taxonID	type	description	language	source
014587BD9244FFE9FF2CFB3BB3E4FE34.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Mylossoma can be distinguished from the remaining Serrasalmidae genera by a single exclusive character: convex edge of anal fin with median and posterior rays longer than anterior ones (Fig. 1), and by the combination of the following non-exclusive characters: 1) absence of spine preceding the dorsal fin; 2) accessory scales covering intersection of main scales, mainly at the anterior portion of the body; 3) scales covering at least the first third of the anal fin; 4) adipose fin never rayed, entirely covered by scales in adults; 5) perforated lateral line scales with one, two or four perforations per scale; 6) two rows of robust teeth in the premaxilla (Fig. 2); 7) a pair of conical teeth behind the main dentary teeth row (Fig. 2); 8) highly developed spines in the ventral keel.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9244FFE9FF2CFB3BB3E4FE34.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Eigenmann & Kennedy (1903) did not provided a diagnosis for Mylossoma, but rather merely assigned Myletes albiscopus to this genus, indicating it as a new generic name, at a footnote. Shortly after, Eigenmann (1903) presented a brief diagnosis for the genus, comparing it with Colossoma. Eigenmann (1915) and Norman (1929), in their revisions of the Serrasalmidae, described several additional species of Mylossoma but the genus remained without a formal diagnosis until Gosline (1951). Géry (1976) provided diagnosis and synonymic lists for the genera of Serrasalmidae, commented on the synonym of Starksina with Mylossoma, and in addition followed Norman (1929) in recognizing five valid Mylossoma species. Subsequently, Géry (1977) briefly commented the morphology, allometry, and distribution of the valid Mylossoma species, and provided a brief diagnosis for each of them. A more detailed analysis of Mylossoma was presented by Machado-Allison & Castillo (1992) on a paper about the species of the genus occurring in Venezuela. These authors analysed allometry, ontogenetical changes in the color pattern, and recognized as valid only M. acanthogaster, M. aureum and M. duriventre. Jégu (2003) followed Machado-Allison & Castillo (1992) in recognizing only three valid species for the genus. The genus Mylossoma has a broad geographical distribution, including the Lago Maracaibo basin in trans- Andean South America, and at the cis-Andean South America, throughout the Amazon basin, including the Tocantins-Araguaia system, and is also widely distributed in the rio Orinoco and at the La Plata basin, with the exception for the upper rio Paraná and upper rio Uruguai basin (Fig. 3).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9243FFE1FF2CFCD0B168FE49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mylossoma albiscopum differs from M. aureum by presenting the last abdominal spine reaching the anal-fin origin or almost (vs. last abdominal spine clearly separated from anal-fin origin), 36 – 37 vertebrae (vs. 38 – 39), and a conspicuous black blotch on the opercle (vs. blotch absent or faded on the opercle). It differs from M. duriventre and M. unimaculatum by having 31 (rarely 30) to 38 branched anal-fin rays (vs. 26 to 32). Also, it can be distinguished from M. unimaculatum by having 28 to 36 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 34 to 40) and 74 to 99 perforated scales (vs. 95 to 110).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9243FFE1FF2CFCD0B168FE49.taxon	description	Description: Morphometric data presented in Table 2. Body deep, compressed laterally. Dorsal profile slightly concave at posterior region of head and convex between head and dorsal fin. Ventral profile convex; slightly concave at isthmus and strongly convex from this point to end of anal fin. Highest body depth on vertical line passing through dorsal-fin origin. Caudal peduncle deeper than longer. Eyes lateral at middle of head; upper margin of eyes below longitudinal axis of lateral-line origin. Frontal and parietal fontanel broadly expanded laterally. Snout short and rounded in lateral view. Nostrils dorsolateraly positioned, above longitudinal axis through upper margin of eye. Mouth terminal, slightly upturned, at same level of orbits. Premaxilla slightly projected, with inner premaxillary row over or surpassing dentary row (Fig. 6). Premaxillary teeth molariform, with robust base; outer portion of anteriormost three teeth of outer row and posterior portion of remaining teeth pointed. Inner premaxillary row with two teeth, separated from outer row. Outer premaxillary row with five teeth. Dentary with four (rarely five) tricuspid, robust, molarifom teeth; symphyseal dentary teeth present, with robust base and large conical cusp, behind main row. Maxilla edentulous (Fig. 2). First gill arch with elongated, conical gill rakers; epibranchials 8 (1), 10 (2), 11 (1), 12 (30), 13 (15), 14 (15) or 15 (2); one (65) gill raker at cartilage between epi- and ceratobranchial; ceratobranchials 11 (3), 12 (1), 13 (7), 14 (21), 15 (15), 16 (18) or 17 (5). Body completely covered by small cycloid scales. Accessory scales covering intersections of major scales, mainly at anterior portion of body. Lateral line complete, with 74 (1), 76 (1), 78 (1), 79 (2), 80 (0), 81 (1), 82 (4), 83 (3), 84 (6), 85 (9), 86 (5), 87 (6), 88 (9), 89 (5), 90 (7), 91 (9), 92 (12), 93 (6), 94 (6), 95 (6), 96 (3), 97 (1), 98 (2) or 99 (1) perforated scales, slightly advancing on caudal fin. Scales series above lateral line 42 (1), 43 (3), 44 (2), 45 (1), 46 (9), 47 (3), 48 (4), 49 (4), 50 (15), 51 (6), 52 (9), 53 (6), 54 (6), 56 (3), 57 (2) or 58 (1). Scales below lateral line 37 (1), 40 (4), 41 (2), 42 (3), 43 (4), 44 (3), 45 (6), 46 (4), 47 (7), 48 (3), 49 (4), 50 (9), 51 (3), 52 (5), 53 (5), 54 (3), 55 (2) or 56 (2). Circumpeduncular scales 28 (6), 30 (13), 32 (38), 33 (8), 34 (25), 35 (1) or 36 (4). Ventral keel with a serra of spines. Pre-pelvic spines 23 (2), 24 (2), 25 (6), 26 (9), 27 (7), 28 (25), 29 (18), 30 (25), 31 (17), 32 (6), 33 (4) or 34 (1). Postpelvic spines 10 (2), 11 (3), 12 (18), 13 (31), 14 (40), 15 (19), 16 (7) or 17 (1). Anal spines 5 (17), 6 (43), 7 (45), 8 (18) or 10 (2) (Fig. 6). Dorsal fin not preceded by spine, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of hypural plate. First dorsalfin ray much shorter than second ray; in some specimens covered by skin, in such cases discernible only if dissected or x-rayed (Fig. 6). Branched dorsal-fin rays gradually decreasing in size, dorsal-fin rays 13 (3), 14 (28), 15 (57) or 16 (19). Adipose fin short, longer than deep, entirely covered by small scales. Pectoral fin falcate, with i (107) + 12 (3), 13 (2), 14 (26), 15 (53), 16 (34), 17 (6) or 18 (1) rays. Pelvic fin small, with i + 6 (123) branched rays. Anal fin long, with convex edge, median and posterior rays longer than anterior ones, not lobed; sheath of scales covering at least two-thirds of anal-fin length; anal-fin rays 30 (2), 31 (6), 32 (6), 33 (17), 34 (35), 35 (26), 36 (17), 37 (14) or 38 (5). Caudal fin bifurcated, lobes of similar size, with 16 (4), 17 (106), 18 (5) or 19 (1) rays. Vertebrae 36 (4) or 37 (4). Supraneurals 4 (8). Color in alcohol. General body color brownish-yellow, darker dorsally (Fig. 5). Fins hyaline to yellowish; caudal-fin and anal-fin bases often dark. Conspicuous black or brown blotch on opercle. Juvenile specimens with several vertical brownish bands on flanks and a rounded black or brown ocellar blotch below dorsal fin (Fig. 7). Color in life. General body color silvery, darker dorsally; orange or reddish tint on anterior portion of abdominal region, head and around the eyes. Presence of a black blotch on opercle. Anal fin with yellow to orange tint, sometimes with a dark band along distal margin; dorsal- and pectoral-fin bases orange, with posterior portion hyaline; pelvic fin hyaline; caudal fin with yellow, orange and red tint, sometimes with dark distal band (Figs. 1, 8, 9). Geographic distribution. Mylossoma albiscopum is widespread across the Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. According to Santos et al. (2006), Mylossoma albiscopum is an herbivore with tendency to omnivory feeding on fruits, seeds and larvae of aquatic insects. The species commonly occurs at whitewater rivers and their associated floodplain lakes and channels (Santos et al., 2006; Machado-Allison, 2005). The spawning period is relatively long, with two spawning peaks during the flood season (Santos et al., 2006). Mylossoma albiscopum is one of the most important species in commercial fisheries in the Brazilian Amazon (e. g. Cardoso & Freitas, 2008; Ota et al., 2013). Molecular data. DNA barcoding method showed a high level of genetic distance between Mylossoma albiscopum (called as M. duriventre “ group 5 ” in Mateussi et al., 2016) and the remaining analyzed species, ranging from 0.053 to 0.084. Mylossoma albiscopum was recovered as the sister-taxa to M. duriventre and M. unimaculatum (called as M. duriventre “ group 3 and 4 ” in Mateussi et al., 2016).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9243FFE1FF2CFCD0B168FE49.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Myletes albiscopus was described by Cope (1872) from the río Ambyiacu, a tributary of the rio Amazonas at Departamento Loreto, Peru and, recorded from the rio Paraguay basin in Paraguay, by Eigenmann & Kennedy (1903). Eigenmann (1915) redescribed Mylosoma [sic] albiscopus based on specimens from the Paraguay and Amazon rivers basins, i. e., his account mixed specimens of both M. albiscopum and M. duriventre. This confusion between both species persisted in the literature up to the present.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9243FFE1FF2CFCD0B168FE49.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type-material. Lectotype: ANSP 8021, 1 (rd), 160 mm TL, río Ambyiacu, Peru, R. Perkins. Lectotype of Myletes albiscopus (designated by Fowler, 1907). ZMB 20854, 1 (rd), 97.2 mm SL, rio Amazonas. Syntype of Mylossoma argenteum. Non-types. Bolívia. Rio Amazonas basin. Beni: MNHN 1989.1381, 3, 99.2 – 110.5 mm SL, Trinidad, rio Mamore, 0 1 Sep 1984, L. Lauzanne & G. Loubens. Brazil. Rio Amazonas basin. Amapá: LBP 20517, 1, 113.1 mm SL, Laranjal do Jari, rio Jari, 00 ° 42 ' 57 '' S 52 ° 29 ' 42 '' W, 25 Sep 2015, C. Oliveira & B. F. Melo. Amazonas: INPA 20263, 2, 92.3 – 121.6 mm SL, Manaus, canal Xiborena (trib. rio Amazonas), 03 ° 12 ' 30 " S 59 ° 59 ' 00 " W, 13 Apr 2000, C. Cox-Fernandes et al. INPA 28058, 2, 29.7 – 58.5 mm SL, Tefé, RDS Amanã, Lago Teodoro (trib. rio Amanã), 02 ° 44 ' 17 " S 64 ° 39 ' 44 " W, 15 Mar 2003, M. Catarino. INPA 29057, 2, 97.2 – 105.9 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 55 ' 51 " S 67 ° 49 ' 16 " W, 23 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 29064, 3, 85.5 – 117.6 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 55 ' 51 " S 67 ° 49 ' 16 " W, 24 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 33884, 1, 104.3 mm SL, Nhamundá, rio Amazonas, 02 ° 13 ' 51 " S 56 ° 46 ' 23 " W, 21 Sep 2009, R. Leitão & H. Lazzarotto. INPA 45467, 1 (sk), Careiro da Várzea, Ilha Marchantaria, lagos do Catalão, 03 ° 14 ' 00 " S 59 ° 56 ' 00 " W, 0 2 Feb 2014, S. A. Amadio. Pará: INPA 33899, 1, 148.6 mm SL, Oriximiná, lago Caipuru, rio Trombetas tributary, 01 ° 46 ' 34 " S 55 ° 56 ' 37 " W, 26 Sep 2009, R. Leitão & H. Lazzarotto. MPEG 10118, 2, 44.1 – 50.8 mm SL, Juruti, lago do Piranha, rio Amazonas, 02 ° 12 ' 40 " S 56 ° 06 ' 59 " W. MPEG 14102, 2, 82.6 – 87.4 mm SL, Juruti, rio Amazonas, 02 ° 11 ' 23 " S 56 ° 08 ' 04 " W. MPEG 15148, 2, 79.3 – 85.9 mm SL, Juruti, rio Amazonas, 02 ° 12 ' 34.6 " S 56 ° 08 ' 10 " W. Roraima: INPA 2266, 3, 231.7 – 239.7 mm SL, ilha de Maracá, rio Uraricoera, 03 ° 25 ' 00 " N 61 ° 40 ' 00 " W, 13 Aug 1988, M. Jégu. Rio Madeira basin. Amazonas: INPA 24350, 4, 96.0 – 124.3 mm SL, comunidade Cachoeirinha, Manicoré, rio Madeira, 05 ° 48 ' 34 " S 61 ° 17 ' 48 " W (city coordinates), 16 Sep 2004, L. R. Py-Daniel. INPA 24351, 3, 118.8 – 130.0 mm SL, comunidade Itapinima, rio Madeira, 05 ° 24 ' 37 " S 60 ° 43 ' 16 " W, 22 Sep 2004. INPA 24352, 1, 121.8 mm SL, comunidade Vencendor, lago Acará, 03 ° 38 ' 09 " S 62 ° 42 ' 31 " W, 18 Sep 2004, L. R. Py-Daniel et al.. INPA 38478, 1, 82.1 mm SL, Humaitá, lago do Pirapitinga, 07 ° 00 ' 45 " S 62 ° 51 ' 32 " W, 19 Aug 2011, Costa et al.. INPA 38611, 2, 71.9 – 72.6 mm SL, Humaitá, lago Redondo, 06 ° 43 ' 04 " S 62 ° 19 ' 34 " W, 23 Aug 2011, Costa et al. LIRP 8677, 1, 86.4 mm SL, Manicoré, rio Manicoré, 05 ° 52 ' 06 " S 61 ° 21 ' 22 " W, 0 3 Aug 2010. UFRO-ICT 20879, 2, 78.5 – 122.0 mm SL, Nova Olinda do Norte, lago Sampaio, 03 ° 49 ' 06 " S 59 ° 05 ' 30 " W, 16 Sep 2012, J. A. Lima-Filho. Rondônia: INPA 21908, 1, 131.9 mm SL, Vale do Guapo, rio Cautário, 12 ° 03 ' 21 " S 64 ° 22 ' 33 " W, 12 Jul de 2003, G. Torrente-Vilara. LBP 10144, 1 (rd), 242.6 mm SL, Porto Velho, rio Abunã, 09 ° 01 ' 06 " S 65 ° 43 ' 00 " W, 23 Aug 2010, C. Oliveira et al.. LBP 12089, 1, 38.4 mm SL, Porto Velho, rio Madeira, 08 ° 51 ' 42 " S 64 ° 03 ' 49 " W, 26 Aug 2010, C. Oliveira et al.. MZUSP 13963, 2 (rd), 152.3 – 154.7 mm SL, lago Cururu, rio Machado, 08 ° 20 ' 48 " S 62 ° 42 ' 24 " W, 20 May 1978, M. Goulding. NUP 17118, 1, 165.1 mm SL, Alta Floresta d'Oeste, rio Branco (trib. rio Guaporé), 11 ° 55 ' 37 '' S 62 ° 24 ' 32 '' W, 13 Sep 2013, H. Pains-Silva. UFRO-ICT 13307, 2, 108.8 – 132.0 mm SL, Porto Velho, cachoeira Santo Antônio, rio Madeira, 08 ° 48 ' 30 " S 63 ° 36 ' 53 " W, 13 Dec 2008. UFRO-ICT 8138, 2, 149.3 – 162.5 mm SL, Costa Marques, Colocação Jatobá, rio Cautário, 12 ° 35 ' S 60 ° 55 " W, 29 Aug 2003, G. Torrente-Vilara. UFRO-ICT 20211, 1, 141.1 mm SL, Guajará-Mirim, rio Pacás Novos, 10 ° 51 ' 47 '' S 65 ° 16 ' 21 '' W, 20 Jan 2013, F. Vieira. UFRO-ICT 20223, 1, 84.1 mm SL, Guajará-Mirim, rio Guaporé, 11 ° 36 ' 36 '' S 65 ° 13 ' 30 '' W, 10 Jan 2013, F. Vieira. Rio Negro basin. Amazonas: INPA 3683, 1, 194.5 mm SL, cachoeira do Caranguejo, rio Negro, 01 ° 45 ' 59 " S 62 ° 41 ' 47 " W, 0 7 Mar 1990. LBP 21790, 1, 125.6 mm SL, Manaus, Catalão, rio Negro, 03 ° 12 ' 00 '' S 59 ° 57 ' 39 '' W, 12 May 2016, N. T. B. Mateussi et al. LBP 21833, 3, 102.5 – 140.9 mm SL, Manaus, Catalão, rio Negro, 03 ° 12 ' 00 '' S 59 ° 57 ' 39 '' W, 12 May 2016, N. T. B. Mateussi et al. Rio Purus basin. Acre: MCP 35491, 1, 109.7 mm SL, Rio Branco, rio do Rola (trib. rio Acre), 10 ° 03 ' 24 " S 68 ° 10 ' 29 " W, 24 Jun 2003. Amazonas: INPA 28222, 1, 230.5 mm SL, Pauiní, rio Moaco, rio Purus, 07 ° 52 ' 55 " S 69 ° 11 ' 18 " W, 21 Mar 2007, L. H. Claro & R. G. Frederico. INPA 28227, 1, 169.2 mm SL, Pauiní, rio Moaco, rio Purus, 07 ° 52 ' 55 " S 69 ° 11 ' 18 " W, 21 Mar 2007, L. H. Claro & R. G. Frederico. INPA 36677, 2, 105.4 – 125.8 mm SL, Beruri, RDS Piagaçu-Purus, lago Adão, rio Purus, 04 ° 13 ' 20 " S 61 ° 53 ' 53 " W, 24 Oct 2009, B. Morales. INPA 36691, 4 (6), 106.0 – 132.7 mm SL, Beruri, RDS Piagaçu-Purus, lago Macacão, 04 ° 13 ' S 61 ° 53 ' W, 27 Oct 2009, B. Morales. INPA 41655, 11, 75.0 – 182.0 mm SL, Tapauá, igarapé Castanhalzinho, rio Purus, 04 ° 59 ' 50 " S 62 ° 59 ' 38 " W, 10 Aug 2012, L. R. Py-Daniel et al.. Rio Solimões basin. Amazonas: INPA 3057, 1, 88.8 mm SL, Careiro, lago Jacaretinga, rio Solimões, 03 ° 46 ' 05 " S 60 ° 22 ' 09 " W, 10 Jul 1989, M. Kirkaparick. INPA 3774, 3 (7), 124.5 – 136.0 mm SL, rio Javari, 04 ° 11 ' 02 " S 70 ° 35 ' 02 " W, 14 Oct 1976, Ictiologia INPA staff. INPA 48706, 2, 38.3 – 109.1 mm SL, Iranduba, ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, 03 ° 17 ' 05 " S 60 ° 11 ' 10 " W, 20 Mar 1976, Ictiologia INPA staff. INPA 10145, 2, 53.0 – 56.0 mm SL, Iranduba, ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, 03 ° 17 ' 05 " S 60 ° 11 ' 10 " W, 17 Feb 1992, P. Petry. INPA 19437, 1, 69.4 mm SL, reserva Mamirauá, lago Arawaé, c. 02 ° 11 ' 32 " S 65 ° 42 ' 30 " W, 0 1 Jul 1996, W. Crampton. INPA 23017, 2, 79.0 – 81.0 mm SL, comunidade Catalão, rio Solimões, 0 3 Nov 1999, L. R. Py-Daniel et al.. INPA 48704, 4, 39.6 – 50.3 mm SL, Tabatinga, rio Solimões, 03 ° 57 ' 32 " S 69 ° 20 ' 19 " W, 0 2 Sep 2003, J. Zuanon et al. INPA 48703, 4, 21.5 – 63.8 mm SL, Coari, Ressaca Geral do rio Solimões, 03 ° 57 ' 32 " S 69 ° 20 ' 19 " W, 13 Sep 2003, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. INPA 33146, 1, 46.4 mm SL, Fonte Boa, lago Ressaca Grande, rio Solimões tributary, 02 ° 28 ' 26 " S 66 ° 09 ' 17 " W, 0 8 Sep 2003, J. Zuanon et al. INPA 33148, 1, 67.7 mm SL, Anamã, rio Solimões, 03 ° 39 ' 29 " S 61 ° 29 ' 28 " W, 16 Sep 2003, L. R. Py-Daniel et al.. INPA 33150, 3, 37.6 – 44.6 mm SL, Santo Antônio, rio Solimões, 03 ° 09 ' 13 " S 67 ° 58 ' 44 " W, 0 5 Sep 2003, J. Zuanon et al. INPA 33382, 5, 53.1 – 69.6 mm SL, Coari, lago do Apurá, rio Solimões tributary, 03 ° 53 ' 55 " S 63 ° 25 ' 37 " W, 12 Sep 2003, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. MCP 31654, 1, 126.0 mm SL, Alvarães, flooded forest between lago Periquito Redondo and lago Periquito Comprido, confluence between rio Solimões and rio Japurá, 03 ° 05 ' 26 " S 64 ° 46 ' 31 " W, 0 5 May 1998, W. Crampton. MPEG 4774, 3, 66.7 – 76.4 mm SL, Maraã, rio Solimões, c. 02 ° 18 ' 07 " S 65 ° 00 ' 03 " W. LBP 1695, 3, 25.1 – 47.8 mm SL, Careiro, lago do Vanico, rio Solimões, 03 ° 09 ' 17 " S 59 ° 53 ' 12 " W, 0 5 Jul 2003, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 18175, 3 (rd), 59.8 – 71.0 mm SL, Manacapuru, rio Solimões, 03 ° 18 ' 53 " S 60 ° 38 ' 58 " W, 21 Aug 2013, C. Oliveira et al. MCP 31655, 1, 88.9 mm SL, Tefé, canal do Mamirauá, 03 ° 06 ' 40 " S 64 ° 47 ' 52 " W. MCP 31656, 1, 83.4 mm SL, Alvarães, ilha do Prego, rio Solimões, 03 ° 10 ' 37 " S 64 ° 48 ' 01 " W, 15 Jan 2001. Rio Tapajós basin. Pará: MCP 20992, 5, 84.0 – 91.9 mm SL, Santarém, rio Tapajós, 02 ° 25 ' 00 " S 54 ° 44 ' 00 " W. Colombia. Rio Amazonas basin. Amazonas: LBP 24293, 2, 53.7 – 56.5 mm SL, Leticia, Lago Yahuarcaca, rio Amazonas, 04 ° 11 ' 45 '' S 69 ° 57 ' 20 '' W, 12 Nov 2016, C. Oliveira & B. F. Melo. Rio Meta basin. Meta: MNHN 2007.0227, 2, 189.7 – 198.9 mm SL, Puerto López, Caño Victoria, rio Meta, 04 ° 15 ' N 72 ° 30 ' W, 0 4 May 1995, S. P. Pedreros. Peru. Rio Amazonas basin. Loreto: LBP 12540, 5, 38.8 – 45.8 mm SL, isla de Iquitos, río Itaya tributary, Punchana, Maynas, 03 ° 43 ' 39 " S 73 ° 13 ' 58 " W, 16 Aug 2011, C. Oliveira et al.. LBP 24292, 1, 65.9 mm SL, rio Amazonas, 04 ° 14 ' 04 '' S 69 ° 57 ' 42 '' W, 14 Nov 2016, C. Oliveira & B. F. Melo. Río Ucayali basin. Ucayali: MCP 44251, 1, 76.4 mm SL, Pucallpa, Caño Cashibo (trib. río Yarinacocha), 08 ° 16 ' 15 " S 74 ° 37 ' 50 " W, 28 Jul 2009. Venezuela. Rio Orinoco basin. MNHN 1887.0806, 1, 56.1 mm SL; MNHN 1887.0807, 1, 66.2 mm SL; MNHN 1887.0808, 1, 45.5 mm SL; MNHN 1887.0809, 1, 44.3 mm SL, rio Orinoco, 1887, Chaffanjon. Bolivar: LBP 18873, 2, 112.4 – 116.6 mm SL, Caicara del Orinoco, Laguna de Castilleros, 07 ° 30 ' 50 " N 66 ° 09 ' 19 " W, Apr 2014, A. Granado. Guárico: LBP 10230, 1, 135.2 mm SL, Cabruta, río Apure, 07 ° 37 ' 24 " N 66 ° 24 ' 48 " W, 21 Apr 2010, C. Oliveira & V. Tagliacollo.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD924AFFFFFF2CFDB2B441F991.taxon	description	Mylosoma [sic] aureum. — Eigenmann, 1910: 444 [listed, catalog of South American freshwater fishes]. Mylosoma aureus. — Eigenmann, 1915: 265 [redescription].	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD924AFFFFFF2CFDB2B441F991.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mylossoma aureum differs from all congeners by presenting the last abdominal spine clearly separated from the anal-fin origin (vs. last abdominal spine reaching the anal-fin origin or almost) and 38 – 39 vertebrae (vs. 35 to 37).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD924AFFFFFF2CFDB2B441F991.taxon	description	Description: Morphometric data presented in Table 3. Body deep, compressed laterally. Dorsal profile concave at posterior region of head and convex between head and dorsal fin. Ventral profile convex; slightly concave at isthmus and strongly convex from this point to end of anal fin. Highest body depth on vertical line passing through dorsal- and pelvic-fins origins. Caudal peduncle deeper than longer. Small head. Eyes lateral at middle of head; upper margin of eyes below longitudinal axis of lateral-line origin. Frontal and parietal fontanel broadly expanded laterally. Snout short and rounded on lateral view. Nostrils dorsolateraly positioned, above longitudinal axis through upper margin of eye. Mouth terminal to slightly upturned, at same level of orbits. Premaxilla projected forward, with inner premaxillary row over or surpassing dentary teeth (Fig. 12). Premaxillary teeth molariform with robust base; outer portion of anteriormost three teeth of outer row and posterior portion of remaining teeth pointed. Inner premaxillary row with two teeth, separated from outer row. Outer premaxillary row with five teeth. Dentary with four (rarely five) tricuspid, robust, molariform teeth; symphyseal dentary teeth present, with robust base and large conical cusp, behind main row (Fig. 2). Maxilla edentulous. First gill arch with elongated and conical gill rakers; epibranchial gill-rakers 10 (19), 11 (15), 12 (21) or 13 (1); one (45) gill raker at cartilage between epi- and ceratobranchial; ceratobranchial gill-rakers 12 (2), 13 (3), 14 (11), 15 (24), 16 (10) or 17 (5). Body completely covered by small cycloid scales. Accessory scales covering intersections of major scales, mainly at anterior portion of body. Lateral line complete, with 81 (1), 82 (3), 84 (3), 85 (2), 86 (3), 87 (5), 88 (2), 89 (4), 90 (8), 91 (9), 92 (6), 93 (7), 94 (6), 95 (7), 96 (7), 97 (3), 98 (2), 99 (4), 100 (2), 102 (1) or 104 (1) perforated scales, extending into caudal fin. Scales above lateral line 42 (1), 44 (2), 45 (1), 46 (3), 48 (1), 49 (1), 50 (4), 51 (3), 52 (5), 54 (4), 55 (4), 56 (9), 57 (6), 58 (3), 59 (3), 64 (1) or 68 (1). Scales below lateral line 38 (1), 39 (1), 40 (1), 42 (2), 43 (3), 44 (1), 45 (8), 47 (5), 48 (2), 49 (4), 50 (2), 51 (2), 52 (1), 53 (4) or 56 (2). Circumpeduncular scales 28 (8), 30 (15), 31 (2), 32 (21), 33 (3), 34 (11), 35 (1) or 36 (2). Ventral keel with well-developed spines forming high serra. Prepelvic spines 25 (2), 26 (2), 27 (4), 28 (13), 29 (19), 30 (24), 31 (15), 32 (10), 33 (10), 34 (2) or 35 (1). Postpelvic spines 10 (6), 11 (17), 12 (23), 13 (25), 14 (16) or 15 (4); anal spines small, maximum 3, clearly separated from anal-fin origin, discernible only if dissected (Fig. 12). Dorsal fin not preceded by spine, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of hypural plate. First dorsalfin ray much shorter than second ray; in some specimens covered by skin, in such cases discernible only if dissected or x-rayed (Fig. 12). Branched dorsal-fin rays gradually decreasing in size; dorsal-fin rays 12 (1), 14 (14), 15 (62) or 16 (27). Adipose fin short, entirely covered by small scales. Pectoral fin falcate, with i (88) + 12 (1), 13 (7), 14 (34), 15 (38), 16 (22) or 17 (3) rays. Pelvic fin small, with i + 6 (89) branched rays. Anal fin long, with convex edge, median and posterior rays longer than anterior ones, not lobed; sheath of scales covering at least two-thirds of anal-fin length; anal-fin rays 28 (7), 29 (13), 30 (21), 31 (39), 32 (18), 33 (5), 34 (2) or 35 (1). Caudal fin bifurcated, lobes of similar size, with 16 (6), 17 (69), 18 (6), 19 (2) or 21 (1) rays. Vertebrae 38 (9) or 39 (2). Supraneurals 4 (11). Color in alcohol. General body color silvery-brownish or silvery-yellowish, darker dorsally (Fig. 11). Fins hyaline with yellow hue; caudal-fin and anal-fin bases, and distal margin of anal fin slightly dark. Dark to brown blotch on opercle usually absent or inconspicuous. Juvenile specimens with vertical, faded brown bands on flanks; a rounded brown ocellar blotch below dorsal fin, small and inconspicuous, sometimes absent (Fig. 13). Color in life. General body color silvery; darker dorsally; orange or reddish tint on anterior portion of abdominal region, head and around the eyes. Black or brownish blotch on opercle usually absent, if present, inconspicuous. Anal fin with orange or yellow tint, sometimes with a dark band along distal margin; dorsal, pectoral and pelvic fins with orange base and posterior portion hyaline; caudal fin hyaline. Juveniles with vertical dark, relatively inconspicuous stripes along flanks (Fig. 14, 15). Geographic distribution. Mylossoma aureum is widely distributed across the Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. Mylossoma aureum is a highly fecund, fast growing species with high mortality rates in early life stages (Lima & Araújo-Lima, 2004). The species is considered an omnivore with high tendency to herbivory, feeding mainly on vegetal matter and invertebrates. Mylossoma aureum undertakes reproductive migrations, and the spawning occurs during the flood season, mainly in white waters rivers and associated wetlands (Santos et al., 2006). Mylossoma aureum has moderate importance in commercial fisheries (Santos et al., 2006). Molecular data. DNA barcoding showed a variation of 0.084 to 0.091 between examined samples of M. aureum and the remaining analyzed species, with M. albiscopum (identified as M. duriventre group 5) being the closest related species (Mateussi et al., 2016).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD924AFFFFFF2CFDB2B441F991.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Agassiz (in Spix & Agassiz, 1829) mentioned that three specimens were examined for the description of Myletes aureus: " In Museo Monacensi specimina tria in spiritu vini servantur ". Kottelat (1984, 1988) designated the lots MHNN 787 and MHNN 788 as possible syntypes for Myletes aureus. However, the examination of pictures of these specimens revealed that specimen MHNN 787 belongs actually to Mylossoma albiscopum. Thus, we designate the specimen MHNN 788 - A as lectotype of M. aureum and the specimen MHNN 788 - B as a paralectotype. Taphorn (1992), Machado-Allison & Castillo (1992), and Machado-Allison & Fink (1995) presented morphological data from Mylossoma aureum specimens from the Orinoco basin. We unfortunately were unable to examine specimens of Mylossoma aureum from the Orinoco basin, but the data presented by these authors indicates that this population is clearly conspecific with the population occurring at the Amazon basin.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD924AFFFFFF2CFDB2B441F991.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. MHNN 788 - A, 1, Brazilian equatorial rivers. Lectotype (by present designation) of Myletes aureus. MHNN 788 - B, 1, Brazilian equatorial rivers. Paralectotype of Myletes aureus. ANSP 8025, 1 (rd), río Ambyiacu, Peru. Lectotype of Myletes herniarius (designated by Fowler, 1907). BMNH 1923.10.28.263, rio Solimões. Holotype of Mylossoma ventriosa. Non-type material. Brazil. Rio Amazonas basin. Amazonas: INPA 20264, 3, 87.0 – 88.5 mm SL, Manaus, Canal Xiborena, 03 ° 12 ' 30 " S 59 ° 59 ' 00 " W, 14 Apr 2000, C. Cox-Fernandes et al. INPA 20287, 4, 15.7 – 55.0 mm SL, Manaus, Canal Xiborena, 03 ° 12 ' 30 " S 59 ° 59 ' 00 " W, 15 Mar 2000, L. Rajys et al.. INPA 20332, 1, 48.6 mm SL, Iraduba, lago Pirapora at Catalão lakes complex, 03 ° 10 ' 09 '' S 59 ° 54 ' 43 '' W, 13 Jul 2000, L. R. Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon. INPA 20337, 1, 65.8 mm SL, lago do Padre, 03 ° 25 ' 31 " S 60 ° 57 ' 56 " W, Jul 2000, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. INPA 29063, 1, 103.4 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 56 ' 26 " S 67 ° 48 ' 21 " W, 24 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 29699, 1, 99.9 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacarí, lago da Terra, rio Juruá tributary, 05 ° 30 ' 34 " S 67 ° 27 ' 58 " W, 28 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 29749, 1, 93.9 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 56 ' 26 " S 67 ° 48 ' 21 " W, 22 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 33885, 1, 98.7 mm SL, Nhamundá, rio Nhamundá, 02 ° 13 ' 51 " S 56 ° 46 ' 23 ", 21 Sep 2011, R. Leitão & H. Lazzarotto. INPA 39641, 3, 9.2 – 12.16 mm SL, Itacoatiara, igarapé do Centenário, 03 ° 08 ' 25 " S 58 ° 27 ' 25 " W, 16 Apr 2011, E. L. H. Takahashi. INPA 43781, 1 (sk), Iranduba, lago Pirapora, 03 ° 10 ' 09 " S 59 ° 54 ' 43 " W, 0 1 Jul 2014, S. A. Amadio. INPA 46096, 1, 68.2 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 56 ' 26 " S 67 ° 48 ' 21 " W. MPEG 1542, 1, 74.7 mm SL, Japurá, lago Amanã, rio Japurá, 02 ° 35 ' 48 " S 64 ° 39 ' 46 " W. Pará: MCP 20962, 2, 71.4 – 74.2 mm SL, Alenquer, ilha de São Miguel, rio Amazonas, 01 ° 56 ' S 54 ° 44 ' W, 26 Nov 1997, R. B. Oliveira. MCP 21042, 1 (rd), 107.8 mm SL, Alenquer, ilha de São Miguel, rio Amazonas, 01 ° 56 ' S 54 ° 44 ' W, 26 Nov 1997, R. B. Oliveira. MPEG 5225, 1, 110.0 mm SL, Oriximiná, rio Trombetas, 01 ° 43 ' 10 " S 55 ° 55 ' 22 " W. MPEG 14102, 1, 82.6 mm SL, Juruti, rio Amazonas, 02 ° 11 ' 23.7 " S 56 ° 08 ' 04 " W. Rondônia: UFRO-ICT 13555, 1, 13.7 mm SL, Pimenteiras do Oeste, Porto Surpresa, rio Guaporé, 11 ° 53 ' 13 " S 65 ° 01 ' 16.1 " W, 11 Jan 2012. Rio Madeira basin. Amazonas: INPA 24346, 11, 106.4 – 144.8 mm SL, comunidade Itapinima, rio Madeira, 05 ° 24 ' 37 " S 60 ° 43 ' 16 " W, 22 Sep 2004. INPA 24347, 2, 120.6 – 125.6 mm SL, comunidade Itapinima, rio Madeira, 05 ° 24 ' 37 " S 60 ° 43 ' 16 " W, 21 Sep 2004, L. R. Py-Daniel et al .. INPA 24349, 1, 118.8 mm SL, comunidade Vencedor, lago do Acará, rio Madeira, 03 ° 38 ' 9.69 " S 62 ° 42 ' 31.95 " W, 22 Sep 2004, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. UFRO-ICT 1137, 1 (rd), 132.8 mm SL, Humaitá, lago do Puruzinho, rio Madeira, 07 ° 22 ' 21.3 " S 63 ° 03 ' 10.1 " W, 0 2 Dec 2008, L. J. Queiroz. UFRO-ICT 1259, 1 (rd), 155.1 mm SL, Novo Aripuanã, rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira, 05 ° 08 ' 30.5 " S 60 ° 24 ' 03.3 " W, 0 5 Dec 2008, A. Cella-Ribeiro. Rondônia: INPA 3791, 5 (4), 153.6 – 176.5 mm SL, rio Machado, 08 ° 20 ' 18 " S 62 ° 42 ' 33 " W, 0 1 Sep 1977, M. Goulding. UFRO-ICT 4776, 1 (rd), 116.4 mm SL, Nova Olinda do Norte, lago Sampaio, rio Madeira basin, 03 ° 49 ' 06 " S 59 ° 05 ' 27 " W, 30 Jan 2012, A. Cella- Ribeiro. UFRO-ICT 7500, 2, 118.1 – 120.8 mm SL, Porto Velho, rio Machado, 08 ° 20 ' 18 " S 62 ° 42 ' 33 " W, 0 1 Dec 2011. UFRO-ICT 9278, 2 (rd), 109.2 – 112.2 mm SL, Porto Velho, cachoeira Santo Antônio, rio Madeira, 08 ° 47 ' 32 " S 65 ° 56 ' 05 " W, 24 Oct 2010, W. M. Ohara. UFRO-ICT 13307, 1, 132.0 mm SL, Porto Velho, cachoeira Santo Antônio, rio Madeira, 08 ° 48 ' 30 " S 63 ° 36 ' 53 " W, 13 Dec 2008, Equipe SET. UFRO-ICT 19346, 1, 112.0 mm SL, Porto Velho, Igarapé Jatuarana, rio Madeira, 08 ° 45 ' 54 '' S 64 ° 02 ' 39 '' W, 19 Feb 2013, E. Façanha. Rio Negro. Amazonas: LBP 21832, 2, 103.7 – 109.4 mm SL, Manaus, Catalão, rio Negro, 03 ° 12 ' 00 '' S 59 ° 57 ' 39 '' W, 12 May 2016, N. T. B. Mateussi et al. Rio Purus basin. Acre: MCP 28927, 2 (1), 123.6 mm SL, Sena Madureira, rio Purus (bought at the Sena Madureira fish market), 09 ° 08 ' 59 " S 68 ° 35 ' 00 " W, 0 8 Aug 2001. Amazonas: INPA 16776, 1, 124.6 mm SL, beach at Reserva Biológica do Abufari, rio Purus, c. 05 ° 32 ' 5 " S 63 ° 04 ' 44 " W, 0 9 Dec 2000, L. R. Py- Daniel & M. Garcia. INPA 18533, 2, 60.1 – 61.2 mm SL, Reserva Biológica do Abufari, rio Purus, 05 ° 32 ' 5 " S 63 ° 04 ' 44 " W, 0 8 Dec 2000, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. INPA 46974, 5 (rd), 86.5 – 182.3 mm SL, Tapauá, igarapé Castanhalzinho, 04 ° 59 ' 50 " S 62 ° 59 ' 38 " W, 10 Aug 2012, L. R. Py-Daniel et al. Rio Solimões basin, Amazonas: INPA 11093, 1, 61.6 mm SL, Iranduba, ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, 03 ° 17 ' 05 " S 60 ° 11 ' 10 " W, 17 Jun 1988, Equipe de Ictiologia do INPA. INPA 18813, 15, 24.0 – 55.4 mm SL, Reserva Mamirauá, lago Secretaria (rio Solimões), c. 02 ° 11 ' 32 " S 65 ° 42 ' 30 " W, 0 1 Mar 2001, W. Crampton. INPA 19533, 1, 77.8 mm SL, Alvarães, rio Solimões, c. 03 ° 46 ' 30 " S 65 ° 22 ' 50 " W, 29 Jan 2001, W. Crampton. INPA 19535, 2, 57.2 – 76.4 mm SL, ilha do Içé, rio Solimões, 03 ° 16 ' 36 " S 64 ° 41 ' 01 " W, 0 1 Jan 2001, W. Crampton. INPA 25758, 1, 99.5 mm SL, Manaus, lago Muratu, rio Solimões, 03 ° 20 ' 51 " S 60 ° 12 ' 34 " W, 0 1 Jul 2003, M. C. Vega. INPA 25784, 1, 109.2 mm SL, Manaus, lago Muratu, rio Solimões, 03 ° 20 ' 51 " S 60 ° 12 ' 34 " W, 0 1 Jun 2003, M. C. Vega. INPA 28919, 1, 75.8 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Juruá, 05 ° 42 ' 23 " S 67 ° 49 ' 17 " W, 26 Nov 2007, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 29753, 1, 97.5 mm SL, Carauarí, RDS Uacari, rio Solimões, 05 ° 54 ' 20 " S 67 ° 51 ' 59 " W, 22 Nov 2008, R. G. Frederico & L. J. Queiroz. INPA 33132, 1, 52.3 mm SL, Tabatinga, rio Solimões, 03 ° 57 ' 32 " S 69 ° 20 ' 19 " W, 0 2 Sep 2003, J. Zuanon et al.. INPA 33133, 1, 17.4 mm SL, Coari, Ressaca Geral, rio Solimões, 03 ° 51 ' 10 " S 63 ° 28 ' 07 " W, 13 Sep 2003, L. R. Py-Daniel et al.. INPA 3790, 26 (11), 27.5 – 71.3 mm SL, Iranduba, ilha da Marchantaria, rio Solimões, 03 ° 17 ' 05 " S 60 ° 11 ' 10 " W, 20 Mar 1976, Ictiologia INPA. LBP 18401, 1, 95.7 mm SL, Manacapuru, rio Solimões, 03 ° 18 ' 53 " S 60 ° 38 ' 58 " W, 21 Aug 2013, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 21801, 1, 42.9 mm SL, Tefé, Paraná de Tefé, rio Solimões, 03 ° 21.05 ' S 64 ° 40.06 ' W, 19 May 2016, N. T. B. Mateussi et al. LBP 21777, 2, 26.2 – 33.1 mm SL, Alvarães, Paraná do Icé, rio Solimões, 03 ° 15.49 ' S 64 ° 42.92 ' W, 19 May 2016, N. T. B. Mateussi et al. MCP 31679, 2, 103.7 – 111.6 mm SL, Alvarães, lago Mamirauá (rio Solimões basin), 03 ° 06 ' 37 " S 64 ° 47 ' 45 " W, 14 May 1998. MCP 31680, 1, 40.3 mm SL, Tefé, rio Solimões, 03 ° 16 ' 9 " S 64 ° 39 ' 09 " W, 11 Jan 2001. MCP 31681, 1, 82.4 mm SL, Alvarães, ilha do Içé, rio Solimões, 03 ° 16 ' 36 " S 64 ° 41 ' 01 " W. Rio Xingu basin, Pará: INPA 40703, 1, 94.2 mm SL, Porto de Moz, rio Xingu, 01 ° 43 ' 54 " S 52 ° 15 ' 16 " W, 24 Sep 2013, M. Sabaj Perez. Colombia. Rio Amazonas basin, Amazonas: LBP 22515, 6, 49.1 – 63.0 mm SL, Leticia, Lago Yahuarcaca, rio Amazonas, 04 ° 11 ' 45 '' S 69 ° 57 ' 20 '' W, 12 Nov 2016, C. Oliveira & B. F. Melo. Peru. Rio Amazonas basin, Loreto: LBP 22606, 5, 52.4 – 104.2 mm SL, rio Amazonas, 04 ° 14 ' 04 '' S 69 ° 57 ' 42 '' W, 14 Nov 2016, C. Oliveira & B. F. Melo.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	description	Mylosoma [sic] albiscopus. — Eigenmann, 1915: 266 [partim; redescription].	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	description	Mylossoma orbignyanum. — Britski et al., 2007: 81 [Pantanal]	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mylossoma duriventre differs from M. aureum by presenting the last abdominal spine reaching the anal-fin origin or almost so (vs. last abdominal spine clearly separated from the anal-fin origin), 35 – 36 vertebrae (vs. 38 – 39) and a conspicuous black blotch on opercle (vs. black blotch absent or inconspicuous). It differs from M. albiscopum by presenting 26 to 32 branched rays on the anal fin (vs. 31 to 38). Finally, it differs from M. unimaculatum by presenting 30 to 34 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 34 to 40), 74 to 98 perforated scales on lateral line (vs. 95 to 110) and 35 – 36 vertebrae (vs. 37).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	description	Description: Morphometric data presented in Table 4. Body deep, compressed laterally. Dorsal profile slightly concave at posterior region of head and convex between head and dorsal fin. Ventral profile convex; slightly concave at isthmus and strongly convex from this point to end of anal fin. Highest body depth on vertical line passing through dorsal- and pelvic-fins origins. Caudal peduncle as deep as long. Eyes lateral at middle of head; upper margin of eyes below longitudinal axis of lateral-line origin. Frontal and parietal fontanel broadly expanded laterally. Snout short and rounded on lateral view. Nostrils dorsolateraly positioned, above longitudinal axis through upper margin of eye. Mouth terminal to slightly upturned, at same level of orbits. Premaxilla projected forward, with inner premaxillary row over or surpassing dentary teeth. Premaxillary teeth molariform with robust base; outer portion of anteriormost three teeth of outer row and posterior portion of remaining teeth pointed. Inner premaxillary row with two teeth, separated from outer row. Outer premaxillary row with five teeth. Dentary with four or five tricuspid, robust, molariform teeth; symphyseal dentary teeth present, with robust base and large conical cusp, behind main row (Fig. 2). Maxilla edentulous. First gill arch with elongated and conical gill rakers; epibranchial gill-rakers 10 (2), 12 (20), 13 (2), 14 (23) or 15 (2); one (50) gill raker at cartilage between epi- and ceratobranchial; ceratobranchial gill rakers 11 (2), 13 (4), 14 (1), 15 (22), 16 (5), 17 (9) or 18 (6). Body completely covered by small cycloid scales. Accessory scales covering intersections of major scales, mainly at anterior portion of body. Lateral line complete, with 74 (1), 76 (1), 80 (2), 81 (1), 82 (2), 83 (1), 84 (1), 85 (5), 86 (7), 87 (3), 88 (1), 89 (8), 90 (9), 91 (3), 92 (5), 93 (3), 94 (2), 95 (2), 96 (2), 97 (2) or 98 (1) perforated scales, extending into caudal fin. Scales above lateral line 51 (1), 54 (3), 56 (3), 57 (5), 58 (1), 59 (1), 60 (5), 61 (4), 62 (1), 63 (4), 64 (5), 65 (3), 66 (4), 67 (3), 68 (5), 69 (5), 70 (2) or 73 (2). Scales below lateral line 41 (1), 43 (1), 44 (1), 45 (2), 46 (1), 47 (1), 48 (1), 49 (1), 50 (2), 51 (2), 52 (6), 53 (4), 54 (7), 55 (4), 56 (6), 57 (5), 58 (2), 59 (2), 60 (1), 61 (2) or 65 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 30 (9), 32 (32), 33 (4) or 34 (8). Ventral keel with well-developed spines forming high serra. Prepelvic spines 26 (2), 27 (2), 28 (6), 29 (13), 30 (10), 31 (11), 32 (7), 33 (7), 34 (3) or 36 (2). Postpelvic spines 11 (1), 12 (7), 13 (22), 14 (19), 15 (9), 16 (3) or 17 (3). Anal spines 5 (10), 6 (32), 7 (16) or 8 (4). Dorsal fin not preceded by spine, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of hypural plate. First dorsal-fin ray much shorter than second ray; in some specimens covered by skin, in such cases discernible only if dissected or x-rayed. Branched dorsal-fin rays gradually decreasing in size; dorsal-fin rays 12 (19), 13 (37), 14 (4) or 15 (3). Adipose fin short, entirely covered by small scales. Pectoral fin falcate, with i (63) + 11 (1), 12 (1), 14 (4), 15 (19), 16 (24), 17 (11) or 18 (2) rays. Pelvic fin small, with i (61) + 5 (6) or 6 (55) branched rays. Anal fin long, with convex edge, median and posterior rays longer than anterior ones, not lobed; sheath of scales covering at least two-thirds of anal-fin length; branched anal-fin rays 26 (2), 27 (4), 28 (7), 29 (10), 30 (24), 31 (16) or 32 (2). Caudal fin bifurcated, lobes of similar size, with 16 (3), 17 (49), 18 (5) or 19 (1) rays. Vertebrae 35 (2) or 36 (11). Supraneurals 4 (9). Color in alcohol. General body color light brown darker dorsally (Fig. 17). Fins pale yellow; often with bases of caudal and anal fins and distal margin of anal fin dark. Conspicuous black blotch on opercle. Juvenile specimens with several vertical pale brown bands on flanks and a round brown ocellar blotch below dorsal fin (Fig. 18); the bands may persist, although lighter, in well-preserved adult specimens. Color in life. General body color silvery, darker dorsally; yellowish pigmentation on ventral portion of chest and head; region around eyes orange. Presence of a black blotch on opercle. Anal fin yellow or orange, with a black band on distal margin; caudal fin with an orange band on distal margin; remaining fins hyaline; several vertical grey bands on flanks (Fig. 19). Geographic distribution. Mylossoma duriventre is known from the rio Paraguai, lower Paraná and lower Uruguai rivers basins (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. Mylossoma duriventre is an herbivore fish, highly dependent from the floodplains and presenting a great economic importance for both commercial and sport fisheries (Resende et al. 1998; Sverlij et al. 1998; Chernoff et al. 2001). Molecular data. DNA barcoding revealed that the genetic distance between M. duriventre (M. duriventre " group 3 " in Mateussi et al. 2016) and the remaining species analyzed ranged from 0.014 to 0.090 and that this species is genetically most similar to M. unimaculatum (M. duriventre " group 4 " in Mateussi et al. 2016).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cuvier (1818) in the original description cited the type-locality of Myletes duriventris as “ Brésil ” at the end of species description: " Mais ce même Brésil nous a fourni deux autres espéces de ce genre ". The label of the holotype indicate that it belonged to the so-called “ Cabinet d’Ajuda ”, a collection made by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira housed at Museu da Ajuda in Lisbon, Portugal, which was ransacked by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire during the military expedition of the Napoleonic armies to Portugal, headed by the General Junot (Myers 1950; Vanzolini 2004). Alexandre Ferreira made several journeys across the Brazilian Amazon and traveled for almost three years throughout the Paraguai basin. Vanzolini (2004) emphasized that there are doubts about the exact provenance for specimens collected by Ferreira, since the specimens’ origins were not indicated on his drawings nor recorded at the Museu d’Ajuda. Since the holotype of M. duriventris presents iii + 29 anal-fin rays, which is within the range from specimens from the rio Paraguai basin, our results suggest that the name Mylossoma duriventre should be used for the only species of the genus occurring in this river basin. Thus, records of M. duriventre from the Amazonas, Orinoco and Tocantins-Araguaia basins are herein considered as incorrect and referable to M. albiscopum (Amazonas and Orinoco) or M. unimaculatum (Tocantins-Araguaia). The inability of previous authors in recognizing the distinction of these three species resulted in accounts mixing specimens of more than one species, as in Eigenmann (1915) and Norman (1929). Géry et al. (1987) discussed the validity of the species of Mylossoma from the La Plata basin (cited on their paper as M. orbignyanum and M. paraguayensis). These authors argue the diagnose proposed by Norman (1929) (i. e. number of dorsal and anal fins branched rays and the proportion between adipose and anal-fin length), considering that only dorsal-fin branched rays could be used, " at least provisionally ", to differentiate M. orbignyanum at the subespecific level. However, during the present study, we concluded that this character is not in fact diagnostic. These authors discarded the possibility of anal-fin rays as a diagnostic character since the type of M. duriventre presents 29 branched rays and according to Norman (1929), M. duriventre should present 28 to 34 and M. paraguayensis 26 to 31 anal-fin branched rays. Also, Géry et al. (1987) countings on specimens from Paraguay basin reaches 33 branched rays at anal-fin. However, after examining about 80 Mylossoma specimens from the Paraná-Paraguai basin, we were unable to find specimens presenting more than 32 branched anal-fin rays. Machado- Allison & Castillo (1992) found the same overlap proposed as diagnosis by Géry et al. (1987) and, instead, proposed that the differences on color pattern between specimens from the La Plata basin (presence of vertical dark bands in adults) and Amazon basin (absence of such bands) as diagnostic between these populations. Both Géry et al. (1987) and Machado-Allison & Castillo (1992) considered M. paraguayensis as a synonym of M. orbignyanum, and the latter as a subspecies of M. duriventre. However, those authors considered that the type-locality of Mylossoma duriventre lies at the Amazon basin rather than the rio Paraguai basin. We herein confirmed that anal-fin rays counts and the color pattern are the best features to diagnose both species. Additionally, and as detailed below, Mateussi et al. (2016) provided DNA barcode evidence supporting the distinctness of both species. Thus, we herein consider M. orbignyanum and M. paraguayensis as both synonymies of M. duriventre and restrict the distribution of the latter species to the rio Paraguai basin, and lower portions of the rio Paraná and rio Uruguai basins. Langeani et al. (2007) and Graça & Pavanelli (2007) listed Mylossoma duriventre as occurring at the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil, based on the lot NUP 2158. However, this specimen was actually collected at the rio Cuiabá, upper rio Paraguai basin, Brazil. No records of M. duriventre were found upstream from the Sete Quedas Falls that, until 1982, consisted in a natural, ecological barrier splitting populations from the lower and upper rio Paraná (Vitule et al. 2012). Since then, the faunistical barrier moved 200 km downstream at the Itaipu hydroelectric dam, which submerged the Sete Quedas Falls. We thus consider the purported occurrence of M. duriventre at the upper rio Paraná basin as incorrect. Britski et al. (2007) listed both Mylossoma paraguayensis and M. orbignyanum as valid species for the Pantanal, rio Paraguai basin, Brazil, and remarked that those species could be diagnose by presenting distinct color patterns, M. paraguayensis presenting sharper vertical bands on flanks than M. orbygnyanum. However, our present analysis did not confirm this purported diagnosis between those two nominal species, and consequently we consider that a single Mylossoma species occurs at the La Plata basin. Unfortunately, no specimens from the rio Uruguai basin were analyzed in the present study. Sverlij et al. (1998) presented a short description and a picture of Mylossoma duriventre from the rio Uruguai basin and it matches the diagnosis presented herein based on the number of anal-fin rays and the color pattern. We were not able to examine the original description of Salmo trigintaradiatus by Larrañaga (1923). Our comments about this nominal taxon are based on Devincenzi (1925), who transcribed and commented the original descriptions by Larrañaga (1923). Salmo trigintaradiatus was poorly described, no drawings were presented or type specimens designated, which hinders any attempt at the definition of this nominal species. Devincenzi (1925) hypothesized that this species represented an unknown species or as a probable synonym of Myletes orbignyanus, although mentioning some disagreement between the description by Larrañaga (1923) and the latter species. Jégu (2003) followed Devincenzi (1925) in considering S. trigintaradiatus as a synonym of Mylossoma duriventre. In contrast, Lima et al. (2003) considered S. trigintaradiatus as species inquirendae in Characidae. Due to the lack of types, drawings and an adequate description that could help us to define this nominal species, and considering that the character " mandibula inferior longior " in the description is not present in any species of Mylossoma, we agree with Lima et al. (2003) and prefer to consider Salmo trigintaradiatus as a species inquirendae in Serrasalmidae.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD9254FFF5FF2CF980B42FF95C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. MNHN A. 9891, 1 (rd), 181 mm SL, Brasil. Holotype of Myletes duriventris. MNHN A. 9863, 1 (rd), 230 mm SL, above Corrientes, río Paraná. Lectotype of Myletes orbignyanus (designated by Géry et al., 1987). FMNH 56816, 1 (rd), 44 mm SL, Villa Hays, Paraguay. Holotype of Mylosoma ocellatum. BMNH 1895.5.17.254 – 255, 2 (rd), rio Paraguai; BMNH 1910.5.26.47 – 48, 2 (rd), Puerto Asir, Paraguay; BMNH 1910.5.26.46, 1 (rd), San Salvador, Paraguay. Syntypes of Mylossoma paraguayensis. Non-type material. Argentina. Río Paraguay basin. Formosa: MLP 6466, 2, 18.7 – 23.2 mm SL, Formosa, lagoon adjacent to río Paraguay, 26 ° 11 ' 05 " S 58 ° 10 ' 30 " W (city coordinates), Dec 1954. MLP 6472, 1, 15.5 mm SL, Formosa, río Paraguay, 26 ° 11 ' 05 " S 58 ° 10 ' 30 " W (city coordinates), Nov 1957. Lower río Paraná basin. Chaco: MLP 7870, 7, 21.5 – 30.1 mm SL, Barranqueras, confluence río Negro y riachos, 27 ° 28 ' 56 " S 58 ° 56 ' 00 " W (city coordinates). Santa Fe: MLP 6803, 1, 77.6 mm SL, Rosario, río Paraná, 32 ° 57 ' 02 " S 60 ° 39 ' 59 " W (city coordinates), 12 Dec 1960. MLP 7646, 4, 75.1 – 82.9 mm SL, Santa Fe, Madrejón Don Felipe, 31 ° 38 ' 12 " S 60 ° 41 ' 58 " W (city coordinates), 31 May 1963. Brazil. Rio Paraguai basin. Mato Grosso: LBP 4256, 1, 174.7 mm SL, Cáceres, rio Cabaçal (trib. rio Paraguai), c. 15 ° 40 ' S, 57 ° 48 ' W, 0 1 Jun 2005, W. Troy. LBP 4257, 2 (rd), 172.1 – 185.2 mm SL, Cáceres, rio Paraguai, 16 ° 04 ' 36 " S 57 ° 40 ' 56 " W (city coordinates), 0 1 May 2006, W. Troy. LBP 4674, 1 (rd), 163.1 mm SL, Santo Antônio de Leverger, rio Aricá (trib. rio Paraguai), 15 ° 59 ' 15 " S 55 ° 55 ' 42 " W, 15 Jun 2007, W. Troy. LIRP 9628, 2, 121.8 mm SL, Poconé, rio Bigueirinho, 17 ° 47 ' 34 " S 57 ° 33 ' 27 " W, 30 Oct 2011, CEPTA team. NUP 1004, 4, 31.5 – 72.6 mm SL, Chapada dos Guimarães, Reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Manso, 14 ° 41 ' 46 " S 56 ° 15 ' 13 " W, 14 Nov 2003, Nupélia team. NUP 1017, 5, 153.4 – 166.3 mm SL, Chapada dos Guimarães, Reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Manso, 14 ° 41 ' 46 " S 56 ° 15 ' 13 " W, 14 Nov 2003, Nupélia team. NUP 2054, 1, 170,4 mm SL, Barão de Melgaço, rio Cuiabá, 16 ° 20 ' 02 " S 55 ° 57 ' 10 " W, 24 May 2003, Nupélia team. NUP 2158, 3, 70.8 – 76.8 mm SL, Santo Antônio do Leverger, rio Cuiabá, 15 ° 58 ' 26 " S 55 ° 56 ' 26 " W, Mar 2000, Nupélia team. NUP 15258, 1, 79.8 mm SL, Barão de Melgaço, baía Sinhá Mariana, rio Cuiabá, 16 ° 20 ' 20 " S 55 ° 54 ' 10 " W, 25 Oct 2003, Nupélia team. NUP 15259, 1, 96.6 mm SL, Barão de Melgaço, baía Sinhá Mariana, rio Cuiabá, 16 ° 20 ' 20 " S 55 ° 54 ' 10 " W, 20 Sep 2003, Nupélia team. NUP 15275, 1, 170.4 mm SL, Barão de Melgaço, rio Cuiabá, 15 ° 58 ' 26 " S 55 ° 56 ' 26 " W, 24 Apr 2004, Nupélia team. Mato Grosso do Sul: DZSJRP 5479, 1, 204.7 mm SL, Morro do Azeite, rio Miranda, 19 ° 29 ' 02 " S 57 ° 17 ' 49 " W, V. Garutti. DZSJRP 7802, 1, 202.9 mm SL; DZSJRP 7803, 1, 193.0 mm SL, Miranda, Morro do Azeite, Fazenda Bodoquena, rio Miranda, 20 ° 07 ' 02 " S 56 ° 44 ' 47 " W, Nov 1989, V. Garutti. LBP 34, 1, 68.0 mm SL, Corumbá, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' S 57 ° 01 ' W, 30 Jul 1996, C. Oliveira et al. LBP 1771, 3, 141.0 – 183.1 mm SL, Coxim, rio Taquari, Dec 2002, D. C. Pompiani. LBP 3741, 6, 123.3 – 146.6 mm SL, Aquidauana, rio Negro (trib. rio Paraguai), 19 ° 34 ' 33 " S 56 ° 14 ' 49 " W, 0 1 Aug 2006, C. Oliveira et al.. LBP 5148, 1, 157.9 mm SL, Coxim, rio Taquari, 18 ° 28 ' 33 " S 54 ° 46 ' 38 " W, 20 Aug 2007, W. Troy. LBP 9822, 15, 15.3 – 35.2 mm SL, Miranda, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' 58 " S 57 ° 01 ' 18 " W, 22 Nov 2009, C. Oliveira et al.. LBP 12623, 4, 142.5 – 180.5 mm SL, Corumbá, rio Cuiabá, 19 ° 00 ' 29 " S 57 ° 39 ' 05 " W (city coordinates), 24 Oct 2010, R. Britzke et al. MZUEL 0 7415, 14 (rd), 137.8 – 175.7 mm SL, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' 37 " S 57 ° 00 ' 42 " W, O. A. Shibatta et al.. MZUEL 0 7416, 1 (rd), 155.9 mm SL, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' 37 " S 57 ° 00 ' 42 " W, 15 Jul 2005, O. A. Shibatta et al.. MZUSP 83762, 1, 188.0 mm SL, Coxim, rio Taquari, 18 ° 30 ' 42 " S 54 ° 45 ' 34 " W (city coordinates), 14 Dec 1976, CEPIPAM. NUP 12551, 1, 85.8 mm SL, Porto Murtinho, rio Paraguai, 21 ° 42 ' 07 " S 57 ° 53 ' 33 " W, 25 May 2010, Y. Súarez. NUP 14219, 1, 105.8 mm SL, Corumbá, lagoa Doze, rio Paraguai, 19 ° 24 ' 21 " S 57 ° 18 ' 11 " W, 26 Mar 2012, Nupélia. NUP 15260, 1, 164.9 mm SL, Corumbá, lagoa Albuquerque, rio Paraguai, 19 ° 26 ' S 57 ° 22 ' W, 27 Mar 2012, Nupélia team. NUP 17182, 2, 72.5 – 92.5 mm SL, Porto Murtinho, rio Paraguai, 21 ° 41 ' 00 '' S 57 ° 45 ' 00 '' W, 23 Mar 2010, Y. Súarez. ZUFMS 0 119, 2 (rd), 102.2 – 120.4 mm SL, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' 37 " S 57 ° 00 ' 42 " W, 29 Dec 1990, G. Soares. ZUFMS 1679, 1 (rd), 107.7 mm SL, Corumbá, Passo do Lontra, rio Miranda, 19 ° 34 ' 37 " S 57 ° 00 ' 42 " W, 0 1 Apr 1992, J. C. Louzan & E. Pereira. Lower rio Paraná basin. Paraná: MZUSP 43995, 2 (rd), 106.7 – 220.1 mm SL, Foz do Iguaçu, lower rio Paraná, downstream Reservatório de Itaipu, 25 ° 25 ' 59 " S 54 ° 34 ' 59 " W, 15 Jan 1986, Nupélia team.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD925EFFF0FF2CF8C1B48EFD38.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Mylossoma unimaculatum differs from M. aureum by presenting the last abdominal spine reaching the anal-fin origin or almost (vs. last abdominal spine clearly separated from anal-fin origin), 37 vertebrae (vs. 38 – 39) and a conspicuous black blotch on opercle (vs. black blotch absent or inconspicuous). It differs from M. albiscopum by presenting 28 to 32 branched rays on the anal fin (vs. 31 to 38), 34 to 40 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 28 to 36) and 95 to 100 perforated scales in the lateral line (vs. 74 to 99). It differs from M. duriventre by presenting 34 to 40 circumpeduncular scales (vs. 30 to 34), 95 to 110 perforated scales on lateral line (vs. 74 to 97) and 37 vertebrae (vs. 35 – 36).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD925EFFF0FF2CF8C1B48EFD38.taxon	description	Description: Morphometric data presented in Table 5. Body deep, compressed laterally. Dorsal profile concave at posterior region of head and convex between head and dorsal fin. Ventral profile convex; slightly concave at isthmus and strongly convex from this point to end of anal fin. Highest body depth on vertical line passing through dorsal- and pelvic-fin origins. Caudal peduncle deeper than longer. Eyes lateral, at middle of head; upper margin of eyes below longitudinal axis of lateral-line origin. Frontal and parietal fontanel broadly expanded laterally. Snout short and rounded on lateral view. Nostrils dorsolateraly positioned, above longitudinal axis through upper margin of eye, between tip of snout and orbits. Mouth terminal to slightly upturned, at same level of orbits. Premaxilla projected forward, with inner premaxillary row over or surpassing dentary teeth. Premaxillary teeth molariform with robust base; outer portion of anteriormost three teeth of outer row and posterior portion of remaining teeth pointed. Inner premaxillary row with two teeth, separated from outer row. Outer premaxillary row with five teeth. Dentary with four or five modified tricuspid, robust, molariform teeth; symphyseal dentary teeth present, with robust base and large conical cusp, behind main row (Fig. 2). Maxilla edentulous. First gill arch with elongated and conical gill rakers; epibranchial gill rakers 12 (4), 13 (3) or 14 (13); one (21) gill raker at cartilage between epi- and ceratobranchial; ceratobranchial gill rakers 15 (2), 16 (6), 17 (3), 18 (8) or 19 (2). Body completely covered by small cycloid scales. Accessory scales covering intersections of major scales, mainly at anterior portion of body. Lateral line complete, with 95 (2), 96 (1), 97 (1), 98 (5), 99 (1), 100 (2), 102 (1), 103 (1), 104 (2), 105 (3), 106 (1), 107 (3), 108 (1) or 110 (2) perforated scales, extending into caudal fin. Scales above lateral line 56 (2), 59 (1), 60 (3), 61 (1), 62 (4), 63 (3), 64 (3), 65 (1), 66 (1), 67 (1), 68 (1) or 72 (1). Scales below lateral line 46 (2), 51 (1), 53 (2), 54 (3), 55 (4), 56 (2), 57 (1), 58 (1), 63 (2) or 64 (1). Circumpeduncular series of scales 34 (2), 36 (14), 38 (9) or 40 (3). Ventral keel with well-developed spines forming high serra. Prepelvic spines 29 (1), 30 (2), 31 (3), 32 (10), 33 (3), 34 (2), 35 (4), 36 (3), 37 (2) or 38 (1). Postpelvic spines 12 (4), 13 (4), 14 (1), 15 (12) or 16 (8). Anal spines 6 (7), 7 (13), 8 (8), 9 (3) or 10 (1). Dorsal fin not preceded by spine, its origin equidistant from tip of snout and end of hypural plate. First dorsalfin ray much shorter than second ray; in some specimens covered by skin, in such cases discernible only if dissected or x-rayed. Branched dorsal-fin rays gradually decreasing in size; dorsal-fin rays 12 (1), 13 (2), 14 (6), 15 (21) or 16 (1). Adipose fin short, entirely covered by small scales. Pectoral fins falcate, with i (32) + 13 (4), 14 (4), 15 (16), 16 (7) or 17 (1). Pelvic fin small, with i (31) + 5 (3) or 6 (28) branched rays. Anal fin long, with convex edge, median and posterior rays longer than anterior ones, not lobed; sheath of scales covering at least one-third of analfin length; anal-fin rays 28 (3), 29 (9), 30 (13), 31 (4) or 32 (2). Caudal fin bifurcated, lobes of similar size, with 16 (1), 17 (25), 18 (5) or 19 (2) rays. Vertebrae 37 (11). Supraneurals 4 (5) or 5 (2). Color in alcohol. General body color light brown, darker dorsally (Fig. 21). Fins pale yellow; often with bases of caudal and anal fins and distal margin of anal fin dark. Conspicuous black or brown blotch on opercle. Juvenile specimens presenting several vertical narrow, brown bands on flanks and a round, pale brown, inconspicuous blotch below dorsal fin, sometimes absent (Fig. 22). Color in life. General body color silvery, darker dorsally; orange to reddish tint on head and around the eyes. Presence of a black blotch on opercle. Anal fin with yellow and orange pigmentation, and a black band at distal margin; remaining fins hyaline (Fig. 23). Geographic distribution. Mylossoma unimaculatum is restricted to the rio Tocantins-Araguaia system, Amazon basin, Brazil (Fig. 3). Ecological notes. According to Santos et al. (2004), Mylossoma unimaculatum inhabits rivers margins and lagoons, feeding primarily on leafs, fruits, seeds and invertebrates, and presents total spawning during the flood season. Given its migratory behavior, Mylossoma unimaculatum was one of the most affected species after the establishment of the Tucuruí reservoir, since the river impoundment prevents the upstream reproductive migration and also limits the recolonization of downstream stretches (Mérona et al. 2010). Molecular data. DNA barcoding showed that the genetic distance between Mylossoma unimaculatum (M. duriventre " group 4 " in Mateussi et al. 2016) and the remaining analyzed species ranged from 0.014 to 0.091, being more similar genetically to M. duriventre (M. duriventre " group 3 " in Mateussi et al. 2016).	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD925EFFF0FF2CF8C1B48EFD38.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mylossoma unimaculatum was previously identified from the Tocantins-Araguaia basin as Mylossoma duriventre (e. g. Santos et al. 2004). In the original description, Steindachner (1908) indicated a lake at rio Medonho, a tributary to the rio Parnaíba (an independent river system flowing at the northeastern Brazilian States of Maranhão and Piauí), as the type-locality. However, this is the only record of Mylossoma specimens for this river basin. Ramos et al. (2014) have undertaken an extensive survey of the fish fauna from the rio Parnaíba basin, and listed the genus Mylossoma as occurring in this basin based solely in the literature. During the " Brasilien Expedition " directed by F. Steindachner in 1903, when the type specimens of Metynnis unimaculatus were collected, not only the rio Parnaíba but also the lower rio Tocantins was sampled, including fish markets at the rio Tocantins (Böhme 1996), where Mylossoma unimaculatum is relatively common. We thus consider the typelocality given by Steindachner (1908) as very likely a mistake and we suggest that the type-locality of Metynnis unimaculatus to be more likely somewhere at the lower rio Tocantins basin.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
014587BD925EFFF0FF2CF8C1B48EFD38.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. NMW 56451, 3, 75.9 – 78.1 mm SL, lake at rio Medonho, Santa Filomena, Brazil [type-locality probably incorrect, see above]. Syntypes of Metynnis unimaculatus. Non-type material. Brazil. Rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin. Goiás: INPA 46074, 5 (1 sk), 156.7 – 184.0 mm SL, Aragarças, rio Araguaia, 15 ° 53 ' 25 " S 52 ° 14 ' 25 " W, 0 4 May 2014. R. R. Oliveira & J. L. Oliveira. MCP 17282, 1, 184.8 mm SL; MCP 17283, 1 (rd), 233.3 mm SL; MCP 17284, 1 (rd), 201.5 mm SL; MCP 17285, 1, 256.0 mm SL, Luís Alves, floodplain lakes of the rio Araguaia, 13 ° 14 ' 00 " S 50 ° 34 ' 59 " W, 21 Apr 1994. MCP 44841, 1 (rd), 226.4 mm SL, Nova Crixás, rio do Peixe (trib. rio Araguaia), c. 14 ° 11 ' S, 50 ° 23 ' W, 13 Jun 2008. NUP 13023, 3, 80.3 – 85.7 mm SL, São Miguel do Araguaia, lago Piratinga, rio Araguaia basin, 13 ° 04 ' 10 " S 50 ° 35 ' 06 " W, 0 4 Dec 2011, Nupélia team. NUP 13043, 1, 84.1 mm SL, Nova Crixás, rio Araguaia, 13 ° 21 ' 53 " S 50 ° 37 ' 46 " W, 0 2 Nov 2011, Nupélia team. NUP 13051, 1, 90.0 mm SL, São Miguel do Araguaia, rio Crixás – Açu (trib. rio Araguaia), 13 ° 20 ' 33 " S 50 ° 36 ' 41 " W, 0 2 Nov 2011, Nupélia team. NUP 13087, 2, 71.8 – 104.0 mm SL, Nova Crixás, rio Crixás-Açu (trib. rio Araguaia), 13 ° 21 ' 42.20 " S 50 ° 36 ' 22.50 " W, 0 2 Nov 2011, Nupélia. Mato Grosso: LBP 1823, 2, 177.9 – 188.1 mm SL, Barra do Garças, rio Araguaia, 15 ° 32 ' S 52 ° 12 ' W, 27 Jul 2003, C. Martins et al. LBP 8854, 1, 59.5 mm SL, Cocalinho, Lagoa da Montaria, rio Araguaia, 13 ° 22 ' 36.1 " S 50 ° 40 ' 08.4 " W, 27 Sep 2009, R. Devidé et al.. LBP 15286, 1, 75.4 mm SL, Cocalinho, lagoa da Boca Franca, rio Araguaia, 13 ° 48 ' 58 " S 51 ° 10 ' 46 " W, 0 6 Sep 2008, J. A. Senhorini et al. LBP 18462, 5 (rd), 86.8 – 112.8 mm SL, Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, 13 ° 18 ' 37.3 " S 50 ° 36 ' 47.6 " W, 29 Sep 2009, R. Devidé et al.. MZUSP 20419, 2 (rd), 199.6 – 214.8 mm SL, Cocalinho, lago Rico, rio Araguaia, 14 ° 22 ' 00 " S 51 ° 00 ' 00 " W, EMGOPA. NUP 12745, 1, 72.1 mm SL, Cocalinho, lago Goiaba, rio Araguaia, 12 ° 50 ' 54 " S 52 ° 32 ' 02 " W, 0 5 Dec 2011, Nupélia team. NUP 13030, 1, 72.2 mm SL, Cocalinho, lago Varal, rio Araguaia, 13 ° 00 ' 52 " S 50 ° 36 ' 08 " W, 0 3 Nov 2011, Nupélia team. Pará: UNT 11125, 1 (rd), 108.4 mm SL, Marabá, rio Taurizinho, 05 ° 22 ' 33 " S 49 ° 00 ' 53 " W, 17 Dec 2009, Neamb team. Tocantins: INPA 20489, 1, 176.2 mm SL, Caseara, lago das Ariranhas, rio Araguaia, 09 ° 20 ' S, 50 ° 00 ' W, 23 Feb 2000, INPA Ictiofauna team.	en	Mateussi, Nadayca T. B., Oliveira, Claudio, Pavanelli, Carla S. (2018): Taxonomic revision of the Cis-Andean species of Mylossoma Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903 (Teleostei: Characiformes: Serrasalmidae). Zootaxa 4387 (2): 275-309, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4387.2.3
