taxonID	type	description	language	source
020F87FCFFC6FF8DB1F6DD793F03B222.taxon	description	Figs. 1, 2 ZooBank number for species: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 0737268 - 7694 - 4 C 0 E-A 65 C- 0649843 FCCA 4 Description. Small whitish nematodes with finely transversely striated cuticle; markedly narrow lateral alae arise short distance posterior to anterior extremity, extending posteriorly to about level of anus in both sexes (Fig. 2 A, C). Mouth triangular, with 3 lips, each provided with cuticular flap overhanging oral aperture; 3 small elongate, slightly sclerotised structures present at inner bases of lips. Four submedian double cephalic papillae (2 on dorsal lip and 1 on each ventrolateral lip) present; pair of large lateral amphids situated near oral aperture on ventrolateral lips (Figs. 1 C, 2 A, B). Oesophagus consists of short pharyngeal portion, long corpus, isthmus and bulb; bulb provided with sclerotised valves (Fig. 1 A, B, E). Intestine straight. Nerve ring encircles oesophagus approximately at mid-level of corpus. Conspicuous excretory pore situated near posterior end of corpus. Tail of both sexes conical, ending in sharp point (Figs. 1 F – H, 2 D – G). Male (5 specimens; measurements of holotype in parentheses). Length of body 2.0 – 2.5 mm (2.5 mm), maximum width 82 – 109 (109). Length of entire oesophagus 363 – 471 (468); length of pharynx 21 – 33 (33), width 15 – 18 (15); length of corpus 300 – 351 (345), maximum width 24 (24); isthmus 30 – 45 (30) long, 12 – 18 (12) wide; bulb 54 – 60 (60) long, 48 – 60 (57) wide. Nerve ring and excretory pore 156 – 195 (180) and 270 – 330 (330), respectively, from anterior extremity. Tail curved ventrally. Caudal alae absent. Caudal papillae rather variable in number and arrangement, sometimes distributed asymmetrically. Preanal papillae: 5 – 6 pairs of subventral papillae and 1 – 3 more lateral papillae situated anterior to paired papillae on either side of body; in addition, 3 pairs of minute ventral papillae and 1 unpaired median papilla present on anterior lip of cloaca. Adanal papillae: 1 subventral pair. Postanal papillae: 5 – 6 pairs, including 3 – 4 subventral and 2 lateral; pair of small lateral phasmids located slightly anterior to first pair of lateral postanal papillae (Figs. 1 F, G, 2 D – G). Two well sclerotised, equally long spicules present, 210 – 228 (228), curved ventrally in lateral view; proximal ends obtuse, markedly narrow, distal ends pointed (Figs. 1 F, 2 D, F). Gubernaculum well sclerotised, 45 – 48 (45) long (Fig. 1 F). Length ratio of gubernaculum and spicules 1: 4.38 – 5.07 (1: 5.07). Length of tail 108 – 138 (138). Female (5 ovigerous specimens; measurements of allotype in parentheses). Length of body 2.8 – 2.9 mm (2.9 mm), maximum width 150 – 163 (150). Length of entire oesophagus 501 – 519 (519); length of pharynx 27 – 30 (27), width 15 – 18 (18); of corpus 366 – 384 (384), width 27 (27); of isthmus 45 (45), width 18 – 21 (21), of bulb 60 – 63 (63), width 60 (60). Nerve ring and excretory pore 204 (204) and 360 – 363 (363), respectively, from anterior extremity. Vulva in posterior half of body, 2.0 mm (2.0 mm) from anterior extremity [at 69 – 73 % (69 %) of body length], with conspicuously elevated posterior lip (Fig. 1 A, D). Vagina narrow, directed posteriorly from vulva. Ovary near anterior end of uterus (Fig. 1 A). Uterus didelphic, with posterior branch transformed into sac without ovary and oviduct and extending posteriorly somewhat posterior to level of vulva. Uterus containing 5 – 6 (6) oval, thin-walled eggs at different stages of development, 153 – 186 × 111 – 165 (153 – 177 × 111 – 165); no hatched larvae present (Fig. 1 A). Length of tail 218 – 245 (245). Type host: Synodontis acanthomias Boulenger (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Site of infection: Intestine (distal part). Type locality: Lower Congo River, right bank near Bulu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (collected 11 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 3 fish infected / 4 fish examined; approximately 950 and 1,000 nematodes (specimens from one of the infected fish not sampled). Deposition of type specimens: IPCAS N- 1140 (holotype, allotype and many paratypes).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC6FF8DB1F6DD793F03B222.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name longispiculatum relates to a characteristic feature of this nematode species, i. e. the presence of very long spicules as compared with congeners.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC6FF8DB1F6DD793F03B222.taxon	discussion	Remarks. To date, the following five species of Labeonema Puylaert, 1970 have been described from freshwater fishes in Africa: L. africanum Moravec et Van As, 2004, L. bainae Baker, 1982, L. bakeri Van Waerebeke, Chabaud, Bain et Georges, 1988, L. intermedium Puylaert, 1970 and L. synodontisi (Vassiliad ẻs, 1973) (see Moravec and Van As 2004, Koubková et al. 2008). Although the body measurements of all these species are similar to those of L. longispiculatum sp. n., their spicules are much shorter; the longest spicules (105 – 120 µm) are found in L. africanum, whereas those of other species are shorter than 100 µm. On the other hand, the spicules of the new species are 210 – 228 µm, i. e. approximately twice as long as those in L. africanum, a parasite of Synodontis nigromaculatus Boulenger in Botswana (Moravec and Van As 2004). Both species also differ in the length of the gubernaculum (45 – 48 µm in L. longispiculatum vs 30 – 36 µm in L. africanum), in the gubernaculum / spicules length ratio (1: 4.4 – 5.1 vs 1: 3.2 – 3.7) and in the number and distribution of genital papillae; in contrast to L. africanum, the proximal ends of spicules in L. longispiculatum are conspicuously narrowed. Interspecific differences are also found in the structure of the cephalic end. Besides L. longispiculatum and L. africanum, there is an additional congeneric species, L. synodontisi (syn. Raillietnema synodontisi Vassiliad ẻs, 1973), reported from several species of mochokid catfishes (Synodontis spp.) in Chad, Senegal and South Africa, and from aquarium-reared S. eupterus Boulenger in Europe (Czech Republic) originally imported from Africa (Vassiliad ẻs 1973, 1976, Vassiliad ẻs and Troncy 1974, Moravec and Řehulka 1987, Boomker, 1994, Koubková et al. 2008). This species can be easily distinguished from L. longispiculatum by much shorter spicules (75 – 94 µm vs 210 – 228 µm). Other congeneric species (L. bainae, L. bakeri and L. intermedium) are parasites of hosts belonging to other fish families (Schilbeidae, Distichodontidae and Cyprinidae, respectively).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC5FF8BB24CD9393E21B422.taxon	description	Description (1 female larva). Small whitish nematode 2.2 mm long, 111 wide, with smooth cuticle; very narrow lateral alae extend along body. Cephalic end rounded, 24 wide, bearing 4 small cephalic papillae. Oesophagus 468 long; its anterior portion long, narrow, 15 – 18 wide; short posterior portion somewhat broader, longitudinally oval, 75 long and 33 wide, provided inside with small sclerotised apparatus (Fig. 3 A). Intestine narrow, straight. Nerve ring and excretory pore 186 and 291, respectively, from anterior extremity. Developing vulva postequatorial, 1.5 mm from anterior end of body (at 70 % of body length). Tail conical, 202 long (Fig. 3 B). Host: North African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) (Siluriformes: Clariidae). Site of infection: Intestine (distal part). Locality: Lower Congo River, Democratic Republic of the Congo – unspecified locality in Bas Congo (Congo basin, collected 10 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 2 fish examined; 1 nematode. Deposition of voucher specimen: IPCAS N- 1137.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC5FF8BB24CD9393E21B422.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The general morphology of this female larva, especially the presence of a distinct sclerotised apparatus inside the bulbous posterior portion of the oesophagus, indicates that it belongs to the Atractidae. Recently Moravec and Van As (2015 a) reported a nongravid female designated as Atractidae gen. sp. from the intestine of the catfish Schilbe intermedius Rüppel (Schilbeidae) in Botswana, which, however, differs from the present specimen in a larger body, a distinct pharyngeal portion of the oesophagus and isthmus and in the location of the vulva in the anterior part of the body.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC3FF88B24CDFF93B65B182.taxon	description	Figs. 4, 5 Syns.: Nematoxys piscicola von Linstow, 1907; Spironoura congolense Taylor, 1925 Description. Medium-sized, fusiform, whitish nematodes. Cuticle finely transversely striated. Lateral alae absent. Deirids well developed, rounded, situated at about mid-level of oesophagus (Fig. 4 A, B, J). Oral aperture large, triangular, surrounded by 3 small lips, each bearing 2 cephalic papillae; pair of lateral amphids present (Figs. 4 D, 5 A, B, D). Buccal cavity supported by flat cuticularised ring (Fig. 4 A, B). Oesophagus consists of short, muscular pharyngeal portion, long corpus, inflated isthmus forming pre-bulb, and bulb (Fig. 4 A – C). Nerve ring encircling oesophageal corpus at about 1 / 4 of way along its length, excretory pore near level of junction of corpus and pre-bulb. Anterior end of intestine expanded. Tail of both sexes conical, sharply pointed (Figs. 4 E, G – I, 5 C, F). Male (5 specimens). Length of body 13.8 – 18.7 mm, maximum width 762 – 1,061. Lips 54 – 68 long; width of cephalic end at level of lips 177 – 190. Length of entire oesophagus 2.0 – 2.5 mm; length of pharynx 82 – 95, of corpus 1.5 – 1.8 mm, of pre-bulb 204 – 258, of bulb 258 – 313; width of pharynx, corpus, pre-bulb and bulb 95 – 109, 136 – 150, 150 – 190 and 313 – 367, respectively. Nerve ring 422 – 449, excretory pore 1.4 – 1.9 mm and deirids 1.0 – 1.5 mm from anterior extremity. Posterior end of body curved ventrally. Caudal alae absent. Ventral precloacal sucker absent; ventral precloacal region of body with ca 40 pairs of oblique muscle bands (Fig. 4 G). Nine pairs of genital papillae present, of which 3 subventral pairs are preanal, there is 1 adanal pair and 5 pairs (3 subventral and 2 lateral) are postanal; 1 additional unpaired median papilla present anterior to cloaca; phasmids situated anterior to level of last but one subventral pair of postanals (Figs. 4 E, G, I, 5 C, E, F). Spicules equal, alate, slightly curved, 594 – 780 long (Fig. 4 E, G). Gubernaculum well developed, 180 – 204 long. Tail 120 – 558 long. Female (5 gravid specimens). Length of body 17.8 – 22.2 mm, maximum width 1.0 – 1.3 mm. Lips 54 – 68 long; width of cephalic end at level of lips 190 – 218. Length of entire oesophagus 2.5 mm; length of pharynx 95 – 109, of corpus 1.8 – 1.9 mm, of pre-bulb 231 – 245, of bulb 313 – 326; width of pharynx, corpus, pre-bulb and bulb 122, 136 – 150, 163 – 204 and 340 – 394, respectively. Nerve ring 490 – 544, excretory pore 1.7 – 1.9 mm and deirids 1.3 – 1.5 mm from anterior extremity. Vulva postequatorial, situated 10.5 – 13.2 mm from anterior extremity (at 59 – 60 % of body length); vagina muscular, narrow, directed anteriorly from vulva. Eggs numerous, oval, thin-walled, 84 – 102 × 60 – 66; content of eggs in uterus uncleaved (Fig. 4 F). Tail 503 – 585 long, bearing lateral pair of phasmids (Fig. 4 H). Host: Longsnout distichodus Distichodus lusosso Schilthuis (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Locality: Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 14 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 1 fish examined; 33 nematodes. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 1136.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC3FF88B24CDFF93B65B182.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described as Nematoxys piscicola from Distichodus sp. in the Cameroon (von Linstow 1907). Later Inglis (1959) re-studied its type specimens and transferred this species to Spironoura Leidy, 1856. He found these to be indistinguishable from Spironoura congolense, a species reported from an unidentified fish in the present Democratic Republic of the Congo (Taylor 1925), which became a junior synonym of S. piscicola. Spironoura is now considered by most authors a genus dubium and all species listed in it are reported in Falcaustra Lane, 1915 (see Anderson et al. 2009). The morphology of present specimens is more or less in agreement with the descriptions of F. piscicola by von Linstow (1907) and Taylor (1925); they were collected from a congeneric host in the same or nearby regions and, therefore, they are considered to belong to F. piscicola. The present study, which included the first use of SEM for observing F. piscicola, made it possible to solve problems on the description of number of postanal papillae: whereas von Linstow (1907) observed four pairs and Taylor (1925) reported eight papillae on either side or eight to nine papillae on the right-hand side and seven on the left, the present results confirmed six pairs of caudal postanal papillae (including phasmids) in F. piscicola. In addition to the above-mentioned findings of F. piscicola in the Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo by von Linstow (1907) and Taylor (1925), this species was recorded from Distichodus brevipinnis Günther and D. rostratus Günther in Lake Chad, Chad (Vassiliad ẻs and Troncy 1974). Accordingly, the present finding of F. piscicola in Distichodus lusosso in the Central African Republic represents new host and geographical records of this species.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC0FF88B1F6DAD93BD7BD02.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Synodontis acanthomias (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Site of infection: Intestine.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC0FF88B1F6DAD93BD7BD02.taxon	description	Locality: Lower Congo River, right bank near Bulu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (collected 11 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 4 fish examined; 3 nematode (only 2 specimens analysed morphologically). Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 819.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC0FF88B1F6DAD93BD7BD02.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present material consisted of only two specimens (one male and one gravid female, plus one specimen preserved in absolute alcohol), whose morphology and measurements are in full agreement with the descriptions of F. similis provided by Moravec and Van As (2004, 2015 a), thus we refrain from redescribing this species again. Falcaustra similis is a specific parasite of African catfishes, previously reported from Synodontis frontosus Vaillant, S. nigrita Valenciennes, S. nigromaculatus (type host), S. schall (Bloch et Schneider), S. serratus Rüppel, S. vanderwaali Skelton et White (all Mochokidae) and Schilbe intermedius (Schilbeidae) in Botswana and Sudan (Moravec and Van As 2004, 2015 a, Moravec and Scholz 2017). The findings of F. similis from S. acanthomias in the Democratic Republic of the Congo represent new host and geographical records.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC0FF85B24CDF593B02B1A2.taxon	description	Figs. 6, 7 Syn.: Cithariniella gonzalezi Van Waerebeke, Chabaud, Bain et Georges, 1988 Description (based on specimens from S. acanthomias). Small, whitish nematodes with very long, slender tail and fine transverse striation of cuticle in cervical and middle part of body. Lateral alae not observed. Oral aperture roughly triangular, surrounded by 3 lip-like structures provided with 6 oral lamellae (2 dorsolateral and 4 ventrolateral) protruding out of mouth, 4 oval cephalic papillae and pair of lateral amphids (Figs. 6 C, 7 A, B). Buccal cavity shallow, with 3 sclerotised longitudinal flaps, each of them with longitudinal tooth-like structures (Figs. 6 B, C, 7 B, D). Oesophagus cylindrical, almost uniform in diameter, ending in globular bulb provided with valvular apparatus and separated from corpus by constriction (isthmus) (Fig. 6 A). Intestine straight, narrow. Excretory pore situated relatively far posterior to level of bulb (Fig. 6 A). Male (10 specimens). Length of body 1.9 – 2.0 mm, maximum width 177 – 204. Buccal cavity 15 – 21 long. Entire oesophagus 372 – 522 long; length of corpus 243 – 399, width 30 – 51, length of isthmus 18 – 42, width 39 – 51, length of bulb 90 – 105, width 90 – 105. Nerve ring and excretory pore 163 – 174 and 517 – 598, respectively, from anterior extremity. Single spicule narrow, 90 – 108 long, with pointed distal tip; its capitulum 18 – 24 long (Figs. 6 D, F, 7 C, E, F). Gubernaculum weakly sclerotised, 33 – 42 long. Region of cloacal opening elevated, bearing 1 pair of large subventral preanal papillae and 2 pairs of small postanal papillae located on 2 large subventral postcloacal lobes (Figs. 6 F, G, 7 C, E, F). Two parallel or nearly parallel papillae located close to each other situated 66 – 108 posterior to cloacal aperture (at 19 – 36 % of length of tail) and 159 – 282 from end of tail (Figs. 6 F, H, 7 E, F). Pair of minute lateral phasmids located approximately in mid-way between last two pairs of caudal papillae (Fig. 7 E). Ventral precloacal pseudosucker absent. Tail conical, attenuated, 272 – 354 long, representing 14 – 18 % of body length (Fig. 6 F). Female (10 gravid specimens). Length of body 3.0 – 3.5 mm, maximum width 245 – 367. Buccal cavity 27 – 33 long. Entire oesophagus 501 – 552 long; length of corpus 342 – 399, width 63 – 69, length of isthmus 30 – 39, width 51 – 60, length of bulb 105 – 120, width 105 – 132. Nerve ring and excretory pore 195 – 204 and 340 – 394, respectively, from anterior extremity. Vulva situated 1.86 – 2.24 from anterior extremity (at 60 – 66 % of body length), 435 – 598 anterior to anus; vulval lips not elevated (Figs. 6 E, 7 G). Vagina muscular, directed anteriorly from vulva. Uterus filled with many eggs. Eggs elongate, thin-walled, unembryonated, provided at each pole with many very long thread-like filaments; eggs 114 – 132 long, 39 – 45 wide (Fig. 6 I). Tail 598 – 680 long, representing 18 – 23 % of body length (Fig. 6 E). Host: Synodontis acanthomias and S. greshoffi Schilthuis (both Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Localities: Lower Congo River, right bank near Bulu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (S. acanthomias, collected 11 July 2008); and Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (S. greshoffi, collected 11 – 12 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: S. acanthomias: 2 fish infected / 4 fish examined; 11 – 41 nematodes. S. greshoffi: 2 / 9; 12 – 16. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 906.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFC0FF85B24CDF593B02B1A2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. To date, Cithariniella Khalil, 1964 contains five valid species, all parasitic in African freshwater fishes: C. citharini Khalil, 1964 (type species), C. khalili, C. koubkovae Moravec et Van As, 2015, C. longicaudata Moravec et Van As, 2015 and C. petterae Khalil, 1974 (see Moravec and Van As 2015 a). The identification of present specimens as C. khalili is based on their general morphology, especially the shape and size of cephalic papillae and presence of two closely adjoing ventral postanal papillae located some distance posterior to cloaca on the male tail (Petter et al. 1972, Koubková et al. 2010, Moravec and Van As 2015 a). The cephalic end of C. khalili (misidentified as C. citharini) was previously first studied using SEM by Moravec (1994) based on specimens from Synodontis schall in Egypt and later by Mašová (2012) in the same host species from Lake Turkana, Kenya, who also studied the eggs using this method. Mašová (2012) referred to Synodontis frontosus, but molecular determination confirmed identity of host as S. schall; data will be published elswhere. Koubková et al. (2010) used SEM for observing specimens of C. khalili from four species of Synodontis Cuvier in Senegal and reported the presence of lateral alae in both males and females (but this feature is not visible on their micrographs). However, no lateral alae were found in specimens examined in the present study. Nevertheless, our SEM examinations confirmed the most important taxonomic features of C. khalili (see above), and, for the first time, showed the presence of two small postanal papillae on each of the two large subventral postcloacal lobes (the lobes were previously considered to be large single papillae) and minute phasmids. According to Moravec and Van As (2015 a), C. khalili is a parasite of African catfishes of the genus Synodontis (Mochokidae), reported from Synodontis batensoda Rüpel, S. frontosus, S. longirostris Boulenger, S. membranaceus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire), S. nigrita Valenciennes, S. ocellifer Boulenger, S. schall (type host), S. serratus and S. sorex Günther (all Mochokidae) and, exceptionally, from catfishes of other families, e. g. Auchenoglanis biscutatus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) (Claroteidae), in Chad, Central African Republic, Senegal, Egypt, Sudan and Kenya (e. g. Petter et al. 1972, Moravec 1974 a, Vassiliad ẻs and Troncy 1974, Fahmy et al. 1976, El-Naffar et al. 1983, Van Waerebeke et al. 1988, Imam et al. 1991, Koubková et al. 2010; Mašová 2012, Moravec and Scholz 2017). The present finding of this parasite in S. acanthomias and S. greshoffi from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Central African Republic, respectively, represents new host and geographical records.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFCDFF84B1F6DAB9381FB2C2.taxon	description	Figs. 8, 9 Description (based on specimens from S. acanthomias). Small fusiform nematodes with distinctly transversely annulated cuticle (Figs. 8 A, B, E, F, 9 A, C, F). Narrow lateral alae arise anteriorly somewhat anterior to level of nerve ring and extend posteriorly slightly posterior to level of anus in female and to short distance posterior to median pair of postanal papillae in male (Figs. 8 E, 9 C, F). Oral aperture hexagonal, surrounded by 6 small lip-like formations (2 dorsolateral, 2 ventrolateral and 2 lateral), each of them provided with anteriorly protruding mouth lamella on inner side. Four large, oval submedian cephalic papillae and pair of small amphids present (Figs. 8 C, 9 A, B). Buccal cavity spacious (Fig. 8 A, B). Oesophagus formed by cylindrical corpus, short isthmus and well-developed bulb; oesophagus opens into intestine through small valve (Fig. 8 A, E, F). Nerve ring situated at about mid-level of corpus; excretory pore at some distance posterior to oesophagus (Figs. 8 A, E, F). Tail of both sexes forms very long, slender caudal spike (Fig. 8 D, E, F). Male (one specimen). Length of body including caudal spike 1.3 mm, maximum width 150. Buccal cavity 12 long. Entire oesophagus 246 long (18 % of body length); corpus 138 long, 33 wide; isthmus 39 long, 33 wide; bulb 69 long, 60 wide. Nerve ring and excretory pore 96 and 408, respectively, from anterior extremity. Testis reaching anteriorly to about level of excretory pore (Fig. 8 F). Region of cloaca elevated, surrounded by broad oval cuticular mound (Figs. 8 D, F – H, 9 C, D) and bearing 1 pair of large preanal papillae immediately anterior to cloaca and 2 pairs of small postanal papillae (Fig. 8 D, F – H); large, median ventral caudal lobe bearing somewhat depressed pair of small postanal papillae present 93 posterior to cloacal aperture or 243 anterior to end of tail (Figs. 8 D, F, I, 9 C, E). Spicule simple, well sclerotised, 75 long, with sharply pointed distal tip (Fig. 8 D, F, G). Tail including slender caudal spike 326 long (24 % of body length) (Fig. 8 D). Female (one nongravid specimen). Body fusiform; length including caudal spike 1.6 mm, maximum width 218. Buccal cavity 9 long. Entire oesophagus 240 long (15 % of body length); corpus 150 long, 39 wide; isthmus 30 long, 39 wide; bulb 60 long, 75 wide. Nerve ring and excretory pore 87 and 285, respectively, from anterior extremity. Vulva 653 from anterior end of body (at 41 % of body length); vulval lips not elevated (Fig. 8 E). Vagina muscular, short, directed anteriorly from vulva. Reproductive apparatus didelphic. Uterus empty (Fig. 8 E). Tail including slender caudal spike 571 long (36 % of body length), provided with pair of minute lateral phasmids located short distance posterior to posterior ends of lateral alae (Fig. 8 E). Hosts: Synodontis acanthomias, clown squeaker S. decorus Boulenger, S. greshoffi, blotched upsidedown catfish S. nigriventris David, Congo squeaker S. pleurops Boulenger (all Mochokidae, Siluriformes) and Xenocharax spilurus Günther (Distichodontidae, Characiformes). Site of infection: Intestine. Localities: Lower Congo River, right bank near Bulu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (S. acanthostomias, collected 11 July 2008); Sangha River (S. decorus, S. greshoffi, S. pleurops, X. spilurus) and small forest stream (S. nigriventris) adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 11 – 14 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: S. acanthomias: 1 fish infected / 4 fish examined; 2 nematodes. S. decorus: 1 / 3; 8. S. greshoffi: 6 / 9; 1 – 10. S. nigriventris: 1 / 2; 1. S. pleurops: 1 / 3; 9. X. spilurus: 1 / 1; 12. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 1142.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFCDFF84B1F6DAB9381FB2C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The morphology and measurements of present specimens correspond more or less to the original description of S. thelastomoides provided by Petter et al. (1972) and, accordingly, they are assigned to this species. The present and first SEM observation of S. thelastomoides revealed more details of some features that are hardly visible using light microscopy (LM), mainly regarding the structure of the cephalic end and of the male cloacal region including the caudal papillae. Synodontisia thelastomoides has so far been reported from Synodontis nigrita, S. ocellifer, S. sorex (type host) and S. zambezensis in Senegal, Chad, Benin and South Africa (Petter et al. 1972, Vassiliad ẻs and Troncy 1974, Vassiliad ẻs 1976, Boomker 1994, Dougnon et al. 2012). In South Africa, this species was recorded by Boomker (1994) from S. zambezensis, but no morphological data were provided. Considering the geographical region, it may well be that his nematodes belonged in fact to S. okavangoensis Moravec et Van As, 2004, a parasite of Synodontis nigromaculatus in nearby Botswana; this congeneric species was described only ten years later (Moravec and Van As 2004). In contrast to S. thelastomoides, the cephalic papillae of S. okavangoensis are crescent-shaped. The present finding of S. thelastomoides in S. acanthomias in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and those from S. greshoffi, S. decorus, S. nigriventris, S. pleurops and X. spilurus in the Central African Republic represent new host and geographical records of this nematode species.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFCCFF9FB24CD8F93906B022.taxon	description	Figs. 10 – 12 ZooBank number for species: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 C 60406 E-BD 12 - 476 D- 8 CD 7 - F 5991 C 905919 Description male (1 specimen, holotype). Medium-sized, whitish nematode with bulbous cephalic region and smooth cuticle. Length of body 16.3 mm, maximum width 422. Cephalic vesicle well developed, 123 long and 141 wide (Figs. 10 A, B, 11 A, H). Oral aperture almost circular, surrounded by 6 (2 dorsolateral, 2 ventrolateral and 2 lateral) slightly outlined cuticular lobes giving hexagonal appearance of mouth in apical view; these lip-like formations, 15 high, continuous posteriorly with cephalic vesicle. Oral aperture surrounded by 8 submedian cephalic papillae arranged in 2 circles, each formed by 4 papillae, and 2 small lateral papilla-like amphids; papillae of inner circle distinctly smaller than those of outer circle (Figs. 10 D, 11 A – C). Anterior edge of proper oral aperture provided internally with row of numerous small denticles visible only in SEM (Figs. 10 D, 11 D, E). Mouth depressed, buccal cavity with 3 conical teeth, 1 large dorsal (12 high) and 2 smaller ventrolateral (9 high) (Fig. 10 A – D). Oesophagus 558 long, at level of nerve ring subdivided into anterior muscular portion and posterior muscular-glandular portion opening into intestine through large valve; anterior half of anterior portion of oesophagus somewhat expanded, 159 long and 78 wide; posterior portion of oesophagus expanding posteriorly, 261 long and 102 wide; minimum width of oesophagus 48 (Fig. 10 A, B). Nerve ring and small deirids 286 and 798, respectively, from anterior end of body (Figs. 10 A, 11 F). Excretory pore located short distance posterior to level of deirids, at 884 from anterior extremity. Posterior end of body ventrally curved, provided with distinct ventral sucker located 884 anterior to cloacal opening and with many inconspicuous, paired oblique subventral muscle bands in region between sucker and cloaca (Figs. 10 E, 11 G, 12 A). Testis reaching anteriorly to 2.4 mm below posterior end of oesophagus; seminal vesicle posterior to level of pseudosucker. Spicules alate, equal, 1,224 long; withdrawn spicules reach approximately from anterior margin of pseudosucker to cloacal opening (Fig. 10 E). Gubernaculum of complex structure, 99 long, with proximal tip ventrally curved in lateral view (Fig. 10 F). Genital papillae very small, difficult to observe (Fig. 12 B). Preanal papillae: 6 subventral pairs and 1 median ventral papilla located short distance anterior to cloaca. Postanal papillae: 6 pairs (4 subventral and 2 lateral) (Figs. 10 E – G, 12 C, D). Tail conical, pointed, 150 long, forming short posterior narrowed portion 30 long and 15 wide (Figs. 10 E – G, 11 G, 12 A, C). Female. Not known. Type host: Schilbe grenfelli (Boulenger) (Schilbeidae, Siluriformes). Site of infection: Intestine. Type locality: Lower Congo River, right bank near Bulu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (collected 11 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 1 nematode found in one of two specimens of S. grenfelli examined. Deposition of type specimen: IPCAS N- 1132 (body ends of holotype mounted on SEM stub, middle part of body in a vial).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFCCFF9FB24CD8F93906B022.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name longispiculata relates to the most characteristic feature of this nematode species, i. e. the presence of unusually long spicules as compared with congeners.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFCCFF9FB24CD8F93906B022.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Three quimperiid genera, Buckleynema Ali et Singh, 1954, Chabaudus Inglis et Ogden, 1965 and Gendria Baylis, 1930, include morphologically very similar species parasitising freshwater fishes and amphibians in Africa and South Asia. The only intergeneric features are some details in the cephalic structure (Ivashkin and Khromova 1976, Anderson et al. 2009). Whereas the buccal cavity of Buckleynema is allegedly armed with six teeth, that of Chabaudus or Gendria possesses three teeth; the oral aperture of Chabaudus is surrounded by three bilobed lip-like formations giving it a hexagonal appearance of mouth in apical view, in contrast to allegedly circular oral aperture in Gendria. However, it is necessary to remark that these structures are very difficult to observe in LM and can be properly studied only by SEM. However, none of the species of Buckleynema and Gendria has so far been examined using SEM and the only species of Chabaudus studied by this method is C. leberrei (Bain et Philippon, 1969), a parasite of African frogs and toads (Jackson et al. 2001). Most species of these three genera were inadequately described and their cephalic ends were rarely studied in apical view under the LM. Of ten nominal species of Gendria (see Baylis 1930, Vassiliad ẻs and Chevalier 1973, Ivashkin and Khromova 1976, Baker 1987, Sood 1990), most have been described from amphibians in Africa and South Asia, whereas only two are known to parasitise freshwater fishes in Africa: G. tilapiae Baylis, 1930 from Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus) (Cichlidae) in Mali (Baylis 1930, Chabaud 1956) and G. polypteri Vassiliad ẻs et Chevalier, 1973 from Polypterus senegalus Cuvier and Erpetoichthys calabaricus Smith (both Polypteridae) in Senegal (Vassiliadès and Chevalier 1973, Vassiliad ẻs 1976) and Nigeria (fish imported into the Czech Republic), respectively (Řehulková et al. 2005). To date, six species of Chabaudus are known, four of which occur in Africa: C. chabaudi Inglis et Ogden, 1965 and C. thysi (Puylaert, 1970) from catfishes Heterobranchus bidorsalis Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (Clariidae) in Sierra Leone and Parauchenoglanis punctatus (Boulenger) (Claroteidae) in the Democratic Republic of Congo, respectively (Inglis and Ogden 1965, Puylaert 1970 a), and C. leberrei and C. williamsi (Puylaert, 1970 a) from amphibians in Togo, Sudan and Swaziland, and from Sierra Leone, respectively (see Rizvi et al. 2016). Two other species of this genus, C. alaini Alfonso-Roque, 1981 and C. dehradunensis Rizvi, Bursey et Maity, 2016, are known from amphibians in Indonesia and India, respectively (see Rizvi et al. 2016). The genus Buckleynema includes four inadequately described species, all from freshwater fishes in India: B. buckleyi Ali et Singh, 1954 from Mystus cavasius (Hamilton) (Bagridae), B. channai Gupta et Srivastava, 1983 from Channa striata (Bloch) (Channidae), B. notopteri Gupta et Srivastava, 1983 from Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) (Notopteridae) and B. singhi Rai, 1969 from Sperata seenghala (Sykes) (Bagridae) (see Sood 1989). By its general morphology and in having the mouth with six circumoral cuticular lobes, the present specimen should belong to Chabaudus. However, the validity of this genus is questionable. The cephalic end of the type species of Gendria, G. tilapiae, was studied in apical view by Chabaud (1956) and Inglis (1967) under the LM; they reported the oral aperture to be circular, without lips, but their line drawings are too schematic, indicating that slightly developed circumoral cuticular lobes might have been easily overlooked. Moreover, cephalic cuticular lobes (or lip-like formations) may be poorly developed in some species of Chabaudus, as for example in C. dehradunensis, and in different congeneric species the shape of mouth is from triangular to hexagonal, and might apparently appear as almost circular; the shape of the proper oral aperture may be circular, as visible in the present specimen (Fig. 10 D). Reliable data on the cephalic structure of other species of Gendria are absent, only Vassiliad ẻs and Chevalier (1973) illustrated six lip-like formations on the cephalic end (in apical view) of G. polypteri studied by LM, which is, however, characteristic of Chabaudus. Taking into account the above discussion, in our opinion the reported differences in the shape of mouth (hexagonal or circular) cannot be taken for the feature of a generic importance and, therefore, we consider Chabaudus to be a junior synonym of Gendria. Accordingly, species listed in the former genus are transferred to Gendria as G. alaini (Alfonso-Roque, 1981) comb. n., G. chabaudi (Inglis et Ogden, 1965) comb. n., G. dehradunensis (Rizvi, Bursey et Maity, 2016) comb. n., G. thysi (Puylaert, 1970) comb. n. and G. williamsi (Puylaert, 1970) comb. n. Gendria longispiculata sp. n. is easily distinguished from all other species of Gendria, as well as of those belonging to Buckleynema, by its conspicuously long spicules; whereas spicules of the new species measure 1.2 mm and, when withdrawn, they reach anteriorly the level of the ventral sucker, those in all other species of Gendria and Buckleynema are at most 570 µm long (but usually much shorter), reaching anteriorly to about mid-length between the cloacal opening and the ventral sucker or less when withdrawn. The new species also differs from its congeners from African fishes in the shape of the oesophagus or cephalic vesicle, distribution of postanal papillae and in the host family (Schilbeidae vs Cichlidae, Clariidae, Claroteidae and Polypteridae). The presence of a row of small denticles at the edge of the oral apeture (Fig. 11 D, E) in a species of Gendria is reported for the first time. Similar denticles at the edge of the oral aperture are also present in representatives of some other seuratoid genera, e. g. Cucullanus Müller, 1777, Seuratum Hall, 1916 or Skrjabinura Gnedina, 1933 (see Inglis 1967). Gendria longispiculata is the first quimperiid species reported parasitising catfishes of the family Schilbeidae.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD7FF9CB24CDB393F78B1C2.taxon	description	Figs. 13 – 15 ZooBank number for species: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 8 A 7 CB 6 C- 43 BD- 4070 - AA 25 - 3 D 3156043085 Description. Medium-sized, whitish nematodes with bulbous cephalic region and smooth cuticle. Cephalic vesicle well developed (Figs. 13 A – C, 14 D). Oral opening almost oval, surrounded by 6 (2 dorsolateral, 2 ventrolateral and 2 lateral) slightly outlined cuticular lobes giving hexagonal appearance of mouth in apical view; these lip-like formations are continuous posteriorly with cephalic vesicle (Figs. 13 A – D, 14 A, B). Oral aperture surrounded by 8 submedian cephalic papillae arranged in 2 circles, each formed by 4 papillae, and 2 small lateral papilla-like amphids; papillae of inner circle distinctly smaller than those of outer circle (Figs. 13 D, 14 A, B). Anterior edge of proper oral aperture internally with row of small denticles (Figs. 13 D, 14 C). Mouth depressed, buccal cavity with 3 conical teeth (Figs. 13 A – D, 14 B). Oesophagus at level of nerve ring subdivided into anterior muscular portion and posterior muscular-glandular portion opening into intestine through large valve; anterior half of anterior portion of oesophagus somewhat expanded; posterior portion of oesophagus expanding posteriorly (Fig. 13 A – C). Nerve ring approximately at mid-length of oesophagus, small deirids situated far posterior to posterior end of oesophagus. Excretory pore located short distance posterior to level of deirids (Figs. 13 A, 14 D, E). Tail conical, pointed. Male (two specimens; holotype; measurements of paratype in parentheses). Length of body 14.7 mm (15.2 mm), maximum width 326 (340). Cephalic vesicle 165 (120) long and 129 (120) wide. Lip-like formations 12 (15) high. Oesophageal teeth in buccal cavity 6 (6 – 9) high. Oesophagus 517 (503) long; its anterior portion anterior to nerve ring 204 (240) long and 109 (93) wide; posterior expanded portion posterior to nerve ring 272 (243) long and 122 (129) wide; minimum width of oesophagus 57 (72). Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore 245 (299), 830 (789) and 870 (830), respectively, from anterior end of body. Posterior end of body ventrally curved, provided with ventral sucker located 734 (843) anterior to cloaca (Fig. 13 F). Spicules alate, equal, 438 (414) long; withdrawn spicules reach approximately to mid-way between cloaca and ventral sucker (Fig. 13 F). Gubernaculum 54 (57) long. Preanal papillae: 6 subventral pairs and 1 median ventral papilla located short distance anterior to cloaca (Figs. 13 F, 15 A, B). Postanal papillae: 6 pairs (4 subventral and 2 lateral); small lateral phasmids located between lateral postanal papillae (Figs. 13 F, 15 A). Tail conical, pointed, 201 (180) long. Female (two gravid specimens; allotype; measurements of paratype in parentheses). Length of body 21.5 mm (17.9 mm), maximum width 490 (435). Cephalic vesicle 174 (180) long and 174 (174) wide. Lip-like formations 18 (18) high. Oesophageal teeth in buccal cavity 9 (9) high. Oesophagus 558 (558) long; its anterior portion anterior to nerve ring 233 (228) long and 123 (123) wide; posterior expanded portion posterior to nerve ring 300 (300) long and 159 (120) wide; minimum width of oesophagus 87 (81). Nerve ring, deirids and excretory pore 256 (272), 1,034 (1,061) and 1,156 (1,170), respectively, from anterior end of body. Uteri opposed. Vulva situated 13.8 mm (11.2 mm) from anterior extremity, at 64 % (62 %) of body length. Vulval lips not elevated, with distinctly transversely striated cuticule (Fig. 13 H). Vagina short, directed anteriorly from vulva. Uterus filled with many eggs. Eggs irregularly oval, thin-walled, size 51 – 63 × 42 – 51 (60 – 66 × 45 – 51), with content uncleaved or rarely cleaved into two blastomeres (Fig. 13 G). Tail conical, 394 (225) long (Figs. 13 E, 14 F). Type host: Shoulderspot catfish Schilbe marmoratus Boulenger (Siluriformes: Schilbeidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Type locality: Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 12 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 4 fish examined; 5 nematodes (only four specimens analysed morphologically). Deposition of type specimens: IPCAS N- 1133 (holotype and allotype).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD7FF9CB24CDB393F78B1C2.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name sanghaensis relates to the type locality of this nematode species, i. e. the Sangha River.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD7FF9CB24CDB393F78B1C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. By the length of spicules, G. sanghaensis sp. n. resembles only G. tilapiae from African cichlids (spicules 410 – 490 µm long) and G. ranarum Karve, 1944 from amphibians in India (spicules 330 – 570 µm) (the latter designated as species inquirenda by Baker 1987); spicules of all other congeneric species (except for G. longispiculata sp. n.), as well as those of Buckleynema spp., are distinctly shorter. However, in contrast to the new species, G. tilapiae has a circular oral aperture without lip-like structures (vs oral aperture hexagonal, with lip-like structures), the posterior portion of the oesophagus is moderately expanded (vs markedly expanded) and the body is distinctly shorter (the body length of males 7 – 8 mm, of females 7.7 – 11.5 mm vs males 14.7 – 15.2 mm, females 17.9 – 21.5 mm), whereas G. ranarum possesses lateral cervical alae (vs lateral alae absent), nine (vs six) pairs of preanal papillae and deirids are located at the level of the posterior end of the oesophagus (vs far posterior to the oesophagus end).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD3FF99B24CD8393E6AB302.taxon	description	Figs. 19 – 21 Description. Small nematodes with smooth cuticle. Broad lateral cervical alae present, initiating short distance posterior to base of lips and extending posteriorly to level of small deirids situated somewhat anterior to level of posterior end of oesophagus (Figs. 19 A – C, 20 C, E, F). Buccal cavity absent. Mouth triangular, with 3 small lips. Oral aperture surrounded by 4 submedian double papillae and 2 small lateral amphids (Figs. 19 D, 20 A – C). Oesophagus divided into 2 portions; anterior narrow cylindrical muscular portion extends to level of nerve ring, posterior longer muscular-glandular portion somewhat broader towards its posterior end (Fig. 19 A, B). Excretory pore at level of nerve ring. Deirids just posterior to posterior ends of cervical alae (Figs. 19 A, B, 20 F). Tail of both sexes conical, pointed. Male (1 specimen). Length of body 9.8 mm and maximum width 245. Nerve ring, excretory pore and deirids 340, 340 and 911, respectively, from anterior extremity. Lateral alae 653 / 762 long and 45 wide. Total length of oesophagus 938; anterior portion of oesophagus 288 long and 33 wide; posterior portion 612 long and 96 wide; minimum width of oesophagus 30. Ventral precloacal sucker slightly muscular, 394 from cloacal aperture (Figs. 19 E, F, 21 A). Preanal papillae: 4 subventral pairs (1 of them anterior to sucker) and 1 unpaired median papilla situated anteriorly to cloaca. Postanal papillae: 6 pairs (4 subventral and 2 lateral). Pair of small lateral phasmids located between lateral pairs of postanal papillae (Figs. 19 E, F, 20 D, G, 21 B). Spicules short, 341 long (Fig. 19 E). Gubernaculum moderately sclerotised, 36 long. Caudal end ventrally curved, ending in point. Length of tail 231. Female (1 gravid specimen). Body length 15.6 mm, width 258. Nerve ring, excretory pore and deirids 367, 367 and 966, respectively, from anterior extremity. Cervical alae 789 long and 30 wide. Total length of oesophagus 1.0 mm; its anterior portion 340 long, 36 wide; posterior portion 625 long, 99 wide. Vulva not elevated, postequatorial, 10.2 mm from anterior extremity (at 65 % of body length). Vagina short, directed anteriorly from vulva. Uterus opposed. Eggs irregularly oval, thin-walled, non-embryonated, size 69 – 75 × 54 – 60 (Fig. 19 G). Tail conical with pointed end, 231 long (Fig. 19 H). Host: Tailspot ctenopoma Ctenopoma cf. kingsleyae Günther (Anabantidae, Perciformes). Site of infection: Intestine. Locality: Forest stream adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 14 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 3 fish examined; 2 nematodes. Deposition of voucher specimen: IPCAS N- 1139 (mounted on SEM stub).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD3FF99B24CD8393E6AB302.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described by Gendre (1926) from an undetermined fish („ poisson acanthoptérygien “) in Guinea. Later, based on specimens from Ctenopoma kingsleyae Günther in Senegal, Vassiliad ẻs (1971, 1972, 1976) redescribed Q. lanceolata and carried out some experiments to elucidate the life cycle of this nematode. The morphology of present specimens is more or less in agreement with this redescription (although some measurements are somewhat greater), the host species is probably identical with that reported by Vassiliad ẻs (1971), so there is no doubt that they belong to Q. lanceolata. The SEM examination, for the first time used in this species, made it possible to study some morphological features in more detail. The gubernaculum, the median precloacal papilla and phasmids in the male are reported here for the first time; contrary, neither conical projections on lips nor male caudal alae mentioned by Vassiliad ẻs (1971) were observed. The present finding of Q. lanceolata in the Central African Republic represents a new geographical record of this species.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD1FF93B24CD8193B04B422.taxon	description	Figs. 22, 23 ZooBank number for species: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 95 D 554 AD- 8 D 31 - 47 B 2 - 9 B 10 - FBF 4 BB 698 FA 6 Description. Medium-sized nematodes. Body whitish, elongate, with slightly transversely striated cuticle. Lateral alae absent. Cephalic end somewhat asymmetrical in lateral view. Oral aperture dorsoventrally elongate, surrounded by raised narrow membranous ala (collarette) supported by row of ca 70 minute basal teeth (Figs. 22 C, 23 A – C). Four submedian cephalic papillae and pair of lateral amphids present (Figs. 22 C, 23 A – C). Oesophagus muscular, expanded at anterior end to form bulbous pseudobuccal capsule (oesophastome); posterior part of oesophagus also expanded, somewhat narrower than oesophastome in lateral view (Fig. 22 A, B). Oesophagus opens into intestine through large valve. Nerve ring encircles oesophagus at distance representing 35 – 42 % of oesophageal length. Deirids small, situated approximately at midway between nerve ring and posterior end of oesophagus (Figs. 22 A, B, E, 23 H). Postdeirids not found. Excretory pore in region of oesophago-intestinal junction (Fig. 22 B). Tail of both sexes conical, sharply pointed at tip. Male (2 specimens; holotype; measurements of paratype in parentheses). Length of body 6.7 mm (5.0 mm), maximum width 231 (163); width at level of oesophastome 165 (150), at middle of oesophagus 159 (136). Length of entire oesophagus 775 (775), representing 12 % (16 %) of whole body length; length of oesophastome 240 (225), its width 150 (111); minimum width of oesophagus 63 (45); maximum width of posterior part of oesophagus 120 (105). Distance of nerve ring from anterior extremity 313 (326), representing 40 % (42 %) of oesophageal length. Deirids and excretory pore 517 (707) and 748 (775), respectively, from anterior end of body. Posterior end of body curved ventrally. Ventral sucker and ventral precloacal oblique muscle bands absent (Figs. 22 G, 23 E). Cloacal region not elevated. Large median papilla-like formation present anterior to cloacal opening (Figs. 22 F – H, 23 D – G). Spicules equal, 480 (489) long, with rounded posterior ends (Fig. 22 G), representing 7 % (10 %) of body length. Gubernaculum well sclerotised, small, rod-like with narrow proximal part in lateral view, 105 (63) long (Fig. 22 F, G). Caudal papillae 11 pairs: 6 pairs of preanal papillae (5 subventral and 1 lateral) and 5 pairs of postanal papillae (3 subventral, 1 lateral and 1 dorsolateral); preanal pair of laterals located well anterior to cloacal opening; first postanal pair of subventrals just posterior to cloacal opening, second and third postanal pairs of subventrals in posterior half of tail; postanal pair of laterals (probably representing phasmids) slightly anterior to level of second subventral pair; papillae of dorsolateral postanal pair slightly anterior to level of last subventrals (Figs. 22 F – H, 23 D – G). Length of tail 216 (156). Female (2 specimens with immature eggs; allotype; measurements of paratype in parentheses). Length of body 6.2 mm (8.4 mm), maximum width 204 (218); width at level of oesophastome 163 (136), at middle of oesophagus 122 (136). Length of entire oesophagus 816 (898), representing 13 % (11 %) of whole body length; length of oesophastome 245 (192), its width 136 (105); minimum width of oesophagus 109 (45); maximum width of posterior part of oesophagus 120 (99). Distance of nerve ring from anterior extremity 326 (313), representing 40 % (35 %) of oesophageal length. Deirids and excretory pore 694 (544) and 775 (870), respectively, from anterior end of body. Vulva postequatorial, 3.7 mm (4.6 mm) from anterior extremity, at 60 % (55 %) of body length; vulval lips not elevated. Vagina directed anteriorly from vulva. Uteri opposed, containing few immature eggs. Length of tail 231 (340); phasmids indistinct (Fig. 22 D). Type host: Bubu Auchenoglanis occidentalis (Valenciennes) (Siluriformes: Claroteidae). Site of infection: Intestine (distal part). Type locality: Lower Congo River, left bank near Pioka, 04 ° 54 ' 25 '' N; 14 ° 23 ' 53 '' E, and right bank near Bulu, 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E, Democratic Republic of the Congo (collected 7 and 11 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 2 fish infected / 7 fish examined; 1 and 4 nematodes. Deposition of type specimens: IPCAS N- 1134 (holotype mounted on SEM stub, allotype and 2 paratypes in vials). Etymology: The species name congolensis relates to the Congo River, where this parasite was found.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD1FF93B24CD8193B04B422.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The following six nominal species of Cucullanu s have been, mostly inadequately, described from freshwater and brackish-water fishes in Africa: C. barbi Baylis, 1923, C. baylisi Campana-Rouget, 1961, C. clarotis Baylis, 1923, C. djilorensis Ndew, Diouf, Bâ et Morand, 2014, C. egyptae Abdel-Ghaffar, Bashtar, Abdel-Gaber, Morsy, Mehlhorn, Al Quraishy et Mohammed, 2014 and C. mormyri Moravec et Scholz, 2017 (see Baylis 1923 a, Campana-Rouget 1961, Abdel-Ghaffar et al. 2014, Ndew et al. 2014, Moravec and Scholz 2017). By the absence of a ventral precloacal sucker, the new species can be easily distinguished from C. egyptae, C. barbi and C. djilorensis, parasites of anguilliform, cypriniform and mugilliform fishes, respectively, in which the sucker is present. Cucullanus mormyri, a parasite of osteoglossiform fishes, differs from C. congolensis sp. n. mainly in the location of the excretory pore situated at a long distance posterior to the end of the oesophagus (vs in the region of the oesophago-intestinal junction) and the absence of lateral preanal papillae. Both C. baylisi and C. clarotis are parasites of siluriforms (catfishes) as the new species. However, C. baylisi, a specific parasite of Mochokidae (Synodontis spp.), possesses no lateral preanal papillae (see Moravec and Scholz 2017), in contrast to C. congolensis, in which large lateral preanal papillae are present (Figs. 22 F – H, 23 D – G). The presence of large lateral preanal papillae, as in C. congolensis, was described and illustrated for C. clarotis (see Baylis 1923 a); moreover, both species are parasites of Claroteidae. Baylis (1923 a) reported female specimens of C. clarotis also from Synodontis schall (Mochokidae), but these were subsequently assigned to C. baylisi based on a re-examination of Baylis’ original specimens by Campana-Rouget (1961). However, in contrast to the original description of C. clarotis, specimens of the present material possess a large median precloacal papilla-like formation (vs such structure not reported for C. clarotis) and they also differ in the smaller body length of males (5.0 – 6.7 mm vs 7.0 – 10.0 mm), shorter spicules (480 – 489 µm vs 800 µm) and the oesophagus (775 µm vs 850 – 1,100 µm), location of the excretory pore in region of the oesophago-intestinal junction (vs approximately at mid-length of oesophagus), the genus and species of fish hosts (Aucheniglanis occidentalis vs Clarotes laticeps [Rüppel]) and different biogeographic affinity (Congolean ichthyological province vs Nilo-Sudanian ichthyological province). Although it cannot be excluded that future studies of C. clarotis may show its conspecificity with C. congolensis, for the time being we consider it more reasonable to deal with these forms as two separate species.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFDBFF91B1F6DFB938AEB402.taxon	description	Figs. 24, 25	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFDBFF91B1F6DFB938AEB402.taxon	description	Description. Female (based on 2 gravid specimens). Length of body 35.7 – 45.9 mm, maximum width 816 – 952. Cuticle finely transversely striated (Fig. 25 F). Lips and interlabia 129 – 150 and 75 long, respectively (Figs. 24 B, C, 25 A – E). Length of oesophagus 3.4 – 3.7 mm, maximum width 136 – 150, representing 8 – 10 % of body length; ventriculus 163 – 204 long, 122 – 163 wide; intestinal caecum 2.0 – 2.2 mm long, 190 – 218 wide (Fig. 24 A). Nerve ring and excretory pore 625 – 707 and 653 – 694 from anterior extremity, respectively. Vulva 14.6 – 15.6 mm from anterior end, situated at 43 – 44 % of body length; anterior vulval lip slightly elevated. Vagina directed posteriorly from vulva. Eggs almost spherical, thin-walled, with smooth surface, 45 – 54 in diameter; content of eggs uncleaved (Fig. 24 E). Tail conical, 585 – 612 long, with sharply pointed tip; phasmids indistinct (Figs. 24 D, 25 G).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFDBFF91B1F6DFB938AEB402.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Malapterurus monsembeensis Roberts (Malapteruridae, Siluriformes). Site of infection: Stomach. Locality: Lower Congo River, left bank near Pioka, 04 ° 54 ' 25 '' N; 14 ° 23 ' 53 '' E, Democratic Republic of the Congo (collected 7 July 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 15 fish examined; 2 nematodes. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 1135.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFDBFF91B1F6DFB938AEB402.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Because no males were available, the species identification is mainly based on the absence of rows of denticles on lips, small size of eggs and the fact that the fish host belongs to the same genus as that from which this species was originally described. Baylis (1923 b) was the first to describe D. malapteruri from Malapterurus electricus (Gmelin) in Khartoum, Sudan; this species was also reported from the same host species and locality by Khalil (1969). Later Sprent (1990) redescribed D. malapteruri based on Baylis‘ type specimens and those collected from M. electricus in Gabon. According to him, Dujardinascaris graberi, described from M. electricus in Chad (Troncy 1969), is a junior synonym of D. malapteruri. Vassiliad ẻs and Troncy (1974) reported D. graberi (= D. malapteruri) also from Heterotis niloticus (Cuvier) (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae) and Mormyrops engystoma Boulenger (Osteoglossiformes: Mormyridae) in Chad, but Sprent (1990) has mentioned that the identity of these nematodes with D. malapteruri is uncertain. Probably these nematodes belonged to Multicaecum heterotis Petter, Vassiliad ẻs et Marchande, 1979 and Dujardinascaris mormyropsis Moravec et Jirkû, 2014, respectively (Moravec and Jirkû 2014 a). Dujardinascaris malapteruri has not previously been examined by SEM. The present SEM study shows that, in contrast to the recently described D. mormyropsis or some other congeneric species parasitising crocodiles, e. g. D. helicina (Molin, 1860) (see Moravec 2001), dentigerous ridges on lips of D. malapteruri are actually absent (Fig. 25 B). Most species of Dujardinascaris are parasites of crocodilians (Mozgovoy 1953, Sprent 1977, Hartwich 2009), whereas adults of only two species, D. malapteruri and D. mormyropsis, are known from freshwater fishes in Africa (Moravec and Jirkû 2014 a). The latter species, a parasite of mormyrids, differs from D. malapteruri mainly in the presence of dentigerous ridges on lips, absence of caudal alae in the cloacal region, morphology of the gubernaculum and larger eggs (60 – 90 µm × 52 – 78 µm). As mentioned above, D. malapteruri was previously reported from the Sudan, Gabon and Chad; the finding of this species from M. monsembeensis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo represents new host and geographical records.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD9FF91B1F6D8F939ECB0A2.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Phenacogrammus aurantiacus (Pellegrin) (Characiformes: Alestidae). Site of infection: Swimbladder. Locality: Forest stream near Mongambe research camp, 02 ° 55 ' 26 '' N; 16 ° 23 ' 24 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 22 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: 2 fish infected / 5 fish examined; 6 and 13 nematodes. Deposition of voucher specimens: Not deposited.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD9FF91B1F6D8F939ECB0A2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Closer identification of these small, little developed and poorly preserved nematode larvae was not possible. The shape of the ventriculum in one specimen indicates that the larva might belong to Multicaecum Baylis, 1923.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD9FF90B24CD8793822B682.taxon	description	Syn.: Cucullanus laeviconchus Wedl, 1861 Hosts: Synodontis greshoffi, Congo squeaker S. pleurops (both Siluriformes: Mochokidae), Chrysichthys sp. (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) and longsnout distichodus Distichodus lusosso (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Site of infection: Stomach. Locality: Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 11 – 15 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: S. greshoffi: 5 fish infected / 7 fish examined; 2 – 13 (mean 5) nematodes. S. pleurops: 3 / 3; 1 – 2. Chrysichthys sp.: 1 / 1; 1. D. lusosso: 1 / 1; 10. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 13.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD9FF90B24CD8793822B682.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has already been redescribed in detail by Moravec and Van As (2004, 2015 c). According to Moravec and Scholz (2017), Procamallanus (P.) laeviconchus has so far been recorded from ten different Synodontis spp., which may be considered its main definitive hosts, and from Schilbe intermedius (Schilbeidae) in Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Ghana, Nigeria, Benin, Botswana, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Previously this species has been reported from about 30 fish species belonging to seven families in many African countries, but apparently other species have been misidentified under this name (see Campana-Rouget 1961, Moravec and Van As 2004). Distichodus spp. have already been reported as hosts of P. (P.) laeviconchus (see Khalil and Polling 1997, Mašová et al. 2011). The present finding of this nematode in the claroteid catfish Chrysichthys sp. represents a new host record. This nematode species is reported from the Central African Republic for the first time.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FF90B1F6D8993E8CB1C2.taxon	description	Syn.: Paracamallanus senegalensis Vassiliad ẻs, 1970 Hosts: Eel catfish Channallabes apus (Günther), Clariallabes teugelsi Ferraris, Clarias buthupogon Sauvage and North African catfish C. gariepinus (Burchell) (all Siluriformes: Clariidae). Site of infection: Intestine (distal part). Localities: A small swamp (bai) north of Bayanga 03 ° 00 ' 54 '' N; 16 ° 16 ' 12 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (C. apus, collected 16 September 2012); unspecified locality in Bas Congo (Congo basin, C. gariepinus, collected 10 July 2008, and Bulu 05 ° 01 ' 30 '' N; 14 ° 00 ' 25 '' E (C. teugelsi, collected 11 July 2008); Lower Congo River, Democratic Republic of the Congo – Pioka 04 ° 54 ' 25 '' N; 14 ° 23 ' 53 '' E (C. buthupogon, C. gariepinus, collected 7 July 2008); and. Prevalence and intensity: C. apus: 2 fish infected / 7 fish examined; 1 nematode in each fish. C. teugelsi: 1 / 1; 4. C. buthupogon: 2 / 2; 2 – 3. C. gariepinus: 2 / 2; 2 – 3. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 12.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FF90B1F6D8993E8CB1C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paracamallanus cyathopharynx was recently redescribed in detail by Moravec and Van As (2015 b). Since the morphology of present specimens is in agreement with this redescription, we refrain from describing these nematodes again. According to the above-mentioned authors, P. cyathopharynx has been reported from six species of African clariid catfishes, serving apparently as its definitive hosts, whereas some fishes of other families harbouring this parasite probably represent paradefinitive or postcyclic hosts. The present findings of P. cyathopharynx in Channallabes apus, Clariallabes teugelsi and Clarias buthupogon represent new host records. This nematode species seems to be a common and widespread parasite in Africa, being reported from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Nigeria, Senegal, Zimbabwe, Botswana and South Africa (see Moravec and Van As 2015 b, Moravec and Scholz 2017). Central African Republic represents a new geographical record for this nematode. The development of this nematode in the copepod intermediate host was experimentally studied by Moravec (1974 b).	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FF90B1F6DDD938E7B3C2.taxon	description	Hosts: Synodontis decorus, Synodontis greshoffi (Siluriformes: Mochokidae) and Mesoborus crocodilus Pellegrin (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Localities: Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E, DSPA (S. decorus, S. greshoffi, collected 11 – 15 September 2012) and Mongambe, forest stream, 02 ° 55 ' 26 '' N; 16 ° 23 ' 24 '' E (M. crocodilus, collected 21 September 2012), both localities DSPA, Central African Republic, Congo basin. Prevalence and intensity: S. decorus: 1 fish infected / 3 fish examined; 1 nematode. S. greshoffi: 4 / 9; 1 – 3. M. crocodilus: 1 / 1; 1. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 1124.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FF90B1F6DDD938E7B3C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The morphology of present specimens corresponds to that of Procamallanus (S.) pseudospiralis Moravec et Scholz, 2017, a species recently described from three Synodontis spp. in the Sudan and occurring also in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Moravec and Scholz 2017). Since only one female was collected from M. crocodilus, occurrence of P. (S.) pseudospiralis in this host should be confirmed by subsequent studies.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FFACB24CDB193897B3C2.taxon	description	Description. Small, whitish nematodes. Body elongate; cephalic end blunt, posterior end conical. Surface of body with transverse rings of spines; rings interrupted at both sides of body by lateral lines (Figs. 27 C, 28 A, B, D); some more posterior rings incomplete. First 2 rings of spines closer to each other than subsequent rings. First ring with 40 – 61 spines (Figs. 27 C, 28 B, D). Largest spines present in anterior second – fourth ring; first 4 – 6 anterior rings of spines usually elevated; spines gradually diminishing posteriorly. Female body with spines up to posterior extremity (Figs. 27 F, G, 29 C); spination of male visible only at oesophageal region. Oral aperture oval, dorsoventrally elongated, surrounded by 2 low, large labia, 1 dorsal and 1 ventral, with broad base (Figs. 27 C, D, 28 A – E), forming dorsal and ventral margins of oral opening. One simple, narrow, bent sclerotised structure (sublabium), with a somewhat thickened free margin, attached by its base to inner surface of each labium. Lateral pseudolabia rather large, projecting anteriorly beyond labia. In apical view, flat inner parts of pseudolabia covering partly oral opening somewhat dorsoventrally expanded to form small dorsolateral and ventrolateral extensions. Inner margins of both pseudolabia dorsoventrally straight, parallel to each other (Figs. 27 C, D, 28 A – C). Narrow, inner part of each pseudolabium continues posteriorly into thickened pulp bearing 2 elongate submedian cephalic papillae, small lateral amphid and 3 small, dorsoventrally arranged pores (Figs. 27 C, D, 28 C). Vestibule fairly long, thin-walled, with distinct anterior prostom in lateral view (Fig. 27 A, B). Deirids not found. Oesophagus clearly divided into anterior muscular and much longer and somewhat wider posterior portion; length ratio of both portions 1: 4.3 – 4.8 (Fig. 27 A, B). Nerve ring encircles muscular oesophagus at level between second and fourth rings of spines. Excretory pore situated at level of fourth ring of spines (Fig. 27 A, B). Tails of both sexes conical. Male (one specimen). Length of body 5.0 mm, maximum width 177. Maximum length of spines 6. First ring of spines situated 105 from anterior extremity. Number of spines in first ring 49. Length of vestibule including prostom 78. Muscular oesophagus 213 long, 24 wide; glandular oesophagus 911 long, 75 wide; length ratio of both parts of oesophagus 1: 4.3. Length of entire oesophagus and vestibule represent 24 % of body length. Nerve ring and excretory pore 147 and 195 from anterior extremity, respectively. Posterior end of body ventrally curved, provided with well-developed subventral alae. Ventral precloacal ridges (area rugosa) well developed, formed by several (up to 6) longitudinal rows of elevated longitudinal cuticular outgrowths (Figs. 27 H, I, 28 F, G, 29 A, B). Preanal papillae: 4 pairs of subventral pedunculate, equally spaced papillae. Adanal papillae: 1 pair. Postanal papillae: 4 pairs of subventral papillae and 1 pair of small ventral papillae (Figs. 27 E, H, I, 28 G, 29 A, B, D). Large (left) spicule narrow, 705 long, with slightly distended tip provided with small cuticular membrane; length of its shaft 381 (54 % of whole spicule length). Small (right) spicule narrow, 99 long (Fig. 27 E, H). Length ratio of spicules 1: 7.1. Tail 84 long, with small digital mucron at tip. Female (3 gravid specimens). Length of body 5.5 – 6.1 mm, maximum width 190 – 218. Maximum length of spines 6 – 9. First ring of spines 96 – 105 from anterior extremity; postoesophageal region of body including tail with minute, sparsely distributed cuticular spines. Number of spines in first ring 55 in one specimen. Length of vestibule including prostom 75 – 84; prostom 15 – 21 long and 21 – 30 wide. Length of entire oesophagus and vestibule represent 24 % of body length. Muscular oesophagus 225 – 243 long, 24 – 27 wide; glandular oesophagus 1.0 – 1.1 mm long, 66 – 90 wide; length ratio of both parts of oesophagus 1: 4.5 – 4.8. Nerve ring and excretory pore 108 – 129 and 186 – 204 from anterior extremity, respectively. Vulva not protruding, situated in posterior part of body at 4.19 – 4.77 from anterior extremity (at 74 – 80 % of body length), 1.0 – 1.4 mm anterior to anus (Fig. 27 G). Vagina muscular, directed anteriorly from vulva. Amphidelphic. Fully developed eggs in uterus oval, thick-walled, smooth, larvated; size (n = 10) 39 – 45 × 24 – 30 (Fig. 27 J). Tail conical, 54 – 69 long, covered by irregularly distributed minute cuticular spines (Figs. 27 F, 29 C). Host: Clown squeaker Synodontis decorus (Siluriformes: Mochokidae). Site of infection: Stomach. Locality: Sangha River adjacent to Sangha Lodge, 02 ° 59 ' 06 '' N; 16 ° 13 ' 59 '' E (Congo basin), DSPA, Central African Republic (collected 11 September 2012). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 3 fish examined; 5 nematodes. Deposition of voucher specimens: IPCAS N- 1081.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFD8FFACB24CDB193897B3C2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The general morphology of the present specimens is, more or less, in agreement with available descriptions of S. polli, a parasite of squeakers (Synodontis spp.) (see Campana-Rouget 1961, Boomker 1993, Moravec and Van As 2015 b). The only difference is a somewhat longer left spicule (705 µm vs 366 – 500 µm), which may be considered to be within intraspecific variability. According to Moravec (1979), the length of the left spicule (663 – 1,068 µm) in Spinitectus inermis (Zeder, 1800), a parasite of European eels, depends on the body size of the male, so that the maximum length of this spicule represents more than 160 % of the minimum length. Based on SEM examination, Moravec and Van As (2015 b) reported six pairs of postanal papillae in S. polli from S. nigromaculatus in Botswana, of which the first pair was situated very closely posterior to the posterior edge of the cloacal aperture. The same pair of papillae in the only available male of the present material is located at the level of the cloaca, so it is reported as the adanal pair. Based on LM studies, Campana-Rouget (1961) illustrated these papillae in S. polli at the level of the cloaca and Boomker (1993) as slightly posterior to the cloaca in conspecific nematodes (reported as S. zambezensis) from South Africa. However, these differences are negligible, within intraspecific variability, and may be associated, with the body size of the nematode or the way of fixation. Usually, six pairs of postanal papillae are reported for Spinitectus spp., even though the first pair may be in an adanal position in some species (e. g. S. inermis). Spinitectus polli has so far been reported from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Botswana and South Africa (Campana-Rouget 1961, Boomker 1993, 1994, Boomker and Puylaert 1994, Moravec and Van As 2004, 2015 b). The finding of this species in S. decorus in the Central African Republic represents new host and geographical records.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFE4FFACB1F6D9193F17B662.taxon	biology_ecology	Host: Banded jewel cichlid Hemichromis elongatus (Guichenot) (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Site of infection: Intestine. Locality: Unspecified locality in Bas Congo (Congo basin, collected 29 June 2008). Prevalence and intensity: 1 fish infected / 1 fish examined; 1 nematode.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFE4FFACB1F6D9193F17B662.taxon	materials_examined	Deposition of voucher specimen: IPCAS N- 997.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
020F87FCFFE4FFACB1F6D9193F17B662.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The general morphology of the only available male specimen (body length 13.2 mm, length of spicules 219 µm and 66 µm), particularly the structure of the prostom, simple deirids, characteristic ventral cuticular ornamentations and the conical tail without spike-like caudal projections, is typical of R. paski, as redescribed by Moravec et al. (2013). Although this widespread African nematode is mainly a parasite of characiform fishes, it is frequently recorded from fishes belonging to other fish orders, which may apparently play a role of paratenic, paradefinitive or postcyclic hosts (Moravec et al. 2013, Moravec and Van As 2015 b). The present finding of R. paski in H. elongatus represents a new host record.	en	Moravec, František, Jirků, Miloslav (2017): Some nematodes from freshwater fishes in central Africa. Folia Parasitologica (033) 64: 1-39, DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.033, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2017.033
