —tripletails (1 species)</p> <p>Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch 1790) — Atlantic Tripletail</p> <p>Justification: UF 180976 (1); listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>GERREIDAE —mojarras (8 species)</p> <p>* Diapterus auratus Ranzani 1842 — Irish Pompano, Fig. 13A</p> <p>Justification: UF 180902 (2, 50–57.5 mm SL), Salt River; UF 182925 (3, 94–114 mm SL), Triton Bay; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:49).</p> <p>Remarks: Tobias (2001) reported Diapterus olisthostomus (Goode and Bean, 1882), a synonym of D. auratus (see Deckert and Greenfield, 1987), from Great Pond.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Eucinostomus argenteus Baird and Girard 1855 — Spotfin Mojarra</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17); caught in fish traps in Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 10); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:49).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Eucinostomus gula (Quoy and Gaimard 1824) — Silver Jenny</p> <p>Listed as Gerres gula by Cope (1871:461) and as Eucinostomus gula by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 180907 (1, 52 mm SL), Salt River; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:17). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Eucinostomus harengulus Goode and Bean 1879 — Tidewater Mojarra, Fig. 13B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM 1); UF 182923 (3, 57–58 mm SL), Triton Bay; UF 183146 (5, 36–65 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; UF 183172 (5, 42–63 mm SL), Molasses Pier; ANSP 9222 (1, 52 mm SL) and ANSP 80626 (1) [identified by R. E. Matheson]; ZMUC P. 48386 (1, 120 mm SL), Frederiksted, Jan. 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Eucinostomus havana (Nichols 1912) — Bigeye Mojarra, Fig. 13C</p> <p>Justification: UF 183091 (1, 94 mm SL), Rod Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Eucinostomus jonesii (Günther 1879) — Slender Mojarra</p> <p>Listed as Eucinostomus pseudogula (Fowler, 1930:646).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183159 (2, 52–55 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; FMNH 52818 (10); MCZ 65014 (4); abundant in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed in back-reef and lagoon censuses (Adams and Ebersole, 2002:223).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Eucinostomus lefroyi Goode1874) — Mottled Mojarra</p> <p>Justification: UF 181039 (4, 22–38 mm SL), Salt River; UF 183003 (6, 11–34 mm SL), Manning Bay Lagoon; ANSP 73286 (4) and ANSP 80621 (8); listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:49).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Gerres cinereus (Walbaum 1792) — Yellowfin Mojarra, Fig. 13D</p> <p>Listed as Eucinostomus cinereus by Clavijo et al. (1980:18)</p> <p>Justification: UF 183090 (7, 41–75 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; UF 183176 (3, 108–145 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; ZMUC P.48418 (1, 133 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1916; ZMUC P.48419–35 (17, 50–61 mm SL), St. Croix, Oct. 1917; abundant in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed in back-reef and lagoon censuses (Adams and Ebersole, 2002:223); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (115/148).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA,VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>HAEMULIDAE —grunts (16 species)</p> <p>Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch 1791) — Black Margate</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (43/ 50).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758) — Porkfish</p> <p>Listed as Anisotremus virginicus by Cope (1871:470) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183004 (2, 55–134 mm SL); ANSP 11546 (1, 185 mm SL); ZMUC P.48447 (1, 111 mm SL) St. Croix, 1882; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (16/31).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Emmelichthyops atlanticus Schultz 1945 — Bonnetmouth</p> <p>Justification: Observed at Salt River Canyon (Bortone et al., 1986:7); REEF (6/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Emmelichthyops has traditionally been recognized as one of two monotypic genera, together with Inermia, comprising the family Inermiidae which collectively are commonly referred to as bonnetmouths. Characters shared by both genera such as highly protrusible jaw systems are modifications associated with planktivory and not a reflection of common ancestory. Following Sanciangco et al. (2011), E. atlanticus, together with Inermia (see following account of Haemulon vittatum), are both assigned to the family Haemulidae based on a molecular phylogeny using mitochondrial and nuclear genes. The family Inermiidae is no longer recognized. Voucher specimens are needed due to possible misidentification with Haemulon vittatum.</p> <p>Haemulon album Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830 — Margate</p> <p>Justification: Catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:26); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (8/17).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA and Fernando de Noronha).</p> <p>Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830 — Tomtate</p> <p>Justification: UF 182996 (1, 161 mm SL), Butler Bay; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:171); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (93/103).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Haemulon carbonarium Poey 1860 — Caesar Grunt</p> <p>Justification: UF 182984 (39 mm SL), Manning Bay Lagoon; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (258/203).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, CW, nSA).</p> <p>Haemulon chrysargyreum Günther 1859 — Smallmouth Grunt</p> <p>Justification: UF 182967 (1, 148 mm SL), Butler Bay; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (275/247).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, Atoll Rocas and Fernando de Noronha).</p> <p>Haemulon flavolineatum (Desmarest 1832) — French Grunt</p> <p>Listed as Haemulum xanthopterum by Cope (1871:471) and as Haemulon flavolineatum by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); ZMUC P.48449 (1, 135 mm SL) St. Croix, Sept. 1845; ZMUC P.48450 (1, 155 mm SL) St. Croix, Oct. 1863; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:167); observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (433/526).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Haemulon macrostomum Günther 1859 — Spanish Grunt</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon(Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (19/63).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Haemulon melanurum (Linnaeus 1758) — Cottonwick</p> <p>Listed as Haemulum melanurum by Cope (1871:471) and as Haemulon melanurum by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 160119 (1, 63.5 mm SL), BIRNM; ZMUC P.48442 (1, 200 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (8/16).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Haemulon parra (Desmarest 1832) — Sailors Choice</p> <p>Justification: UF 182970 (1, 176 mm SL), Frederiksted Harbor; UF 182312 (4, 43–68 mm SL); ZMUC P.48443 (1, 198 mm SL), St. Croix, Nov., 1842; caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (12/33).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Haemulon plumierii (Lacepéde 1801) — White Grunt</p> <p>Listed as Haemulum formosum by Cope (1871:470) and as Haemulon plumieri by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); ZMUC P.48451‒52 (2, 135–175 mm SL) St. Croix, Oct. 1863; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (258/203).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Haemulon sciurus (Shaw 1803) — Bluestriped Grunt</p> <p>Listed as Haemulum elegans by Cope (1871:471) and as H. sciurus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 182976 (1, 146 mm SL), Frederiksted Harbor; ZMUC P.48445–46 (23, 131–193 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1842; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon(Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (288/310).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Described from St. Croix as new species Anthias formosus (see Table 4).</p> <p>* Haemulon striatum (Linnaeus 1758) — Striped Grunt</p> <p>Listed as Haemulon quadrilineatum by Cope (1871:471) and as Bathystoma striatum by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.48437–38 (2, 145–148 mm SL); ZMUC P.48439 (1, 140 mm SL), St. Croix, April 1847; ZMUC P.48440–41 (2, 115–133 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1844; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (2/7).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Haemulon vittatum (Poey 1960) — Boga</p> <p>Listed as Inermia vittata and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:16).</p> <p>Justification: UF 159763 (11, 16.5–30.5 mm SL), BIRNM; observed, as Inermia vittata, at Salt River Canyon (Bortone et al. 1986:8) and during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (34/22).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, North Carolina, FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Until recently Inermia vittat a, together with Emmelichthyops atlanticus Schultz, was placed in a separate family Inermiidae. A recent study (Rocha et al., 2008) based on molecular sequence data utilizing four genes conclusively supports placement of the Boga within the genus Haemulon.</p> <p>* Pomadasys crocro (Cuvier 1830) — Burro Grunt</p> <p>Justification: Catch statistics for 1990 (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: This species typically occurs in brackish-water habitats. Voucher specimens or high quality photographs should be obtained to confirm and document the occurrence record.</p> <p>INERMIIDAE —bonnetmouths (see Haemulidae)</p> <p>SPARIDAE —porgies (4 species)</p> <p>Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus 1758) — Sea Bream, Fig. 13E</p> <p>Justification: UF 182922 (1, 172 mm SL), Triton Bay; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); caught in fish traps in Salt River and Altona Lagoon (Tobias et al., 1996: Tables 1 &amp; 10); caught in fish traps in Salt River Bay (Adams and Tobias, 1999:27).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Calamus bajonado (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Jolthead Porgy</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:18); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:27); observed in Eagle Ray census (Toller, 2002: Appendix 2E); REEF (5/5).</p> <p>Distribution: Randall and Caldwell (1966) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Calamus penna (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830) — Sheepshead Porgy</p> <p>Justification: UF 183015 (1, 194 mm SL), Butler Bay; UF 183073 (2, 77–78 mm SL), Great Pond Bay. Distribution: Randall and Caldwell (1966) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Calamus pennatula Guichenot 1868 — Pluma porgy</p> <p>Listed as Chrysophrys calamus Cope (1871:470) and as Calamus calamus by Fowler (1919:144); these records are based on specimens that could not be found at ANSP and the synonymies are based on our redeterminations of Cope and Fowler specimens, originally identified as C. calamus, from non-St. Croix localities.</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:19).</p> <p>Distribution: Randall and Caldwell (1966) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, CW, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980) did not record the Saucereye Porgy, Calamus calamus (Valenciennes 1830), but listed as "occasional" the same three Calamus species we accept as being present in St. Croix. Presumably they would have been familiar with the important Randall and Caldwell (1966) review of Calamus and have based their identifications on specimens obtained from fishers rather than on underwater sightings. There are a number of diver census records of C. calamus from St. Croix, but we doubt the accuracy of these identifications as there are few or no sightings of other Calamus species.</p> <p>POLYNEMIDAE —threadfins (2 species)</p> <p>Polydactylus oligodon (Günther 1860) — Littlescale Threadfin</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:24).</p> <p>Distribution: Randall (1966a) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Polydactylus oligodon is very similar superficially to P. virginicus but differs in having more lateralline scales 67–73 (vs. 54–63) and anal-fin rays 13–15 (mean =14), vs. 12–14 (mean =13). Randall (1966) noted differences in pigmentation and shape of the posterior margin of the maxilla between Polydactylus oligodon and P. virginicus but Feltes (2002:1581) found too much variation in these characters to clearly distinguish the two species. Voucher specimens are needed to confirm the occurrence of this species in St. Croix.</p> <p>Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus 1758) — Barbu</p> <p>Justification: UF 180888 (1, 210 mm SL), Salt River, Sugar Bay; FMNH 89594 (1); ZMUC P.7221–22 (2), Great Pond, Feb. 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: Randall (1966) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>SCIAENIDAE —drums (7 species)</p> <p>Corvula sanctaeluciae Jordan 1889 — Striped Croaker, Fig. 14A</p> <p>Listed as Bairdiella sanctaeluciae and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:19).</p> <p>Justification: UF 180911 (1, 36 mm SL), Long Point Bay; Yntema (1972) first reported this species from St. Croix based on a trap-sampling survey in Manning Bay Lagoon.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Allocation of this species to the genus Corvula follows Chao (2003), who stated that this species is common over muddy and sandy bottom throughout the Antilles.</p> <p>Equetus lanceolatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Jackknife-fish</p> <p>Listed as Eques lanceolatus by Cope (1871:471) and as Equetus lanceolatus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 183010 (1, 154 mm SL), Frederiksted Harbor; ANSP 11562 (1, 135 mm SL); FMNH 89589 (1); St. Croix photograph of juvenile (Randall, 1996:191); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (5/15).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Equetus punctatus (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Spotted Drum, Fig. 14B</p> <p>Listed as Eques punctatus by Cope (1871:471) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF 160684 (1, 194 mm SL), BIRNM; caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available and observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:74); REEF (124/136).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest 1823) — Whitemouth Croaker, Fig. 14C</p> <p>Justification: UF 180891 (1, 355 mm SL), Salt River, Sugar Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830) — Reef Croaker</p> <p>Justification: UF 182974 (7, 57‒94 mm SL), Long Point; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:19); small juveniles colonizing artifical reefs (Shulman et al., 1983:1510); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); REEF (15/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Pareques acuminatus (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — High-hat</p> <p>Listed as Eques acuminatus by Cope (1871:471) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM,7); ANSP 11566 (1, 136 mm SL); ZMUC P.49694 (1), Christiansted, March 1906; caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (36/47).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Umbrina coroides Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830 — Sand Drum, Fig. 14D</p> <p>Justification: We examined photographs of a 170 mm SL specimen collected by Wes Toller with a pole spear at Dorsch Beach, near Sandy Point on 10 Feb. 2007; this species was also observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:50).</p> <p>Distribution: Gilbert (1966) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>MULLIDAE —goatfishes (2 species)</p> <p>Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1829) — Yellow Goatfish. Justification: UF 183011 (1, 171 mm SL), Butler Bay; UF 183089 (1, 93 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; FMNH</p> <p>7363 (1) and FMNH 52803 (4); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:194); REEF (370/390). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch 1793) — Spotted Goatfish</p> <p>Listed as Upeneus maculatus by Cope (1871:471) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); FMNH 89597 (1); REEF (318/338).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>PEMPHERIDAE —sweepers (1 species)</p> <p>Pempheris schomburgkii Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848 — Glassy Sweeper</p> <p>Justification: UF 160087 (21, 26–59 mm SL), BIRNM; UF 180985 (1, 117 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); REEF (29/29).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>KYPHOSIDAE —sea chubs (3 species)</p> <p>While this monograph was in press, Sakai &amp; Nakabo's (2014) review of Atlantic Kyphosus was published. Their nomenclature, used herein, differs substantially from that adopted by Knudsen and Clements (2013). Reconciling the two opposing classifications will require additional study.</p> <p>* Kyphosus bigibbus (Lacepéde 1801) — Darkfin Chub</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC jour. (62 mm SL) [identified by Knudsen and Clements (2013:23)].</p> <p>Distribution: Knudsen and Clements (2013) WA (BD, LA, WC, sSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: Kyphosus bigibbus differs from K. sectatrix primarily in having fewer total gill rakers 19–22 (versus 22–25) and more vertebrae 10+16 (versus 10+15).</p> <p>Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus 1758) — Bermuda Chub</p> <p>Justification: UF 181027 (1); ZMUC P.51124 (1), St. Croix, March, 1851; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); we observed schools of Bermuda Chub around riprap near the shore at Frederiksted Pier in January 2012.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Knudsen and Clements (2013) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Sakai and Nakabo (2014) regard K. sectatrix as a nomina dubia (unavailable name) and, according to their study, the above specimens would be identified as K. atlanticus Sakai and Nakabo.</p> <p>* Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy and Gaimard 1825) — Yellow Chub</p> <p>Justification: UF 180974 (1, 40 mm SL), Bethlehem Middle Works.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Knudsen and Clements (2013) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, WC, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: This species was previously identified as Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier 1831) and considered to be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean. Knudsen and Clements (2013) have concluded that it actually occurs in both the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific regions and was first described from Indonesia. Kyphosus vaigiensis differs from the other two St. Croix species of Kyphosus in having more segmented dorsal-fin rays 13–14 (versus 11–12) and anal-fin rays 12–14 (versus 10–12, usually 11). In life, adults have distinct brassy stripes (versus pale yellow in K. sectatrix). Following Sakai and Nakabo (2014), the above specimen would retain the name K. incisor.</p> <p>CICHLIDAE —cichlids (2 species)</p> <p>Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters 1852) — Mozambique Tilapia, Figs. 14 E-F</p> <p>Listed as Sarotherodon mossambica and as "introduced, occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:20); reported from Great Pond (Tobias, 2001).</p> <p>Justification: UF 182973 (1, 175 mm SL), freshwater pond at Lower Love Estate, July 1977; UF 182981 (4, 51–63 mm SL), South Gate Pond, Aug. 1980; UF 182882 (8, 32–44 mm SL), Oct. 1980 and UF 180970 (36, 24–66 mm SL), May 2011, both Westend Saltpond, S. of Frederiksted; UF 183059 (5, 33–40 mm SL), Mahogany Gut, Jan. 2012; UF 183279 (9, 26–151 mm SL), Creque Dam Gut, Jan. 2012.</p> <p>Distribution: A highly salt-tolerant freshwater species native to Africa but widely introduced for aquaculture, including St. John (Loftus, 2003), Puerto Rico and Florida.</p> <p>Remarks: The first record of Mozambique Tilapia at St. Croix is July 1977 (see above). By 1980 this tilapia had been collected at three other localities and is now firmly established throughout the island. This species attains a size that makes it a sought-after food fish, thus tempting local fishers to introduce it more widely. Unfortunately, it is capable of successfully competing with other freshwater fishes, possibly resulting in their elimination at some localities. This mouthbrooding species has negatively impacted many tropical aquatic ecosystems due to its agressive, omnivorous feeding habits and precocious breeding behavior (Lobel, 1980; Costa-Pierce, 2003).</p> <p>Cichla ocellaris Bloch and Schneider 1801 — Butterfly Peacock Bass (Peacock Bass)</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "introduced, occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:20).</p> <p>Distribution: Widely introduced freshwater species, including southern Florida and Puerto Rico; native to South America.</p> <p>Remarks: The Peacock Bass was probably originally introduced to one or more private ponds. We doubt that the species is established on St. Croix.</p> <p>CHAETODONTIDAE —butterflyfishes (5 species)</p> <p>Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus 1758 — Foureye Butterflyfish</p> <p>Listed as Sarothrodus capistratus by Cope (1871:474) and as Chaetodon capistratus by Fowler (1919:145). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); ZMUC P.52491–92 (2), St. Croix, June 1846; REEF (420/518).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch 1778. — Spotfin Butterflyfish</p> <p>Listed as Sarothrodus bimaculatus by Cope (1871:474) and as Chaetodon ocellatus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 12289 (1) [identified by W. E. Burgess]; observed in Yellowcliff Bay (Mateo and Tobias, 2001:213); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71); REEF (39/60).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Chaetodon sedentarius Poey 1860 — Reef Butterflyfish</p> <p>Listed as Chaetodon sedentarius by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF 182978 (1, 102 mm SL), Butler Bay; ZMUC P.52493 (1, 94 mm SL), St. Croix, July 1863; REEF (14/22).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA,VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus 1758 — Banded Butterflyfish</p> <p>Listed as Sarothrodus striatus by Cope (1871:474) and as Chaetodon striatus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); UF 183186 (7, 82–106 mm SL), Ham's Bay; ANSP 12303 (4); ZMUC P.52494 (1, 100 mm SL), July 1863; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71); REEF (354/ 387).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Prognathodes aculeatus (Poey 1860) — Longsnout Butterflyfish</p> <p>Justification: AMNH 88374 (2); mating system of this species studied at St. Croix (Neudecker and Lobel, 1982); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:215); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:71); REEF (205/228).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>POMACANTHIDAE —angelfishes (5 species)</p> <p>Centropyge argi Woods and Kanazawa 1951 — Cherubfish</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 143844 (1, 37.4 mm SL), N. of Frederiksted, 37 m, March 1977; REEF (1/1). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus 1758) — Queen Angelfish</p> <p>Listed as Holacanthus ciliaris by Cope (1871:474) and as Angelichthys ciliaris by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:217); REEF (93/126).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Holocanthus [sic] lunatus (see Table 4). Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch 1795) — Rock Beauty</p> <p>Listed as Holacanthus tricolor by Cope (1871:474) and Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); REEF (283/343).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Gray Angelfish</p> <p>Listed as Pomacentrus quinquecinctus by Cope (1871:474) and Pomacanthus arcuatus by Fowler (1919:145). Justification: ZMUC P.52495 (1, 215 mm SL), St. Croix, Oct. 1831; ZMUC P.52496 (1, 255 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; St. Croix photographs (Randall, 1996:220, 221); REEF (45/81).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Pomacanthus paru (Bloch 1787) — French Angelfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); UF 182968 (1, 78 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; ZMUC P.52497-98 (2, 85‒109 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:222); REEF (122/201).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>CIRRHITIDAE —hawkfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Amblycirrhitus pinos (Mowbray 1927) — Redspotted Hawkfish, Fig. 15A</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:49); REEF (196/140).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), St. Helena.</p> <p>POMACENTRIDAE —damselfishes (14 species)</p> <p>Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus 1758) — Sergeant Major</p> <p>Listed as Glyphidodon saxatilis by Cope (1871:461) and as Abudefduf marginatus by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); REEF (403/502).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Abudefduf taurus (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Night Sergeant</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); UF 183007 (1, 121 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; REEF (18/23).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), EA.</p> <p>Chromis cyanea (Poey 1860) — Blue Chromis</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); REEF (411/492).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Chromis enchrysura Jordan and Gilbert 1882 — Yellowtail Reeffish</p> <p>Justification: Submersible observations in 40–150 m (García Sais, 2005:94); REEF (0/2).</p> <p>Distribution: Emery and Smith-Vaniz (1982) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA, St. Paul's Rocks).</p> <p>Chromis insolata (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830) — Sunshinefish</p> <p>Justification: UF 182860 (1, 28.5 mm SL), Butler Bay; depth-gradient preferences at Salt River Canyon (Johnson, 1980); submersible observations in 40–210 m (García Sais, 2005:93); REEF (40/26).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Chromis multilineata (Guichenot 1853) — Brown Chromis</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6); REEF (410/448).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Chromis scotti Emery 1968 — Purple Reeffish</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 144613 (1, 43.6 mm SL), Cane Bay, 55 m, March 1977; REEF (1/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Microspathodon chrysurus (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830) — Yellowtail Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Microspathodon chrysurus by Cope (1871:461) and Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:230); REEF (366/434).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA, Trinidade Island).</p> <p>Stegastes adustus (Troschel in Müller 1865) — Dusky Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Eupomacentrus dorsopunicans (Poey) and "very common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:21).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 24); REEF (181/244).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Stegastes diencaeus (Jordan and Rutter 1897) — Longfin Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Eupomacentrus mellis (Emery and Burgess) and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:21). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 25); REEF (342/276).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Stegastes leucostictus (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Beaugregory</p> <p>Listed as Pomacentrus leucostictus by Cope (1871:461) and Fowler (1919:144), and as Eupomacentrus leucostictus by Clavijo et al. (1980:21).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 38); REEF (237/295).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Stegastes partitus (Poey 1868) — Bicolor Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Eupomacentrus partitus and "common" by Claijo et al. (1980:21).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 47); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:235); REEF (410/493).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Stegastes planifrons (Cuvier in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1830) — Threespot Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Eupomacentrus planifrons and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:21).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); REEF (292/278).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Stegastes xanthurus (Poey 1860) — Cocoa Damselfish</p> <p>Listed as Eupomacentrus variabilis and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:21).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); REEF (143/143).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Stegastes xanthurus was described from Cuba and has generally been considered to be a synonym of S. variabilis (Castelnau 1855), which was described from Brazil. Brazilian populations are genetically distinct (Robertson and Van Tassel, 2012) and can also be distinguished by color pattern (R. Robertson, pers. comm.); hence we use the earliest name available for the Caribbean species. The status of the Bermuda population is uncertain. This change in scientific names is similar to the situation with the surgeonfish, Acanthurus tractus.</p> <p>LABRIDAE —wrasses and parrotfishes (31 species)</p> <p>Remarks: Parrotfishes have traditionally been recognized as a distinct family, the Scaridae. A phylogenetic analysis (Westneat and Alfaro, 2005) has revealed that the parrotfishes are nested within a monophyletic Labridae, and this classification has been followed by others (e.g., Choat et al., 2012; Page et al., 2013).</p> <p>Bodianus pulchellus (Poey 1860) — Spotfin Hogfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:21); REEF (1/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Feddern (1963) described ontogenetic color-pattern changes and distinguishing characters of Bodianus pulchellus and B. rufus and noted that lack of distributional records for B. pulchellus (from the northern Virgin Is. and Lesser Antilles) may be a collecting artifact due to its avoidance of shallow water and preference for rocky habitats.</p> <p>Bodianus rufus (Linnaeus 1758) — Spanish Hogfish</p> <p>Listed as Cossyphus rufus by Cope (1871:463) and as Bodianus rufus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); ZMUC P.58193 (1, 183 mm SL), St. Croix, 1862; ZMUC P.58194 (1, 214 mm SL), St. Croix, Dec. 1843; on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (365/408).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Clepticus parrae (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Creole Wrasse</p> <p>Listed as Clepticus genizarra by Cope (1871:463) and as Clepticus parrae by Fowler (1919:145). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); ZMUC P.58192 (1, 185 mm SL); REEF (355/344).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Cryptotomus roseus Cope 1871 — Bluelip Parrotfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); REEF (30/10).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension Island.</p> <p>* Decodon puellaris (Poey 1860) — Red Hogfish</p> <p>Listed as Decodon puellaris by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.58195 (1, dry mount), St. Croix, 21 Nov. 1842 [identification confirmed by Martin F. Gomon].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: The single specimen Fowler (1919) reported from St. Croix could not be located to confirm the identification. Decodon puellaris is a deep-water species (18–275 m) that is seldom seen by divers but has a broad western Atlantic distribution (Gomon, 1974).</p> <p>Doratonotus megalepis Günther 1862) — Dwarf Wrasse</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13); recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:338).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Halichoeres bivittatus (Bloch 1791) — Slippery Dick</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 51); REEF (196/209).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Halichoeres cyanocephalus (Bloch 1791) — Yellowcheek Wrasse</p> <p>Justification: Negligibly present in back-reef visual censuses (Adams and Ebersole, 2002:224); observed in Lang Bank censuses (Toller, 2002: appendix 2A); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (11/3).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GA,VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980) did not list this species but we examined an unmistakable color photograph of a large terminal male H. cyanocephalus caught in 12 m off Scotch Bank, NW of Christiansted, on 30 March 2006. Reports of this species from southern Brazil are based on misidentifications of H. dimidiatus (Agassiz), see Rocha (2004).</p> <p>Halichoeres garnoti (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1839) — Yellowhead Wrasse</p> <p>Listed as Platyglossus ruptus by Cope (1871:464) and as Halichoeres garnoti by Fowler (1919:144). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 45); REEF (414/441).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Halichoeres maculipinna (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Clown Wrasse</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); REEF (301/169).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Reports of this species from southern Brazil are based on misidentifications of H. penrosei Starks (see Rocha 2004).</p> <p>Halichoeres pictus (Poey 1860) — Painted wrasse</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); REEF (113/16).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner 1867) — Blackear Wrasse</p> <p>Listed as Halichoeres poeyi by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); REEF (23/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Halichoeres radiatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Puddingwife Wrasse</p> <p>Listed as Platyglossus crotaphus and Platyglossus cyanostigma by Cope (1871:463 &amp; 464), and as Halichoeres radiatus by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); REEF (220/154).</p> <p>Distribution: Rocha and Rosa (2001) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, Fernando de Noronha, Atol das Rocas, St. Paul's Rocks).</p> <p>Remarks: Reports of this species from the southern Brazilian continental shelf and Trindade Island are based on the superficially similar H. brasiliensis (Bloch), see Rocha and Rosa (2001).</p> <p>Lachnolaimus maximus (Walbaum 1792) — Hogfish</p> <p>Justification: FMNH 59299 (1), St. Croix, Aug. 1908; listed as "rare" by Claijo et al. (1980:22); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:28); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (9/ 21).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840) — Emerald Parrotfish (Red Eye Parrotfish)</p> <p>Justification: UF 165332 (1, 13.2 mm SL), BIRNM; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:22); caught in fish traps in Salt River (Tobias et al., 1996: Table 1); REEF (10/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA). Remarks: This species is replaced in the eastern Atlantic by Nicholsina colletti Schultz 1968, which was originally described as a subspecies of Nicholsina usta, but is highly divergent genetically (Robertson et al., 2006).</p> <p>Scarus coelestinus Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840 — Midnight Parrotfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Claijo et al. (1980:22); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:273); REEF (0/10).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Scarus coeruleus (Bloch 1786) — Blue Parrotfish</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.5966 (1, 192 mm SL), St. Croix, Dec., 1848; ZMUC P.5967 (1), St. Croix, Dec. 1846; ZMUC P.5968 (1, 219 mm SL), St. Croix, Oct., 1844; REEF (1/10).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980:22) listed this parrotfish as “occasional.” Kojis and Quinn (2010:303) reported that the abundance of Blue Parrotfish appears to have greatly declined in the past 20 years.</p> <p>Scarus guacamaia Cuvier 1829 — Rainbow Parrotfish.</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:22); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381; Bortone et al., 1986:9); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:260); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:74); REEF (17/25).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Scarus iseri (Bloch 1789) — Striped Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Scarus sanctaecrucis and Scarus diadema by Cope (1871:461), as Callyodon diadema and C. croicensis by Fowler (1919:145), and Scarus iserti by Clavijo et al. (1980:23).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 22); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:277); REEF (346/321).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as new species Callyodon iseri, Scarus croicensis and Scarus Insulae St. crucis [sic] (see Table 4).</p> <p>Scarus taeniopterus Desmarest in Bory de Saint-Vincent 1831 — Princess Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Scarus taeniopterus by Cope (1871:461) and as Callyodon taeniopterus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (391/426).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Scarus vetula (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Queen Parrotfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:261); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (141/161).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sparisoma atomarium (Poey 1861) — Greenblotch Parrotfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 18); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (63/15).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA,VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sparisoma aurofrenatum (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840) — Redband Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Scarus aurofrenatus by Cope (1871:461) and as Sparisoma aurofrenatum by Fowler (1919:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 41); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (425/422).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sparisoma chrysopterum (Bloch and Schneider 1801) — Redtail Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Sparus chrysopterus and S. abildgaardi by Cope (1871:462) and as Sparisoma abildgaardi and S. flavescens by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); ZMUC P.597 (1, 152 mm SL); ZMUC P.5964–65 (2, 192–219 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (170/136).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Sparus abilgaardi (see Table 4).</p> <p>Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840) — Bucktooth Parrotfish, Fig. 15B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13); UF 182929 (62 mm SL), Salt River; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (14/5).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840) — Yellowtail Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Scarus rubripinnis by Cope (1871:462) and as Sparisoma rubripinne by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 19); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (194/181).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sparisoma viride (Bonnaterre 1788) — Stoplight Parrotfish</p> <p>Listed as Scarus psittacus by Cope (1871:461).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 43); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:272); observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (385/474).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: First described from St. Croix as the new species Scarus melanotis (see Table 4).</p> <p>Thalassoma bifasciatum (Bloch 1791) — Bluehead</p> <p>Listed as Chlorichthys bifasciatus by Fowler (1991:144).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 70); REEF (429/506).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Xyrichtys martinicensis Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1840 — Rosy Razorfish</p> <p>Listed as Hemipteronotus martinicensis by Clavijo et al. (1980:22).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:256); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (27/42).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA,VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus 1758) — Pearly Razorfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (4/8).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA,VI, LA, WC, nSA), EA.</p> <p>Xyrichtys splendens Castelnau, 1855 — Green Razorfish</p> <p>Listed as Hemipteronotus splendens by Clavijo et al. (1980:22).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:50); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:259); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (52/54).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>TRIPTERYGIIDAE —triplefin blennies (4 species)</p> <p>* Enneanectes altivelis Rosenblatt 1960 — Lofty Triplefin</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 52).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA). Enneanectes boehlkei Rosenblatt 1960 — Roughhead Triplefin</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 32).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Enneanectes pectoralis (Fowler 1941) — Redeye Triplefin</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 16); ZMUC P.766795–96 (2, 23–25 mm SL) and ZMUC P.766979–808 (12, 12–26 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1916.</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Enneanectes matador Victor 2013 — Matador Triplefin</p> <p>Justification: UF 183137 (1, 20.7 mm SL), Grass Point; UF 184841 (3, 16–17 mm SL), UF 164454 (1, 14.4 mm SL), UF 164465 (3, 12.4–18.6 mm SL) and UF 164467 (2, 15.5– 16 mm SL), (BIRNM, 4).</p> <p>Distribution: Victor (2013) WA (VI, LA, WC, nSA), perhaps more widely distributed.</p> <p>Remarks: This recently described species (Victor, 2013) was previously confused with E. boehlkei; both species have the belly and pectoral-fin base naked, and preorbital flange spiny but E. matador differs in lacking dark caudal-fin bands or dark patches on base of membranes of second dorsal fin.</p> <p>DACTYLOSCOPIDAE —sand stargazers (8 species)</p> <p>* Dactyloscopus crossotus Starks 1913 — Bigeye Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF 183166 (1, 25.7 mm SL), Rod Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (FL, BA, GA, LA, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Dactyloscopus poeyi Gill 1861 — Shortchin Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF 160084 (1, 18.5 mm SL) and UF 160085 (1, 25 mm SL), (BIRNM, 2).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Dactyloscopus tridigitatus Gill 1859 — Sand Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Gillellus greyae Kanazawa 1952 — Arrow Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 14).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Gillellus jacksoni Dawson 1982a — Jackson Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF 165201 (6, 23.5– 27 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>* Gillellus uranidea Böhlke 1968 — Warteye Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 22).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>* Leurochilus acon Böhlke 1968 — Smoothlip Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF 165044 (1, 15.5 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA).</p> <p>* Platygillellus rubrocinctus (Longley 1934) — Saddle Stargazer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 32).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1982a) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>LABRISOMIDAE —scaly blennies (27 species)</p> <p>* Labrisomus albigenys Beebe and Tee-Van 1928 — Whitecheek Blenny, Fig. 15C</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC).</p> <p>Labrisomus bucciferus Poey 1868 — Puffcheek Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); ZMUC P.76256 (1, 69 mm SL) Christiansted, 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Labrisomus cf. cricota Sazima et al. 2002 — Mock Blenny, Fig. 15D</p> <p>Justification: UF 158968 (1, 75.6 mm SL), BIRNM; UF 181016 (1, 70.5 mm SL), N. of Frederiksted.</p> <p>Distribution: (FL, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: The above specimens agree with the original description of Larbrisomus cricota from the coast of southern Brazil (Sazima et al., 2002) in having the first and second dorsal-fin spines longer than the third spine, dark body bands extending to the distal margin of the dorsal fin, and no dark spot between dorsal-fin spines 2- 3. Males also have a wide pale rim outlining the dark opercular spot, versus a thin white rim in typical L. nuchipinnis males. St. Croix specimens and most others from the Caribbean that are assumed to be conspecific differ from L. cricota in having supraorbital cirri that are distinctly shorter than the eye diameter (versus about equal the eye diameter). Based on COI sequence data there appear to be three genetic lineages (with specieslevel divergence) in the Caribbean L. nuchipinnis complex (C. Baldwin and B. Victor, pers. comm.), but what scientific names should be used for these taxa is not fully resolved.</p> <p>* Labrisomus gobio (Valenciennes 1863) — Palehead Blenny, Fig. 15E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 39); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Labrisomus guppyi (Norman 1922) — Mimic Blenny, Fig. 16A</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 40).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Labrisomus haitiensis Beebe and Tee-Van 1928 — Longfin Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 60).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Labrisomus nigricinctus Howell Rivero 1936 — Spotcheek Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 18).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy and Gaimard 1824) — Hairy Blenny</p> <p>Listed as Labrisomus nuchipinnis by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); UF 181016 (1), N. of Frederiksted; UF 183181 (3), Rod Bay; UF 183182 (5), Great Pond Bay; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981), Sazima et al. (2002) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D61FFEFFF31338DFEAFF96C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D3DFFE6FF313240FEC0FE7F.text	026387900D3DFFE6FF313240FEC0FE7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malacoctenus aurolineatus Smith 1957	<div><p>Malacoctenus aurolineatus Smith 1957 — Goldline Blenny, Fig. 16B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Malacoctenus boehlkei Springer 1959 — Diamond Blenny, Fig. 16C</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Malacoctenus erdmani Smith 1957 — Imitator Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 19).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Malacoctenus gilli (Steindachner 1867) — Dusky Blenny, Fig. 16D</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Malacoctenus macropus (Poey 1868) — Rosy Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 39); recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Malacoctenus triangulatus Springer 1959 — Saddle Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 45); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: Springer and Gomon (1975) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Malacoctenus versicolor (Poey 1876) — Barfin Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4).</p> <p>Distribution: Springer (1959) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Paraclinus cingulatus (Evermann and Marsh 1899) — Coral Blenny, Fig. 16E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Paraclinus fasciatus (Stendachner 1876) — Banded Blenny, Fig. 16F</p> <p>Justification: UF 183290 (1, 19 mm SL), Coakley Bay, East Point; ZMUC 44 (2) "St. Croix" [cited in Springer (1955:440)]; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:26); recorded from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981): WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Although Paraclinus fasciatus and P. nigripinnis differ in a numer of substantial characters (most notably, opercular spine shape and number of segmented pelvic-fin rays), they have very similar color patterns and can be easily misidentified. It is surprising that we collected only a single individual of P. fasciatus (see above) in contrast to the very adundant P. nigripinnis, which included a total of 405 specimens collected at 27 stations, with individuals per station ranging from 1 to 64.</p> <p>* Paraclinus grandicomis (Rosén 1911) — Horned Blenny, Fig. 16G</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4).</p> <p>Distribution: Springer (1955) WA (FL, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Paraclinus nigripinnis (Steindachner 1876) — Blackfin Blenny, Fig. 16H</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 19); plus 8 additional UF lots not from BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Starksia atlantica Longley 1934 — Smootheye Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 33).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI).</p> <p>Remarks: Baldwin et al. (2011) have shown that the Starksia atlantica species complex includes at least five distinct genetic lineages: Bahamas / Turks and Caicos, Curacao, Saba Bank, western Caribbean (Belize and Honduras) and Panama. Specimens from St. Croix agree best with S. atlantica (type locality: Andros Island, Bahamas) in having a horseshoe-shaped blotch of pigment on the cheek and trunk blotches arranged in two or three horizontal tiers with narrow pale margins, but genetic data are needed to better confirm their taxonomic placement.</p> <p>* Starksia culebrae (Evermann and Marsh 1899) — Culebra Blenny, Fig. 16I</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 24).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield (1979) WA (GA, VI, LA).</p> <p>* Starksia elongata Gilbert 1971 — Elongate Blenny, Fig. 16J</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 14).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Starksia greenfieldi Baldwin and Castillo in Baldwin et al. (2011) — Greenfield's Blenny, Fig. 17A</p> <p>Justification: UF 183288 (2, 17.0 mm SL), Spring Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, LA, nSA), probably more widely distributed.</p> <p>Remarks: Baldwin et al. (2011) have shown that the Starksia sluiteri species complex includes at least three allopatric species. The barcode DNA sequence (COI mtDNA) obtained from one of the two St. Croix specimens is almost identical to the sequences of type material of S. greenfieldi collected from Tobago and distant from S. sluiteri sequences from Curacao (B. Victor, pers. comm.). The respective ranges of S. sluiteri and S. greenfieldi are unclear, with museum records of sluiteri -complex specimens from Navassa and Puerto Rico through the Lesser Antilles, Venezuela, and Bonaire.</p> <p>* Starksia melasma Williams and Mounts 2003 — Blackspot Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5).</p> <p>Distribution: Williams and Mounts (2003) WA (GA, LA).</p> <p>Remarks: This species is known only from Desecheo Island off Puerto Rico, Saba Bank and St. Croix.</p> <p>Starksia cf. nanodes Böhlke and Springer 1961 — Dwarf Blenny, Fig. 17B</p> <p>Justification: UF 122117 (1, 14.8 mm SL), BIRNM; UF 183143 (4, 9.0–15.8 mm SL), SSW of Butler Bay; Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:25).</p> <p>Distribution: Extralimital distribution unknown (see remarks), but presumed to be a Caribbean endemic.</p> <p>Remarks: Baldwin et al. (2011) did not provide a redescription of Starksia nanodes because no genetic data were available for specimens from the Bahamas type locality. Data presented in their neighbor-joining tree indicates that the species, as currently recognized, is actually a broadly distributed species complex consisting of several undescribed and allopatric species. Until a revision of the S. nanodes complex is available, the only thing that can be said about the above specimens is that they are members of that species complex.</p> <p>* Starksia smithvanizi Williams and Mounts 2003 — Brokenbar Blenny, Fig. 17C</p> <p>Listed as Starksia fasciata and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:25).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12).</p> <p>Distribution: Williams and Mounts (2003) WA (GA, LA).</p> <p>Remarks: This recently described species was previously confused with Starksia fasciata (Longley), which is known only from the Bahamas and Cuba (Williams and Mounts, 2003) but probably is more widely distributed.</p> <p>* Starksia williamsi Baldwin and Castillo in Baldwin et al., 2011 — False Blackcheek Blenny, Fig. 17D</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 60).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA).</p> <p>Remarks: The Starksia lepicoelia species complex includes at least four allopatric species. Baldwin et al. (2011:47) noted that the color patterns of St. Croix material seemed to agree best with S. lepicoelia but additional investigation, including genetic analysis, was needed. Color pattern differences between S. lepicoelia specimens from the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos and S. williamsi (described only from Saba Bank) are subtle, and the same authors stated that modal counts of total dorsal-fin elements and anal-fin soft rays of St. Croix specimens agree best with S. williamsi. After the Baldwin et al. (2011) revision was published, B. Victor (pers. comm.) obtained DNA barcode sequences from a larval Starksia from St. Thomas (UF 184972) identical to the sequence of type material of S. williamsi. On that basis we assign the St. Croix specimens to S. williamsi.</p> <p>CHAENOPSIDAE —tube blennies (13 species)</p> <p>* Acanthemblemaria aspera (Longley 1927) — Roughhead Blenny, Fig. 17 E-F</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 28).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz and Palacio (1974) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Acanthemblemaria maria Böhlke 1961 — Secretary Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4).</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz and Palacio (1974) WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: In a study of habitat partitioning conducted at North Side on the northwest corner of St. Croix, Clark (1994) reported marked zonation between the hole-dwelling species Acanthemblemaria maria and A. spinosa, with the former most abundant in 2–3 m on low-relief pavement bottoms.</p> <p>Acanthemblemaria spinosa Metzelaar 1991 — Spinyhead Blenny, Figs. 17G</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: Smith-Vaniz and Palacio (1974) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Chaenopsis limbaughi Robins and Randall 1965 — Yellowface Pikeblenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: The Bluethroat Pikeblenny, Chaenopsis ocellata Poey, was not listed by Clavijo et al. (1980) but has been reported in visual censuses by REEF and NOAA divers. Voucher specimens or unequivocal photographic documentation are required to confirm these records. Only Chaenopsis males with their spinous dorsal fins fully erect can be distinguished visually from C. limbaughi. All male specimens of C. limbaugh from St. Croix and elsewhere that we examined have a black spot completely encircled by a narrow white ring centered between dorsal-fin spines 1–2; in contrast, C. ocellata has a more elongate ocellus that lacks a complete white ring and touches the first spine rather than being centered between the two spines. Popular identification guides (e.g., Humann and DeLoach, 2002) used by divers to distinguish these two species do not emphasize this difference and can lead to misidentifications.</p> <p>* Emblemaria pandionis Evermann and March 1900 — Sailfin Blenny, Fig. 17H</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 7); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (25/15).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield and Johnson (1981) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Emblemariopsis bahamensis Stephens 1961 — Blackhead Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Emblemariopsis cf. bottomei Stephens 1961 ─Bottome's Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF 160686 (1, 15.4 mm SL), BIRNM [identified by B. C. Victor].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, LA).</p> <p>Remarks: The type locality of Emblemariopsis bottomei is Los Roques Archipelago, Venezuela. The specimen from St. Croix was examined by B. C. Victor who considers it to be an undescribed species closely related to E. bottomei.</p> <p>* Emblemariopsis carib Victor 2010 — Caribbean Flagfin Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13), including UF 159071 (3, 14.3–16.6 mm SL) and UF 159075 (14, 14.0–17.8 mm SL) [latter two lots identified by B. C. Victor].</p> <p>Distribution: Victor (2010) WA (GA, VI). Probably more widely distributed but morphologically similar specimens from other Caribbean localities lack genetic confirmation.</p> <p>Remarks: Victor (2010) stated that specimens from St. Croix, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Saba and elsewhere outside the Greater Antilles and the Puerto Rican Plateau have meristic values and morphology similar to E. carib (type locality St. Thomas, Virgin Is. and with confirmed specimens also from Puerto Rico). Because DNA barcode (COI) sequence data were unavailable for specimens from those localities, Victor identified them as Emblemariopsis cf. carib. This conservative taxonomic decision may be appropriate for some localities, but given the close fauna relationship of St. Croix and St. Thomas, we apply the unrestricted species epithet. This species is very similar morphologically to the Brazilian E. signifera (Ginsburg) and Puerto Rican E. arawak Victor but has fewer total dorsal-fin elements (typically 31, modal XX, 11) and segmented anal-fin rays (typically 20), and different DNA barcode sequences.</p> <p>* Emblemariopsis ruetzleri Tyler and Tyler 1997 — Ruetzler's Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF 159061 (1, 17.5 mm SL), UF 159062 (2, 14.9–16.5 mm SL) and UF 164691 (1, 15.6 mm SL), BIRNM, 3 [identifications confirmed by J. C. Tyler].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, WC).</p> <p>Remarks: Originally known only from Belize, this species also has been reported from Puerto Rico and St. Thomas (Victor, 2010:22).</p> <p>Lucayablennius zingaro (Böhlke 1957) — Arrow Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF 164903 (1, 25 mm SL), BIRNM; observed at Salt River Canyon (Kaufman and Ebersole, 1984:258) and Bortone et al. (1986:8); REEF (31/26).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980:25) reported this distinctive species as common. It was collected at only one BIRNM station (in 32.6 m), because most stations were too shallow or in the wrong habitat. Greenfield (1972) and Colin and Gomon (1973) described the ecology and unusual swimming and feeding behavior of this attractive small blenny.</p> <p>Stathmonotus gymnodermis Springer 1955 — Naked Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 11); USNM 163325 (1).</p> <p>Distribution: Hastings and Springer (1994) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Stathmonotus hemphillii Bean 1885 — Blackbelly Blenny</p> <p>Justification: USNM 38775 (6), St. Croix, A. H. Ruse [identified by V. G. Springer]; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:25).</p> <p>Distribution: Hastings and Springer (1994) WA (FL, BA, GA, WC).</p> <p>Remarks: Precise locality and date of collection of the USNM specimens are unknown, but they were probably obtained no later than 1875 (see "Remarks" for Tomicodon briggsi).</p> <p>Stathmonotus stahli (Evermann and Marsh 1899) — Eelgrass Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 43).</p> <p>Distribution: Hastings and Springer (1994) WA (GA, VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Stathmonotus tekla Nichols, was recognized as a subspecies of S. s tahli by Hastings and Springer, 1994) but recently elevated to full species rank (Hastings and Springer, 2009). This change in classification of recognized species of Stathmonotus alters previous concepts of the distribution of S. stahli. This diminutive species (≤ 24 mm SL) occurred in all lagoon (12) and backreef (6) samples at BIRNM and had the highest mean density (4.73 m 2) of all fishes in the latter habitat (Smith-Vaniz et al., 2006).</p> <p>BLENNIIDAE —combtooth blennies (6 species)</p> <p>Entomacrodus nigricans Gill 1859 — Pearl Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 21); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (12/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypleurochilus springeri Randall 1966 — Orangespotted Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF 160024 (1, 14 mm SL), BIRNM; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:26). Distribution: Randall (1966b) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Hypsoblennius exstochilus Böhlke 1959 — Longhorn Blenny</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); UF 182862 (1, 42 mm SL), Spratt Hole; ANSP 131514 (1), Coakley Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: Smith-Vaniz (1980) WA (BA, GA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clark (1994:401) noted that at North Side, St. Croix, this blenny co-occurs with Acanthemblemaria maria in a turbulent zone characterized by abundant fleshy algae and the rock-boring urchin, Echinometra lucunter.</p> <p>O phioblennius macclurei Silvester 1915 — Redlip Blenny, Fig. 17I</p> <p>Listed as Ophioblennius atlanticus by Clavijo et al. (1980:26).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 20); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (171/133).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Previously recognized as a subspecies of the eastern Atlantic Ophioblennius atlanticus (Valenciennes), Muss et al. (2001) and Hastings and Springer (2009) give reasons for elevation to full species rank.</p> <p>* Parablennius marmoreus (Poey 1876) — Seaweed Blenny</p> <p>Justification: See Remarks; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008: Table C1); REEF (6/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980) did not record the species and there are no voucher specimens from St. Croix. We include it because there are visual records (unconfirmed) for St. Croix, and voucher specimens are available from St. John, St. Thomas and elsewhere in the northern Virgin Islands. Although broadly distributed, this blenny is reported to be generally uncommon in the West Indies (Randall, 1996).</p> <p>* Scartella cristata (Linnaeus 1758) — Molly Miller, Fig. 17J</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); UF 183094 (1, 35.5 mm SL), Rod Bay; observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>GOBIESOCIDAE —clingfishes (9 species)</p> <p>* Acyrtops amplicirrus Briggs 1955 — Flarenostril Clingfish, Fig. 18A</p> <p>Justification: UF 182111 (9, 14–17.8 mm SL), Spring Bay; UF 183112 (1, 19.4 mm SL), Salt River Bay; ZMUC P.9079 (holotype) and ZMUC P.9080–90 (11, paratypes), all from St. Croix (see Remarks).</p> <p>Distribution: Johnson and Greenfield (1983) WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), possibly more widely distributed.</p> <p>Remarks: Briggs (1955:74) and Nielsen (1974:85) erroneously gave the locality for the holotype and paratypes of Acyrtops amplicirrus as St. Thomas. According to an old unbound ZMUC collection register, all these fish were purchased from specimen dealer "Meng" who recorded them as obtained 21 Sept. 1916 from near Christiansted, 2 km off the coast (Tammes Menne, pers. com., March 2011).</p> <p>These diminutive (&lt;20 mm SL) clingfishes are known only from Thalassia beds in less than 2 m depth. Their beautiful green coloration closely matches clean Thalassia blades on which they cling, making them perfectly camouflaged. Johnson and Greenfield (1983) give a detailed comparison of Acyrtops amplicirrus and the closely related A. beryllinus (Hildebrand and Ginsburg). They found slight but consistent differences between the two species but noted the need for a synoptic study of the "Emerald Clingfish" from throughout its range.</p> <p>* Acyrtus artius Briggs 1955 — Papillate Clingfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA, Atoll Rocas and Trindade Island).</p> <p>Acyrtus rubiginosus (Poey 1868) — Red Clingfish, Fig. 18B</p> <p>Listed as Arcos rubiginosus and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:7).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Arcos nudus (Linnaeus 1758) — Padded Clingfish</p> <p>Listed as Arcos macrophthalmus (Günther) and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:7).</p> <p>Justification: Although no voucher specimens from St. Croix are known, we accept the Clavijo et al. (1980) listing of this species because there are confirmed records from St. John (UF), St. Thomas (ANSP) and Guana (ANSP).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: We follow Fernholm and Wheeler (1983) and Eschmeyer (2013) in recognizing Cyclopterus nudus Linnaeus as a senior synonym of Arcos macrophthalmus (Günther 1861).</p> <p>* Gobiesox nigripinnis (Peters 1860) — Blackfin Clingfish, Fig. 18C</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>* Gobiesox punctulatus (Poey 1875) — Stippled Clingfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 8).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Tomicodon briggsi Williams and Tyler 2003 — Broadhead Clingfish</p> <p>Justification: USNM 360612 (holotype, 16 mm SL) and USNM 365845 (4, 15–17.3 mm SL).</p> <p>Distribution: Williams and Tyler (2003) WA (LA, WC).</p> <p>Remarks: In their description of this new species, Williams and Tyler (2003) reported one collection from St. Croix obtained by A. H. Ruse, including the holotype and four paratypes (see above). Precise locality data and date of collection are unknown but the specimens were assigned a Smithsonian catalog number in 1875. The known depth range of this clingfish is 0– 12 m.</p> <p>* Tomicodon fasciatus (Peters 1859) — Barred Clingfish</p> <p>Justification: USNM 15382 (6, 16.2–31.2 mm SL) and USNM 15431 (2, 20.9–23.4 mm SL), both "St. Croix, A. H. Ruse."</p> <p>Distribution: Williams and Tyler (2003) WA (WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Williams and Tyler (2003:12) redescribed this clingfish and discussed the original description publication date. The two USNM collections, like Tomicodon briggsi, were obtained by A. H. Ruse, lack precise locality data and were probably collected during the same time period. This clingfish is otherwise known only from northern Venezuela and Panama.</p> <p>* Tomicodon reitzae Briggs 2001 — Accidental Clingfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 118551 (13, 19.4– 30 mm SL) and UF 149220 (2, 20.4–22.8 mm SL), BIRNM 2; UF 183113 (1, 28.9 mm SL), Rod Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: Williams and Tyler (2003) WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Williams and Tyler (2003) redescribed this clingfish which has one of the widest distributions of any of the eight currently recognized Caribbean species of Tomicodon.</p> <p>CALLIONYMIDAE —dragonets (3 species)</p> <p>* Diplogrammus pauciradiatus (Gill 1865) — Spotted Dragonet</p> <p>Justification: UF 164608 (1, 7.1 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Davis (1966) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Foetorepus agassizii (Goode and Bean 1888) — Spotfin Dragonet</p> <p>Justification: USNM 47640 (4), paratypes of Callionymus himantophorus Goode and Bean (1896:296), a junior synonym of F. agassizii, from "Blake station 333, trawled in 210 m off Santa Cruz " in January 1879.</p> <p>Distribution: Nakabo and Hartel (1999) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remark: Some authors, following Fricke (1981), assign this dragonet to the genus Sychiropus. One of the deeper dwelling species in the family, Foetorepus agassizii has been trawled in 90– 600 m.</p> <p>Paradiplogrammus bairdi (Jordan 1888) — Lancer Dragonet, Fig. 18D</p> <p>Listed as Callionymus bairdi by Clavijo et al. (1980:26).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 16); recorded, as Callionymus bairdi, from Tague Bay (Robblee and Zieman, 1984:339); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (23/6).</p> <p>Distribution: Davis (1966) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>ELEOTRIDAE —sleepers (5 species)</p> <p>Dormitator maculatus (Bloch 1792) — Fat Sleeper, Fig. 18E</p> <p>Justification: UF 180901 (2); UF 181006 (1); UF 181011 (2); UF 181026 (7); USNM 129635 (4, 14–18 mm SL); ZMUC P.784203 (1, 135 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845; ZMUC P. 784204 (1, 111 mm SL), St. Croix, Oct., 1851; ZMUC P.784205–06 (2, 69–78 mm SL), St. Croix, Oct. 1851.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944:178) reported this species present in Shoys Marsh and Fairplain Stream. This sleeper is found primarily in freshwater but also occurs in brackish mangrove areas.</p> <p>Eleotris perniger (Cope 1871) — Smallscaled Spinycheek Sleeper (Mudfish), Fig. 18F</p> <p>Listed as Eleotris pisonis by Clavijo et al. (1980:26).</p> <p>Justification: UF 180900 (1); UF 181005 (9); UF 181022 (8); UF 181010 (1); CAS 66645 (1); FMNH 52841 (1); USNM 106629 (1, 91 mm SL) Fairplain Stream, 1937.</p> <p>Distribution: Pezold and Cage (2002) WA (BD, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, SA [Trinidad Island only]).</p> <p>Remarks: Mostly found in coastal freshwaters, A. perniger also occurs in tidal creeks and is common throughout the Antilles (Pezold and Gage 2002). Records of E. pisonis (Gmelin) from St. Croix are based on misidentifications of this continental species (Brazil to Orinoco delta).</p> <p>Erotelis smaragdus (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1837) — Flathead Sleeper</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:26).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: This sleeper is found in coastal marine waters but also enters brackish and freshwater.</p> <p>Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepéde 1800 — Bigmouth Sleeper, Figs. 18 G-H Justification: UF 183032 (1, 285 mm SL), Lower Love Estate; UF 180986 (1, 93 mm SL) and UF 181008 (1, 40 mm SL), Salt River; USNM 106634 (1, 54 mm SL), Altona stream, 1937; ZMUC P.78207 (1, 144 mm SL), St. Croix, 1844, ZMUC P.784208 (1, 32 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept. 1845, ZMUC P.78566–599 (34, 19– 28 mm SL), St. Croix, Jan. 1896.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Under the name Philypnus dormitor Beatty (1944:178) stated "taken in Altona, Concordia and Fairplain streams." This euryhaline sleeper typically is found in flowing freshwater. Evermann and Marsh (1902) stated that it is "one of the most important fresh-water food fishes in Puerto Rico and elsewhere in the West Indies."</p> <p>* Guavina guavina (Valenciennes 1837) — Guavina, Fig. 18I</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.784213 (1, 201 mm SL), "St. Croix, 1845".</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Guavina guavina may be the only St. Croix fish that has been locally extirpated. This large sleeper, which attains about 35 cm total length, is common in Cuba. It occurs in freshwater habitats with access to the sea and in brackish to hypersaline water (McEachran and Fechhelm, 2005). It is unlikely that the St. Croix record based on the above historical specimen could be attributable to a locality mix-up (Jørgen Nielson, pers. com.). Many specimens in the Copenhagen collection (ZMUC) have specific St. Croix localities, while others purchased from natural history specimen dealers have only "Dutch West Indies" listed as the locality. Specimen lots with that general locality almost certainly came from St. Croix, St. John or St. Thomas (all possessions of Denmark from 1733–1917). Guavina guavina has not been collected from the northern Virgin Islands and no historical specimens in the ZMUC collection are known exclusively from Cuba or South America.</p> <p>GOBIIDAE —gobies (47 species)</p> <p>Awaous banana (Valenciennes in Cuv. &amp; Val. 1837) — River Goby, Figs. 18J, 19A</p> <p>Listed as Awaous tajasica and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:26).</p> <p>Justification UF 181007 (1, 36 mm SL), Salt River; USNM 106628 (1, 170 mm SL) Fairplain Stream, 1937; USNM 106636 (1, 190 mm SL) Concordia Stream, 1937; ZMUC P.784323–24 (2) Jolly Hill Gut, Jan. 1906; ZMUC P.784802 (1, 194 mm SL) St. Croix, Nov. 1845; we also examined a color photograph of very large individual caught (not retained) at Southgate Pond in a wire trap on 15 Nov. 2010.</p> <p>Distribution: Watson (1996) WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944:178) reported this species, as Awaous tajasica, from Fairplain and Concordia streams. Records of A. tajasica Lichtenstein (a Brazilian species) from St. Croix are based on misidentifications (Watson, 1996). Awaous banana is usually encountered in freshwater but is occasionally taken in brackish water.</p> <p>* Barbulifer antennatus Böhlke and Robins 1968 — Barbulifer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); UF 183140 (1, 16.2 mm SL), Rod Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Bathygobius antilliensis Tornabene, Baldwin and Pezold 2010 — Antilles Frillfin, Fig. 19B</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 6) [identified by Carole Baldwin]; TCWC 10516.01 (3); ZMUC P. 7841214 (1, 65 mm SL), St. Croix, Sept., 1845, ZMUC P.784215 (1, 69 mm SL), St. Croix, Nov. 1843, ZMUC P. 78416‒19 (4, 63‒66 mm SL), Christiansted, Jan., 1906, ZMUC P. 78420–22 (3, 48–69 mm SL), St. Croix, Jan. 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: Tornabene et al. (2010) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA and Rocas Atoll, Brazil).</p> <p>Remarks: This recently described species appears to be the most common species of Bathygobius inhabiting St. Croix tidepools.</p> <p>* Bathygobius lacertus (Poey 1860) — Spotted Frillfin, Fig. 19C</p> <p>Justification: UF 180958 (1); UF 180959 (3); UF 180962 (12); UF 181035 (1); UF 183917 (1); UF 183130 (5); 183132 (3); UF 183136 (5) [most lots identified by Luke Tornabene].</p> <p>Distribution: Tornabene et al. (2010) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Bathygobius mystacium Ginsburg 1947 — Island Frillfin, Fig. 19D</p> <p>Listed as Bathygobius soporator by Smith-Vaniz et al. (2006).</p> <p>Justification: UF 158448 (1) and UF 158454 (1, 54 mm SL), BIRNM 2; UF 183127 (1) and UF 183131 (1) both Spring Bay; UF 183133 (3), Rod Bay [most lots identified by Luke Tornabene].</p> <p>Distribution: Tornabene et al. (2010) WA (FL, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: In addition to Bathygobius mystacium, Clavijo et al. (1980) also listed Bathygobius curacao (Metzelaar) and B. soporator (Valenciennes) as "occasional" but in the absence of any collections of the latter two species we consider these records to have been based on misidentifications. Prior to the review of Bathygobius by Tornabene et al. (2010) misidentification of Atlantic species of Bathygobius was very common.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D3DFFE6FF313240FEC0FE7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D34FFE1FF31376EFC8AFA11.text	026387900D34FFE1FF31376EFC8AFA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chriolepis fischeri	<div><p>* Chriolepis cf. fischeri</p> <p>Justification: UF 164707 (1, 12 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Extralimital distribution unknown (see remarks) but undoubtedly a Caribbean endemic.</p> <p>Remarks: Hastings and Bortone (1981) and Hastings and Findley (2013) discuss western Atlantic seven-spined gobies that have been variously assigned to Chriolepis Gilbert or Varicus Robins and Böhlke. The above specimen is in good condition and appears to be an undescribed species. This diminutive specimen has some of its pelvic fin rays branched; strongly depressed head, like C. fisheri Herre; lacks head pores; dorsal fin VII, 10; anal fin I, 9; vertebrae 11+16; first two anal pterygiophores anterior to first haemal spine; bilobed tongue; and body apparently naked (some scales near base of caudal fin perhaps missing).</p> <p>Coryphopterus alloides Böhlke and Robins 1968 — Barfin Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF 164725 (1, 21.0 mm SL); BIRNM; Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:26). Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, WC).</p> <p>* Coryphopterus dicrus Böhlke and Robins 1968 — Colon Goby, Fig. 19E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 40).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Coryphopterus eidolon Böhlke and Robins 1968 — Pallid Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 10).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Coryphopterus hyalinus Böhlke and Robins 1962 — Glass Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Coryphopterus lipernes Böhlke and Robins 1962 — Peppermint Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); AMNH 225031 (1); AMNH 225034 (1); observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA,VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Coryphopterus personatus (Jordan and Thompson 1905) — Masked Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 17).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Coryphopterus thrix Böhlke and Robins 1962 — Bartail Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 18).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Coryphopterus tortugae (Jordan 1904) — Sand Goby, Figs. 19 F-G Listed as Coryphopterus glaucofraenum and "common" by Clavijo (1980:26) and Smith-Vaniz et al. (2006).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 51); UF 180983 (3, 16‒32 mm SL), Christiansted Harbor, Long Reef; UF 183269 (13, 16–32 mm SL), Spring Bay; UF 183585 (1, 24 mm SL), Butler Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Clavijo et al. (1980) recorded Coryphopterus glaucofraenum as "common" as did Smith-Vaniz et al. (2006:40). The latter authors noted that all their material from Buck Island Reef National Monument had the pigmentation characteristics of C. tortugae, which they and many previous authors had considered to be a junior synonym. Garzón-Ferreira &amp; Acero (1990) resurrected Coryphopterus tortugae from synonymy with C. glaucofraenum based on color pattern of preserved specimens, and Victor (2008) was able to distinguish them using CO1 sequence data. More recently (Baldwin et al. (2010) used both fresh color pattern and molecular characters to differentiate these two species plus C. venezuelae (= C. bol of Victor). Coryphopterus tortugae is a more insular or offshore species while C. glaucofraeum typically occurs in inshore inhabits, and they are rarely taken together in the same collection. Both species (and C. venezuelae) can be easily misidentified without reference to Baldwin et al. (2010). Adults of Coryphopterus glaucofaeum typically have the dark marking above the opercle with two peaks (usually a single triangle in C. tortugae) and the body with a lower row of large, distinctive X-shaped markings (mostly vertically elongate making in C. tortugae). There are no confirmed records of C. glaucofraeum from St. Croix.</p> <p>* Coryphopterus venezuelae Cervigón 1966. — Venezuela Goby, Figs. 19 H-I</p> <p>Justification: UF 180994 (1, 39.8 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; UF 183247 (7, 21–35 mm SL), Coakley Bay; UF 183581 (1, 35 mm SL) Christiansted Harbor, Long Reef.</p> <p>Distribution: Victor (2008) and Baldwin et al. (2010) WA (BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: See above remarks for C. tortugae. Coryphopterus venezuelae differs from C. tortugae (and C. glaucofraenum) most notably in having a dark spot or blotch (orange-yellow in life) ventrally on the pectoralfin base. We follow Baldwin et al. (2010) in treating Coryphopterus bol Victor as a synonym of C. venezuelae.</p> <p>* Ctenogobius boleosoma (Jordan &amp; Gilbert 1882) — Darter Goby</p> <p>Possibly listed as Gobionellus spp. by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF 181003 (1, 21 mm SL), Salt River Bay; UF 183118 (4, 22–29 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; USNM 106633 (1, 61 mm SL), Fairplain Stream, 1937 [identified by F. Pezold].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Ctenogobius saepepallens (Gilbert and Randall 1968) — Dash Goby, Fig. 20A</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); UF 183171 (5, 16–21 mm SL), Spring Bay; observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72).</p> <p>Distribution: Gilbert and Randall (1968) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: This goby lives in burrows with snapping shrimp.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D34FFE1FF31376EFC8AFA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
026387900D33FFF5FF313086FEB7FBBF.text	026387900D33FFF5FF313086FEB7FBBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Elacatinus chancei	<div><p>Elacatinus chancei (Beebe and Hollister 193l) — Shortstripe Goby, Fig. 20B</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma chancei and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF 149189 (3), BIRNM; UF 230711 (1) and UF 230712 (4), both Cane Bay; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72).</p> <p>Distribution: Colin (2010) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, nSA).</p> <p>Elacatinus evelynae Böhlke and Robins 1968 — Sharknose Goby, Fig. 20C</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma evelynae and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 42); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:309); observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: Colin (2010) WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Colin (2010:41) documented three color morphs of E. evelynae, each with little overlap in distributions. The St. Croix "yellow-blue" morph has the widest distribution of the three morphs.</p> <p>Elacatinus prochilos (Böhlke and Robins 1968) — Broadstripe Goby</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma prochilos and "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 31); observed, as G. prochilos, during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: Colin (2010) WA (GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Elacatinus tenox (Böhlke and Robins 1968) — Slaty Goby</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma tenox and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: One individual observed at Salt River Canyon (Kaufman and Ebersole, 1984:260); Colin (2010:47) also collected this species from St. Croix (off Butler Bay) but the voucher specimens were lost in the mail (Colin, pers. com.).</p> <p>Distribution: Colin (2010) WA (GA, LA).</p> <p>Remarks: Based on known distribution, this species probably also occurs elsewhere in the Virgin Islands although not yet recorded. Elacatinus tenox is a relatively deep-dwelling species (27–70 m), and according to Colin (2010) occurs exclusively with the sponge Neofibularia nolitangere (Duchassaing and Michelotti).</p> <p>Evorthodus lyricus (Girard 1858) — Lyre Goby, Fig. 20D</p> <p>Justification: UF 180909 (2, 34–48 mm SL), Mahogany Gut; UF 183022 (5, 31.7–45.8 mm SL), unnamed stream at East End Road; USNM 106630 (5, 26–48 mm SL), Caledonia, 1937; USNM 106633 (1, 59 mm SL), Fairplain Stream, 1937.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Beatty (1944:178) reported this species from Caledonia and Fairplain streams. This goby is usually found in backwater lagoons and bays but has also been reported from freshwater streams.</p> <p>Ginsburgellus novemlineatus (Fowler 1950) — Ninelined Goby, Fig. 20E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:51). Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Gnatholepis cauerensis (Bleeker 1853) — Goldspot Goby, Fig. 20 F</p> <p>Listed as Gnatholepis thompsoni and "very common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 66); observed, as G. thompsoni, during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (245/122).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, St. Helena, EA, IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: In a study of mitochondrial DNA variation in populations of Gnatholepis, Rocha et al. (2005) presented data indicating that a single species had colonized the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean during the late Pleistocene. Subsequently, Randall and Greenfield (2007) redescribed Gobius cauerensis Bleeker, 1853, discussed why the name used by Rocha et al. (op. cit.) was incorrect and concluded that Gnatholepis cauerensis (Bleeker) is a senior synonym of G. thompsoni Jordan, 1904. In their recent revision of the genus Gnatholepis, Larson and Buckle (2012) treat Gnatholepis thompsoni and G. cauerensis as allopatric sisterspecies. We acknowledge the thoroughness of their revision, but disagree with their choice of nomenclature, which seems to have been strongly biased by geography. Larson and Buckle also seem to have ignored the fact that Rocha et al. (2005) showed that the Atlantic population has been genetically isolated relatively recently (approximately 145,000 years) from its Indo-Pacific relatives.</p> <p>Gobionellus oceanicus (Pallas 1770) — Highfin Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF 182868 (1, 102 mm SL) and UF 234154 (1, 134 mm SL), both Altona Lagoon.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (North Carolina, FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: This euryhaline species inhabits bays, tidal streams, muddy inshore and offshore bottoms. Pezold (2004:294) reported that when the tide is out and the bottom exposed "the gobies remain in water-filled burrows they have excavated in the mud."</p> <p>* Lophogobius cyprinoides (Pallas 1770) — Crested Goby, Fig. 20G</p> <p>Justification: UF 182930 (18, 17.8–38.3 mm SL) Salt River Bay; USNM 380507 (1), Christiansted. Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Lythrypnus crocodilus (Beebe and Tee-Van 1928) — Mahogany Goby, Fig. 20H</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 45).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield (1988) WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Lythrypnus elasson Böhlke and Robins 1960 — Dwarf Goby, Fig. 20I</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 9); UF 185650 (1), SSW Butler Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Lythrypnus nesiotes Böhlke and Robins 1960 — Island Goby, Fig. 20J</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 19).</p> <p>Distribution: Greenfield (1988) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Lythrypnus okapia Robins and Böhlke 1964 — Okapi Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF 160123 (1, 10.5 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, BA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Microgobius carri Fowler 1945. — Seminole Goby</p> <p>Justification: Observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (1/3).</p> <p>Distribution: Birdsong (1981) WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Remarks: Because both this species and Microgobius signatus Poey have been reliably documented from St. John, Virgin Islands. The species identification should be regarded as provisional until voucher specimens or unmistakable photographs become available.</p> <p>Nes longus (Nichols 1914) — Orangespotted Goby, Fig. 21A</p> <p>Justification: UF 160866 (2, 27–29 mm SL), BIRNM; listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (2/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Priolepis hipoliti (Metzelaar 1922) — Rusty Goby</p> <p>Listed as Quisquilius hipoliti and "common" Clavijo et al. (1980:28).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 47); REEF (23/2).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Psilotris alepis Ginsburg 1953 — Scaleless Goby</p> <p>Listed as Psilotropis [sic] alepis and "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); UF 183060 (1, 13.7 mm SL), Spring Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Described from St. Croix as the new species Psilotris alepis (see Table 4).</p> <p>* Psilotris boehlkei Greenfield 1993 — Yellowspot Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF 160122 (1, 24 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (LA).</p> <p>Remarks: This species was previously known only from the type locality, St. Barthelemy in the Lesser Antilles (Greenfield, 1993) and Saba Bank Atoll (Williams et al., 2010).</p> <p>* Psilotris celsus Böhlke 1963 — Highspine Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF 160124 (1, 22 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA,VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Pycnomma roosevelti Ginsburg, 1939 — President Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 25).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC).</p> <p>Remarks: Williams et al. (2010:29) provided the first color photograph of this goby and stated that, although it had been previously taken at several scattered localities around the Caribbean, there are fewer than 10 specimens known. This certainly reflects a collecting artifact because the use of ichthyocides and fine mesh hand-nets are necessary to collect this diminutive goby. We recovered 62 specimens (9.8–18.4 mm SL) from 25 BIRNM stations.</p> <p>Risor ruber (Rosén 1911) — Tusked Goby</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 12); REEF (80/9).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Sicydium buscki Evermann and Clark 1906, Fig. 21B</p> <p>Justification: UF 180989 (5, 19.1–24.1 mm SL); UF 181001 (5, 30.7–35.6); UF 181002 (2, 30.1–31.6 mm SL); UF 181038 (1, 45.3 mm SL); UF 183289 (4, 20.8–40.0 mm SL); UF 183291 (2, 25.7–26.6 mm SL) [identifications by Ryan Chabarria].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA,).</p> <p>Remarks: In his revision of Sicydium from the Dominican Republic, Watson (2000) provided detailed descriptions of four species. He emphasized the number, arrangement and morphology of upper teeth as important characters in diagnoses of sicydiine gobies. The same four species he reported from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico also occur on St. Croix in at least Caledonia and Mahogany guts. Life colors and preserved color patterns of the four St. Croix species can be highly variable.</p> <p>* Sicydium gilberti Watson 2000</p> <p>Justification: UF 184440 (2, 21.5–22.0 mm SL); UF 184445 (1, 35.1 mm SL) [identifications by Ryan Chabarria].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Sicydium plumieri (Bloch 1786), Fig. 21C</p> <p>Justification: UF 184441 (1, 25.7 mm SL); UF 184444 (1, 31.5 mm SL) [identifications by Ryan Chabarria]. Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Sicydium punctatum Perugia 1896, Fig. 21D</p> <p>Justification: UF 183043 (2, 33.5–48.7 mm SL); UF 184437 (4, 23.1–26.6 mm SL); UF 184442 (3, 28.0–41.1 mm SL); UF 184443 (2,19.4–24.5); UF 184446 (1, 36.3 mm SL) [identifications by Ryan Chabarria].</p> <p>Distribution: WA (GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Tigrigobius dilepis (Robins and Böhlke 1964) — Orangeside Goby</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma dilepis and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5); REEF (49/20).</p> <p>Remarks: We follow Van Tassell (2011) and Eschmeyer (2013) in assigning this goby to the genus Tigrigobius Fowler rather than its traditional classification in Gobiosoma Girard or Elacatinus Jordan. In their paper on western Atlantic seven-spined gobies, Böhlke and Robins (1964) recognized Tigrigobius as a subgenus and included T. dilepis and the following four species in that subgenus.</p> <p>* Tigrigobius gemmatus (Ginsburg 1939) — Freckfin Goby, Fig. 21E</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 13).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: See above discussion of generic name used for Tigrigobius dilepis.</p> <p>Tigrigobius multifasciatus (Steindachner 1876) — Greenband Goby</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma multifasciatum and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: Observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (3/0).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: See above discussion of generic name used for Tigrigobius dilepis.</p> <p>* Tigrigobius pallens (Ginsburg 1939) — Semiscaled Goby, Fig. 21F</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 34); REEF (16/4).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: See above discussion of generic name used for Tigrigobius dilepis.</p> <p>Tigrigobius saucrus (Robins 1960) — Leopard Goby</p> <p>Listed as Gobiosoma saucrum by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); UF 182885 (1, 9.0 mm SL), Tague Bay; AMNH 225032 (1); REEF (33/8). Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: See above discussion of generic name used for Tigrigobius dilepis.</p> <p>MICRODESMIDAE —wormfishes and dartfishes (2 species)</p> <p>* Cerdale floridana Longley 1934 — Pugjaw Wormfish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 5).</p> <p>Distribution: Dawson (1974) WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC).</p> <p>Ptereleotris helenae (Randall 1968) — Hovering Goby</p> <p>Listed as Ioglossus helenae and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:27).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 144652 (1, 26.6 mm SL), N. of Frederiksted, 37 m, March 1977; AMNH 225039 (1, 26 mm SL); REEF (24/7).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>EPHIPPIDAE —spadefishes (1 species)</p> <p>Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet 1782) — Atlantic Spadefish</p> <p>Justification: UF 160136 (1, 23 mm SL), BIRNM; ZMUC P.5114 (1, 108 mm SL), St. Croix, Feb. 1906; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:9); REEF (6/19).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>ACANTHURIDAE —surgeonfishes (3 species)</p> <p>Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch 1778) — Doctorfish (Gizzard Doctor)</p> <p>Listed as Acanthurus chirurgus by Cope (1871:474) and as Hepatus caerulens by Fowler (1919:145). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 11); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:321); REEF (165/231).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch and Schneider 1801 — Blue Tang (Blue Doctor)</p> <p>Listed as Acanthurus coeruleus by Cope (1871:474) and as Hepatus hepatus by Fowler (1919:145). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 15); REEF (433/529).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension Island.</p> <p>Acanthurus tractus Poey 1860 — Ocean Surgeon</p> <p>Listed as Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau by Clavijo et al. (1980:28)</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 31); REEF (430/472).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Until recently authors have followed Randall (1956) in treating Acanthurus tractus (described from Cuba) as a junior synonym of A. bahianus (described from Bahia, Brazil). Based on morphological (color of dorsal and caudal fins) and molecular evidence, Bernal and Rocha (2011) have determined that both are valid allopatric species. Acanthurus tractus occurs north of the Amazon River outflow and throughout the Caribbean while A. bahianus is present only south of the Amazon River barrier and at central Atlantic islands.</p> <p>SPHYRAENIDAE —barracudas (2 species)</p> <p>Sphyraena barracuda (Edwards 1771) — Great Barracuda</p> <p>Justification: UF 160141 (1), BIRNM; UF 181043 (1); UF 180894 (1); observed during Frederiksted reefsystem censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (101/174).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP.</p> <p>Sphyraena borealis DeKay 1842 — Sennet</p> <p>Listed as Sphyraena picudilla and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:24).</p> <p>Justification: St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:132); observed, as S. picudilla, during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (5/18).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA,WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Smith-Vaniz et al. (1999:323) give reasons why they consider the Southern sennet, Sphyraena picudilla Poey, to be a junior synonym of S. borealis. This synomy was also adopted by Page et al. (2013).</p> <p>GEMPYLIDAE —snake mackerels (3 species)</p> <p>* Gempylus serpens Cuvier 1829 — Snake Mackerel</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P73371 (1, 995 mm SL), St. Croix, Hartmann, 1882 [identification by Peter Møller].</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Parin and Nakamura (2003a) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier 1832) — Roudi Escolar (Rabbitfish)</p> <p>Justification: SIO 74–158 (1, 268 mm SL), St. Croix, 17°44'N, 64°32'W; listed as rare by Clavijo et al. (1980:28). Distribution: Parin and Nakamura (2003a) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA), EA, IWP. Remarks: Rabbitfish are meso- and benthopelagic on insular shelves in 100–700 m but migrate near the surface to feed at night.</p> <p>* Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco 1833) — Oilfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as rare by Clavijo et al. (1980:28).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Parin and Nakamura (2003a) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Oilfish are benthopelagic in 100–700 m and usually caught in 200–400 m (Nakamura and Parin, 2003).</p> <p>TRICHIURIDAE —cutlassfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Evoxymetopon taeniatus Gill 1863 — Channel Scabbardfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 226954 (1), off Frederiksted (tank specimen now lost); listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:28).</p> <p>Distribution: Parin and Nakamura (2003b) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: Benthopelagic in 100–700 m (Nakamura and Parin, 2003), but has been caught as shallow as 18 m with gill nets (Palacio-Barros et al. (2011).</p> <p>SCOMBRIDAE —mackerels and tunas (10 species)</p> <p>All of the below scombrids were listed as either "common" or "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:28), except for Scomberomorus maculatus (see remarks for S. regalis) and the two new additions indicated by asterisks. Tunas and mackerels are primarilly oceanic fishes but, because St. Croix has a narrow shelf and all these species are fished commercially and landed in St. Croix, we include them here.</p> <p>Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier 1832) — Wahoo</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>* Auxis cf. thazard (Lacepède 1800) — Frigate Mackerel</p> <p>Justification: Based on underwater photograph taken at Frederisksted Pier of what is probably this species.</p> <p>Distribution: Collette and Aadland (1964) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP.</p> <p>Remarks: Two morphologically very similar species of Auxis, which cannot be reliably distinguished solely from underwater color photographs (B. B. Collette, pers. com.), occur in the Caribbean: A. thazard (Lacepède 1800) and A. rochel (Risso 1810).</p> <p>Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque 1810) — Little Tunny</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks; listed in St. Croix FAD catches (Friedlander etal., 1994:598). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus 1758) — Skipjack Tuna</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks; listed in St. Croix FAD catches (Friedlander etal., 1994:598). Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Scomber colias Gmelin 1789 — Atlantic Chub Mackerel</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.74243 (1, 245 mm SL).</p> <p>Distribution: WA(BD, FL, GOM, GA, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Scomberomorous cavalla (Cuvier 1829) — King Mackerel</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al. (1980:28); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381); listed in St. Croix FAD catches (Friedlander et al., 1994:598).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch 1793) — Cero</p> <p>Listed in St. Croix FAD catches (Friedlander et al., 1994:598); listed as Scomberomorus maculatus and "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:28), presumably a misidentification (see remarks).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.74244–46 (3, 96–137 mm SL); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381) and during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (67/74).</p> <p>Distribution: Collette and Russo (1985) WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Collette and Russo (1985) state that reports of Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus, from the West Indies (except northern Cuba) are based on misidentifications of S. regalis.</p> <p>Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre 1788) — Albacore</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP.</p> <p>Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre 1788) — Yellowfin Tuna</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Thunnus atlanticus (Lesson 1758) — Blackfin Tuna</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks; observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:384); listed in St. Croix FAD catches (Friedlander et al., 1994:598).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Thunnus obesus (Lowe 1839) — Bigeye Tuna</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks; reported from St. Croix by Mather and Gibbs (1958).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, GA, LA, nSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>XIPHIIDAE —swordfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Xiphias gladius Linnaeus 1758 — Swordfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:29).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>ISTIOPHORIDAE —billfishes (4 species)</p> <p>Billfishes are highly prized gamefishes and are sometimes fished commercially. Clavijo et al. (1980:29) listed the three of the following billfishes as "common" or "occasional," and although primarily oceanic we include them here.</p> <p>Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw 1792) — Sailfish</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Kajikia albida (Poey 1860) — White Marlin</p> <p>Listed as Tetrapturus albidus and "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:29).</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Collette et al. (2006) recommended several changes in nomenclature of billfishes based on a molecular phylogeny of the family. The white marlin, along with the Indo-Pacific striped marlin, was moved to the genus Kajikia Hirasaka and Nakamura so its name is now Kajikia albida (Poey).</p> <p>Makaira nigricans Lacepéde 1802 — Blue Marlin</p> <p>Justification: See above general remarks.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins and de Sylvia 1963 — Longbill Spearfish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:29).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>NOMEIDAE —driftfishes (1 species)</p> <p>Nomeus gronovii (Gmelin 1789) — Man-of-war Fish</p> <p>Justification: UF 47480 (1, 860 mm SL), south of St. Croix, in 73 m, July 1978; UF 182883 (6, 15–36 mm SL), Manning Bay Lagoon; listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:29).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BD, BA, GA, WC, nSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>BOTHIDAE —flatfishes (3 species)</p> <p>Bothus lunatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Peacock Flounder</p> <p>Listed as Rhomboidichthys lunatus by Cope (1871:480) and as Platophrys lunulatus by Fowler (11919:145). Justification: UF (BIRNM, 2); AMNH 17410 (1); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:205); REEF (110/146). Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p> <p>Bothus maculiferus (Poey 1860) — Maculated Flounder</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 3); listed as "occasional" by Clavijo (1980:30).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, BA, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz 1831) — Eyed Flounder, Fig. 21G</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 15); REEF (45/25).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>PARALICHTHYIDAE —sand flounders (2 species)</p> <p>* Citharichthys spilopterus Günther 1862 — Bay Whiff, Fig. 21H</p> <p>Justification: UF 182934 (1, 109 mm SL), Triton Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus 1758) — Dusky Flounder, Fig. 21I</p> <p>Justification: UF 181053 (1, 89 mm SL), off Bethlehem Middle Works; UF 183075 (1, 110 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; ZMUC P.856285–86 (2, 105–172 mm SL), St. Croix, 1896.</p> <p>Distribution: Fraser (1971) and Murakami and Amaoka (1992) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>ACHIRIDAE —American soles (2 species)</p> <p>* Achirus lineatus (Linnaeus 1758) — Lined Sole</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.8676 (1, 58 mm SL) Christiansted, Jan. 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Trinectes inscriptus (Gosse 1851) — Scrawled Sole, Fig. 21J</p> <p>Justification: UF 182301 (1, 54 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; UF 182938 (4, 37–55 mm SL), Triton Bay; ANSP 80624 (1); ZMUC P.8683–96 (14, 19–60 mm SL) Christiansted, Sept. 1916; ZMUC P.8697 (1, 52 mm SL), Christiansted, 1906.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>CYNOGLOSSIDAE —tonguefishes (2 species)</p> <p>* Symphurus arawak Robins and Randall 1965 — Caribbean Tonguefish</p> <p>Justification: UF 160071 (1, 11.7 mm SL) and UF 164959 (1, 29.0 mm SL), BIRNM 2.</p> <p>Distribution: Munroe (1998) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>* Symphurus ommaspilus Böhlke 1961 — Ocellated Tonguefish</p> <p>Justification: UF 160073 (1, 49.5 mm SL), BIRNM.</p> <p>Distribution: Munroe (1998) WA (BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>BALISTIDAE —triggerfishes (6 species)</p> <p>Balistes capriscus Gmelin 1789 — Gray Triggerfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 180963 (2), off Bethlehem Middle Works; listed as negligible trap bycatch (Whiteman, 2005:23).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Balistes vetula Linnaeus 1758 — Queen Triggerfish</p> <p>Listed as Balistes vetulus by Cope (1871:478) and Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 80114 (5); UF 183009 (1, 132 mm SL), Frederiksted Pier; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:323); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992: Table 4); REEF (46/32).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA.</p> <p>* Canthidermis maculata (Bloch 1786) — Rough Triggerfish</p> <p>Justification: USNM 380508 (1), Christiansted Harbor, Nov. 1999.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Remarks: Gill and Randall (1997) noted that this species only comes into shallow areas to breed, whereupon demersal eggs are laid in a large pit in sand or rubble areas.</p> <p>Canthidermis sufflamen (Mitchill 1815) — Ocean Triggerfish</p> <p>Justification: Nest guarding behavior in St. Croix described (Nellis, 1980); observed at Salt River Canyon (Workman et al., 1984:381); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:29); REEF (2/11).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA.</p> <p>Remarks: Like other species of Canthidermis, C. sufflamen is a pelagic or benthopelagic shelf species that comes near shore only to breed.</p> <p>Melichthys niger (Bloch 1786) — Black Durgon</p> <p>Listed as Balistes piceus by Cope (1871:478) and as Melichthys piceus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: Predominent pelagic species attracted to FADS at Salt River Canon (Workman et al., 1984:381); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:29); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (342/382).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Xanthichthys ringens (Linnaeus 1758) — Sargassum Triggerfish</p> <p>Listed as Xanthichthys cicatricosus by Cope (1871:478) and as Xanthichthys ringens by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.88328 (1, 163 mm SL). Submersible observations in 40–177 m (García Sais, 2005:93); REEF (2/1).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>MONOCANTHIDAE —filefishes (6 species)</p> <p>* Aluterus schoepfii (Walbaum 1792) — Orange Filefish</p> <p>Justification: MCZ 52507 (1, 108 mm SL), St. Croix, Nov. 1976 [identification confirmed by K. Hartel]; listed as negligible trap bycatch (Whiteman, 2005:23).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck 1765) — Scrawled Filefish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:30); observed at Jacks Bay and Salt River Canyon (Toller, 2002:25); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:73); REEF (34/70).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard 1853) — Whitespotted Filefish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:30); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (74/96).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani 1842) — Orangespotted Filefish (Tail-light Filefish)</p> <p>Listed as Monacanthus irroratus by Cope (1871:476) and as Cantherines pullus by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM 2); UF 183024 (1, 50 mm SL), Coakley Bay; UF 183067 (1, 80 mm SL), Rod Bay; ZMUC P.8815 (1, 120 mm SL), St. Croix, June 1892; ZMUC P.88335 (1, 134 mm SL), St. Croix, July 1863; St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:333); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (270/249).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Monacanthus ciliatus (Mitchill 1818) — Fringed Filefish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 4); listed as "common" by Clavijo (1980:31).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Monacanthus tuckeri Bean 1906 — Slender Filefish</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 32); ZMUC P.88334 (1, 49 mm SL) St. Croix, 1873; observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>OSTRACIIDAE —boxfishes (5 species)</p> <p>Acanthostracion polygonius Poey 1867 — Honeycomb Cowfish</p> <p>Listed as Lactophrys polygonia by Clavijo et al. (1980:31).</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "occasional" by Clavijo et al. (1980:31); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:29); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (139/137).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus 1758) — Scrawled Cowfish</p> <p>Listed as Ostracium quadricorne by Cope (1871:474), Lactophrys tricornis by Fowler (1919:145), and as Lactophrys quadricornis by Clavijo et al. (1980:31).</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.88329 (1), St. Croix, July 1863; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:30); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:74); REEF (16/37).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lactophrys bicaudalis (Linnaeus 1758) — Spotted Trunkfish Justification: UF 183014 (1, 155 mm SL), Butler Bay; catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:29); St. Croix</p> <p>photograph (Randall, 1996:340); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (127/153).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus 1758) — Trunkfish</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.88330–31 (2); ZMUC P.88332 (1); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:30); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:74); REEF (5/7).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Lactophrys triqueter (Linnaeus 1758) — Smooth Trunkfish</p> <p>Listed as Ostracium triquetrum by Cope (1871:474) and as Lactophrys triqueter by Fowler (1919:145).</p> <p>Justification: ANSP 731 (1) [identified by J. C. Tyler]; ZMUC P.88332 (1); catch statistics (Appeldoorn et al., 1992:30); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:337); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (226/337).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>TETRAODONTIDAE —puffers (6 species)</p> <p>Canthigaster rostrata (Bloch 1786) — Sharpnose Puffer</p> <p>Justification: UF (BIRNM, 31); REEF (402/369).</p> <p>Distribution: Moura and Castro (2002) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA).</p> <p>Remarks: Originally described from St. Croix as the new species Spheroides asterias (see Table 4).</p> <p>* Sphoeroides dorsalis Longley 1934 — Marbled Puffer</p> <p>Justification: ZMUC P.8913 (3, 24–29 mm SL), off Frederiksted, Nov. 1921.</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Remarks: The above juvenile specimens were collected off Frederiksted at night with a dip-net. They have the diagnostic species character consisting of a single pair of dark lappets on the dorsum positioned midway between the eyes and dorsal-fin origin.</p> <p>* Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert 1900 — Green Puffer</p> <p>Justification: UF 183046 (1, 53 mm SL), Rod Bay.</p> <p>Distribution: Shipp (1974) WA (GA, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>* Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller and Troschel in Schomburgk 1848) — Blunthead Puffer</p> <p>Justification: SIO 76–205 (1, 231 mm SL), Lang Bank [identification confirmed by H. J. Walker]. Distribution: Shipp (1974) WA (FL, GOM, WC, nSA, sSA), St. Helena, EA, IWP.</p> <p>Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch 1785) — Bandtail Puffer</p> <p>Justification: UF 160118 (2, 29–45 mm SL), BIRNM; UF 183047 (1, 89 mm SL), Altona Lagoon; ZMUC P.89289 (1); observed at Salt River Canyon (Bortone et al. (1986:9); one specimen caught in fish trap in Salt River Bay (Adams and Tobias (1999:27); St. Croix photograph (Randall, 1996:343); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (68/82).</p> <p>Distribution: Shipp (1974) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), EA.</p> <p>Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus 1758) — Checkered Puffer</p> <p>Justification: UF 180889 (1, 133 mm SL) and UF 180960 (3, 26–89 mm SL), both from Salt River; UF 183107 (2, 51–66 mm SL), Great Pond Bay; AMNH 26318 (5); common in fish traps in Salt River Bay (Adams and Tobias (1999:27); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51).</p> <p>Distribution: Shipp (1974) WA (FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>DIODONTIDAE —porcupinefishes (4 species)</p> <p>Chilomycterus antennatus (Cuvier 1816) — Bridled Burrfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 183000 (1, 125 mm SL), Butler Bay; ZMUC P.89291 (1, 160 mm SL); listed from St. Croix (Günther, 1870:311); listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:32); observed in northeastern St. Croix censuses (Pittman et al., 2008:72); REEF (2/5).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Chilomycterus antillarum Jordan and Rutter 1897 — Web Burrfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 183013 (1, 146 mm SL), Butler Bay; listed as "rare" by Clavijo et al. (1980:32); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); REEF (2/4).</p> <p>Distribution: WA (BD*, FL, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA).</p> <p>Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus 1758 — Ballonfish</p> <p>Justification: UF 182861 (1, 125 mm SL), Butler Bay; FMNH 91000 (2); ZMUC P.89290 (1); observed during Frederiksted reef-system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photograph available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (30/41).</p> <p>Distribution: Leis (1978) circumtropical, WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension and St. Helena, EA, IWP, EP.</p> <p>Diodon hystrix Linnaeus 1758 — Porcupinefish</p> <p>Justification: Listed as "common" by Clavijo et al., 1980:32); listed from Great Pond Bay (Mateo and Tobias, 2004:330); observed during Frederiksted reef system censuses (Toller, 2007:51); on-line photographs available (Pittman et al., 2008); REEF (67/130).</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical, Leis (1978) WA (BD, FL, GOM, BA, GA, VI, LA, WC, nSA, sSA), Ascension, EA, IWP, EP.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/026387900D33FFF5FF313086FEB7FBBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Smith-Vaniz, William F.;Jelks, Howard L.	Smith-Vaniz, William F., Jelks, Howard L. (2014): Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands: an annotated checklist. Zootaxa 3803 (1): 1-120, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3803.1.1
