identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0741E5556D04FFE0FF5EF947FD43FEF5.text	0741E5556D04FFE0FF5EF947FD43FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum Kieffer 1912	<div><p>Polypedilum Kieffer, 1912</p><p>Diagnosis. Conforms mostly in all diagnostic features to the generic description for larva (Epler et al. 2013) and pupa (Pinder &amp; Reiss 1986). Based on the material described below, the generic diagnosis for Polypedilum larva and pupa should be amended as follows.</p><p>Larva. Frontoclypeus with or without hyaline band, site of dorsal S3 insertion with some variation among the known species. Antenna blade distinctly longer than segment 2–5 in some species (e.g., P. cultellatum Goetghebuer 1931, P. nodosum and most members in subgenus Tripodura). Segment 5 usually vestigial in Tripodura spp., with a minute needle-like peg suspended at the apex of segment 4. Mandible with or without dorsal teeth. If with, usually bearing 2 inner teeth, seldom with 3 ( P. nodosum); if without, mandible always with 3 inner teeth (e.g., P. fallax (Johannsen 1905), P. leei Freeman 1961, P. pedestre (Meigen 1830) &amp; P. s ord e ns (van der Wulp 1874)).</p><p>Pupa. Apex of wing pad with nose in certain species, segment VIII lacking spinulation (eg. P. nodosum). Median spinulation variable in tergite II and VI.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0741E5556D04FFE0FF5EF947FD43FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tang, Hong-Qu;Cranston, Peter S.;Zhao, Jian-Gang;Lok, Chan-Wa;Wong, Kai-Chin;Li, Zhi-Qiang	Tang, Hong-Qu, Cranston, Peter S., Zhao, Jian-Gang, Lok, Chan-Wa, Wong, Kai-Chin, Li, Zhi-Qiang (2014): The immature stages of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen) and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae). Zootaxa 3893 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.3.6
0741E5556D07FFE5FF5EFE17FE67F985.text	0741E5556D07FFE5FF5EFE17FE67F985.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen 1932) Johannsen 1932	<div><p>Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen, 1932)</p><p>(Figs 1–3)</p><p>Pentapedilum nodosum Johannsen, 1932: 541; Sasa &amp; Hasegawa, 1983: 325; Sasa &amp; Suzuki, 2002: 75. Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum: Tokunaga, 1964: 597; Oyewo &amp; Saether, 2008: 49; Yamamoto et al., 2012: 38. Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) ‘K1’; Cranston, 1996, 2007; Cranston &amp; Dimitriadis, 2004.</p><p>Material examined. Le/Pe/♂, Macau, the Bay of St. Lazarus, near Taipa Houses Museum, 27. ii. 2013 (emerged 3. iii. 2013), other 20Pe in alcohol bottles (H.Q. Tang); 10Pe in alcohol bottles, the same place as above, 16. i. 2013; 3 P♂ and 4L, other 60L in alcohol bottle, same locality, 24. ix. 2013 (H.Q. Tang); 2L, Macau, Tapai Grande, 12. vi. 2013 (H.Q. Tang) (all EJNU).</p><p>Additional examined material. Holotype ♂, slide mounted, Pentapedilum nodosum Johannsen; INDONESIA: East Java, Klakah, Lake Lamongan, October 12 (coll. Thienemann Sunda Exped) (BMNH)</p><p>AUSTRALIA, 14L., Queensland, Atkinson Dam, artificial stream, 27°06'S 152°27'E, 8.viii.1991 (J. McLean); Northern Territory, Kakadu N.P., Le/P♀ Magela Ck., Oenepelli Crossing, 12°34'S 132°53'E, 12.iv.1989 (P.S. Cranston); 2♂, nr Jabiru, Gulungul Ck., 12°39'S 132°53'E, 11.iv.1989 (P.S. Cranston); ♂, Magela Ck., Ranger outflow, 12°40'S 132°56'E, 5.i.1989 (P. Dostine); ♂, Ranger retention pond #1, 12 °41'S 132°55'E, 31.vi.1988 (P.S. Cranston); 4Pe, Yellow Waters, 12°54'S 132°32'E, 30.v.1988; ♂, east branch West Alligator R., 2.vi.1989 (P. Dostine); ♂, 5km NNW of Cahill’s Crossing, East Alligator R., 8.vi.1973 (D.H. Colless) (all ANIC).</p><p>SINGAPORE, L, Murai Reservoir, 1°23'54''N 103°40'13''E, colonisation tray, x. 2008 (‘ NUS team’); ♂, NUS campus outside lab, xii. 2012 (Yuchen) (RMBR)</p><p>THAILAND: L, Phang Nga, Amphur Khura Buri, Aow Keuy Beach, pond @5 Masl., 09°18'N 98°22'E, 3.i.2006, L-878; L, same except 7.vi.2006, L-924; L, Ban Nam Ken pond, 08°51'N 98°15'E 12 masl, 4.i.2006, L- 882; Amphur Takua Pa, Tumbonbang Muang, L, Ranong, Laem Son N.P., pond nr HQ, 6 Masl., 09°36'N 98°28'E, 2.viii.2005, L-837; L, same except 3.i.2006, L-875. All collected by Sites &amp; Vitheepradit (UMOC).</p><p>Larva (n=5). Head capsule yellow, with dark brown mental teeth and mandible teeth. Occipital margin yellow to pale brown.</p><p>Dorsal surface of head (Fig. 1 A). Frontoclypeus present, anteriorly broadened, with a very narrow hyaline strip of 3–5 µm width.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 1 B) yellow, with reduced third segment and fourth segment about 2 times as long as third, the fifth segment subequal or longer than third, blade extending beyond the terminal of flagellum.</p><p>Labrum. SI and SII plumose on both sides. Pecten epipharyngis with 3 scales, the lateral with 4 teeth and the median with 3 teeth. Premandible with 2 apical teeth and 1 inner tooth.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 1 C) with 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 3 distinct inner teeth. Mola area pale yellow. Seta subdentalis reaching the apical part of most proximal inner teeth.</p><p>Mentum (Fig. 1 D) with two median teeth, first lateral mental teeth depressed to medians. Width of ventromentum less than the mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex or slightly anteriorly directed.</p><p>Body. Anterior claws pale golden, and posterior claws a little brown, both simple and dense. Procercus and apical setae yellowish brown. Mensural features as in Table 1.</p><p>Pupa (n=8). Exuviae yellow, apophyses brown. Cephalic tubercles absent (Fig. 2 A). Thorax with conspicuously large granules near suture. Apex of wing pad with obvious nose (Fig. 2 B).</p><p>Length of hook row II 0.36–0.50, 0.42 times width of corresponding tergite. Tergites as in Fig. 2 C &amp; D, II–VI with obvious anterior transverse bands of spinules stronger than those of median and posterior patches. Median and posterior patch of tergites III–VI consist of 4 separated sub-patches. Median patch of tergite VII absent, only one trans-anterior band and 2 posterior bands remain. Tergite VIII without trace of spinulation. Median patch usually reduced on tergite II and VI (Fig. 3 A, B &amp; C), and sometimes two sub-median patches fused in the middle of tergite III–V. Conjunctives present in tergite III/IV and IV/V, with points about the same size as the points of those of the anterior transverse bands. Comb of segment VIII composed of 3–4 slender small teeth (Fig. 3 D). Lateral taeniae of segments IV–VIII: 0, 3, 3, 4, 4. Mensural features as in Table 2.</p><p>Remarks. Larvae of P. nodosum are similar to those of P. cultellatum in the shape of the mentum and in the distinct antennal blade extending beyond the apex of the flagellum. These two species live together in the Macau ponds, but the latter appears to differ clearly in antennal and mandibular features, with antennal segment 3 distinctly more than half the length of the 4th segment and with 2 inner mandible teeth, in contrast to P. nodosum segment 3 which is about half the length of the fourth segment, and the mandible has distinctly 3 inner teeth. The less developed third antennal segment (relative to the fourth segment, not reduced as in Tripodura) also occurs in some species of Uresipedilum (e.g., P. aviceps Townes 1945 and P. flavum (Johannsen 1905)) (Epler 2001), but the latter differ significantly in well-developed ventromentum posterior lobes. We noted some characters in dorsal sclerites, such as frontoclypeus with a distinct anterior hyaline band and the S3 insertion to the posterior of lateral lobes, which resembles P. australotropicus Cranston 2000, but the latter appears to differ clearly in the mental teeth, with protruding median teeth and well separated 1st laterals. In contrast in P. nodosum, the median teeth of the mentum are constricted basally, with small 1st laterals appressed to the medians. Among all described Polypedilum larvae, this is one of the Polypedilum larva that can be identified with confidence – it is the only one with 3 clear inner mandibular teeth, plus the interesting arrangement of the median and first lateral teeth. The three well-developed complete mandibular inner teeth with the presence of dorsal teeth is totally different from most with 2 inner teeth plus a dark-brown mola area, except few head capsules in subfossil P. nubeculosum (Meigen 1804) and P. u nc i na t u m (Goetghebuer 1921) with developing 3 inner mandible teeth which perhaps represents the eroding mola area. (H.Q. Tang pers. obs.). Such a characteristic is unique in this genus. The depressed first mental laterals to medians also seems to be unique in Polypedilum: a similar arrangement can be found in Chironomus ‘ type I’ for central mental teeth (Webb &amp; Scholl 1985). Some Polypedilum species may have basally constricted median teeth, but the first laterals are relatively independent, not appressed to medians.</p><p>The pupa of P. nodosum resembles that of many members of subgenus Pentapedilum, with dominant anterior transverse bands and a prominent hook row. In the key of Oyewo and Saether (2008), the pupa of P. nodosum will key to P. (Pe.) K1 Cranston if the spinulation of tergite II is ignored or P. (Pe.) uncinatum if not considering tergite VII, but this can be separated from the above two taxa by the tergite VII with anterior and paired posterior patches spinules, and a wing pad with a distinct nose. The occurrence of a nose on the wing pad, seemingly unique in Polypedilum, usually is a typical feature to distinguish many Tanytarsini from others, and seldom is seen in Chironomini .</p><p>Cranston (1996) described P. (P e.) K1, noting only a small difference from our present description, including the median spinulation of tergite II and tergite VIII. Oyewo and Saether (2008) also suspected P. (P e.) K1 to be the true P. nodosum . After having reexamined the original material, it appeared that the tergite VIII is bare, with no trace of any anteromedian patch of spinules (P.S. Cranston pers. obs.). Thus we concluded that all those previously described as P. (P e.) K1 should be assigned to P. nodosum .</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia (Sumatra), Palau, Marianas Islands, Caroline Island, Australia, Singapore, Thailand, Japan, China (Macau).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0741E5556D07FFE5FF5EFE17FE67F985	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tang, Hong-Qu;Cranston, Peter S.;Zhao, Jian-Gang;Lok, Chan-Wa;Wong, Kai-Chin;Li, Zhi-Qiang	Tang, Hong-Qu, Cranston, Peter S., Zhao, Jian-Gang, Lok, Chan-Wa, Wong, Kai-Chin, Li, Zhi-Qiang (2014): The immature stages of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen) and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae). Zootaxa 3893 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.3.6
0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2.text	0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) Tokunaga	<div><p>Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga)</p><p>Chironomus (Polypedilum) masudai Tokunaga, 1938: 331 .</p><p>Polypedilum masudai Tokunaga: Sasa, 1985: 44; Sasa &amp; Kikuchi, 1986: 24; Ree &amp; Kim 1988: 14. Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai Tokunaga: Sasa, 1991: 84.</p><p>Material examined. 1P♂ and 2Le, Macau, the Bay of St. Lazarus, near Taipa Houses Museum, 14. xii. 2013 (H.Q. Tang); 2Pe and 8L, same locality, 27. ii. 2013, (H.Q. Tang); 35Pe, Macau, artificial ecology park of Alto de Coloane, 18. i. 2013 (H.Q. Tang); 3P♂ and 2L, China, Guangxi, Hezhou city, Fulong, 10. viii. 2013 (J.G. Zhao) (all EJNU).</p><p>Larva (n=4). Head capsule yellow, with dark-brown postmentum. Mentum and mandible teeth dark brown. Occipital margin dark.</p><p>Dorsal surface of head (Fig. 5 A). Frontoclypeus with a narrow hyaline band, surrounded the broadened apex.</p><p>Antenna (Fig. 5 B) pale yellow, with reduced third and fifth segment, segment 2 and 4 relative long. Antennal blade extending beyond the terminal of flagellum.</p><p>Labrum. SI and SII fine plumose. Pecten epipharyngis consists of 3 scales, each scale with 3 teeth. Premandible with 2 apical teeth and brush present.</p><p>Mandible (Fig. 5 C). With 1 apical, 1 dorsal and 2 inner teeth, the length of apical tooth subequal to the combined width of 2 inner teeth. Seta subdentalis almost reaching the second inner teeth. Mola with 2–3 sharp spines.</p><p>Mentum (Fig. 5 D) with 2 median teeth and 7 laterals, the location of outermost laterals relative low, the fourth laterals lower than the neighboring teeth giving the appearance of the relative greater elevation of fifth and sixth laterals. Ventromentum wider than the mentum, with the medially-directed pointed apex. Striae crowded in dense basally, 5–6 striae about 5 µm wide, total about 40 striae. Inter-plate distance about subequal to the width of two median teeth.</p><p>Body. Procercus golden brown, with 7–8 anal seta. Anal tube with a constriction in the middle. Mensural features as in Table 1.</p><p>Pupa (n=5). Pupal exuviae pale yellow, apophyses brown. Cephalic tubercles present, the height equal to the width; frontal setae long, more than 2 times as long as the height of cephalic tubercles. Mid-thorax with one row of sparse granules near suture.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 6 C &amp; 6D). Hook row II 0.47–0.63, 0.56 times as wide as corresponding tergite width. Tergites II–VI with obvious anterior transverse bands of points stronger than those of the posterior patch and conjunctive patch, median armament greatly reduced. Posterior patch of tergites III–VI consist of 2 separated sub-patches. Spinulation of tergite II continuous, a relative larger anterior transverse band of points fused broadly with the postero-median trapezoidal patch of small spinules. Tergite VII and VIII only with 2 anterolateral small patches, without trace of median patch.</p><p>Conjunctives present in tergite III/IV and IV/V, with spinules about the same size as that of median bands, medially usually interrupted in conjunctives III/IV or weakly connected in IV/V. The number of teeth in conjunctive III/IV varied greatly, ranging from 9–36 and 8–30 in two parts separately, the gap about half width to whole width of each part (Fig. 6 C &amp; H). Comb of segment VIII composed of 3–8 golden spines (Fig. 6 E–G), often with one largest spine posteriorly. Lateral taeniae of segments IV–VIII: 0, 3, 3, 4, 4. Mensural features as in Table 2.</p><p>Remarks. Larvae of P. masudai cannot be separated with certainty from other members of P. bicrenatum group in Europe (Kiknidze et al. 1999, Klink 2002) or P. halterale group in North America (Epler 2001) which has a similar reduced third and fifth antennal segment. However, the heavy sclerotized dark postmentum and the relative low position of 4th mental laterals is distinctive compared to all described Tripodura larvae. Pupae of P. masudai resembles P. digitifer Townes 1945 in the reduced median spinulation on tergites III–VI and posterior transverse band with the relatively well separated two patches, but the latter can be separated by the reduced cephalic tubercles (Soponis &amp; Simpson 1992).</p><p>Biology. Larvae of P. nodosum are found in the bottom sediment of lentic waterbodies (Johannsen 1932, Tokunaga 1964, Sasa &amp; Hasegawa 1983). Our collections from the Macau ponds came from substrates consisting of dense detritus and fine mud, perhaps representing a mesotrophic to eutrophic condition. Other common chironomids in these ponds included Chironomus flaviplumus Tokunaga 1940, Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa 1979, Harnischia longispuria Wang &amp; Zheng 1993, Tanytarsus formosanus Kieffer 1912 and T. oscillans Johannsen 1932 . Larvae occur massively in shallow areas during colder months, but in deeper areas during the summer.</p><p>In Thailand a survey across hundreds of water bodies, including standing, running and waterfalls, larval P. nodosum were found only in Andaman Sea coastal pools that were created as post-impact features of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (Cranston 2007, Sites &amp; Vitheepradit 2010). Sites varied in conductivity from 45 to 1650 µS and with dissolved solids from 23 to 821 ppm. The species was not found in any unimpacted site across the whole country (Cranston 2007). Evidently the species tolerates high levels of salinity and nutrients, but also can be a pioneering or colonizing species, being found in artificial tanks and water storage reservoirs in Singapore and artificial research channels in Queensland, Australia (P.S. Cranston pers. obs.). The species is found only in warm waters (Thailand 28–32°C) and is associated generally with tropical to subtropical regions of Asia and Australasia.</p><p>After checking all the published collecting sites from Okinawa to Queensland, we found that the distribution of P. nodosum is almost entirely restricted to the lentic habitat where the site is very close to ocean or coastal regions. All collected dates of pupae and adults indicated that the species is multivoltine, emerging from autumn to the next spring.</p><p>Specimens of P. masudai described here were collected from Macau ponds and the Hejiang River, Guangxi, thus it perhaps can inhabit both lentic and lotic water bodies. Those sites usually had muddy to mud-sandy substrates. Based on the seasonal investigation in Macau, it appears that P. masudai is one of the relatively abundant macroinvertebrate species in the cold months. Emergence records indicate that the species is multivoltine. Adults emerge from January to March in Macau and in August in Hejiang, Guangxi.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0741E5556D02FFEBFF5EF921FBB8FDD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Tang, Hong-Qu;Cranston, Peter S.;Zhao, Jian-Gang;Lok, Chan-Wa;Wong, Kai-Chin;Li, Zhi-Qiang	Tang, Hong-Qu, Cranston, Peter S., Zhao, Jian-Gang, Lok, Chan-Wa, Wong, Kai-Chin, Li, Zhi-Qiang (2014): The immature stages of Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) nodosum (Johannsen) and Polypedilum (Tripodura) masudai (Tokunaga) (Diptera, Chironomidae, Chironominae). Zootaxa 3893 (3): 416-428, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.3.6
