taxonID	type	description	language	source
0271B34DFFE9FFA1FFDACD6F4DE3FA45.taxon	type_taxon	– Type species: Bemangidia lowryi L. Gaut., Taxon 62 (5): 979 (2013).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE9FFA1FFDACD6F4DE3FA45.taxon	description	Trees to 25 m tall, sparsely branched, all organs with white latex. Leaves alternate, clustered at apex of the twigs, leaving conspicuous scars when shed. Stipules present, broadly triangular, V-shaped in cross-section, rusty pubescent, early caducous. Leaves with long petioles (1 / 3 to 2 / 3 of blade length), elliptical, rusty pubescent when young, glabrescent or totally glabrous when mature; leaf venation brochidodromous with numerous straight parallel lateral veins (secondaries almost indistinguishable from intersecondaries). Flowers fasciculate inserted at twig apices above the previous flush of leaves or axillary among the leaves, pentamerous, large (sepals at least 12 mm long); pedicel rusty pubescent, pendulous. Calyx quincuncial; sepals broadly lanceolate, the two external thicker than the internal ones, with involute margins impressing a median groove on the internal sepals, rusty pubescent on the external surface, beige-pubescent on the internal surface; the three internal sepals pubescent on the external surface and glabrous on the internal surface. Corolla gamopetalous, tube shorter than the lobes, lobes broadly lanceolate, contorted in bud, overlapping to the right. Stamens isomerous, opposite to the corolla lobes; filaments short, glabrous, attached to the top of the corolla tube, attached at 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 from the base of the anthers. Staminodes alternipetalous, more or less cordate at base, margin ciliate. Ovary superior, with 5 uniovulate locules, 5 - lobed, densely hirsute. Fruit a single-seeded berry. Seed ellipsoid, testa shiny; seed scar ovate basi-ventral.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE9FFA1FFDACD6F4DE3FA45.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bemangidia is endemic to Madagascar. It is so far known only from the Bemangidy forest, located approximately 55 km north-northeast of Tolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) within the Tsitongambarika Protected Area. This enigmatic genus has been reported only from a small area of few square kilometres. It may be present in the neighbouring areas, although recent explorations focused on Sapotaceae in Andohahela and Beampingaratra did not yield any collections. The potential distribution of Bemangidia, determined using the Maxent software and information on all available collections (Supplementary file), suggests that suitable habitats are only present in the southeast of the island, from the area where Bemangidia has been reported up to 230 km north. A second small disjunct area with a lower probability appears in the Fenoarivo area 1000 km northwards; this is a quite well-prospected area from which Bemangidia has never been reported.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE9FFA1FFDACD6F4DE3FA45.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and ecology. Bemangidia grows on moist evergreen lowland to lower montane forests of the southeast of the island. Individual plants grow sparsely, forming very low-density populations (the genus is known from only nine collections) on slopes as well as on mountain ridges up to 700 m a. s. l. Bemangidia fruits and seeds are larger than those observed for most other Sapotaceae from Madagascar; however, they overlap in size with the large fruits and seeds of some members of the genera Capurodendron and Mimusops L., and they are smaller than those of Tsebona. Lemurs and large birds are known to disperse Capurodendron and Mimusops (Gautier et al., 2022); therefore, it can be hypothesised that Bemangidia seeds may be dispersed, at least along the southeastern region, by the same animals. Because neighbouring regions are modelled as adequate habitats for Bemangidia and dispersal does not seem to be limited, the restricted known distribution of the genus could be simply the result of limited botanical exploration, because the two known species appear to be present at low densities. Alternatively, it could be explained by the extinction of populations in other regions due to natural factors, such as species competition, or anthropogenic factors, such as selective logging and massive deforestation.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE9FFA1FFDACD6F4DE3FA45.taxon	discussion	Notes. As a member of the tribe Tsebonae within the subfamily Sapotoideae, Bemangidia has pentamerous flowers with a quincuncial calyx, lacks dorsal appendages in the corolla lobes, and has a contorted aestivation, villous staminodes, and seeds with plano-convex cotyledons without endosperm (the latter character only observed in B. lowryi). It has, however, a very distinct brochidodromous venation pattern with very numerous lateral veins (secondaries hardly distinct from intersecondaries), these characters separating it from Capurodendron and Tsebona. It is further distinguished from Tsebona by its isomerous androecium, and from Capurodendron by its external calyx lobes longer than 10 mm and impressing a median groove on the internal ones (Gautier et al., 2013).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	diagnosis	Differs from the only other known species in the genus, Bemangidia lowryi, by its smaller stipules (1 – 3.5 mm vs c. 8 mm), its smaller leaf lamina (4.3 – 14 × 1.4 – 3.5 cm vs 18 – 22 × 6 – 6.5 cm), the apex usually acute (vs mostly rounded), the midrib raised on the adaxial surface (vs nearly flat to depressed), depressed or rarely slightly raised on the abaxial surface (vs strongly raised), its faintly raised to flat lateral veins (vs raised and forming a conspicuous striate surface), the less numerous lateral veins (70 – 145 vs 175 – 330) forming an angle of 45 ° – 60 ° with the midrib (vs 70 ° – 90 °), and its smaller sepals (12 mm vs> 20 mm).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: Madagascar, Anosy Region [formerly Toliara Province], Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin), Iaboko, Antsotso Avaratra, Bemangidy Forest, 24 ° 33 ′ 42 ′′ S, 047 ° 12 ′ 02 ′′ E, 662 m, 11 xii 2007, submature flowers, Razakamalala et al. 3976 (holotype G [barcode G 00379482!]; isotypes MO [registration number 3126491!], P [barcode P 06242475!], TAN!).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	description	Figures 2, 3. Small to medium-sized tree up to 13 m tall and 15 cm in diameter, sparsely branched, slash with white latex; ultimate twigs 4 – 10 mm in diameter, at first rusty pubescent, later glabrescent; growing twigs dark greyish brown drying black; mature twigs with a thin dark grey or greyish brown bark, longitudinally fissured; lenticels sparse to dense, raised, ellipsoid to fusiform, 0.5 – 1 (– 2) mm long. Leaves alternate, grouped at the end of the twigs, leaving conspicuous scars when shed; stipules broadly triangular, 1 – 3.5 × c. 1 mm, V-shaped in cross-section, rusty pubescent, early caducous; petiole 15 – 60 mm long, 1 – 2 mm in diameter, longitudinally ridged on herbarium material, smooth when fresh, rusty pubescent when young, later with sparse persisting trichomes; blade elliptical, 43 – 140 × 14 – 35 mm, base cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, rarely rounded, chartaceous to coriaceous, covered by a rusty pubescence when young, glabrous or nearly glabrous when mature; midrib depressed, flat or slightly raised on the lower surface, sometimes with scattered trichomes on mature leaves, level to raised on the upper surface; leaf venation brochidodromous with 70 – 145 straight lateral veins (secondaries poorly distinguishable from intersecondaries), among which c. 4 – 12 per cm are more conspicuous and very slightly raised on herbarium material; the veins diverging from the midrib at an angle of 45 ° – 60 °, and reaching an intramarginal vein. Flowers in fascicles of 2 – 6 inserted at twig apices, above the previous flush of leaves; pedicels rusty pubescent, pendulous, 18 – 23 × c. 2 mm, thus placing the flowers below the petioles of the uppermost leaves. Calyx quincuncial with 5 sepals united at the base; sepals broadly lanceolate, the two external ones coriaceous, with involute margins, 12 × 7 mm, rusty pubescent externally, pubescent on internal surface except for a triangular centro-basal glabrous region occupying c. 1 / 3 of the surface; the three internal sepals slightly smaller and less coriaceous, rusty pubescent externally, glabrous internally except on the distal portion of the margins. Corolla (developed but not opened) gamopetalous, tube 1.3 – 2 mm long, with 5 broadly lanceolate lobes 7 × 4 mm, contorted in bud, overlapping to the right. Stamens 5, opposite to the corolla lobes; filaments glabrous, attached to the top of the corolla tube, free part 1.5 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; anthers 5 mm long, filaments attached at 1 / 3 to 1 / 4 from their base; thecae glabrous on the external side, hairy on the internal side especially towards the base; connective nearly glabrous on the internal side, hairy on the external side, extending above the thecae in an acute 0.2 mm long appendage. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, broadly lanceolate, 2 × 1 mm, basis cordate with auricles 0.7 mm long; apex entire, bifid or lacerate, margin irregular to lacerate, ciliate. Ovary superior, with 5 uniovulate locules, 5 - lobed, 2.2 × 1.6 mm, densely hirsute; style 6.4 – 8 mm long, 0.7 mm in diameter, glabrous. Fruit observed only at very early stage of its development, with post-anthesis sepals becoming triangular, larger, 15 × 6 – 8 mm at the base, pedicel thickened, 3 mm in diameter.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bemangidia frankliniae is endemic to a small region of southeastern Madagascar, located approximately 55 km north-northeast of Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) and c. 7 km from the sea, in the Tsitongambarika Protected Area.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and ecology. The three known specimens were collected on small mountain ridges and summits, in windy moist evergreen forests, between 600 and 700 m a. s. l. Flowers are reported as starting in December and very young fruits in April, indicating that flowering period may range from December to March.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet honours the Franklinia Foundation, a non-governmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of trees, which founded the project ‘ Understanding Malagasy Sapotaceae, a critical step towards conservation of a threatened group of prime importance trees’, in the framework of which this species is described.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	conservation	Proposed IUCN conservation category. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) calculated with all available herbarium specimen data is 8 km 2, and the area of occupancy (AOO) is estimated to be <100 km 2, both qualifications for CR under criterion B. The species exists at a single location with respect to its most plausible threat, which is selective logging. It is known from three herbarium collections, the most recent dating back to 2011. Although the sole region where the species has been found is in a protected area, it is threatened by selective logging, even in the protected area of Tsitongambarika (Asity Madagascar & Rabarisoa, 2018) and a projected continuing decline in mature individuals is inferred, which justifies the assignment of this species to the category Critically Endangered [CR, B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) + 2 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) (IUCN, 2012).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	discussion	Notes. Measurements given for the corolla, stamens, staminodes and ovary are from developed but unopened flowers and can be expected to increase until anthesis.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFEAFFADFFDACA244B2FF9A9.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined. Paratypes. MADAGASCAR. Anosy Region [formerly Toliara Province]: Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin), Iaboko, Antsotso Avaratra, Bemangidy Forest, summit of the Ivohibe mountain, 24 ° 33 ′ 41 ′′ S, 047 ° 12 ′ 01 ′′ E, 670 m, 11 xii 2011, flower buds, Gautier 5790 (G [barcode G 00377561!], MO [registration number MO- 3126554!], P [barcode P 00932594!], TEF!); Bemangidy Forest, 24 ° 34 ′ 10 ′′ S, 047 ° 12 ′ 01 ′′ E, 651 m, 5 iv 2008, very early fruiting stage, Randriatafika et al. 813 (MO [registration number MO- 3126554!], P [barcode P 06242474!], TEF!).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	materials_examined	– Type: Madagascar, Anosy Region [formerly Toliara Province], Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin), Iaboko, Antsotso Avaratra, Bemangidy Forest, 7 ii 2006, flowers, Lowry et al. 6657 (holotype P [barcode P 00568788!]; isotypes G [barcode G 00340094!], MO [number 6141396!], TEF!).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	description	Figures 4, 5. Medium to large tree up to 25 m tall and 55 cm in diameter, bark dark brown, oak-like fissured; inner bark tender, pink, with copious white latex, wood very hard, light yellow; ultimate twigs 8 – 10 mm in diameter, with rusty pubescence on growing shoots, growing twigs frequently green on fresh material, drying dark greyish brown to almost black. Leaves alternate, grouped at the end of the twigs, leaving conspicuous scars when shed; stipules narrowly triangular to sublinear, V-shaped in cross-section, 8 × 1.5 mm, rusty pubescent, early caducous; petiole 60 – 100 × 1.5 – 2 mm, channelled, rusty pubescent when growing, later with some persisting sparse trichomes especially inside the channel; blade elliptical, 180 – 300 × 60 – 65 mm, base cuneate, apex obtuse, sometimes shortly and broadly acuminate, chartaceous to coriaceous, with a caducous rusty pubescence on lower surface, glabrous on upper surface; midrib raised on lower surface, impressed above, in continuation with the channelled petiole; leaf venation brochidodromous with lateral veins dense and parallel, the secondaries almost indistinguishable from the intersecondaries, 175 – 330 on each side, diverging from the midrib at an angle of 70 ° – 90 °, looping very near the margin to constitute a faintly conspicuous intramarginal vein. Flowers grouped at the end of the twigs, 2 - or 3 - fascicled on leaf axils; pedicel rusty pubescent, pendulous, c. 50 × 2 mm. Calyx quincuncial with 5 sepals united at the base; sepals broadly lanceolate, 20 – 2 × 10 – 12 mm, rusty pubescent externally; the two external sepals also pubescent internally, except for the middle 1 / 3, both margins involute and causing longitudinal grooves on the overlapped sepals; the intermediate sepal with only one involute margin, and 1 / 3 of the internal surface pubescent; the two most internal sepals glabrous internally. Corolla gamopetalous, pale greenish or cream; tube 7 – 8 mm long, with 5 broadly lanceolate lobes 18 – 20 × 10 mm, contorted in bud, overlapping to the right, basis cordate with auricles c. 0.9 mm long; apex entire to lacerate. Stamens 5, opposite to the corolla lobes; filaments glabrous, attached for 1 / 2 of their length to the corolla tube, free part 7 – 8 mm long; anthers 10 mm long, attached to the filaments at 1 / 3 from base, sagittate; thecae ciliate; connective extending above thecae in an acute 1 mm long appendage. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, broadly lanceolate, 8 × 5 mm, margin ciliate, connivent and forming a chamber over the ovary. Ovary superior, with 5 uniovulate locules, 5 - lobed, 3.3 mm high by 6.5 mm broad, densely hirsute; style 27 mm long, with 5 weak longitudinal grooves; c. 0.8 mm in diameter, glabrous. Fruit borne on 40 – 50 × c. 3 mm pedicel gradually widening to 6 mm near the calyx; calyx partly persistent; fruit an obconic and asymmetrical berry, 40 – 50 × 30 – 35 mm, with copious white latex; seed solitary, ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed, c. 30 × 22 × 19 mm; testa shiny, light brown; seed scar adaxial, covering 65 % of the length and 40 % of the circumference; embryo with plano-convex cotyledons; endosperm absent.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bemangidia lowryi is endemic to southeastern Madagascar and is so far known only from the Bemangidy forest, part of the Tsitongambarika Protected Area, approximately 55 km north-northeast of Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin) and c. 7 km from the sea.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and ecology. It is restricted to the lowland moist evergreen forest on slopes below 450 m a. s. l. Flowers are reported in February, and fruits in December.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	conservation	Proposed IUCN conservation category. With an estimated EOO of <100 km 2, and an AOO of 9 km 2 in a single location, Bemangidia lowryi has been assessed as Critically Endangered (CR B 1 ab (iii); B 2 ab (iii )) (Gautier & Rivers, 2019), following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN, 2012). It is known from only seven collections, and although no logged trees have been observed, logging may constitute its main threat, together with deforestation. Its seeds have never been included in seedbanks, and no ex situ conservation measures have been applied to date.	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
0271B34DFFE7FFA9FFDACD2F4A31FBDD.taxon	materials_examined	Additional specimens examined. MADAGASCAR. Anosy Region [formerly Toliara Province]: Taolagnaro (Fort Dauphin), Iaboko, Antsotso Avaratra, Bemangidy Forest, 10 xii 2011, sterile, Gautier et al. 5784 (G, S, TAN); Bemangidy Forest, 11 xii 2011, sterile, Gautier et al. 5786 (G, S, TAN); Bemangidy Forest, 11 xii. 2011, fruit, Gautier et al. 5789 (G, K, MO, P, S, TAN); Bemangidy Forest, 5 iv 2008, fruits, Ramison et al. 578 (MO, P, TAN); Forêt Ivohibe, xi 2005, young fruits, Razakamalala et al. 2510 (MO, TAN); Bemangidy Forest, no date, sterile, Service forestier s. n. (P [P 00568786, P 00568787]).	en	Boluda, C. G., Randriarisoa, A., Naciri, Y., Gautier, L. (2023): A Taxonomic Revision of the Madagascar-Endemic Genus Bemangidia (Sapotaceae), with Description of a Second Species. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 80 (1996): 1-17, DOI: 10.24823/EJB.2023.1996
