taxonID	type	description	language	source
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	description	Figs 7, 8	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. All sites are in Texas, USA. Holotype and Paratypes - Bell County, Hidden Springs, collected by Peter Diaz (30.9382, - 97.6044), 27 October 2021 (ANSP 494658, 494660).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. - Bell County, Salado Springs Complex, Anderson Spring (30.9441, - 97.5347); Stagecoach Inn Cave, Salado (30.9432, - 97.5375), 1 May 2020, P. Diaz (ABC 005618); Copperhead Spring Cave, Ft. Cavazos (confidential location); Bent Oak Spring (30.8916, - 97.7092), 17 August 2022 (ABC 005616); Gault Archaeological Site Spring (30.8916, - 97.7095), 8 June 2019 (ABC 005615); Robertson Springs, Creek Springs (30.9445, - 97.5413); Solana Ranch Spring (30.8997, - 97.6390), 25 March 2020 (ABC 005620), P. Diaz; Spicewood Creek Pipe Spring (confidential location); Spring 23 - 398, Ft. Cavazos (confidential location); Camp Tahuaya, Tahuaya Spring Pool (31.0087, - 97.5093). - Williamson County, PC Spring (30.4818, - 97.7419), 23 March 2023 (ABC 005617).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Shell translucent, conical, with nearly smooth teleoconch, dome-shaped protoconch with wrinkles. Aperture round to slightly ovate, usually separated from body whorl in adults. Mantle tissue white, unpigmented. Sharply pointed median cusp of central radular teeth with small basal cusp. Penis long, equal width most of the length, tapering sharply near tip, loosely to tightly coiled, length 2 - 3 times length of snout.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	description	Description. Shell translucent, usually pale tan, conical with 3.5 - 4.5 well rounded whorls (Fig. 7 A-D). Shell height ranges from 1.1 - 2.39 mm. Average shell measurements (n = 14 adult individuals): height = 1.86 mm (SD = 0.5), width = 1.22 mm (SD = 0.3), aperture height = 0.78 mm (SD = 0.2), aperture width = 0.77 mm (SD = 0.2), number of whorls = 4.0 (SD = 0.5). Sutures deeply impressed giving whorls a very rounded aspect. Body whorl wider than others, which taper steeply to a dome-shaped embryonic whorl. Spire with distinctive " bubble " or dome shape. Dome-like embryonic whorl sculptured with irregular granules and wrinkles (Fig. 7 E-G), teleoconch smooth, without visible sculpture, except under high-magnification. Regular growth lines visible on recent shells. In most individuals, aperture fully detached from previous whorl (appressed only at top of aperture in some smaller individuals). Aperture ovate, with simple, prosocline, reflected lip that flares at base. Umbilicus present. Operculum round to broadly ovate, concave, amber in color, deeply concave, with narrow band of thinner material on outer margin, tapering to a point but without nuclear peg (Fig. 7 H). Opercular growth lines vague, simple. Nucleus slightly eccentric, central, paucispiral. Muscle attachment scar distinct and thickened toward edges, with undifferentiated edges. Attachment region callus thin. Body visible through translucent shell. No eyes present. Ctenidium composed of triangular filaments, approximately as broad as high, stretching from posterior portion of pallial cavity nearly to mantle edge. Osphradium oval shaped, elongate, positioned opposite posterior portion of ctenidium, occupying ~ 25 % of pallial cavity. Pallial portion of intestine with loops in posterior portion of pallial cavity similar to P. imitata. Fecal pellets in the coiled intestine usually clearly visible through the shell, bright orange, oval-elongate in shape (Fig. 7 I). Rectum ends just before mantle edge. Snout narrow, longer than wide, deeply lobate distally, with folds along sides. Tentacles tapered, with scattered granules or pigmentation at base, length equal to snout. No eye visible. Foot rounded anteriorly, with lateral wings. Penis base well behind right tentacle, slightly wider and with deeper folds near base, tapering quickly to a consistent length until sharply tapering at tip. Slight folds continue until midway along penis length. Penis long, loosely to tightly coiled, curved and 2 - 3 times longer than snout (Fig. 7 J). Central radular tooth with deeply indented dorsal edge; central cusp longer than adjacent cusps; lateral cusps 5 - 6 on each side, evenly decreasing in width towards tip, sharply pointed; basal cusps small, triangular; basal socket deep, v-shaped. Lateral tooth rectangular, with a longer central cusp and 4 (inner) - 7 (outer) cusps on either side. Some laterals with wide deposit down mid-line. Base of lateral tooth with triangular, well excavated ventral process, tapering to wing. Inner marginal teeth with ~ 25 - 30 cusps, similar in length, decreasing slightly in outermost cusps. Tooth surface tapering towards outer wing with narrow neck before flaring smoothly towards the base. Outer marginal teeth rounded, spoon-shaped, wide at top, smoothly curving, with 12 - 20 small cusps, tapering slightly to short neck.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
E5EA46B08D12544EA51C425020CF99E0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We use the specific epithet " Phreatodrobia bulla " from the latin for " bubble ", referring to the rounded appearance of each whorl, particularly the rounded spire. We propose the common name " Brown's cave snail " in honor of Mr. Tim Brown, a Bell County native and former Commissioner who has worked extensively to promote conservation of archaeological and groundwater resources in the region.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	description	Figs 5, 6	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. All sites are in Texas, USA. Holotype - Comal County, Landa Park, New Braunfels, Comal Spring Upwelling # 7, (29.7135, - 98.1370), drift net, collected by Randy Gibson, 2 May 2019 (ANSP 494654). Paratypes - Comal County, Landa Park, New Braunfels, Comal Spring Upwelling # 7, (29.7135, - 98.1370), drift net, collected by Randy Gibson, 1 - 5 June 2018 (ANSP 494656).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. - Kerr County, Fessenden Spring, near Heart of the Hills Fisheries Science Center (30.1670, - 99.3427), drift net, collected by K. E Perez, D. Deshommes, N. Loveland, 4 - 6 November 2020 (ABC 005622).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Minute shell with glassy appearance, with distinctive spiral and collabral sculpture on teleoconch that extends to sutures. Vitropyrgus lillianae differs from similar species in the region by shell shape, sculpture, or shell color. Stygopyrgus bartonensis has a taller, more columnar, and less heavily sculptured shell. The shell of S. bartonensis also has a pale brown tint in fresh shells that is not present in V. lillianae. The animals most easily confused with V. lillianae are very juvenile individuals of Pyrgophorus spinosus (Call & Pilsbry, 1886). While their sculpture can appear quite similar, juvenile P. spinosus are much larger, have a white base color and the aperture forms an oval, completely appressed to the body whorl. Pyrgulopsis spinosus shells have a more steeply tapering spire than V. lillianae. Dissection and comparison of penial anatomy will readily distinguish V. lillianae due to its simple structure with no papillae or apocrine glands.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	description	Description. Shell very small, clear, glassy, heavily sculptured, ovate-conic with rounded whorl outlines (Fig. 5 A-D). Average shell measurements for adults (n = 20): shell height = 0.737 mm (SD = 0.25), shell width = 0.470 mm (SD = 0.17), aperture height = 0.333 mm (SD = 0.11), aperture width = 0.268 mm (SD = 0.09), number of whorls = 4.5 (SD = 0.20). First whorl of protoconch slightly elevated, separated from subsequent whorls (Fig. 5 E, F). Protoconch surface heavily sculptured by wrinkles that form irregularly shaped shallow depressions or pits. Teleoconch sculpture includes finely spaced collabral ribs dissected by spiral lines (Fig. 5 F, G). Ribs slightly more elevated, spaced 20 - 23 µm apart. Aperture ovate, slightly pulled away from body whorl, only lightly touching body whorl at parietal corner. Lip reflected on basal and umbilical portions in larger individuals. Outer lip straight, simple, slightly tilted forward (prosocline). Umbilicus open. Operculum clear, extremely thin, pliable, fragile (Fig. 5 H). Shape elongate ellipsoidal, nucleus submarginal, spiral weakly convex. Growth lines not distinct or frilled. Unpigmented body visible through shell. Snout nontapered, about as long as wide, with strong distal lobation. Foot short, anterior portion rounded, anterior edge indented, without lateral wings. Cephalic tentacles tapered, rounded, unpigmented, with no visible cilia, about 5 times as long as wide. Mantle tissue unpigmented. No visible eyes and no visible pigment at base of eyestalks. No ctenidium observed, osphradium rounded. Intestine uncoiled, mostly filled with rounded fecal pellets, rectum exiting in pallial cavity, near mantle edge on right side of head. Esophagus entering stomach below, smaller posterior chamber with large digestive gland aperture and larger anterior chamber. Stomach speckled with dark flecks of pigment. Caecum not observed. Penis large relative to body size tapering, attached well behind right eye, with an expanded, muscular base, narrow body segment, tapering to a distal tip (Figs 5 I, J). Penis base with moderate folding along inner curvature. Distal portion tapered, inner and outer curves with aglandular curving lobes nearly opposite each other, giving a blunt, asymmetrical " arrowhead " shape to distal portion of penis. Neither apocrine glands or papillae present on examined individuals. Cilia not observed on distal penis. Central radular tooth with indented dorsal edge (Fig. 6 A); lateral cusps 4 on each side; central cusp ~ 1 / 3 longer than adjacent cusps, pointed but tapering at the end and at the base, wider in the middle, singular basal cusps pointed, with small buttress, paddle shaped, not needle-like, basal process triangular in shape; deep basal socket. Lateral tooth rectangular, narrowing slightly upon reaching the outer wing; outer wing tapering; central cusp longer than lateral cusps, 5 - 6 cusps outer and 5 cusps inner direction, decreasing in size distally. Inner marginal teeth with broad outer wing with basal notch, 17 - 19 cusps, mostly similar in length except two outermost cusps shorter, triangular, wide at base. Outer marginal teeth broad and curved at end, with 14 - 16 cusps. Cusps along inner edge longer; tooth face tapering to outer wing which then broadens again at base (Fig. 6 B, C).	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
53BB60B2AE8E58A3917D877E55B50BE3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We use the generic name " Vitropyrgus " reflecting the glassy appearance of the shell of this phreatic snail compared to related groups. The specific epithet " Vitropyrgus lillianae " is in honor of Dr. Lillian E. Perez, the first author's mother. We propose the common name " glass cavesnail ".	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
95B5F3629D875A5EB4B2E257C487A4BA.taxon	description	Figs 5, 6	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
95B5F3629D875A5EB4B2E257C487A4BA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Minute shell with spiral and collabral sculpture on teleoconch that extends to sutures. Embryonic whorl distinctively sculptured with wrinkles giving a malleated appearance. Aperture ovate to round, with slightly reflected lip near umbilicus. Umbilicus open. Animal eyeless and unpigmented. Penis attached behind right eye position, simple in glandular structure. The single known species of Vitropyrgus is a quarter of the size of related epigean taxa and is adapted to a subterranean environment (e. g., lacking pigmentation, eyes, and ctenidia). Simple penial morphology lacking the papillae or apocrine glands that define other members of Cochliopidae. Finally, the shell has a distinctive clear and glassy appearance, lacking the tan color of Tryonia or Stygopyrgus Hershler & Longley, 1986 or the usual translucency of Phreatodrobia.	en	Perez, Kathryn E., Guerrero, Yamileth, Castaneda, Roel, Diaz, Peter H., Gibson, Randy, Schwartz, Benjamin, Hutchins, Benjamin T. (2023): Two new phreatic snails (Mollusca, Caenogastropoda, Cochliopidae) from the Edwards and Edwards-Trinity aquifers, Texas. Subterranean Biology 47: 1-27, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.47.113186
