taxonID	type	description	language	source
064D0660FFCDED30FE2DFDECF7D9F26E.taxon	vernacular_names	(TREE, FLYING AND GROUND SQUIRRELS, CHIPMUNKS, MARMOTS AND PRAIRIE DOGS)	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCDED30FE2DFDECF7D9F26E.taxon	biology_ecology	• Fairly small to medium semi-fossorial, gliding and arboreal, primarily herbivorous and granivorous rodents with prominent ever-growing incisors and well developedjaw.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCDED30FE2DFDECF7D9F26E.taxon	distribution	• From deserts through grasslands and forests to mountains and tundra, from cold temperate zones to tropics.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCDED30FE2DFDECF7D9F26E.taxon	conservation	• 2 species Critically Endangered, 16 species Endangered, 15 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cayenne ” in French Guiana.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	distribution	Distribution of subspecies is not well defined. Probably represents several dis- tinct species; molecular data suggest divergence between the populations occurring in Peru and French Guiana (perhaps ten million years ago). Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. p. pusillusE. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1803 — theGuianasandNEBrazil. S. p. glaucinusThomas, 1914 — LowerBrazilianAmazonandinteriorGuyana. S. p. kuhlii Gray, 1867 — Upper Amazon of NE Peru, and likely W Brazil and SE Colombia. It has been reported in Venezuela S of the Orinoco, but data are not adequately substantiated.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 89 - 115 mm, tail 89 - 120 mm; weight 33 - 45 g. The Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel has a gray dorsum, suffused with yellow; head is cinnamon to red. Ears are black-tipped with prominent white-to-buff post-auricular patches. Venter is buff to gray. Nominate subspecies pusillus is more buff to brown on body and reddish on head, glaucinus is the palest subspecies, and kuhlii generally lacks post-auricular patches. Baculum has distinctive axe-like shape when viewed from side; shaft resembles axe handle and distal portion resembles axe head. Base of baculum is thick and cylindrical and tapers distally along shaft forming a neck or constriction.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature evergreen lowland Amazon forests. Densities of the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel do not appear to be high, with 0 - 3 ind / km * of transect in French Guianan and Peruvian rainforest. They mainly use high and low restinga (coastal moist broadleaved forest) and areas with a higher density of trees that are greater than or equal to 30 cm diameter at breast height / ha compared to random areas in igapo (seasonally inundated black-water) forest. They use trees that are larger in diameter, taller, and have a larger live crown compared to random trees, which suggests that the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel is associated with mature forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Major food sources of the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel are sap and other exudates of large trees that these squirrels frequent on a regular basis. Food trees are often distinguished by an accumulation of bark chips at the base. Foraging is almost exclusively arboreal as the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel rarely descends to the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding in the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel is preceded by several males chasing an estrous female. Pregnant and lactating females have been documented in June with litter size of one or two.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel is diurnal and energetic and active from 06: 00 - 17: 00 h with a peak in activity from 08: 00 - 12: 00 h. Adults and juveniles quickly dart through the canopy and ascend and descend large trees. Much of the day is spent on tree trunks. Solitary individuals or family groups are seen feeding at nearly every layer of the canopy, but the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel appears to be most common in high-to-mid canopy. Termite nests can be used by solitary individuals and groups for nocturnal nests; fibers of the machimango tree (Eschweilera, Lecythidaceae) serve as nest material. The Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel tolerates modest levels of forest fragmentation. Alarm call is given at varying levels of intensity but sounds much like a cricket with a more uncommon trill also heard. Vocalizations are frequent and permit easy detection.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Young siblings will often play with each other and an adult. Solitary individuals or family groups feed at nearly every layer of canopy but appear common around 10 m. Agonistic chases are common. In Peru, six individuals including adults and young shared the nest. Most frequent locomotory mode of the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel is claw-climbing. While foraging and feeding, tail is extended, not reflected over body as in many other species of tree squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED33FFC9FE08FF3BFA04.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. No information on current population status is available, but the major threat to the Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel is destruction of its forest habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	materials_examined	Anjer, West Java, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	discussion	Eleven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. b. bicolorSparrman, 1778 — BaliandJavaincludingMaduraandKangeanIs (Saubi) offNEJava. R. b. angusticepsMiller, 1901 — Myanmar, Thailand, MalayPeninsula, andtheNatunaIs (offWBorneo). Oneofthefourvirtuallyindistinguishablesubspeciesinthisarea. R. b. condorensisKloss, 1921 — ConSon 1, offSVietnam. R. b. felliThomas & Wroughton, 1916 — smallareainNMyanmar, S & EoftheChindwinRiver. R. b. giganteaMcClelland, 1839 — widespreadthroughtheNpartofthedistributiontoincludeextremeENepal, NEIndia, SBhutan, N & NEBangladesh, SWChina, N [L. aos, andNVietnam. R. b. hainana]. A. Allen, 1906 — HainanI, China. R. b. leucogenysKloss, 1916 — Myanmar, Thailand, MalayPeninsula, andtheNatunaIs (offWBorneo). Oneofthefourvirtuallyindistinguishablesubspeciesinthisarea. R. b. melanopeplaMiller, 1900 — Myanmar, Thailand, MalayPeninsula, andtheNatunaIs (offWBorneo). Oneofthefourvirtuallyindistinguishablesubspeciesinthisarea. R. b. palliataMiller, 1902 — SumatraandadjacentIndonesianislands (Bengkalis, Rupat, Tuangku, andTanahmasaIs). R. b. phaeopeplaMiller, 1913 — Myanmar, Thailand, MalayPeninsula, andtheNatunaIs (offWBorneo). Oneofthefourvirtuallyindistinguishablesubspeciesinthisarea. R. b. smithi Robinson & Kloss, 1922 — W Vietnam and likely Cambodia and Laos. Subspecific affinity of populations on Belitung, Bangka, several Riau Is, and Natuna Is (Lagong, Lingung) are unclear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 335 - 365 mm, tail 409 - 424 mm; weight 1.1 - 2 kg. The Black Giant Squirrel is a large black-and-white tree squirrel with a buff-to-white throat patch, or bib, and buff to white on sides of face. Buff throat and cheeks are separated by a black mustache-like mark. On dorsum, hair is black or sometimes frosted. On venter, pelage varies from creamy buff to orangish yellow. Island endemic subspecies condorensis is significantly smaller (head-body 305 mm, tail 324 mm) than other subspecies of the Black Giant Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Continuous tropical rainforests. The Black Giant Squirrel also occurs in mature evergreen and semi-evergreen broadleaf forests of Indochina and the Sunda Shelf.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Black Giant Squirrel feeds on seeds and occasionally ingests fruit pulp, bark, sap, nectar, flowers, and leaves. Based on feeding time, squirrels fed extensively on seeds (61 %) and pulp (20 %); figs (Ficus, Moraceae) account for onehalf of pulp consumed. It does not cache food. Foraging is almost exclusively arboreal as the Black Giant Squirrel rarely descends to the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding follows a mating chase, apparently involving one male and an estrous female. Litter size averages 1 - 4 (range 1 - 3 young) with a gestation period of 28 - 35 days, and females may have two litters per year. On Peninsular Malaysia, pregnant Ratufa were found between April and September, suggesting that parturition occurs at the beginning or during peak fruiting season.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Black Giant Squirrel is diurnal and lives most often above 20 m in the canopy, where it constructs a bolus drey of twigs and small branches in the crown of a tree. Dreys are constructed with long leafy twigs, some more than 31 m above the ground in the canopy, often on outermost branches of Koompassia (Fabaceae) or Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae) trees. Best predictor of nest location is height and girth of trees, with large mature trees favored. Nests do not appear to be lined with specific materials. Squirrels usually exited their nests in the morning, between 06: 00 h and 08: 00 h, but after rainy nights they might exit as late as 10: 00 h. They were most active between dawn and 10: 00 h, with a lesser peak of activity between 14: 00 h and 16: 00 h. Median time at which they reentered nests was 18: 01 h. The crested serpent-eagle (Spilornis cheela) is a known predator.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population density of the Black Giant Squirrel was 11 ind / 100 ha. Median rate of travel for individuals when foraging and feeding was 30 m / h, ranging from a median 65 m / h in the morning to 10 m / h at midday and 50 m / h at end of day. Estimated median for total distance traveled was 315 m / day. Home ranges were estimated to be 5 - 5 - 9 ha and individuals used 5 - 9 nests within their home range. During a study in Malaysia’s Kuala Lompat, Black Giant Squirrels lived in the middle and upper canopy, seldom below 20 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCEED34FAF6FE0EFD87F534.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Black Giant Squirrel is in significant decline due to over-hunting and widespread habitat loss throughout much of its distribution. Population decline is strongly associated with reduction in canopy cover and tree density, as it nests in the high-canopy layer oftall trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	materials_examined	“ in India orientali, ” (Bombay, India).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. i. indicaErxleben, 1777 — WGhats, SofMumbai, WIndia. R. i. centralisRyley, 1913 — EGhatsandChighlandsofC & EIndiaincludingAndhraPradeshState. R. i. dealbataBlanford, 1897 — Dangsregion, NofMumbai, WIndia. R. i. maxima Schreber, 1784 — extreme SW India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 340 - 450 mm, tail 380 - 490 mm; weight 0.9 - 2.3 kg. The Indian Giant Squirrel has a long, broad, haired tail and conspicuous ear tufts that are often as long as 20 mm. Dorsum varies from light rust to maroon to black; sides of head are cream to pale brown with a thin, dark vertical stripe along posterior cheek; nape and crown are separated by a light band. Venter is cream to beige. Subspecies indica is maroon on head, body, sides, and tail, with a pale tail-tip. Subspecies maxima is similarly colored but has black over shoulders, rump, and tail. Subspecies centralis has black on forelimbs and shoulders in addition to tail; most conspicuous are the red ear tufts, dorsum, sides, and hindlegs. Subspecies dealbata is a very pale form, sometimes described as albinistic, with a white tail. Hybridization between the subspecies maxima and the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel subspecies (R. macroura dandolena) was reported in the south-eastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu but does not appear widespread.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen and semi-evergreen broadleaf forests of peninsular India. The Indian Giant Squirrel primarily frequents montane forests but does occur in some lowland coastal forests. Connectivity of forest canopy appears to be a key determinant of this large arboreal squirrel’s presence.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Indian Giant Squirrel is a facultative frugivore capable of general herbivory if necessary. This flexibility in food habits enables exploitation of widely scattered trees in a diverse forest often with seasonal production and availability of food items. Trees provide most of food resources but tissues of a variety of shrubs, lianas, and herbs may also be consumed. A diversity of tree seeds are the principal foods but fleshy fruits, leaves, buds, flowers, nectar, inner bark, and sap are also taken. In years of seed and fruit shortage, mature leaves constituted up to 62 % of its diet. They do not cache food on the ground; however, seeds are stored in a larderhoard within their nests. Foraging is conducted almost exclusively in the canopy as the Indian Giant Squirrel rarely descends to ground to feed on seeds or fallen ripe fruits. Heavy feeding on flowers has been suggested to decrease seed and fruit crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding in the Indian Giant Squirrel follows a mating chase similar to that reported for other tree squirrels, and occurs within the home range of the estrous female. Two or more males aggressively pursue the female and fight for access to her. The dominant male will mate with the female for about two hours and then subordinate individuals have the opportunity to mate. Gestation lasts 21 - 25 days and a single young is born. Females nurse young for 5 - 6 months and young begin to disperse at ¢. 8 - 10 months of age. Males and females do not appear to breed until two years of age; individuals can live for c. 16 years. Predation attempts and successes have been documented for Lion-tailed Macaques (Macaca silenus), Leopards (Panthera pardus), martens (Mantes), forest eagle-owls (Bubo nipalensis), Indian black eagles (Ictinaetus malayensis), crested serpent-eagles (Spilornis cheela), and changeable hawk-eagle (Spizaetus cirrhatus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Indian Giant Squirrel is diurnal and lives most often above 20 m in the canopy, where it constructs a bolus drey of twigs and small branches in a tree crown. Several such nests are built within the individual’s territory. Dreys are constructed with long twigs and lined with shredded leaves and placed most often in branch forks within upper canopy. Squirrels use nests primarily at night and exit their nests at dawn and return at dusk. A bimodal pattern of activity with mid-morning and late afternoon peaks and a midday lull appears mediated by temperature and perhaps gut capacity. Feeding is the most common single activity and accounts for 40 - 60 % of time budgets with 20 - 30 % of the day allocated to resting, principally during the midday lull.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Densities of the Indian Giant Squirrel in hunted areas were 5 - 5 - 8 - 1 ind / km?, significantly below that in moist deciduous (32 - 125 ind / km?) and high elevation (76 - 100 ind / km?) forests. Seasonal shifts of home range have been reported in association with monsoon rains. Adults are solitary and possess a core area of exclusive use; however, peripheral portions of the home range are overlapped by conspecifics. Home ranges vary 0 - 7 - 2 - 5 ha with little intrasexual overlap. Individuals make loud staccato territorial calls that last for several minutes and change to high pitched clicks in the morning when leaving the nest, and use a series of clicks as they move from tree to tree. Territories are marked by urination and cheek rubbing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED34FF69FD83F8DFF5D4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Indian Giant Squirrelis widely distributed, has a presumed large population size, and is moderately common to locally common in areas where it occurs. However, it is declining due to habitat loss and hunting for local consumption. Subspecies dealbata may be extinct in the wild.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	food_feeding	“ Ceylon and Malabar ... Malacca ... Goa and Amboina. ” Restricted by W. W. A. Phillips in 1933 to highlands of Central and Uva Provinces, Sri Lanka.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. m. macrouraPennant, 1769 — CSriLankahighlands. R. m. dandolenaThomas & Wroughton, 1915 — SIndia (EasternandWesternGhats) andN & ESriLanka (DryZonelowlands). R. m. melanochra Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 — SW Sri Lanka (Wet Zone lowlands).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 323 - 396 mm, tail 350 - 362 mm; weight c. 1 - 6 kg. The Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel, a large tree squirrel, has a tail that is long, broad, and haired; ear tufts, if present, are nearly inconspicuous, ¢. 5 mm in length. It has a creamy gray to brownish gray dorsum. Small blackish cheek patches are surrounded by buff cheek patches. Forearms, wrists, and legs are a light whitish to creamy buff; toes are dark gray to brown. Subspecies macroura is distinguished byits black tail with white hair tips, and by a gray band separating black dorsum from yellowish venter. Subspecies maxima is similarly colored but has black over shoulders, rump, and tail. Subspecies dandolena has a black crown; shoulders and dorsal midline are variably black, but lower back is brown. It has long pale hairs on the tail, making tail appear grayer than in the other subspecies. Subspecies melanochra has a black dorsum and tail, butit lacks white hair tips and gray line separating dorsum from yellowish venter. Hybridization between dandolena and the Indian Giant Squirrel subspecies (R. indica maxima) was reported in the south-eastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu but does not appear widespread.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen broadleaf forests of southern India and Sri Lanka. On eastern side of the Western Ghats in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel lives in riparian forests dominated by 7 Terminalia (Combretaceae), Tamarindus, Pongamia, and Albizia (all three family Fabaceae), Mangifera (Anacardiaceae), and Syzygium (Myrtaceae), and is often found in scrub and dry deciduous forests below c. 500 m, especially when sympatric with the Indian Giant Squirrel. In Sri Lanka, it has been reported from a variety of dry and humid forests but seems most common in lowlying forests, especially associated with tamarind (Tamarindus indica).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel feeds on seeds and occasionally ingests fruit pulp, bark, sap, nectar, pollen, flowers, and leaves, especially the young leaves of Tamarindus, and Albizia. About 45 % of the diet of both males and femalesis seeds of young fruit; leaves are also favored and compose 25 - 30 % of diet. Termites are regularly consumed. It does not cache food. Foraging is almost exclusively arboreal as this species rarely descends to the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding in the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel follows a mating chase between the male and estrous female culminating in a copulation lasting a few seconds. Female is receptive only for a single day each year in October or November. Gestation lasts 26 - 28 days with peak season of birth in early December. Litter size is often just one young. Young remain in the nest for 2 - 6 months before emerging in late February. Weaning is complete by 4 - 6 months of age with dispersal occurring May-July. Ratio of adult female to young in the population is 1: 0 - 3 or 0 - 32.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel is diurnal and lives most often above 20 m in the canopy, where it constructs a spherical drey of twigs and leaves 30 - 40 cm in diameter. Dreys are constructed and anchored with climbing vines and lianas in midto-upper branches of canopy. These squirrels usually exit their nests in the morning at ¢. 06: 00 h and can be active throughout the day but are most active between dawn and 10: 00 h, with a second peak of activity that begins after 14: 30 h. Rain and high temperatures reduce activity outside of the nest. Feeding accounted from ¢. 38 % of daily activity with 26 % of the day spent resting on tree branches. Individuals move to lower canopy when threatened by their most significant natural predator, the Indian black eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis), and upward when human poachers are present.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population density of the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel is low (less than 5 ind / 100 ha) with slightly more females found in a population than males. Locomotory behavior accounts for ¢. 8 % of day. The Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel is solitary and territorial, covering areas of 0 - 82 - 10 ha with no discernible difference between sexes. Although there is intraspecific territorial defense through aggressive chases and deposition of scent marks, males and females may overlap 22 % in undisturbed areas and 58 % in disturbed forests. Movement is greatest in dispersal and post-dispersal seasons (May — October) than during the seasons with young in and near the nest (November — April); over the course of a year mean distance of travel was 860 - 3 m / day for males and 694 - 3 m / day for females. The Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel lives in the middle and upper canopy, seldom below 20 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC9ED35FA17FCF9FA94F493.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The severely fragmented Indian population of the Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel has been estimated to be less than 500 mature individuals and has been declining at a rate greater than 30 % in the last 25 years due to habitat loss and hunting for local consumption. Presence of domestic predators and hybridization with the Indian Giant Squirrel are also considered major threats. Nevertheless, current distribution is not clearly known, and new records have been published over the years. Sri Lankan population is considerably larger and appears to be less threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Singapore Island. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	discussion	Nine subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. affinusR. a., 1821 — SThailand, MalayPeninsula, andSingapore. R. a. bancanaLyon, 1906 — BangkaI, Indonesia. R. a. baramensisBonhote, 1900 — NBorneo, inSabah, Brunei, Sarawak, andNEKalimantan, alsoinBanggiIandlikelyadjacentIs. R. a. bunguranensisThomas & Hartert, 1894 — LautandBunguranIsoftheNorthNatunaIs, Indonesia. R. a. cothurnataLyon, 1911 — WBorneo (WestKalimantan). R. a. ephippiumS. Miiller, 1838 — SEBorneoandLautI, Indonesia. R. a. hypoleucosHorsfield, 1823 — Sumatraandadjacentislands (TuangkuI, PiniIandTanahmasaI), Indonesia. R. a. insignisMiller, 1903 — RiauIs, Indonesia. R. a. polia Lyon, 1906 — Belitung I, Indonesia. Population on Serasan I, one of the South Natuna Is (just off W coast of Borneo) and populations of many islands between Malay Peninsula and E Sumatra are of unknown subspecific affiliation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 335 - 342 mm, tail 409 - 423 mm; weight 1.1 - 2 kg. The Pale Giant Squirrel is the only brown giant tree squirrel found on the Sunda Shelf; it is pale on venter with a darker dorsum, especially at midline. The cream to light brown forms are primarily in the populations of peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, and Singapore that belong to affinis. Subspecies bunguranensis is generally a light brownish color similar to peninsular forms. Although the light form can be found occasionally, the other subspeciestypically have a cream to white venter with a dark brown to black dorsum to include the tail; limbs and head are grizzled gray often suffused with rust to brown. Most subspecies are unique to specific islands in their distribution. Of the dark subspecies on Kalimantan, ephippium has the darkest dorsal midline with pale ungrizzled cream thighs. Subspecies baramensis has a dark midline with a reddish tinge on the sides.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland evergreen broadleaf dipterocarp and lower montane forests across the Sunda Shelf. The Pale Giant Squirrel prefers dense forests with highly connected tree canopies for travel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Pale Giant Squirrel feeds on seeds and occasionally ingests fruit pulp, bark, sap, nectar, flowers, and leaves. Foraging is almost exclusively arboreal as it rarely descendsto the ground. While eating, the Pale Giant Squirrel allowsits tail to hang down, using tail as a counterbalance, this leavesits forefeet free for manipulating food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Pale Giant Squirrelis diurnal and lives most often 20 - 40 m up in the canopy, where it constructs a bolus drey of twigs and small branches in the crown of a tree.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC8ED35FFCDFC20F9F0F1F3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Pale Giant Squirrel is widespread throughoutits distribution, but presents a significant declining population trend because of widespread habitat loss through logging and hunting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	materials_examined	“ in America, Asia, Africa. ” Restricted by R. C. Wroughton in 1905 to “ E coast of Madras, ” India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. FE p. palmarum Linnaeus, 1766 — W & S India, up to approximately 16 ° N latitude. E p. brodiei Blyth, 1849 — Sri Lanka. FE p. robertsoni Wroughton, 1916 — E India, in the zone between the latitudes 20 ° N and 24 ° N. The subspecific affinity of northern populationsis unclear but likely robertson.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 149 mm (males) and 147 mm (females), tail mean 148 mm (males) and 158 mm (females); weight mean 117 - 5 g (males) and 99 - 2 g (females). Dorsum of the Indian Palm Squirrel can be gray to brown, with three longitudinal stripes. Middle dorsal stripe and venter are pale buffy and tail has a red mid-ventral stripe. Pelage of subspecies palmarum is grayer in the northern part of its distribution and darker in the southern part. Subspecies brodiei is more colorful than other subspecies and lateral stripes are more orange, pelage is darker in the Sri Lankan highlands. Subspecies robertsoni is smallest of the subspecies and lacks any brown coloration. Chromosome number is 2 n = 46; FN is unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous forests at elevations up to ¢. 1370 m. In some areas, the Indian Palm Squirrel approaches human environments and replaces the Northern Palm Squirrel (FE pennantii). In India, it can be found in deciduous rainforests throughout almost all of the Western Ghats, but not in wet evergreen forests. On the outskirts of the Western Ghats, the Indian Palm Squirrel occurs on hills up to elevations of ¢. 1250 m, but in the Deccan Plain it is replaced by the Northern Palm Squirrel in elevations below ¢. 549 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of The Indian Palm Squirrel consists of nuts, fruits, buds, young shoots, nectar, lichen, bark, and insects. Diversity of consumed plant speciesis high, reaching 50 different species as observed in Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu, India). Bark searching is a frequent activity, probably to feed on insects. It also consumes tree nectar and may be a pollinator of these trees, such as the silk cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Little is known about the breeding habits of the Indian Palm Squirrel, but reproduction in Sri Lanka occurs year-round, with a peak November — April. Litter size usually is 2 - 3 young. Infanticide followed by cannibalism is also recorded.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Limited information is available for this species, but the Indian Palm Squirrel is diurnal and semi-arboreal. It builds a globular nest in branches, very similar to nests of passerine birds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFC7F548F599F0AC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Indian Palm Squirrelis widely distributed, and has a presumed large population, which is likely to be increasing. There are no major threats to the Indian Palm Squirrel, although habitat loss and degradation due to agro-industry farming, small-scale logging and expansion of human settlements occur, and it is hunted for local consumption and kept as pets.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mandvi Taluka of Su- rat District, ” Guzerath, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. F. p. pennantiiWroughton, 1905 — India, SNepal, andWBangladesh. F. p. argentescens Wroughton, 1905 — ex- treme SE Iran and Pakistan. Introduced populations occur in Perth (Western Australia) and Israel. In India, introduced populations occur in Andaman Is and perhaps in Assam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 134 mm (males) and 155 mm (females), tail mean 130 mm (males) and 135 mm (females); weight mean 95 - 2 g (males) and 102 - 9 g (females). Dorsum of the Northern Palm Squirrel is brown with five paler longitudinalstripes. Middle stripe extends from neck to tail, and outer stripes extend from ears to base oftail. Head has four stripes, one faint pair extending from ears to eyes and a second more distinctive pair extending from below the ear, passing below the eye, onto rostrum. The Northern Palm Squirrel lacks the red mid-ventral stripe on tail of other species of Funambulus. In Bangladesh, subspecies pennantii has a darker pelage. Subspecies argentescens is paler, with a white tail and venter. Chromosome number is 2 n = 54 - 56; FN is unknown. More research is needed to resolve the karyotype of the Northern Palm Squirrel and the differing diploid numbers may indicate multiple species are represented.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical dry deciduous forests, montane forests, scrublands, open plains, plantation, introduced vegetation, and rural and urban areas. The Northern Palm Squirrel is a very adaptable species and within these habitats can occur from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 4000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Northern Palm Squirrel is omnivorous, feeding on fruits, honey from unprotected beehives, insects such as termites and caterpillars, and birds when it can catch them.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs throughout the year, with peaks in March-April and July-August. Courtship lasts for a day and involves mating chases, mating calls, and grooming. Female is receptive for only 16 hours, during this period she may mate fourto five times with one or more males. Gestation lasts 40 - 42 days and littersizes are 2 - 4 young, which have head-body lengths of 40 - 50 mm and tail lengths of 15 - 20 mm. Young are born hairless and with closed eyes, which open after 10 - 15 days. Females lactate for 25 - 30 days. Females become sexually mature at 6 - 10 months of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Limited information is available, but the Northern Palm Squirrel is diurnal and builds globular nests in hollow trees, on tree branches, and among palm leaves. When in urban areas, it can build nests under roof tiles and eaves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range for the Northern Palm Squirrel is reported to be 0 - 21 ha for males and 0 - 15 ha for females in Jodhpur, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED37FFCCFE0EFBBEFD64.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Palm Squirrel has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, and tolerance to some degree of habitat modification. There are no major threats to the Northern Palm Squirrel, although habitat loss and degradation due to small-scale logging and expansion of human settlements occur, and it is hunted for local consumption and kept as a pet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	materials_examined	“ ... the more southern parts of Hindostan. ” Restricted by R. C. Wroughton and J. C. Moore and G. H. H. Tate in 1905 and 1965, respectively, to Western Ghats, south of the latitude 12 ° N, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. F. t. tristriatus Waterhouse, 1837 — W coast of India, between latitudes 20 ° N and 12 ° N FE t. numarius Wroughton, 1916 — W coast of India, from latitude 12 ° N to the S tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 160 mm (males) and 159 mm (females), tail mean 143 mm (males) and 139 mm (females); weight mean ¢. 139 g. The Jungle Palm Squirrel is the largest species of Funambulus. Dorsum is dark with three pale buffy longitudinal stripes, venter is pale and tail has a red mid-ventral stripe. Subspecies tristriatus has narrower and duller dorsal stripes than numarius.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen deciduous rainforests and cultivated fields of the Western Ghats and south-western India. The Jungle Palm Squirrel occursat elevations of ¢. 700 - 2100 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Jungle Palm Squirrel feeds heavily on crops, including male flowers of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae) and grains of paddy-cultivated rice. It also consumes termites, beetles, caterpillars, scale insects, and other crop pests. There is no information available on its diet in natural environments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A sex ratio of 1: 1 was observed in Karnataka, and breeding occurs yearround. Mating behavior includes mating chases and mating calls, and frequently features aggression between competing males. Mean litter size is 2: 3 young. Young are born hairless with head-body lengths of 42 - 51 mm, tail of 22 - 32 mm, and weight of 4 - 5 - 7 - 2 g. Eyes of young open at 24 - 30 days and weaning occurs at 60 - 69 days.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Limited information is available for this species, but the Jungle Palm Squirrel is diurnal and semi-arboreal. It builds globular nests, with a mean diameter of 22 cm. Nests are built in trees at 2 - 29 m above the ground, although most are built below 10 m (median 5 m).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Karnataka, India, population density of the Jungle Palm Squirrel was estimated as 3 - 2 ind / ha and 2 - 5 ind / ha, during the years of 1978 and 1979 respectively.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFCAED38FACFF80CFBA4F4AF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Jungle Palm Squirrelis a locally common species, but a population decline of over 10 % has been observed in the last 20 years due to habitat loss and pest control. Major damming projects and systematic replacement of native shade tree species in coffee and cardamom plantations with exotic species, which seem to be avoided by the Jungle Palm Squirrel, support a predicted decline of over 10 % in the next ten years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	materials_examined	Isabela, Basilan Island, Zamboanga Province, Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Philippines, in Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Bohol, Homonhon, Dinagat, Siargao, Bucas Grande, Siquijor, Camiguin, Mindanao, and Basilan Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 87 mm, tail mean 62 mm (males) and 68 mm (females); weight mean c. 28: 1 g. The Philippine Pygmy Squirrel is the largest species of pygmy squirrels and has a dark brown dorsum with a slight reddish tint. Venter is paler brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense lowland and primary and secondary montane forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2000 m. The Philippine Pygmy Squirrel reaches higher densities in small forest clearings, where trees have been felled.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Vegetable material and invertebrate larvae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A pregnant female Philippine Pygmy Squirrel with one embryo, was captured in May at Mount Imbayao. A second female captured in April at Mount Kitanglad had a swollen uterus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Philippine Pygmy Squirrel is diurnal and becomes active in early morning, using mainly the low and middle levels of forest. They are usually seen on trunks of large forest trees, undersides of tree branches, tree holes, and around stumps in forests with human logging. They frequently vocalize by emitting brief high-pitched chirps, and when startled, often run headfirst down tree trunks to hide among root buttresses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FA10FC20F7BCFE79.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Pygmy Squirrel is widespread and abundant. Moreover, it does well in secondary habitats and has no major threats, although deforestation may affect it to some extent.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Upland districts ” (Sri Lanka). Restrict- ed by O. Thomas in 1924 to “ Ambigamoa Hills ... Central Province (7 ° N., 80 ° 3 K) ... ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW & C Sri Lanka.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 144 mm (males) and 154 mm (females), tail mean 158 mm (males) and 168 mm (females); weight mean c. 168 g. Layard’s Palm Squirrel has the most colorful pelage in the genus, with three longitudinal stripes on dorsum, in which middle stripe, and sometimes outerstripes, are a bright orange-yellow. Venter is a vivid yellow-orange, chestnut or russet, with a red mid-ventral stripe on tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical montane evergreen forests and lowland rainforests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but litter size of Layard’s Palm Squirrel usually is 2 - 3 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Layard’s Palm Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF13F5D5F922F5D9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Layard’s Palm Squirrel is restricted to a few severely fragmented locations (Knuckles Range, C highlands, and near Matara on the coast), and presents a declining population trend due to habitat loss and degradation, the results of selective logging, large wood plantations, and forestfires.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	materials_examined	Nilgiri Hills, Madras, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. F. s. sublineatusWaterhouse, 1838 — SWIndia. F. s. obscurus Pelzeln & Kohl, 1886 — Sri Lanka.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 110 - 130 mm, tail 94 - 135 mm; weight mean 44.1 g. The Dusky Palm Squirrel is the smallest species of the genus. It has three dorsal stripes, obscured by long brown fur. Venter is dull and drab andtail lacks a red mid-ventral stripe. Subspecies sublineatus has narrower dark brown stripes (3 - 5 mm) between the pale dorsal stripes than obscurus (6 - 8 mm).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests from near sea level to above ¢. 2100 m. Near the Palni Mountains, in southern India, the Dusky Palm Squirrelis found in elevations of ¢. 1372 - 2134 m, this is above elevations inhabited by the Indian Palm Squirrel (E palmarum). In Sri Lanka, it occurs in forest hills at elevations above ¢. 610 m, but in the south-western part of the island it can be found in forests of the wet hilly country almostat sea level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but one litter of the Dusky Palm Squirrel was recorded as consisting of two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Dusky Palm Squirrel is diurnal and semi-arboreal, mostly within the scrub level ofthe forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED38FF11FC0DFC9BFEC7.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Dusky Palm Squirrel has a severely fragmented distribution and is confined to riparian habitats, which are in a continuous decline. Major threats are habitat loss and degradation due to selective logging, reed collection for construction purposes, and forest fires, and the use of pesticides. The Dusky Palm Squirrel is not protected by any legislation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	materials_examined	Tanah Laut, Kapuas River Basin, Kaliman- tan, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo and Banggi I (off N Borneo).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 72 mm (males) and 73 mm (females), tail mean 40 mm (males) and 51 mm (females); weight mean 17 g (males) and 16 - 5 g (females). The Least Pygmy Squirrel is the smallest species of the genus. Pelage is an olive-brown with rusty highlights on the dorsum and pinkish buff on venter. Tail is thick and brushy, although less brushy than in other species of Exilisciurus, and redder on ventral surface than on dorsal surface. A narrow circle of darker skin is present around each eye.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mostly in low elevation dipterocarp forests, but in Sarawak, found in areas as high as ¢. 1700 m. The Least Pygmy Squirrelis also able to survive in old logged forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Vegetable matter and small insects, such as ants were found in the stomachsof three individuals. The Least Pygmy Squirrel usually forages on tree trunks, and occasionally on vines or in the buttresses of largertrees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Least Pygmy Squirrels have a postpartum estrus and can become pregnant before weaning previous litter. Litter size usually is 2 - 3 young. Nests are reported to be small and globular, built among roots of fallen trees, c. 1 m above the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Least Pygmy Squirrel is mostly seen on trunks of mid-story trees, occasionally higher than 12 m above the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC5ED39FA1FF65BFC24F40B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Least Pygmy Squirrel is almost entirely restricted to lowland forest. This habitat is suffering massive degradation in Borneo and it is unclear whether it can use replacement plantations. Least Pygmy Squirrel occurs in several protected areas, but many of these support only small populations as they may be aboveits preferred elevation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	materials_examined	Mt Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & W Borneo, through Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak and Kalimantan Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 86 mm (males) and 85 mm (females), tail mean 63 mm (males) and 65 mm (females); weight mean 22 - 1 g (males) and 24 g (females). The Tufted Pygmy Squirrel is intermediate in size between the Philippine Pygmy Squirrel (E. concinnus) and the Least Pygmy Squirrel (E. exilis). Pelage is dark grayish brown, finely grizzled with black on dorsum, and paler on venter; ears have white hair tufts at least 20 mm long.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dipterocarp and lower montane forests at elevations of ¢. 600 - 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Tufted Pygmy Squirrel is a bark gleaner, foraging from the tree buttress to the canopy. Its diet consists of moss and lichens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Tufted Pygmy Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFCDFCA9FCD9FF34.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Tufted Pygmy Squirrel has a wide distribution, it is unlikely to be declining in population size, and there are no known major threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	materials_examined	“ Latimodjong Mts., south- ern Celebes, 2300 m ” (Sulawesi, Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. WC Sulawesi Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 195 - 240 mm, tail 656 - 120 mm; weight 228 - 370 g. Dorsum of the Montane Longnosed Squirrel is dark brown, flecked with buff and black, and venter is dark brownish gray with highly variable patches of white fur in mid-ventral region. The white fur can vary from a swath of irregularly outlined white, extending from neck to base oftail, to an irregular white stripe that is divided by background brown pelage into patches of white on chest and inguinal regions. Tail is the same color as dorsum, and a ring of hairless dark buffy colored skin encircles each eye. On nape of neck, hair coloration is reversed, with 30 - 40 mm in the median portion. The Montane LLong-nosed Squirrel can be distinguished from the Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel (H. ileile) by its white venter, which is cream colored in the Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel. The Montane Longnosed Squirrel is also more gracile, less stocky, lighter weight, has a darker dorsum, longer coloration reversal on nape, shorter body and tail, and longer ears and muzzle than the Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary montane tropical rainforests at elevations of ¢. 1279 - 2287 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Montane Long-nosed Squirrel consumes fruits, acorns, and arthropods. It uses its long muzzle and elongated claws to root through leaf litter to expose arthropod prey.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litter size in the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel is 1 - 2 young and females have three pairs of teats, one abdominal and two inguinal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Montane Long-nosed Squirrel is diurnal, terrestrial, and very secretive. Its vocalizations are described as a series of single “ chirps ” that sound much like a bird, but are different from vocalizations of other Sulawesi squirrels. Frequency of the chirps increases with the intensity of the alarm, and when the animal is greatly alarmed or agitated, the chirps may carry tones of a “ chuck, ” and can even become a chatter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FAC8FAFAF703FCAF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Montane Long-nosed Squirrel occurs at extremely low densities in suitable habitat. However, its habitat is not under threat, as there is no forest exploitation above 1500 m throughout its distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ile-ile, north Celebes, 1700 meters ” (Sulawesi, Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & C Sulawesi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 213 - 250 mm, tail 70 - 125 mm; weight 293 - 520 g. Dorsum of the Lowland Longnosed Squirrel is dark brown, flecked with buff and black, and venter is dark brownish gray with a highly variable pattern of cream fur patches in mid-venter area. Cream-colored fur can vary from a swath of irregularly outlined white, extending from neck to base of tail, to patches of cream stripes separated by a background brown pelage on chest and inguinal regions. Tail is the same color as dorsum. On the nape of neck, hair coloration is reversed, with a 10 mm median portion. The Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel can be distinguished from the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel (H. heinrichi) by its cream venter, which is white in the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel. The Montane Long-nosed Squirrel also has a stouter body, a brighter and more brownish pelage, shorter reversal fur on nape, shorter ears, muzzle, and claws.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [. owland evergreen to lower montane tropical rainforests, at elevations of c. 168 - 1700 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel forages in leaf litter. Its diet is assumed to be composed offruits and arthropods, with a preference for acorns and figs. Cafeteria experiments with live-trapped individuals showed that it consumed acorns of Lithocarpus celebicus and L. glutinosus (Fagaceae), with an apparent preference for L. glutinosus. It also consumed large beetle larvae from rotting trunks, but ignored the adult forms of beetle larvae, carabid beetles, lizards, earthworms, and trap bait in the same experiment.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but female Lowland Long-Nosed Squirrels have three pairs of teats, one abdominal and two inguinal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial. Vocalizations are very different from those of the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel, and when disturbed, it emits vocalizations described as a growl from deep in the throat, in short bursts of “ Errr, errr, grrr ” sounds. A second vocalization is documented, usually emitted in the morning and afternoons, consisting in a 3 - 5 seconds long high-pitched “ eee-eee ” squeal, a single drawn-out “ eee-e ” squeal that starts high and drops to silence, or a quick double “ eee, eee ” squeal. According to G. G. Musser and colleagues in 2010, this squeal sounds like the whine of an unoiled machine.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel lives at lower densities than the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel, although Musser hypothesizes that this difference may be caused by the lower density of oak trees (Quercus, Fagaceae) in its primary habitat. More research is needed to understand the effects of resource distribution on the demography of Hyosciurus species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED39FFC3F6C5F736F3DA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel presents a limited extent of occurrence in northern and northcentral Sulawesi. Its habitat is in continuous decline in extent and quality. Moreover, it occurs at extremely low densities and is extremely susceptible to human disturbance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	materials_examined	“ Celebes ” (Minahassa Peninsula, NE Sulawesi, Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sulawesi and Sangihe Is, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 150 - 305 mm, tail 180 - 255 mm; weight 500 - 860 g. The Sulawesi Giant Squirrel is the largest of the Sulawesi endemic squirrels. Pelage of head and dorsum is brownish speckled with buff, orange, and black. Ears have prominent glossy black tufts and each eye is circled by a wide buffy ring, with a dark crescent above. Venter is reddish and extends to inner and outer surface of limbs, darkening to a reddish maroon on shoulders, sides, and dorsal surfaces of limbs. Tail is reddish brown. Juveniles have similar coloration to adults, but more muted.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary tropical lowland evergreen forests and lower montane rainforests, from sea level up to elevations of c. 1512 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sulawesi Giant Squirrel feeds on seeds, fruits, and arthropods, which it captures by digging into rotting wood. Skull morphology indicates thatit is able to consume hard seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Sulawesi Giant Squirrels have only two pairs of teats. A single embryo was found in each of the few pregnant females examined.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Sulawesi Giant Squirrel is diurnal and semi-arboreal, foraging and traveling in the understory or on the ground, but not in the canopy. According to anecdotal evidence, nest is built in forest understory, not far from aboveground. Nest is globular, about 30 cm in diameter, made with long black fibers of sugar palm (Arenga pinnata, Arecaceae) and built in the hollow of a large tree trunk (such as Pterospermum celebicum, Malvaceae). The Sulawesi Giant Squirrel is not highly vocal, it is wary of humans and easily startled. A good indicator ofits presence is the loud sound produced when it gnaws fruits of the Pangium edule (Flacourtiaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC4ED3AFACFF34DFB76F137.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	materials_examined	“ Celebes. ” Restricted by A. B. Meyer in 1898 to Minahassa, northeast of Celebes (= Sulawesi), Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. leucomusS. Muller & Schlegel, 1844 — NSulawesi (NpeninsulaandNCentralSulawesiProvinceexceptWofGorontaloProvince) andLembehI. P. l. occidentalis Meyer, 1898 — N Sulawesi (W of Gorontalo Province).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 165 - 188 mm, tail 140 - 190 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel is olive-brown, sometimes flecked with orange, buff, or black. Venter is reddish orange or ocherous, and tail is ringed black and buff with a black tuft at tip. Ears are black outside, with a prominent ear tuft, and bright ocherous inside.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coastal lowlands and montane forests up to ¢. 1700 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but it is thought that the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel consumes soft fruits and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but female Whitish Dwarf Squirrels have three pairs of teats, two inguinal and one post-axillary.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel appears to dwell in upper forest canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFA14F91DF586FB32.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is no sufficient information on the population size and trend for the Whitish Dwarf Squirrel. It is a forest obligate species that occurs at low densities and is threatened by habitat loss due to forest clearing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	materials_examined	“ Celebes. ” Restricted by H. J. V. Sody in 1949 to NE Celebes (Sulawesi, Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sulawesi, including nearby Talisei and Lembeh Is, also in Sangihe Is, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 102 - 150 mm, tail 55 - 120 mm; weight 42 - 110 g. The Celebes Dwarf Squirrel is the smallest of the endemic squirrels of Sulawesi. Pelage 1 s dark brown on dorsum, without any ear tufts, nape patches, or dorsal stripes. Venter is grayish and tail is shorter than head-body length. A buffy ring encircles each eye. It is similar to the Secretive Dwarf Squirrel (P. abstrusus), but slightly smaller and without white patches behind the ears.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical lowland evergreen rainforests and upper montane rainforests, up to elevations of ¢. 2200 m. It is thought that the elevational distribution of the Secretive Dwarf Squirrel and the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel are mutually exclusive, with the Secretive Dwarf Squirrel replacing the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel where habitat changes from lower to upper montane forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Celebes Dwarf Squirrel forages in tree canopies and on trunks. It has been observed gnawing bark, either to consume it or to capture insects. Based on stomach contents, diet consists of soft fruits, seeds, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Celebes Dwarf Squirrels have three pairs of teats, two inguinal and one post-axillary. Only a single embryo was found in each of the few pregnant females examined.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Celebes Dwarf Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal, and uses tree branches, vines, and fallen trunks to travel through forest understory. It also walks on the ground, and is quite unwary of humans. The Celebes Dwarf Squirrel is a very vocal species, with vocalizations varying from high-pitched “ chunk ” to whistles or birdlike staccato trills.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Sangihe Island, population density was estimated as 1 - 3 ind / ha in a primary forest and 0 - 52 ind / ha in a secondary forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F384F5F9F1BF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is no sufficient information on population size and trend for the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel. It is a forest obligate species that is threatened by habitat loss.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sangi-islands, Siao ” Sangi, Indonesia	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sangihe Is, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 190 mm, tail 180 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Sanghir Squirrel is a rich chestnut-brown, venter varies from dark brownish to brownish buff, and tail is blackish. It can be distinguished from other species of similar size by absence of ear tufts, presence of middorsal stripe, and nape patches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Secondary and primary forests, up to elevations of ¢. 1000 m and probably higher. The Sanghir Squirrel also inhabits plantations and gardens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Sanghir Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Sangihe Island, population density of the Sanghir Squirrel was estimated to be 1 - 8 ind / ha in primary forests and lower 0 - 5 ind / ha in secondary forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3AFF69F8C0FB18FB34.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Sanghir Squirrel is common throughout much ofits distribution and is successful in secondary habitats and cultivated areas. Historical distribution of the Sanghir Squirrel, in the 1800 s, was the islands of Sangihe, Siau, Tahulandang, and Ruang. It is doubtful that the distribution is currently this extensive due to high levels of deforestation and habitat conversion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Topapugebirge 1550 M. Central-Celebes. ” Restricted by G. G. Musser and colleagues in 2010 to Gunung Topapu.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Sulawesi, highlands from Lake Lindu to Latimojong Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 155 - 190 mm, tail 120 - 165 mm; weight 150 - 210 g. Dorsum of the Mount Topapu Squirrel is dark brown, flecked with black and orange, but grades to paler brown spotted with black and pale buff on sides of body, head, and limbs. Dorsal surface of feet, both hind and front, is the same asthe dorsum, but sometimes slightly paler or darker. A buffy ring encircles each eye, and ears have black tufts. Venter is dark gray, with silver highlights or washed with ocherous or pale buffy color. Tail has black and buffy rings, with a black terminal tuft. Overall coloration is similar to that of Alston’s Squirrel (P. alstoni), but it can be distinguished due to venter coloration.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical lowland evergreen rain forest to upper montane forest at elevations of ¢. 350 - 2800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Mount Topapu Squirrel is composed of soft fruits, including figs, seeds, and arboreal insects, including caterpillars, beetles, and cockroaches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Mount Topapu Squirrels have one post-axillary and two inguinal pairs of teats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Mount Topapu Squirrel mostly uses upper canopy of forest, but descends to forest floor when necessary, such as when crossing areas of broken canopy. It 1 s aggressive, unwary, and very vocal. It vocalizes in response to birds, diurnal avian predators, approaching rain, and noises such as falling trees or human voices. Its vocalizations are similar to those of Alston’s Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mount Topapu Squirrel is known to be sympatric with the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel (P. murinus), the Sulawesi Giant Squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer), the Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel (Hyosciurus ileile), and the Montane Long-nosed Squirrel (H. heinrichi).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC7ED3BFA10F382FD7FF13A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Mount Topapu Squirrel has not yet been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	materials_examined	“ ... Gunong Tanke Salokko, ‘ Meng- koka Geb. ” [Mekongga Gebirgte], in the southeastern peninsula of Celebes, latitude 3 ° 40 ° S., longtitude 121 ° 13 ’ E. ” (Sulawesi, Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mekongga Mts area in SE Sulawesi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 115 - 148 mm, tail 72 - 130 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Secretive Dwarf Squirrel is one of the smallest endemic squirrels of Sulawesi. Dorsum, head, and tail are dark brown, flecked with pale buff, and venter is dark grayish white. Dorsal surfaces of ears are conspicuously white, and some specimens have a pale buff wash on chest fur. It is similar in color and size to the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel (P. murinus), but with a duller color and white patches in ears, which the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel does not have.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Elevations of ¢. 1500 - 2000 m, in transitional habitat from lower to upper tropical montane forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but female Secretive Dwarf Squirrels have three pairs of teats, two inguinal and one post-axillary.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Secretive Dwarf Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFAF4F948F70AFB50.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Secretive Dwarf Squirrel is only known by the 30 original specimens collected in 1932 by G. Heinrich and by one additional specimen collected in the 1950 s, all in the Mekongga Mountains in SE Sulawesi, a mountain range that has not been surveyed since the species’ description in 1958. The habitat ofthis area is considered to be relatively intact, but new surveys are needed to confirm this.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	materials_examined	“ probably Borneo. ” Restricted by G G. Musser and colleagues in 2010 to Malakosa region, central Sulawesi, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C, E & SE Sulawesi, and the nearby Kabaena and Buton Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 157 - 195 mm, tail 135 - 180 mm; weight 135 - 210 g. Dorsum of Alston’s Squirrel, from forehead to base of tail, is dark brown flecked with black and orange, grading to brownish gray spotted with black and pale buff on sides of body, head, and limbs. Color of dorsal surface of feet is same as dorsum. Cheeks are buffy to ocherous and ears have conspicuous white tufts 5 - 8 mm long. Color of white tufts varies from pure white to whitish buff, but tufts can be absent in some individuals. Venter is short, deep dark red, nearly reddish brown, or chestnut, but in some individuals of the Southeast Peninsula, it can be reddish orange or orangered. Dorsal surface of tail alternates black and buff bands, with a terminal black tuft, and ventral surface is reddish. Alston’s Squirrel can be distinguished from other species of Prosciurillus by absence of nape patches and black mid-dorsal stripe.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary tropical lowland evergreen rain forests, at elevations of ¢. 30 - 1200 m. Alston’s Squirrel appears to be associated with streams and riparian areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Alston’s Squirrel is composed of soft fruits, such as figs, and a large variety of insects, including caterpillars, beetles (both larvae and adult), arboreal termites, and ant pupae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Alston’s Squirrels have one post-axillary and two inguinal pairs of teats. Only a single embryo was found in each of the few examined pregnant females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Alston’s Squirrel uses upper canopy of forest, apparently preferring moist areas near streams. It is a quiet and discrete species; vocalizations are similar to those of the Mount Topapu Squirrel (P. topapuensis). Alston’s Squirrel emits alarm calls in presence of human noise, diurnal avian predators, and when rain is approaching.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Alston’s Squirrel is known to be sympatric with the Celebes Dwarf Squirrel (P. murinus), the Sulawesi Giant Squirrel (Rubrisciurus rubriventer), and the Lowland Long-nosed Squirrel (Hyosciurus ileile) in the central core and Southeast Peninsula of Sulawesi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFFCEF99DF873F696.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Alston’s Squirrel has not yet been assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	materials_examined	Luwu, near Palopo, Celebes, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Sulawesi, known from the coastal lowlands around the NW margin of the Gulf of Boni, distribution is poorly known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 187 mm, tail 142 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum is dark brown with buff, orange, and black highlights, with a broad black mid-dorsal stripe from neck to base oftail. Venter is reddish orange, and ears have prominent black tufts. Weber’s Dwarf Squirrel can be distinguished from other species of Prosciurillus by large dorsal stripe, ear tufts, and by absence of nape patches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical lowland evergreen rainforests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, butit is suspected that Weber’s Dwarf Squirrel feeds on seeds, soft fruits, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Weber’s Dwarf Squirrel appears to be active in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC6ED3BFACAFE39F765F16B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Weber's Dwarf Squirrel is known from a handful of scattered localities and old museum specimens. It is widespread but rarely encountered, and surveys in the appropriate lowland areas have not yet been conducted.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Foochow, province of Fokien, ” (Fukien, China).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. m. maritimus Bonhote, 1900 — coastal regions of SE China and Taiwan. T. m. hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906 — Hainan, N Vietnam, and Laos. T. m. moi Robinson & Kloss, 1922 — S Vietnam. T. m. monticolus Bonhote, 1900 — SE China, in the montane regions W of the range of T. m. maritimus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 119 mm (males) and 121 mm (females), tail mean 101 mm (males) and 102 mm (females); weight mean 54 - 5 g (males) and 56 - 5 g (females). General pelage of the Maritime Striped Squirrel is more olivaceous than that of other species of Tamiops. Pale stripes near black mid-dorsal stripe have same color as nape, and venteris buffy. Subspecies maritimus has grayer and more uniform pelage than the Himalayan Striped Squirrel (7. mecclellandii), with shorter stripes, a more discrete mid-dorsalstripe, and more narrow dull white lateral stripes. Subspecies hainanus is very similar to maritimus, but a little bit larger. Subspecies moiis similar to hainanus, butis slightly larger and with redder lateral stripes. Subspecies monticolus has very distinctive stripes that extend to base oftail. Pale lateral stripes are broad.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Broadleaved evergreen forests and mixed mesophytic forests. In Continental areas, the Maritime Striped Squirrel occurs at low elevations, but in Taiwan it occurs at elevations of ¢. 2000 - 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Maritime Striped Squirrel is probably similar to that of the Himalayan Striped Squirrel, composed of fruits, seeds, insects, and nectar. It is a nectar thief of ginger flowers (Alpinia kwangsiensis, Zingiberaceae), biting base of flower to get nectaries without pollinating the flower.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Maritime Striped Squirrels have three pairs of teats, one pectoral and two inguinal. Average litter size is about three young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Maritime Striped Squirrel is arboreal, using the canopy and understory of the forest, but descends occasionally to the herbaceous level to feed on nectar of ginger flowers. Its vocalization is described as a cluck or a short chirrup.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF5F6E4F9B1F3BE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Maritime Striped Squirrel is widespread and very abundant throughout its distribution in a variety of habitats, including heavily degraded areas. There are currently no major threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	materials_examined	“ Moupin [Mup- ing], ” Baoxing, Sichuan, China. Restricted by G. M. Allen in 1940 to “ Hongchantin ... about 6000 feet [1829 m]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. swinhoeiMilne-Edwards, 1874 — SChina (SofQinlingRange). T. s. olivaceusOsgood, 1932 — NVietnamandNLaos. T: s. spenceiThomas, 1921 — N & NEMyanmar. T. s. vestitus Miller, 1915 — China (N of Qinling Range). Populations in NE India are of uncertain subspecific affiliation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 131 mm (males and females), tail mean 100 mm (males) and 101 mm (females); weight mean 87 - 9 g. Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel has variable pelage, but can be distinguished from other species of Tamiops by its larger size and longer and denser fur. It can be distinguished from the Himalayan Striped Squirrel (7. meclellandii) in that the most lateral pale stripe is broader, less brilliant, and usually stops at the shoulder rather than being continuous with the cheek stripe. Nominate subspecies swinhoei has yellow-brown dorsum with a broader mid-dorsal stripe (9 - 10 mm) and a dull yellow lateral pale stripe that stops at shoulders without connecting to the facial stripe. Venteris buffy white. Subspecies olivaceus has a darker dorsal background color. Subspecies spencei has darker lateral pale stripes. Subspecies vestitus is very similar to swinhoei, but paler and with much paler lateral stripes than the other subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Broadleaved coniferous forests, and scrub jungles of bushes and rhododendrons, just below snowline. Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel occurs above the elevational range of the Himalayan Striped Squirrel in the south-western portion of its distribution, in areas between elevations of ¢. 2134 - 3048 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel consists of fruits, young shoots, other vegetable matter, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrels have three pairs of teats, one pectoral and two inguinal. Average litter size is 3 - 2 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel is arboreal and builds nests in tree holes. Its vocalization is described as a high-pitched birdlike sound.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3DFFF0FE5BFD8DFFD5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel is widespread, very abundant in suitable habitat, and has no major threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	materials_examined	Bengal and Assam, India. Restricted byJ. R. Ellerman in 1940 to Assam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	discussion	There is some disagreement about the species taxonomy, and it may be a species complex. Six subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. m. meclellandin Horsfield, 1840 — E Nepal, Bhutan, NE India (including Sikkim), and N Myanmar. T. m. barbei Blyth, 1847 — S Myanmar. T. m. collinus Moore, 1958 — S China, NW Laos, W Cambodia, SE Thailand, and neighboring areas of Myanmar. T. m. inconstans Thomas, 1920 — N Vietnam and the adjacent areas of S China. T. m. kongensisBonhote, 1901 — N & WThailand. T. m. leucotis Temminck, 1853 — Malay Peninsula.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 114 mm (males) and 113 mm (females), tail mean 108 mm (males) and 109 mm (females); weight mean 49 - 4 g (males) and 51 - 8 g (females). In the Himalayan Striped Squirrel, the mid-dorsal black stripe is not bisected by a longitudinal pale stripe, as in the Cambodian Striped Squirrel (7. rodolphiz). Pale stripe next to mid-dorsal black stripe is fainter than the most lateral pale stripe. Facial stripe from rostrum is continuous with the most lateral pale stripe of dorsum. Venteris ocherous. The Himalayan Striped Squirrel is smaller than Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel (7. swinhoei), with a shorter and less dense pelage and more vivid stripes. Nominate subspecies mecclellandii has a 4 mm wide mid-dorsal black stripe from nape to rump, lateral black stripes extend from shoulders to rump and pale stripes are vivid buffy yellow, extending from rostrum, below eyes and ears, ending at the rump. Venter is buff without any reddish fur. Subspecies barbei has a more reddish or reddish orange dorsum and a cinnamon-rufous or ferruginous venter. Subspecies collinus has dorsal fur that is darker than that of kongensis, less red than barbei and with stronger stripes than mecclellandii or inconstans. Venter is more orange and less yellow than that of leucotis. Subspecies inconstans has discrete dorsalstripes and yellowish buff or light orange venter. Subspecies kongensis is similar to barbei, but paler, with generally light gray coloration. Dorsal pale stripes are pale buffy yellow and venter is ocherous-buff. Subspecies leucotis is similar to barbei, but lacks reddish coloration and is more yellowish in venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical forests, in areas with fruit trees nearvillages, and in coconut plantations. The Himalayan Striped Squirrel is mostly montane in its southern distribution on the Malay Peninsula, but it occurs at lower elevations in northern areas. In China, this species occurs in areas above elevations of ¢. 700 m, but below the elevational distribution of Swinhoe’s Striped Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Himalayan Striped Squirrel consists offruits, vegetable matter, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. No specific information is available for this species, but female Himalayan Striped Squirrels have three pairs of teats, one pectoral and two inguinal. Mean litter size is 2 - 3.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Himalayan Striped Squirrel is arboreal and very cryptic, using mostly the higher strata of forest. Its vocalization is described as a harsh “ chick ” call and the nests are built in tree holes. It moves through the forest, alternating quick dashes with static periods, with tail usually straight out behind the body. When frightened, it flattens its body and tail against a tree trunk and remains motionless.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Himalayan Striped Squirrel is sometimes seen in pairs or small groups.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC0ED3EFAFCFB1FFB25F5F0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Himalayan Striped Squirrel presents a wide distribution, a presumed large population, and a stable population trend. It is generally resistant to hunting pressure and highly adaptable to habitat degradation. It is also found in association with humans in fruit trees and coconut palm plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	materials_examined	Mt. Fan Si Pan, near Chapa, Tonkin, Vietnam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Red River Valley, from SC Yunnan in China to N Vietnam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 216 mm, tail 168 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Throat, chin, and neck of the Red-throated Squirrel are ocherous tawny, contrasting with dark blue-gray of rest of venter. Ventral surface of tail has a rich red coloration. It lacks the orange red flank patches of the Red-hipped Squirrel (D. pyrrhomerus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High elevations. The Red-throated Squirrel occurs at elevations above those at which the Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel (D. rufigenis) occurs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Red-throated Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFAF6FBF4FA74FF9E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Redthroated Squirrel has a wide distribution, is common, and presents tolerance to habitat modification.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ichang, Yang-tse-kiang [river] [Hu- pei, China]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. p. pyrrhomerusThomas, 1895 — S & CChina (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Anhui, Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, extremeWFujian) andextremeNVietnam. D. p. riudonensisJ. A. Allen, 1906 — Hainan 1	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 194 - 210 mm, tail 140 - 162 mm; weight c. 245 g. The Red-hipped Squirrel has a conspicuous red patch on each thigh, and entire underside of tail is vivid red. Nominate subspecies pyrrhomerus has conspicuous reddish patches on thighs, but no red on head; riudonensis also has conspicuous reddish hip patches, but its head is completely red.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Holes in rocky terrain and similar habitats. The Red-hipped Squirrelis spottily distributed within the landscape.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Red-hipped Squirrel is almost entirely terrestrial and is recorded as being fairly inactive during the winter season.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCBFC41FE0AFFCF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Redhipped Squirrel has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, and occurs in a number ofprotected areas. It has been regionally Red Listed in China as Near Threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	materials_examined	Mt. Mooleyit, Tenasserim, Burma.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. r rufigenis Blanford, 1878 — S China (SW Yunnan), C & S Myanmar, Thailand, [Laos, and Vietnam. D. r. adamsoniThomas, 1914 — NEIndia, NMyanmar, andSChina (WYunnan). D. r. belfieldiBonhote, 1908 — MalayPeninsula. D. r. fuscusBonhote, 1907 — SVietnam. D. r. ornatus Thomas, 1914 — E & S China (Anhui, Hunan, Yunnan, SW Guangxi, and likely in S Guizhou and N Guandong).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 170 - 228 mm, tail 130 - 180 mm; weight 190 - 335 g. The Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel is distinguished by its reddish cheeks, a rich red coloration in anal area and on underside oftail, lack of red thigh patches, and lack of a reddish throat. Its dorsum is dull olive-gray agouti and venter is grayish white. Nominate subspecies rufigenis is dull olive-gray agouti above, with buff or whitish ear patches. Compared with rufigenis, adamsoni has a darker and more reddish dorsum, and patch behind earis larger and whiter. Subspecies belfieldi has a paler and more grizzled dorsum and redder cheeks than rufigenis and also has a white (not buff) patch behind ear. Subspecies fuscus has very dark brown dorsum, grizzled with buff; cheeks are chestnut and thighs are deep chestnut. Venter is creamy white, with deep chestnut on underside oftail. Subspecies ornatusis larger than rufigenis and it is more brightly colored than belfieldi. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 38; FN = 62.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Foothills, generally at elevations below ¢. 1500 m. In Malaysia, the Asian Redcheeked Squirrel occurs on ridges and mountains between elevations of ¢. 800 - 1800 m, and as low as ¢. 400 m in tropical submontane forests. It can persist in degraded and fragmented habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel is diurnal. It is partially terrestrial but also spends time high in canopy where it nests in tree hollows. It is found most often in dense shrub layer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED3FFFCEF6EEF629F4A4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Asian Red-cheeked Squirrel has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and presents tolerance to habitat modification. It is threatened by hunting for meat in parts of north-eastern India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	materials_examined	“ Borneo. ” Restricted by M. W. Lyon in 1906 and by L. R. Heaney in 1985 toJava. Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. N. m. melanotisS. Miller, 1840 — WJava. N. m. bancanusLyon, 1906 — BangkaI, Indonesia. N. m. borneanusLyon, 1906 — Borneo, andLautI (offSEBorneo). N. m. pulcher Miller, 1902 — Sumatra and Singkep I (Lingga Archipelago), Indonesia. The population on Belitung I is of uncertain subspecific affinity but is likely to be bancanus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 79 - 6 mm (males) and 79 mm (females), tail mean 62 mm (males) and 70 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 17 g. Dorsum of the Black-eared Squirrel is plain pale agouti, with a black stripe from nose to eye; a broad bufly stripejust below black stripe extends to a buffy patch behind eye, and a second thin black stripe below buffy stripe extends to mouth. These stripes differentiate the Black-eared Squirrel from species of Exilisciurus. Back of ear and patch of fur just behind it are black. Subspecies melanotis has darker pelage than the other subspecies, dorsum is orange-brown and venteris pale orange-brown. Nape of neck is lighter brown than crown. Subspecies bancanus has yellow brown pelage, a distinct nape patch, and a buffy facial stripe. Subspecies borneanus has yellow brown pelage; a nape patch is present, although darker and less distinctive than pulcher. Facial stripe is whitish and slightly tinged with buffy. Subspecies pulcheris very similar to bancanus, although bancanus has darker pelage. Pelage is yellow brown with a distinct nape patch and whitish facialstripe.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland dipterocarp forests, up to elevations of ¢. 1070 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Black-eared Squirrel is a bark gleaner.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Black-eared Squirrel is mostly seen on tree trunks and major branches due to its foraging behavior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC2ED20FAF5F679FD45F4FF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Blackeared Squirrel is widespread and abundant in suitable habitat. Although it prefers primary forest, it is also known to occur in secondary and selectively logged forest. It is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agricultural conversion, though this is not a major threat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Dimaniang, Busuanga Island, Calamianes group, Philippine Islands. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. WC Philippines, Busuanga I in the Calamian Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 203 mm (males) and 202 mm (females), tail mean 160 mm (males) and 165 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Busuanga Squirrel is clay to tawny-olive, darker than sides due to dark bases of hairs and presence of fully black hairs. Venteris paler than dorsum due to presence of long grayish white hairs. Head is grayish, tail basal area is similar to dorsum, hands and feet are dark brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Busuanga Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF62FB18FACAFE8D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Busuanga Squirrel is locally common and is successful in secondary forests and gardens. It is hunted at times because it can be an agricultural pest, butthis is unlikely to be a major threat. However, there is ongoing habitat loss due to conversion offorests to slash and burn areas that it does not tolerate.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	materials_examined	“ Calamianes ... von Culion ” (= Cala- mian I, Philippines).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	distribution	Distribution. WC Philippines, in the Calamian Is, except Busuanga I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 mm, tail 190 mm; weight 190 g (a single fewr: male). Description of the Culion Tree Squirrel is based on only two skins in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History. Dorsum of one specimen is light brown, grizzled with white and dark brown, with white patches on upper dorsum. Second specimen has dorsal pelage that is light brown-russet, grizzled with white, and the russet color is more pronounced on midline. Tail of both specimensis darker than dorsum; venteris cream.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forest, but also coconut groves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Culion Tree Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA6AF890F5CDFB14.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Culion Tree Squirrel is considered locally common and presents certain habitat tolerance, as it occurs in plantations and agricultural areas. However, it is restricted to a very limited area with a significant ongoing forest conversion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mindanado (= Mindanao I), ” Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E & SE Philippines, in Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Bohol, Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao, and Basilan Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 193 mm (males) and 194 mm (females), tail mean 172 mm (males) and 192 mm (females); weight mean c ¢. 244 g. Dorsum of the Philippine Tree Squirrel is brown. Ventervaries from gray to dull orange-brown and tail is annulated. A reddish ring encircles each eye.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane forests, up to elevations of c. 2100 m. The Philippine Tree Squirrel also occurs near agricultural lands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available forthis species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Philippine Tree Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FF6CF62CF9DFF52E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Philippine Tree Squirrel is widespread, locally abundant, and considered a crop pest in certain areas. It is common in the local pet trade and could also be hunted locally for food. The effect of both of these potential threats is not well known, but may not be great.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	materials_examined	“ Samar and Leyte, ” Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	distribution	Distribution. EC Philippines, in Samar and Leyte Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 191 mm (males) and 185 mm (females), tail mean 161 mm (males) and 158 mm (females); weight mean 243 g (males) and 222 g (females). Dorsum of the Samar Squirrel and tail are dark gray, venter and lower surface of limbs are ashy, and upper surface of feet is dark gray. The Samar Squirrel is similar to the Minandao Squirrel (S. mindanensis), but larger, with nose, thighs, and eye area same color as dorsalfur.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane forests, upland agricultural lands and very disturbed areas. The Samar Squirrel can adapt to a variety of habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Samar Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED20FA69FD75F769F000.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Samar Squirrel is considered an agricultural pest in some places, damaging corn and sweet potato crops. Major threats are not known, but it is illegally traded as a pet and hunted for local consumption.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	materials_examined	“ the islands of Palawan ... Puerto Princesa [Philippines], ” Puerto Princesa, Palawan I, Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Philippines, in C & N Palawan I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 201 mm (males) and 195 mm (females), tail mean 172 mm (males) and 155 mm (females); weight mean 283 - 9 g (males) and 243 - 9 g (females). The Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel is similar to the Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel (S. steerii) but is less rufous, showing a general brown color. Sides are gray, venter varies from completely white to rufous. Tail is black tipped.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and cdlowland forests, but also mosaics of grasslands, plantation and degraded forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available on this species, but the Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel is reported as a pest in coconut plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDDED21FA15F3A4FEF1F207.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel is widespread and common, even abundant in suitable habitat. There are currently no major threats, although it is occasionally hunted as a pest and is traded as a pet throughout Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	materials_examined	“ Java. ” Restricted by H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss in 1918 to Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. h. hippurus 1. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1831 — RangenotcertainbutlikelyMalay: PeninsulaandESumatra. S. h. borneensisGray, 1867 — mostofBorneo (Brunei, Sarawak, Kalimantan). S. h. hippurellusLyon, 1907 — WBorneo, intheWcoastofKalimantanandfromKapuasandLandakriverstothelowerRajangRiverinSSarawak. S. h. hippurosusLyon, 1907 — WcoastofSumatra. S. h. inquinatusThomas, 1908 — fromLawasRiverinNSarawak, Malaysia, totheriversSebukuandSembakunginNNorthKalimantanProvince, Indonesia. S. h. ornatusDaoVanTien & CaoVanSung, 1990 — SVietnam (CaMauProvince). S. h. pryeri Thomas, 1892 — N Borneo, throughout Sabah, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 247 mm (males) and 235 mm (females), tail mean 235 mm (males) and 246 mm (females); weight mean 429 - 9 g (males) and 432.7 g (females). Pelage of the Horse-tailed Squirrel varies geographically. On the Malay Peninsula, dorsum is a bright chestnut, head, shoulders, and sides are speckled black and gray, venter is deep brick red and tail is extremely thick, bushy, and completely glassy black. In Borneo, dorsum is reddish brown, head and shoulders are gray. Subspecies borneensis has brick red venter, with shoulders and thighs that are heavily grizzled gray. Subspecies hippurellus has dark reddish venter, and tail is not very similar to a horse’s tail, although it is still very thick, bushy, and entirely dark in most individuals. Tail tip of some individuals can be reddish. Subspecies hippurosus is larger than other subspecies. Subspecies inquinatus has dull orange ventral fur. In the subspecies ornatus, head, shoulders, rump, and upper surfaces of limbs are grayish brown, suffused with ocherous on flanks. Anterior part of mid-dorsal area is washed with rufous color, and posterior part is glossy red-brown bordered thinly with orange-brown. Venter is bright chestnut, tail is dark brown on basal one-third and red on tip. Subspecies pryeri has white venter, which is red tinged in some individuals, and tail is grizzled.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tall and secondary forests from lowlands to hills. On Malay Peninsula, the Horse-tailed Squirrel occurs only from the lowlandsto the hills of the main area of distribution, up to elevations of ¢. 1006 m in Mount Tahan. In Borneo, the species occurs throughout the lowlands and the hills, except in eastern parts of Central Kalimantan and in the south part of the island. In Sarawak, Malaysia, it was recorded at an elevation of ¢. 1524 m on Mount Dulit.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Horse-tailed Squirrel feeds on seeds, fruits, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Horse-tailed Squirrel is diurnal, using the forest undercanopy, understory, and ground. It is often seen in small trees, and the most common vocalization is described as “ chek chek chekchekchekchek. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Horse-tailed Squirrel is frequently observed alone or in pairs. A population density of 0 - 04 ind / ha was estimated in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FAF4FC5CF9F1FB66.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Horse-tailed Squirrel prefers primarily lowland forest, where it is common, but is also found in secondary forests. It is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agricultural conversion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Magtaguimbong, Mt. Mantalinga- jan, Palawan Isl, Republic of the Philip- pines, Island between 3600 and 4350 ft [1097 and 1326 m] elevations ... approximately 8 ° 48 ’ N, 117 ° 40 ’ E. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Philippines, in S Palawan I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	description	Fab notes. Head-body mean 183 mm (males) and 163 mm (females), tail mean 140 mm sles and 135 mm (females); weight mean 163 g. The Palawan Montane Squirrel is brown on dorsum and gray on venter. Ventral hair has light buff tips.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High elevation forests above ¢. 800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Palawan Montane Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFCFFA96FE51FEC1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. No additional information on the biology of the Palawan Montane Squirrel has been collected since its description in 1979. There are no major threats from humans because its main habitat has not been disturbed, as it is steep and inaccessible.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Balabac ” (Philippines).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Philippines, in S Palawan, Bancalan, Matangule, and Balabac Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 200 mm (males) and 199 mm (females), tail mean 161 mm (males) and 156 mm (females); weight mean 257 - 1 g (males) and 222.5 g (females). Dorsum of the Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel varies from chestnut to light brown, and venter varies from chestnut to dull brown. The Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel is similar to the Northern Palawan Tree Squirrel (S. juvencus) but is more rufous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland forests, coconut groves, and banana plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Southern Palawan Tree Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDCED21FFC3F5D1F92EF47D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Southern Palawan Tree Squirrelis locally abundant, and considered a garden and crop pest. Forest conversion to rice paddiesis a potential threat, and although hunting is widespread, it is unlikely to be a major impact.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	materials_examined	“ Lumbidan, on the mainland opposite Labuan, ” (Sarawak, Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. l. lowThomas, 1892 — Borneo. S. l. balaeMiller, 1903 — BatuIs (offWSumatra). ee 1910 — BanggiI 0 orneo). S. l. humalisMiller, 1913 — Sumatra. S. l. natunensisThomas, 1895 — NatunaIs (offWBorneo). S. l. robinsoniBonhote, 1903 — MalayPeninsula. S. l. seimundi Thomas & Wroughton, 1909 — Kundur I, in Riau Archipelago (off E Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 144 mm (males) and 137 mm (females), tail mean 93 mm (males) and 89 mm (females); weight mean 78 - 7 g (males) and 76 - 4 g (females). Dorsum of Low’s Squirrel is speckled brown, tail is short and bushy, and an inconspicuous reddish buff ring encircles each eye. Low’s Squirrel is similar to the Slender Squirrel (S. tenuis), but has creamy white venter and shorter tail, with a reddish tinge in some individuals. Subspecies balae has nearly white venter. Subspecies bangueyae has dark greenish olivaceous pelage, with buffy light bands on hairs, instead of ocherous light bands found in other subspecies. Subspecies humilis is similar to seimundi, but with darker fur. Subspecies natunensis is a smaller subspecies and has shorter feet and longer ears. Dorsum is grizzled rufous and venter is white, strongly washed with rufous. This subspecies lacks a black patch behind ear and has a rufous, not yellow, antorbital spot. However, O. Thomas cautioned that the study skin of the type was prepared from a specimen preserved in alcohol, and it might have reddened skin. Subspecies robinsoniis very similar to the nominate lowii but is smaller. Subspecies seimundi is similar to robinsoni, but dark dorsal color expands downward on flanks, narrowing the white ventral area.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mostly in lowland tall and secondary dipterocarp forests. On Borneo, Low's Squirrel is mainly found in lowland forests below elevations of ¢. 900 m, although it is recorded up to ¢. 1400 m in the Kelabit Highlands, Sarawak, Malaysia. On the Malay Peninsula, it occurs in lowlands and foothills at elevations up to ¢. 924 m. At high elevations, it is widespread, but not common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. L. ow’s Squirrel forages in small standing trees, fallen trees, and on the ground, consuming mostly bark, but also fruits, insects, and fungi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Low’s Squirrels usually give birth to two or three young, and mean litter size is 2: 3 (n = 4). Three pregnant females were captured between end of April and August. Nests of Low's Squirrel are similar to nests of Large Treeshrews (Tupaia tana), but it also can nest in hollows oftrees or in the ground. Five nests were described in Borneo, two of them were built in cavities (2 m above the ground in a sapling and 0 - 5 m above the ground in a stump) and filled inside with leaves and plantfibers. Two other nests were globular structures with diameters of 10 - 15 cm, made of leaves and plant fibers in branches of palms, at 2 m and 3 - 5 m above the ground. The fifth nest was subterranean, with an entrance hole of 6 cm in diameter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Low’s Squirrel is diurnal, with activity peaks in early morning and late afternoon. It uses all strata offorest, although it is not commonly found in high trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Pasoh Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, the population density of Low’s Squirrel was estimated to be 0 - 19 ind / ha in primary forest, 0 - 04 ind / ha in regenerating forest, and 0 - 10 ind / ha in riparian forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFF7FEFBFE6BFD65.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Low's Squirrel is widespread and common in degraded and secondary habitats. There are no major threats to the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Gunong Tahan, ” (Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mt Tahan and other peaks in Peninsular Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 155 mm, tail 104 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Upland Squirrel is speckled brownish with whitetipped guard hairs, venter is gray, and tail is annulated. The Upland Squirrel is similar to the Slender Squirrel (S. tenuis), but is darker and larger.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane and lower montane forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Upland Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FAF6F9DEF871FD1E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Upland Squirrel is not yet assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red Lust.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	materials_examined	Singapore.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. t. tenuisHorsfield, 1824 — MalayPeninsula. S. t. bancarusMiller, 1903 — BanyakIs (offWSumatra). S. t. modestusS. Miller, 1840 — Sumatra, andlikelyonBatuIs (oftWSumatra). S. t. parvusMiller, 1901 — Borneo. S. t. procerus Miller, 1901 — Bunguran I, North Natuna Is (off W Borneo). Subspecific affinity of populations on Anambas, Riau, and N Lingga archipelagos are unclear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 141 mm (males) and 140 mm (females), tail mean 113 mm (males) and 115 mm (females); weight mean 85 - 2 g (males) and 81 - 4 g (females). Dorsum of the Slender Squirrel is speckled brownish, venter is gray and tail is long and slender. Hairs of venter are gray with white or buffy tips. Fur is pale around eyes and above the facial whiskers. Most individuals have an indistinct pale spot behind ears. Nominate subspecies ten- wis has a duller coloration. Popo bancarus has brown dorsal fur tinged with yellow. Subspecies modestus has cream-gray venter, a rufous wash in flank, and a tail that is same color as dorsum but with black tip. Subspecies parvus is similar to nominate tenuis, but with buff-tinged venter. Subspecies procerus is also similar to tenuis, but smaller.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mostly lowerstrata oftall and secondary forests, in lowlands and hills up to elevations of ¢. 1650 m. In Borneo, the Slender Squirrel is more common in lower areas, and in mountain ranges of northern and central Borneo, it appears to be ecologically replaced byJentink’s Squirrel (S. jentinki).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Slender Squirrel feeds on fruits, seeds, insects, and inner bark.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but litter size in the Slender Squirrel is 2 - 4 young, with a mode of three.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Slender Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. A population density of 0 - 13 ind / ha was estimated for the Slender Squirrel in Ulu Muda Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED23FFCDF534F99CF2C7.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Slender Squirrel is widespread and common in degraded and secondary habitats. There are no major threats to the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	materials_examined	Mindanao I (Philippines).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Philippines, in Mindanao and nearby adjacent small Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 203 mm (males) and 200 mm (females), tail mean 191 mm (males) and 192 mm (females); weight mean c. 285 g. Dorsum and tail of the Mindanao Squirrel are dark gray. Hairs have a black base, buffy middle, and a black tip. Mid-dorsal area is darker, nose and eye region are rufous, thighs and dorsal parts of feet are rufous gray. Venter, including lower surface oflegs, is ashy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane forest, including lower edges of mossy forest. The Mindanao Squirrelis also found in agricultural areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mindanao Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDEED24FACAF5BFFC8AF40E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mindanao Squirrelis widely distributed, occurs in a number of protected areas, and is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification. Potential threats are the illegal pet trade and hunting for local consumption.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sungei Kring, Korinichi Peak, ” Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W Sumatra (Mt Leuser and Mt Kerinci in the Barisan Mts).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 150 mm, tail 115 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Sumatran Mountain Squirrel is speckled brownish and venter is light gray. It is similar to the Slender Squirrel (S. tenuis), but has a lighter venter, more yellowish feet, and longer fur.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Heavy jungle and all forest strata from low bushes to higher parts of canopy at elevations of ¢. 488 - 2530 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sumatran Mountain Squirrel consumes curious acorn-like nuts that the local people call “ giseng. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF14F799FCAAFB85.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. The Sumatran Mountain Squirrel is not yet assessed as a distinct species on The IUCN Red List.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Sciurus brooke: Thomas, 1892,	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mount Dulit, N. Borneo ” (Sarawak, Ma- laysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N, C & W Borneo Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 154 mm (males) and 152 mm (females), tail mean 112 mm (males) and 122 mm (females); weight mean 124 g (males) and 132 - 5 g (females). Dorsum of Brooke's Squirrel is speckled brown and venter is gray with an orange patch between hindlegs. Tips of ventral hair are whitish. Tail is barred.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tall forests on hill ranges at elevations of ¢. 600 - 1500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Brooke's Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FA16FA71F63BFEC2.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Brooke's Squirrel has relatively a large and stable population in Kinabalu Park. It is probably naturally rare, and as a hill speciesit is not heavily affected by the extensive lowland forest conversions in Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Madaum, 25 feet [8 m] altitude, Tagum Municipality, Davao Province, Mindanao Island, Philippines Islands. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Philippines, known only from the type locality in the Davao del Norte Province, Mindanao.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 198 mm, tail mean 182 mm (males). No specific data are available for body weight. The Davao Squirrel has buffy colored cheeks and a mid-dorsal stripe extending from nose to base of tail. The stripe darkens gradually toward base of tail, and hairs ofstripe have a black base and russet tip. Venter is apricot-buff and sides are clearly marked off from darker dorsal fur and lighter ventral fur. Median portion of tail is russet, bordered by black and with an outer border of white, and ventral surface oftail is less russet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Davao Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF69FCAEFC8EFF3A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Abundance and population size of the Davao Squirrel are not known, and there are no conservation measures in place.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sereinu, ” Sipora I, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai, and South Pagai Is (off W Sumatra), Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 119 mm (males) and 116 mm (females), tail mean 75 mm (males) and 78 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The dull dorsum of the Fraternal Squirrel is a finely grizzled brownish rufous. Hands, feet, and tail have the same color. Cheeks and thighs are more rufous. Hairs of venter have slaty gray bases and pale rufous-white tips. The Fraternal Squirrelis similar to the Slender Squirrel (S. tenwis), but smaller and with more uniform coloration.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland evergreen forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Fraternal Squirrel is thought to feed on bark and arthropods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Fraternal Squirrel forages on the ground and lower levels of forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED24FF11F313F7FCF223.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Fraternal Squirrel has a very limited extent of occurrence, its habitat is severely fragmented and it is experiencing a rapid and continuing population decline due to illegal logging. It is not known if it occurs in any protected areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mount Penrisen, West Sarawak, ” (Malay- sia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N, C & W Borneo Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 155 - 175 mm, tail 98 - 111 mm; weight c. 130 g. The Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel is a dark squirrel with rounded ears and brown speckled dorsum, venter is gray with buffy white-tipped hairs; tail is black with red-tipped hairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests at elevations above ¢. 975 m, less common in secondary forests and fruit plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel is reported to feed on insects (35 % of the stomach contents of 19 individuals), earthworms, fruits and nuts, and leaves and shoots.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel is terrestrial.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD9ED25FA1DF5D3FB9CF5D6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel is a common species and it can tolerate secondary forests and fruit orchards, although it appears to be more common in primary forest. Major threat to the Bornean Mountain Ground Squirrel is deforestation due to land conversion for agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	materials_examined	“ Thougyeen district ” (Tenasserim, Myan- mar).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. b. berdmoreiBlyth, 1849 — EMyanmarEofSalweenRiverandSintopeninsularMyanmarandThailand. M. b. consularisThomas, 1914 — SChina (SYunnan) andWThailand. M. b. decoratusThomas, 1914 — C & SMyanmar, betweentheIrrawaddyandSalweenrivers. M. b. moerescensThomas, 1914 — rangeextentunclearbutknownfromSVietnam. M. b. mouhoteiGray, 1861 — EThailand, SLaos, andCambodia. M. b. peninsularisKloss, 1919 — PeninsularThailandSoftheIsthmusofKra. M. b. pyrrocephalus Milne-Edwards, 1867 — range extent unclear but known from S Vietnam. The specimens collected in NW Laos were only identified to species level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 182 mm (males and females), tail mean 138 mm (males) and 133 mm (females); weight mean 176 g (males) and 172 g (females). Dorsum of the Indochinese Ground Squirrel varies from tawny agouti to brownish agouti, with two whitish lateral lines, and a variable number of dark or black lines, on each side of body. Number of dark lines varies from none, in individuals found in some dry forests, to three lateral lines and a mid-dorsal line, in individuals inhabiting the wettest forests. Venter varies from yellowish to whitish. Nominate subspecies berdmore: has lateral black stripes, but usually lacks mid-dorsal stripe. Subspecies consularis has a yellowish white venter and only one black line on each side, between the lateral white stripes, but this line can be seasonally absent. Pelage of decoratus has an olive color background with very prominent mid-dorsal and lateral black stripes. Subspecies moerescens has a very similar coloration to decoratus, but with less contrast and an olive brown background. Subspecies mouhotei has a grizzled gray-brown dorsum, with only one lateral black line between the white stripes; venteris white. Subspecies peninsularis has very prominent black stripes. Subspecies pyrrocephalus has brown dorsum tinted with black, a discrete mid dorsalstripe, which fades out completely over shoulders and toward tail, and a lateral dusky brown stripe bordered above and below by yellowish white stripes. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 62; FN = 76.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savanna and forest habitats, most usually in scrublands and dry forests. Although uncommon, the Indochinese Ground Squirrel can also be found in dense forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Indochinese Ground Squirrel is known to consume wild banana (Musa acuminate, Musaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but female Indochinese Ground Squirrels have three pairs of teats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Indochine Ground Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC1F737F9B9F220.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Indochinese Ground Squirrelis widespread and extremely abundant in suitable habitat. It tolerates habitat degradation and is only locally threatened by total habitat conversion due to agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	materials_examined	“ Pontianak ” (W Kalimantan, Indo- nesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. R. I laticaudatus S. Miller, 1840 — N, W, & S Borneo and Natuna Is (Buguran and Serasan). R. l. alacrisThomas, 1908 — MalayPeninsula, wherethesubspeciessaturatusisnotpresent. R. l. saturatus Robinson & Kloss, 1919 — Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Tuangku I, Indonesia. The subspecific affinities of the populations on Lingga and Anambas archipelagos are not known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 195 - 215 mm, tail 115 - 140 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum of the Shrew-faced Squirrel is dark brown and venter is white or buff. Muzzle is long and tail is held frequently upwards. Subspecies saturatusis slightly darker than other subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The diet of the Shrew-faced Squirrel consists of arthropods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litter size in the Shrew-faced Squirrelis usually one to two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Shrew-faced Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FACFF9B8F68EFCAA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List. The Shrewfaced Squirrel is widespread, can occur in logged and secondary forest, and is present in numerous protected areas. However, it is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agricultural conversion, which is occurring at a high rate in its entire Sundaic range.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mount Kina-Balu, ” (Sabah, Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & C Borneo Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 130 mm (males) and 126 mm (females), tail mean 125 mm (males) and 112 mm (females); weight mean 60 g (males) and 55 g (females). Dorsum ofJentink’s Squirrel is pale specked brownish or creamy white, and underfur is gray. Tail is thin and has a banded dark and pale look, due to the reddish, black, and white hair bands. There is a creamy white mustache on face. Eye rings and borders of ears are also creamy white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Jentink’s Squirrel is often observed following mixed species bird flocks to consume insects that they flush.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Jentink’s Squirrelis diurnal and uses mostly crowns of small trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED25FFC3FCE6FBB4F0A8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Jentink’s Squirrel occurs in areas above where major forest conversion in Borneo takes place, and it occurs in several protected areas acrossits range. It is threatened by small-scale agriculture for strawberries and potatoes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sumatra, ” (Indonesia). Restricted by H. J. V. Sody in 1949 to Lampongs (= Lampung), S Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. L. i. insignisF. Cuvier, 1821 — SumatraandEJava. L. i. diwversusThomas, 1898 — Borneo. L. i. javanusThomas & Wroughton, 1909 — W] Java. L. i. peninsulaeMiller, 1903 — MalayPeninsula. L. i. rostratus Miller, 1903 — Batu Is and W Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 194 mm (males) and 187 mm (females), tail mean 100 mm (males) and 104 mm (females); weight mean 174 - 9 g (males) and 182 - 1 g (females). Dorsum of the Three-stripe Ground Squirrel is dark brown with three darker longitudinal stripes, venter is white or pale buff. Furis thin on body and tail is relatively flat. Nominate subspecies insignis has a variable dorsum, but is usually dark, with gray venter. In Sumatra, montane form of the Three-striped Ground Squirrel is even darker. Subspecies diversus is similar to Malayan forms, but has orange brown flanks and longertail. Subspecies javanus has dorsum and venter washed with rufous. Subspecies peninsulae has lighter and brighter yellow pelage. Venteris cream buff fading to white on chest and darkening to buff on the inner hindlegs. Hind feet are brown grizzled with yellow, front feet are brown. Subspecies rostratus has a more elongated rostrum and a darker pelage with broader black dorsal stripes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland dipterocarp forests, but also in deforested habitat. In Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia, the Three-striped Ground Squirrel was captured slightly more often in disturbed areas than in pristine environments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Three-striped Ground Squirrel consists of fruits and nuts. There is a record of individuals eating buds of the Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) flower in Gunung Gading National Park, in Sarawak, Borneo. Research indicates that it may have a specialized diet, foraging for food in cooler areas, which it appears to prefer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but a female Three-striped Ground Squirrel with two embryos was captured on the Malay Peninsula.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Three-striped Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial, and it is found mainly on the ground and low on tree buttresses or fallen trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. A home range of 0 - 1 - 0 - 2 ha was recorded for a single adult female in Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Selangor, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD8ED26FAC3F336FB9AF0E1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Previously, the Three-striped Ground Squirrel was believed to be relatively common, perhaps because it is able to withstand anthropogenic disturbance, but now it is believed to be less abundant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	materials_examined	“ Batu Sang Mount [Mt. Batu Song], Baram River, N. Borneo (5000 feet), ” Sarawak, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & NC Borneo, from Mt Kinabalu to the Kelabit Highlands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 189 mm, tail 86 mm; weight mean c. 215 g (females). The Fourstriped Ground Squirrel can be distinguished from the other Lariscus species by presence of a brown mid-dorsal stripe and orange brown venter, without gray hair bases.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary forests. The Fourstriped Ground Squirrel occurs at elevations up to c. 1530 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is one record of a female with two young. A second female with two embryos was captured in 25 July in northern Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Foursstriped Ground Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F7BFFAC7FBF4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Four-striped Ground Squirrel is extremely rare, and although still occurring in a relative large area, it depends on primary forests, which are rapidly being lost to timber harvesting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Pajo, Sumatra ” Restricted by H. C. Robin- son and C. B. Kloss in 1918 to Pajokombo, Padang Highlands, west Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. L. n. niobeThomas, 1898 — BarisanRangeinWSumatra.:. L. n. vulcanus Kloss, 1921 — Ijen Mts in E Java.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 189 mm (males) and 194 mm (females), tail mean 90 mm (males) and 85 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Niobe Ground Squirrelis the darkest species of the genus, with dorsum so dark that the black lateralstripes are not visible. Ventral pelageis tinged dark, and tail is short. A dark mid-ventralline, grizzled with black and buff is present in tail. Nominate subspecies niobe has white-tipped tail hairs and subspecies vulcanus has buff or tawny-tipped tail hairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, and scrublands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Niobe Ground Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FF13F2C4F6E8F27C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Niobe Ground Squirrelis protected in Indonesia. No recent information onits distribution, status and ecological requirements is available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	materials_examined	“ South Pagai I, Sumatra, ” Mentawai Islands, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. L. o. obscurusMiller, 1903 — SouthPagaiI (offWSumatra). L. o. auroreusSody, 1949 — NorthPagaiI (offWSumatra). L. o. siberu Chasen & Kloss, 1928 — Siberut I (off W Sumatra). The species also occurs in Sipora I (off W Sumatra) but the collected specimens were identified only to species level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 201 mm (males) and 202 mm (females), tail mean 88 mm (males) and 86 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel can be distinguished from the other Lariscus species by its dark dorsum with faint longitudinalstripes. Venteris dark gray and lacks any buffy coloration. Some individuals show a pale silvery fur patch in center of venter. Muzzle is also particularly long. Subspecies auroreus has a less yellowish and more reddish dorsum. Subspecies siberu has finely grizzled black-and-white ocherous fur on venter, a slightly grayer muzzle and cheeks, and a tail slightly darker than dorsum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Scrublands, secondary forests and forest edges. The Mentawai Three-striped Squirrelis able to also tolerate human disturbance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. This species feeds on seeds, fallen fruits and arthropods. Stomach contents of three individuals contained approximately 80 % vegetable matter, mostly fruits and seeds, and ¢. 20 % animal matter, mostly arthropods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial, and based on vocalizations is most active at morning and mid-afternoon. Nests are built in burrows or fallen trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED26FA1EFA5CF697FCAE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The [UCN Red List. The Mentawai Three-striped Squirrel is probably abundantin Siberut, but is threatened by habitat degradation. It is protected in Indonesia and probably occurs in Siberut National Park.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mount Kina Balu, N. Borneo ” (Sabah, Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Borneo, Mts of Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 94 - 144 mm, tail 95 - 106 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The brownish dorsum of the Sculptor Squirrel is finely speckled, and venter is dull orange buff. It has a deep, short, blunt muzzle and lower incisors distinctively diverge to assist with feeding on exudates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Elevations 285 m and 1800 m in primary and occasionally logged forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sculptor Squirrel specializes on the latex and exudates of Beccardian bodies (used bytrees to attract ants) of figs (Ficus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available forthis species, but the Sculptor Squirrel is arboreal and diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sculptor Squirrels appear to move among fig trees in large nomadic feeding groups.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFDBED27FA18F349F932F409.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Sculptor Squirrel is known from few specimens, but is probably more common in the mountains of central Borneo. More surveys are needed to determine distribution, abundance andthreats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	materials_examined	“ central and Northern regions of Nipal ” (Nepal).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. l. lokriahHodgson, 1836 — ENepal, Bhutan, NEIndia (includingSikkim), extremeSChina (Tibet = XizanginthevicinityofMtEverest), andNMyanmar. D. l. garonumThomas, 1922 — NEIndia (GaroHillsandKhasiHillsofMeghalaya) andextremeNEBangladesh. D. l. macmillaniThomas & Wroughton, 1916 — NEIndia (NagaHillsofNagalandandChinHillsofManipur, totheWbankoftheChindwinRiver), WMyanmar, andSEXizang. D. l. motuoensisCaiGuiquan & ZhangNaizhi, 1980 — SChina (Motuo, ETibet). D. l. nielamuensisLiJianxiong & WangYingxiang, 1992 — SChina (Nielamu, CTibet). D. l. pagus Moore, 1956 — NE India (Lushai Hills of Mizoram) and W Myanmar (Chin Hills). Populations in W Yunnan (China) are of uncertain subspecific affiliation but are likely to be macmillani, nielamuensis or both.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 165 - 205 mm, tail 135 - 220 mm; weight 150 - 200 g. The Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel has a dull agouti dorsum and lacks red coloration on cheeks and hips. Ventrally, it is yellow to orangish and lacks a reddish brown perineal patch. Tail hairs are tipped with white; and underside oftail is black, mixed with a few orange hairs. Nominate subspecies lokriah has a brown dorsum, bright orange venter with a pale throat, and no orange at base oftail. Subspecies garonum is similar to lokriah, but venteris paler yellow or ocherous-buff. Subspecies macmillani has a coarsely grizzled olive-gray dorsum; nape and crown are tawnier, with a thin black line extending from nape to lower back; deep ocherous buffy patches behind ears; and a bright buffy venter with a rufous patch in inguinal area and at base oftail. Subspecies motuoensis lacks black mid-dorsal stripe of macmillani, and has a much darker dorsum and venter (a darker yellowish brown dorsally) than other subspecies. Subspecies nielamuensis is smaller than other subspecies, with a pale olive-gray dorsum and a pale yellow or orange venter. Subspecies pagus has pale yellow venter with gray bases of hairsvisible, lacks a rufous anal patch, and usually lacks mid-dorsal black stripe.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Subtropical forests and oak-rhododendron (Quercus, Fagaceae; Rhododendron, Ericaceae) forests at low elevations; coniferous forests at high elevations. The Orangebellied Himalayan Squirrel is found at elevations of ¢. 900 - 3000 m. It nests in tree holes that are generally close to the ground; nest is made of oak leaves and fern fronds, lined with grass.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel commonly feeds on insects, fruits (including those of mistletoe parasitic plants and Pandanus furcatus, Pandanaceae), and fallen nuts and fruits on the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Parturition occurs between May and August and litter-sizes of the Orangebellied Himalayan Squirrel are 2 - 5 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Orange-bellied Himalayan Ground Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Orange-bellied Himalayan Ground Squirrel comes to the ground to forage but also spends time in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3FFA63F969FC6EF473.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel has a wide distribution, a presumed large population, but a declining population trend. It is hunted for meat in India and is threatened by deforestation and habitat fragmentation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	materials_examined	“ les montagnes de la principaute de Moupin [Muping] ” (= Baoxing, Sichuan, China).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	discussion	Eight subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. p. pernyiMilne-Edwards, 1867 — C & SChina (SGansu, SShaanxi, WSichuan, NWYunnan, andWTibet = Xizang). D. p. calidiorThomas, 1916 — EChina (Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, andFujian). D. p. flaviorG. M .. Allen, 1912 — SChina (YunnanandGuangxi) andNVietnam. D. p. howelliThomas, 1922 — SChina (SWYunnan) andNMyanmar (ChinHills), andNEIndia. D. p. imusThomas, 1922 — NMyanmar. D. p. modestusThomas, 1916 — SEChina (Guizhou, SHunan, Guangxi, andGuangdong). D. p. owston: Thomas, 1908 — Taiwan. D. p. senex G. M .. Allen, 1912 — EC China (Hubei and N Guizhou).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 170 - 203 mm, tail 138 - 180 mm; weight 160 - 225 g. Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel has an agouti gray dorsum; it lacks a reddish cheek and a reddish hip patch. Venter is whitish, with a reddish brown patch in perineal region. Ventral surface of tail is buffy gray. Nominate subspecies pernyi is larger and lighter gray than the other subspecies. Subspecies calidior is similar to senex, but its dorsum is a warmer brown (almost olive-brown), venter is whiter, and it has buffy thigh patches. Subspecies flavior is smaller than nominate pernyi and is darker olive on dorsum. Subspecies howelli is generally darker above than the other subspecies, with a short mid-dorsal stripe and a darker anal patch. Subspecies mus is larger than howelli, with mid-dorsal stripe barely visible, and with a dull buff coloration on front side of limbs. Dorsum of modestus is dull brown, with inconspicuous ear patches; and venteris tinged buff, especially posteriorly. Dorsum of owstoni is brindled or grizzled buff and black, venteris dull yellowish or orangish, and throat is grayish white. Subspecies senex has a whiter patch behind ear than nominate pernyi, throat is white, and underside oftail is more ocherous than white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coniferous and evergreen broadleafforests, at elevations of ¢. 2000 - 3500 m. Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel inhabits protected planted pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) forests in the Cangshan Mountains and the Erhai Lake National Reserve (Yunnan, China), but not until pines are 6 - 10 years old or older. Abundance of Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel in this reserve is positively correlated with amount of shrub growth, and it is less common in unprotected forests, which have fewer shrubs of the same ages, outside the reserve. Human disturbances in unprotected forests causes a reduction in diversity of undergrowth, which delays colonization and reduces population levels of Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel. It is considered important for the pines’ seed dispersal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Perny’s LLong-nosed Squirrel has been known to prey on eggs and young of blue-crowned laughing thrush (Dryonastes courtoisi) in Wuyuan County (Jiangxi, China).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Perny’s L. ong-nosed Squirrel is diurnal and mostly terrestrial, but spends some time in trees. It is a highly vocal and loud species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF66F658F728F14D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel has a wide distribution, and a presumed large population. It is threatened by habitat degradation due to shifting cultivation practices and hunting for meat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	materials_examined	“ near Saigon, Cochin Chi- na, ” Vietnam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. r. rodolphi Milne-Edwards, 1867 — Viet- nam, C & S Laos, SE Thailand, and Cam- bodia. T. rn elbeli Moore, 1958 — NE Thailand (Chaiyaphum & Khon Kaen provinces). Populations in E & NE Thailand (except Chaiyaphum and Khon Kaen provinces) are of uncertain subspecific affiliation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 117 mm (males) and 118 mm (females), tail mean 111 mm (males) and 108 mm (females); weight mean c. 56 g. The Cambodian Striped Squirrel has a thin, pale brown longitudinal stripe dividing the mid-dorsal black stripe. Pairs of lateral stripes have the same pale brown color and are equally wide. Subspecies rodolphii has a dull brown nape and head, and a yellowish to orange venter. Subspecies elbeli has bright yellow-brown head and nape, and the line that divides the mid-dorsal stripe is a distinctive yellowish brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-evergreen forests with preference for slightly degraded areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but female Cambodian Striped Squirrels have three pairs of teats, one pectoral and two inguinal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Cambodian Striped Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFC3ED3EFF65FCC3FE59FFBE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Cambodian Striped Squirrel is widespread and very abundant in a variety of habitats. There are currently no major threats to this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	materials_examined	Original type locality not known. Restrict- ed by J. L. Bonhote in 1901 to Assam, In- dia, and further restricted by J. C. Moore and G. H. H. Tate in 1965 to the Garo Hills of Assam. Reports of this squirrel often occur under the name C. flavimanus. Significant further study of the many named and the likely many as yet undocumented subspecies is required; it is possible that some may merit species level distinction. Generally, 26 subspecies are recognized, some of which were divided into four groups as below by G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, 1992.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	discussion	Reports of this squirrel often occur under the name C. flavimanus. Significant further study of the many named and the likely many as yet undocumented subspecies is required; it is possible that some may merit species level distinction. Generally, 26 subspecies are recognized, some of which were divided into four groups as below by G. B. Corbet and J. E. Hill, 1992.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. The C. e. erythraeus group, Sikkim to Assam, India to Myanmar, W Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia, N Vietnam, and Taiwan: C. e. gordoniJ. Anderson, 1871 — NMyanmar. C. e. shanicusRyley, 1914 — NCMyanmar. C. e. bhutanensisBonhote, 1901 — Bhutan. C. e. rubeculusMiller, 1903 — Pahang, Malaya. C. e. erythraeusPallas, 1779 — GaroHillsofMeghalaya, India. C. e. erythrogasterBlyth, 1842 — Wbank, ChindwinRiver, Myanmar. C. e. castaneoventrisGray, 1842 — Hainan, China. C. e. atrodorsalisGray, 1842 — areasurroundingMawlamyaing, Myanmar. C. e. thaiwanensisBonhote, 1901 — NWTaiwan. TheC. e. flavimanusgroup, Laos, Cambodia, andSVietnam: C. e. flavimanus 1. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1831 — CVietnam. TheC. e. sladenigroup, betweentheChindwinandIrrawaddyriversofMyanmar: C. e. harringtoniThomas, 1905 — areasurroundingHomalin, upperChindwin, Myanmar. C. e. intermediusJ. Anderson, 1879 — Assam, India. C. e. sladeniJ. Anderson, 1871 — Thizyain, upperMyanmar. TheC. e. styanigroup, EChina: C. e. ningpoensisBonhote, 1901 — vicinityofNingbo, China. C. e. styaniThomas, 1894 — Kahing, SEChina. OthersubspeciesnotassignedtoagroupbyCorbetandHill: C. e. bartoniThomas, 1914 — upperChindwin, Myanmar. C. e. bonhoteiRobinson & Wroughton, 1911 — Chinchiensan, Sichuan, China. C. e. gloverThomas, 1921 — Nagchuka, WSichuan, China. C. e. grisesmanusMilne-Edwards, 1867 — nearSaigon, Vietnam. C. e. hendeeiOsgood, 1932 — NVietnam. C. e. hyperythrusBlyth, 1856 — SMyanmar, SWThailandonMalayPeninsula. C. e. michianusRobinson & Wroughton, 1911 — Yunnan, China. C. e. pranisKloss, 1916 — KohLok, Pran, SThailand. C. e. siamensisGray, 1860 — Thailand. C. e. thaiKloss, 1917 — Raheng, CThailand. C. e. zimmeensis Robinson & Wroughton, 1916 — Chiang Mai, N Thailand. This species is found in much of C & S China (including Hainan I), Taiwan, NE India, Bangladesh, and mainland South-east Asia. Introduced and naturalized in Japan (S Honshu, Kyushu, and several surrounding small islands), Hong Kong, Western Europe (the Netherlands, Belgium, and France), and Argentina.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 209 - 227 mm, tail 176 - 216 mm; weight 286 - 375 g. There is considerable variation in the coloration among the forms of Pallas’s Squirrel. It is generally recognizable by the reddish coloration of venter (varying from dark maroon to creamy buff) and the olive-brown agouti dorsum. Nominate subspecies erythraeus group has reddish brown or reddish (sometimes agouti) underparts, commonly with a mid-ventral wedge or stripe of agouti dividing reddish brown coloration into two parts. Subspecies flavimanus group has feet that are paler than dorsum and (usually) venter. Subspecies sladeni group has a muzzle and feet that are similar in color to venter. Subspecies styani group has a venter that is pale cream to dull orange-brown; dorsum is pale and gray; and feet are agouti but not dark. Chromosome number is 2 n = 40; FN = 70 - 72. Karyotype consists of seven pairs of metacentric autosomes, eight pairs of submetacentric autosomes, two pairs of subtelocentric autosomes, two pairs of telocentric autosomes, a metacentric X chromosome, and a subtelocentric Y chromosome. Chromosomal complement of subspecies flavimanus is 2 n = 40; FN = 74.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary subtropical montane evergreen and broadleaved forests. In China, Pallas’s Squirrel is present in subalpine coniferous forests, or in a mix of conifer and broadleaf trees, at elevations above ¢. 3000 m; occursalso in tropical and subtropical forests at lower elevations. In far northern Laos, it is found in heavily degraded scrub landscapes with small degraded forest patches. It will occupy pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) plantations that are more than 16 years old if protected, but, in unprotected areas, not until plantations are 31 years old, apparently because human activities decrease important vegetation diversity on forest floor. In Peninsular Malaysia, Pallas’s Squirrel is described as being common in forests and woodlands in the hills. It was introduced to Tomogashima Island in Japan, where it prefers both broadleaved and coniferous evergreen trees. In Argentina, these introduced squirrels are reported in fruit plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Overits wide distribution, Pallas’s Squirrel seems to be extremely adaptable in its diet. On Tomogashima Island, Japan, it feeds extensively on camellia flowers (Camellia japonica, Theaceae), bayberry fruits (Myrica rubra, Myricaceae), and Japanese pine seeds (Pinus thunbergii, Pinaceae). In total, it eats 36 species of plants there: mainly camellia blossoms in January-March, leaves in April and May, and fruits (mostly seeds) in June-December. In addition, it consumes the bark of 23 plant species, eats insects (mostly ants and cicadas), and drinks water that accumulates in knotholes. In China, it has also been reported to feed on bird eggs and fledglings. In Malaysia, the stomach contents of three individuals included a significant proportion of insects, as well as starchy vegetable matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating bouts start early in the morning and last for many hours. The most dominant male chases other males away and then breeds with the female, after which he guards the female for an average of 33 minutes by giving the post-copulatory call, causing nearby males and the female to adopt their immobile anti-predator response. The female subsequently mates with another male, mating 4 - 11 timesin all during her estrus. Although not specified in the study, the assumption is that these other males also give a post-copulatory call. Mating bouts occur throughout the year, and the average litter size at weaning is 1 - 4 individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Pallas’s Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In Kamakura City, Japan, where they have been introduced and are now common, both males and females have overlapping home ranges, with fewer females overlapping with other females (2 - 3 in winter — spring, 1 - 6 in autumn-winter) than males overlapping with other males (12 - 6 in winter — spring, 8 - 7 in autumn-winter). Male home ranges were 2: 6 ha in the winter — spring season and 1 - 2 ha in the autumn-winter season. Female home ranges were 0 - 7 ha and 0 - 5 ha in the same two seasons.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED29FFCBFE59F804F095.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pallas’s Squirrel is widely distributed, has a presumed large population, and has a tolerance of some degree of habitat modification. There are no major threats to this species, although hunting for local consumption has depleted some South Asian populations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	materials_examined	“ dans les forets de Syriam, au Pégou, ” Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. pygerythrus 1. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1831 — S & SCMyanmar, betweentheIrrawaddyandSittingrivers. C. p. blythiiTytler, 1854 — NEIndiaandBangladesh, EoftheBrahmaputraRiver. C. p. janettaThomas, 1914 — SWMyanmar, WoftheIrrawaddyRiverandNtotheSChindwinrivers. C. p. lokroidesHodgson, 1836 — Nepal, Bhutan, andneighboringIndia. C. p. mearsiBonhote, 1906 — N & NCMyanmar, EoftheChindwinRiver. C. p. owensiThomas & Wroughton, 1916 — NEIndiaandNWMyanmar, betweentheBrahmaputraandtheupperChindwinrivers. C. p. stevensi Thomas, 1908 — S China (Tibet = Xizang) and NE India, likely including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland, W of the upper Chindwin River. Subspecific affinity of the small eastern population in S Yunnan (China) is unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 187 - 230 mm, tail 110 - 220 mm; weight 230 - 300 g. Dorsum of the Irrawaddy Squirrelis dark olive-brown. Its frontlegs, feet, and tail are grayer than dorsum; and tail has a black tip. A cream or ocherous buff hip patch appears seasonally. Venter is bluish gray, transitioning into a cream and orange buff coloration. Pelage varies seasonally, being brighter and with a hip patch during the wet season in summer, and duller and without a hip patch during the dry season in winter. Nominate subspecies pygerythrus is cinnamon-rufous ventrally; paler on chin, throat, and breast; olive brown dorsally; and has a black tail-tip. Subspecies blythii has a dorsum that varies from olive brown mid-dorsally to buffy brown laterally. This form has a grayish venter with a slightly buffy abdomen. It has seasonal white or creamy hip patches. Subspecies Janelta is pale ocherous-buff ventrally, and gray-olive dorsally. The short black tail-tip is inconspicuous. Cream flash mark on hip is not seasonal. Subspecies lokrides is agouti brown dorsally, more buffy laterally, grayish ventrally with a buffy venter, and has seasonal buffy orange hip patches. Subspecies mearsi has an agouti dorsum, ranging from buffy brown to light brownish olive; a buffy venter; a buffy eye ring; and seasonal white hip patches. Subspecies owensi is more rufous dorsally than other subspecies during the summer, with middle of back cinnamon-brown and sides light brownish olive agouti. It has a seasonal ocherous-buff hip patch, delineated from ventral coloration by some of the agouti dorsal pelage. Subspecies stevens: has an agouti dorsum, ranging from light brownish olive to cinnamon brown. Venter is gray, and it has seasonal buffy hip patches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Secondary and primary forests. In Dampa Wildlife Reserve (Mizoram, E India), the Irrawaddy Squirrel was observed more frequently in secondary forests than in primary forests, and most often around settlements. In China, it occurs in rainforests, at elevations of ¢. 600 - 1300 m, often in cane shrubs at edge offorest or in banana plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Irrawaddy Squirrel feeds on fruits, the flower buds of bananas, and insects. It has been known to damage orange crops, and it has also been attracted to a bait of meat. It frequently forages on the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Irrawaddy Squirrels reproduce once each year, with a litter size of three to four young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Irrawaddy Squirrel is diurnal and utilizes tree dens or makes grass-and-stick nests high in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Irrawaddy Squirrel occurs at low densities, which are thought to be 0 - 05 - 0 - 05 ind / ha.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD4ED2AFACAF824FCC3F296.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Irrawaddy Squirrel is listed on Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. Threats include habitat loss and hunting for food and medicinal purposes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Loo Mountains. ” Restricted by J. C. Moore and G. H. H. Tate in 1965 to mountains in Laos.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S China (S Yunnan), N & E Laos, and N & W Vietnam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 218 - 291 mm, tail 176 - 210 mm; weight ¢. 325 g. Dorsum and tail of the Inornate Squirrel are deep olive agouti. Ears and feet match dorsum but tail frequently is black tipped. Venter is bluish gray to light violet-gray. The Inornate Squirrel is smaller than the sympatric Pallas’s Squirrel subspecies (C. erythraeus hendeei).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Scrublands, degraded evergreen forests, and pristine evergreen forests. The Inornate Squirrel is found in wet or dry forest habitats and may be an edge specialist, which would allow it to tolerate disturbed or degraded habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Inornate Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFA17FB84F92DFE7B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Inornate Squirrel is widely distributed, has a presumed large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and tolerates some degree of habitat modification. It is hunted in Laos, but there is no evidence that this poses a threat. Habitat loss may not be a threat as it may actually benefit from shifting agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	materials_examined	Martaban, Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S China (Yunnan) and E & S Myanmar, from the upper Irrawaddy and Sittaung rivers E to the Salween River and S to its mouth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 215 - 237 mm, tail 200 - 249 mm; weight 258 - 377 g. Dorsum of Phayre’s Squirrel is agouti gray, delineated from venter color by a lateral black stripe between forelimb and hindlimb. Venter may be rich orange to very pale orange, but not red or gray. Feet are yellowish buff to pale orange; tail has a mid-ventral bright yellow stripe, 12 - 15 mm wide, and is black tipped.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary broadleaved forest; also mixed areas with cropland and tree cover. Phayre’s Squirrel is found in the rainforest vegetation area from the mouth of the Salween River northward.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Phayre’s Squirrel is described as being particularly active and an able leaper.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF17F40DF598F335.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Phayre’s Squirrel is widely distributed and its population seemsto be stable. There are no major threats to the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	materials_examined	“ common at Ponsee, on the Kakhyen range ofhills, east of Bhamo, at an elevation of from 2000 to 3000 ft ” (Myanmar).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. q. quinquestriatusJ. Anderson, 1871 — extremeNEMyanmarandNWYunnan, China. C. q. imarius Thomas, 1926 — Kachin State, N Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 200 - 222 mm, tail 180 - 210 mm; weight 258 - 315 g. Anderson’s Squirrel is a dramatically patterned squirrel. The venter has two whitestripes, separated by a mid-ventral black stripe and flanked by two other longitudinal black stripes. The grizzled dorsum is olive-brown to olive-yellow, with a rufous tint. Tail is like dorsum, but annulated with black and rufous, and hair has a black tip. Nominate subspecies quinquestriatus has shorter black stripes (with mid-ventral black stripe not extending to inguinal region, and lateral black stripes extending between forelimb and hindlimb) and longer white stripes extending to inguinal region. Subspecies imarius has longer black stripes and shorter white stripes on venter, with mid-ventral black stripe extending to scrotum; lateral lines extend onto limbs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mountain forests, generally at elevations of ¢. 1000 m, and less commonly at lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Anderson’s Squirrel feeds on vegetation and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but a pregnant female with one embryo was collected in March.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Anderson’s Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Anderson’s Squirrel lives singly or in small family groups. It builds nests of twigs on the outer branches of small trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2AFF6BFA2CFAF8FCAF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Anderson’s Squirrel has a limited extent of occurrence, and the extent and quality ofits habitat are probably declining.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	materials_examined	“ the Islands called Sichang, in the Gulf of Siam, ” Koh Si Chang, Gulf of Thailand. Sixteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	discussion	Sixteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. f. finlaysoniiHorsfield, 1823 — KohSichangI (offSThailand). S C. f. Thailandalbivexilli). Kloss, 1916 — KohKutI (off C. f. annellatusThomas, 1929 — SLaos, C & NECambodia, andlikelySWVietnam. C. f. bocourtiMilne-Edwards, 1867 — CThailand. C. f. boonsongiMoore & Tate, 1965 — NEThailand. C. f. cainnamomeusTemminck, 1853 — SEThailandandSWCambodia. C. f. ferrugineusF. Cuvier, 1829 — SCMyanmar. C. f. follett: Kloss, 1915 — KohPhaiI (offSThailand). C. f. frandseniKloss, 1916 — KohChangI (offSThailand). C. f. germainiMilne-Edwards, 1867 — ConSonI (offSVietnam). C. f. harmandiMilne-Edwards, 1877 — PhuQuocI (offSVietnam). C. f. menamicusThomas, 1929 — NCThailand. C. f. noxWroughton, 1908 — coastalThailand, SEofBangkok. C. f. sinistralis Wroughton, 1908 — C & NW Thailand. C. f. trotteriKloss, 1916 — KohLanI (offSThailand). C. f. williamsoni Robinson & Kloss, 1922 — W Laos. Introduced into Singapore and Japan (Honshu), and during the end of 20 " century into onesite in N Italy (Acqui Terme, Alessandria Province).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 191 - 212 mm, tail 173 - 222 mm; weight c ¢. 278 g. Finlayson’s Squirrel is a quite variable species, differing both within and between subspecies; it ranges from all white, to all red, to all black. There may be more than one species included underthis name. Nominate subspecies finlaysoniiis all white, with a yellow tinge on back. Subspecies albivexilli has a black tail with a white tip. Subspecies annellatus is mainly reddish brown, with a cream band at base of tail. Subspecies bocourti is quite variable, with a black dorsum and a white-to-cream head and venter. Subspecies boonsongi is mostly black above, gray on venter, and ears edged in white. Subspecies cinnamomeus is usually all red, but it may be all olive agouti. Subspecies ferrugineus is red to dark red. Subspecies folletti is grayish white. Subspecies frandseni is red with gray flanks. Subspecies germaini is all black. Subspecies harmandi is reddish brown on dorsum, light orange red on venter, and has a grayish white tail. Subspecies menamicus is all red except for tip of tail, which is buffy white. Subspecies nox is completely black. Subspecies sinistralis is mostly reddish, with a reddish agouti dorsum and a cream band at base oftail, similar to annellatus. Subspecies trotteriis gray, with a white tail and black feet. Subspecies williamson: has a chestnut coloration on venter, abruptly delineated from the red-to-orange dorsum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense and open lowland forests, and coconut plantations. In 1915, Finlayson’s Squirrel was common in shrubby growth of Koh Si Chang. It is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet and activity of Finlayson’s Squirrel was studied in Italy, where the species was introduced in 1981. Here they feed predominantly on vegetable matter, including fruits, seeds, buds, and flowers in season; buds in winter; and sap and bark in autumn, winter, and spring. Hard nuts provided by visitors were cached in nests or in trees, but never on the ground. To a small extent, these squirrels feed on insects, mostly ants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Three reproductive periods were observed in introduced populations of Finlayson’s Squirrel, April, July-August, and November-December. Females were associated with one or two juveniles that emerged from nest in January, February, June, and September. It is unknown whether these reproductive seasons correspond to those in the native distribution of the squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Finlayson’s Squirrel is active most of the day, spends very little time on the ground, and spends most ofits active time foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Homes ranges of individuals overlap extensively in the Italian populations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD7ED2BFA13F658FB27F0A9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Finlayson’s Squirrel is widely distributed, has a presumed large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and tolerates some degree of habitat modification. There are no major threats to Finlayson’s Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	materials_examined	“ Bhotan, ” restricted by Robinson and Kloss in 1918 to N Tenasserim, Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	discussion	Eight subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. c. canicepsGray, 1842 — MyanmarandThailandmainland. C. c. adangensisMiller, 1903 — LangkawiandsmallIsoffthecoastofSWpeninsularThailand. C. c. altinsularisMiller, 1903 — HighI, MerguiArchipelago (offSMyanmar). C. c. bimaculatusTemminck, 1853 — upperpeninsularThailandandMyanmarandtheiroffshoreIs. C. c. casensisMiller, 1903 — GohSindararNua (offWpeninsularThailand). C. c. concolorBlyth, 1856 — MalayPeninsula. C. c. domelicusMiller, 1903 — Domel, Bentinck, andKisseraingIs, MerguiArchipelago (offSMyanmar). C. c. fallax Robinson & Kloss, 1914 — Phangnan I (off E peninsular Thailand).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 215 - 222 mm, tail 219 - 243 mm; weight 266 - 313 g. Dorsum and tail of the Gray-bellied Squirrel are speckled olive-brown; it has gray orsilvery gray underparts, which may be washed with red, lateral stripes are absent. Tail frequently has a black tip. Nominate subspecies caniceps is bright orange on dorsum, grading to agouti gray ventrally, with an abruptly black tail tip. The bright orange is thought to be molted to agouti gray in the wet season. Subspecies adangensis has a distinct black tail-tip, and a buffy midline on ventral surface of tail. Subspecies altinsularis is much paler than neighboring subspecies. Subspecies bimaculatus lacks a reddish suffusion in dorsal midline, but it shows this coloration on sides. It has a distinct black tail-tip and a silvery gray venter, sometimes suffused with red. Subspecies casensis is very pale gray on ventral surface of tail. Subspecies concolor has reddish suffusion in midline of dorsum, and usually lacks a black tail-tip; it is silvery gray underneath. Subspecies domelicus is dark gray ventrally, fairly dark dorsally, and intensely red on sides. Subspecies fallax has a pale tail, but a darker pelage on dorsum and venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Secondary and disturbed forests, and plantations and gardens. The Gray-bellied Squirrel occurs in lowland dipterocarp forests in Malaysia. In China, it also occurs in dipterocarp forests with thick brushy vegetation. It may be found at elevations of up to ¢. 2500 m, but it is more common at lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Gray-bellied Squirrel feeds on 13 species of plants. Its dietary composition has been recorded as fruits (45 %), leaves (21 %), bark (17 %), flowers (10 %), and other (7 %). Insects are also included in the diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Gray-bellied Squirrels reach sexual maturity at approximately 230 g. When a female comes into estrus, she attracts 6 - 8 males and mates with 4 - 6 overa sixhour period. After mating with a female, a male gives a barking vocalization for 12 - 35 minutes, during which time the female and the other males do not move. In the Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, pregnant females have been trapped in most months of the year, and littersize is 1 - 5, with a mean of 2: 2 (n = 14).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Gray-bellied Squirrel is most active from 1600 h to 1800 h, but it is also active in the morning. It is usually seen at heights of 0 - 10 m, less frequently at 10 - 15 m, and infrequently at greater heights or on the ground. Nest is spherical, with a poorly defined lateral entrance through an outer wall of small twigs or coarse leaves, which is lined with shredded fibrous material. Nest is usually in upper branches of a small tree or bush, but one was found on the ground at the foot of a bamboo clump, among leaf litter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Among individuals, home ranges of overlap, both between and within sexes, with those of males averaging 2 - 4 - 2 - 6 ha, and those of females, 1: 2 - 1 - 5 ha. Home range of the Gray-bellied Squirrel does not change seasonally. They alert each other to presence of predators through specific calls, which appear to be related to type of predator observed. They appear to be well-habituated to presence of humans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2BFFC1F7F6F674F2C2.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Graybellied Squirrel is widely distributed, has a presumed large population, occurs in a number of protected areas, and is adapted to human disturbance. There are no major threats to the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	materials_examined	“ The island ofJava. ” Restricted by J. C. Moore and G. H. H. Tate in 1965 and C. B. Kloss 1921 to west Java, (Indonesia). Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. n. migrovittatusHorsfield, 1823 — Java. C. n. bilimitatusMiller, 1903 — MalayPeninsulaandTiomanI (offEMalaysia). C. n. bockiRobinson & Wroughton, 1911 — Sumatra. C. n. klossi Miller, 1900 — Saddle I, Tambelan Archipelago (off W of Borneo).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 184 - 199 mm, tail 159 - 182 mm; weight 202 - 239 g. The Black = striped Squirrel is a gray-bellied squirrel, with a buff stripe superimposed on a black stripe along each flank, a grizzled black and buffy dorsum, shoulders that are more buffy than dorsum, and brown on throat. Nominate subspecies nigrovittatus has an obscure buff lateral line, whereas subspecies bilimitatus has a sharply delineated buff line. Subspecies bocki has a bright and clearly delineated buff lateral line, and some individuals have a pale patch behind ear. Subspecies klossi is “ blue-bellied, ” similar to the Borneo Black-banded Squirrel (C. orestes), but it is not as brightly colored and lacks a pale patch behind ear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Canopy and undercanopy of primary and secondary forests. In Malaysia, the Black-striped Squirrel is approximately twice as common in disturbed areas as in places that are less disturbed by humans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The diet of the Black-striped Squirrel includes fruits and insects, which were a significant proportion of diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. From 1948 to 1952 in the Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, pregnant Blackstriped Squirrel females were recorded in every month, most frequently in April-June (20 %) and least often in October — December (8 %). Litter size was 1 - 4, with a mean of 2 - 2 young (n = 23 litters).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Black-striped Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal, although details on its specific activity patterns are unknown. The leaf-nest is similar to that of the Graybellied Squirrel (C. caniceps), with an outer layer of twigs or coarse leaves and an inner layer of shredded materials.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. At Krau Wildlife Reserve (Pahang, Malaysia), estimated population density of the Black-striped Squirrel is 5 ind / 100 ha. In Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve (Selangor, Malaysia), a single female had a home range estimated, in two different ways, to be 1 - 4 ha or 2 ha. In Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, it reacts to terrestrial predators with a repeated staccato bark and tail flicking, which causes conspecific squirrels to run up a tree and be silent. The Black-striped Squirrel responds to an aerial predator with a soft “ chuckle ” if not immediately threatened, and with a “ rattle ” soundif it is a close encounter. Nearby squirrels react by freezing in position, and perhaps byjoining in the rattle call. In response to snakes, it give a squeak call, which causes other squirrels, sometimes ofthree different species, to join in mobbing the snake.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD6ED2CFACFF9D1FD0AF6AA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Black-striped Squirrel is threatened by continued habitat degradation across its range.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	materials_examined	WJava, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. n. notatusBoddaert, 1785 — Java. C. n. albescensBonhote, 1901 — NSumatra. C. n. diardiiJentink, 1879 — S coast ofJava. C. n. miniatusMiller, 1900 — MalayPeninsula. C. n. suffususBonhote, 1901 — Borneo. C. n. vittatus Raffles, 1821 — Sumatra. The subspecific affinities of the forms on Natuna, Anambas, Tioman, Penang, and Malacca Strait Is, Riau and Lingga archipelagos, Bangka, Belitung, Banyak, Batu, and Madura Is, Bali, Lombok and other smaller islands are unclear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 201 - 238 mm, tail 175 - 186 mm; weight 219 - 234 g. The Plantain Squirrel is a red-bellied squirrel, with brown dorsum, orange or reddish-todeep chestnut venter, and two lateral stripes of white over black. Nominate subspecies notatus has a slight suffusion of buff on venter. Subspecies albescens is a paler form and is sometimes considered a distinct species. Subspecies diardii has buff on venter and around eye; it is darker in eastern part ofits distribution. Subspecies miniatus has a gray venter with a slight brown to dull orange brown tinge; pale flank stripe is narrow. Tip of tail is reddish brown, particularly in western part of its distribution. Subspecies suffusus resembles Malayan forms, but ventral color is a darker chestnut or maroon. Subspecies vittatus resembles miniatus, but venter is usually orange brown, with no red on tail tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mangrove and swamp forests, gardens, plantations, secondary forests, and fringe habitats. The Plantain Squirrelis usually rare or absent in tall dipterocarp forests; it can survive in monoculture plantations. It is one of the generalist species dominating the mammalian fauna in a degraded peat swamp forest in Selangor (Malaysia), and it is one of the commonest species in areas disturbed by humans in the Krau Wildlife Reserve (Pahang, Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. In the Krau Wildlife Reserve (Pahang, Malaysia), the Plantain Squirrel eats seeds (c. 30 %), fruits (10 %, including some figs), leaves and shoots (25 %), flowers (5 %), bark and sap (25 %), and insects and other arthropods (5 %). In Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve (Selangor, Malaysia), its foods include fruits (43 %), bark (40 %), and a variety of other plant parts, including flowers (4 %) and leaves (1 %) from 16 species of plants. On the island of Borneo, it was recorded feeding on the fruit of Rafflesia keithii (Rafflesiaceae), a parasitic plant with colossal unisexual putrid smelling flowers. Plantain Squirrels commonly remove seeds and fruits from fruiting trees and take them elsewhere. They can be seen carrying fruit while traveling far from any fruitbearing tree: perhaps to feed in a more protected area, perhaps to cache food. They usually eat seeds after feeding on the fruit. They will gnaw cambium of rubber trees and lick latex. They are also known to eat insects; their stomach contents have been reported to be up to one-half insects by bulk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The nest of the Plantain Squirrel is spherical in shape, with a poorly defined lateral entrance. It consists of a firm outer wall of twigs or leaves and is lined with fibrous material, such as shredded palm spathe. It is usually placed in the upper branches of a large bush or small tree. In Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, females mate with 2 - 4 males during a period of 6 - 7 hours, with 5 - 7 males attending. After mating, a male gives a post-copulatory bark for 0 - 5 - 8 minutes. Between 1948 and 1952 in Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve (Malaysia), females were pregnant in every month ofthe year, with the fewest in October-December (8 %) and the most in April-June (29 %). Litter size was 1 - 4, with a mean of 2 - 2 young (n = 25 litters).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Plantain Squirrels travel and feed mainly in small trees. In lowland dipterocarp forests in Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve (Selangor, Malaysia), they are most active in the early morning, with activity tapering off by 10: 00 h, then increasing again from 16: 00 - 18: 00 h. They appear to avoid the ground, are most frequently observed at heights between 6 - 10 m, and are seldom seen above 20 m in the trees. In Krau Wildlife Reserve, this species moves about from ground level to 24 m, but it is most commonly seen between 6 — 12 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population density of the Plantain Squirrel is 5 - 3 ind / km? in Ulu Mudah Forest Reserve (Kedah, Malaysia) and 8 - 1 ind / km? in Kayan Mentarang National Park (East Kalimantan, Borneo), but 244 ind / km? in Krau Wildlife Reserve (Pahang, Malaysia). Home ranges differ between males and females: 0 - 7 ha in males, with extensive overlaps between males and between males and females; and 1 - 8 ha in females, with no overlap between them, in Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve. The Plantain Squirrel responds to terrestrial predators with a repeated staccato bark and tail flicking, to which other conspecific squirrels react by climbing upward and remaining quiet. Response to an aerial predator is a soft “ chuckle, ” unless predator is close, in which case the squirrel gives a “ rattle ” vocalization. Conspecifics react to the latter by freezing and, if nearby, by also giving a rattle call. This call is used more generally for a close encounter with a terrestrial predator. Snakeselicit squeak alarm calls, causing other squirrels to join in mobbing the snake.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2CFF6BFDF6F825F565.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Plantain Squirrel is fairly widespread throughoutits distribution and tolerates a degree of habitat modification.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	materials_examined	Malacca Province, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	discussion	Extremely variable species with 47 named forms. Seventeen subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. p. prevostiiDesmarest, 1822 — SPeninsularMalaysia, fromSPahangandNegeriSembilanstatesextendingS. C. p. atricapillusSchlegel, 1863 — CBorneo, EWestKalimantanProvince, SoftheRajangRiver, andNCentralKalimantanProvince, Indonesia. C. p. atroxMiller, 1913 — EBorneo, NorthandEastKalimantanprovinces, Indonesia. C. p. borneoensisS. Miller & Schlegel, 1842 — WBorneo, inWestKalimantan, Indonesia, andadjoiningSWSarawak, Malaysia. C. p. caedisChasen & Kloss, 1932 — BanggiandBalembanganIs (offNBorneo), Malaysia. C. p. coomansiSody, 1949 — WBorneo, anislandintheKapuasRiverDelta, Indonesia. C. p. humeiBonhote, 1901 — WCPeninsularMalaysia, inSPerakandSelangorstates. C. p. melanopsMiller, 1902 — ESumatra, andlikelyRupatI (offEcoast). C. p. palustrisLyon, 1907 — WBorneo, justNoftheKapuasRiverinWestKalimantanProvince, Indonesia. C. p. piceusPeters, 1867 — NSumatra. C. p. plutoGray, 1867 — NBorneo, SabahandlikelyBrunei. C. p. rafflesiiVigors & Horsfield, 1828 — SSumatra. C. p. rufonigraGray, 1842 — LabuanI (offNWBorneo), Malaysia. C. p. sanggausLyon, 1907 — SWBorneo, WestKalimantanProvince, SoftheKapuasRiver, Indonesia. C. p. sarawakensisGray, 1867 — NWBorneo, Sarawak, Malaysia. C. p. waringensisSody, 1949 — CSBorneo, WCentralKalimantanProvince, Indonesia. C. p. wrayi Kloss 1910 — N Malay Peninsula, from theThai border into N Pahang and N Perak in Peninsular Malaysia. Subspecific affinities of the forms on SE Borneo mainland, Karimata I (off SW Borneo), Natuna and Belitung Is are unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 237 - 241 mm, tail ¢. 230 mm; weight 353 - 403 g. Prevost’s squirrel is an exceedingly variable species, sometimes tricolored and sometimes bicolored, commonly with a red belly delineated from a black or dark dorsum by a white stripe. Nominate subspecies prevostii is black on dorsum, with a lateral white stripe extending uninterrupted from nose to white thigh; a thin black line, ventral to lateral white stripe, extends between limbs. White cheeks are slightly grizzled. Subspecies atricapillus has an olive buff dorsum, with a black head and rump. Subspecies atrox has a black tail, with dorsum grizzled olive-buff. Subspecies borneoensis has a black dorsum, with shoulders tinged with red; thighs are gray, and both thighs and tail are grizzled. It has a distinct white lateral stripe. Subspecies caedis is all black on dorsum, without a lateral white stripe. It is similar to but geographically disjunct from pluto and rufonigra. Subspecies coomansi has a black dorsum, with shoulders tinged bright rufus; thighs are gray, and both thighs and tail are grizzled. It has a distinct white lateral stripe. Subspecies humei has red on venter that spreads over entire forelimb and shoulder to black on dorsum, interrupting the white lateral stripe, which extends from shoulder onto thigh and down to heel. Subspecies melanops has black cheeks; a black dorsum; and a bright brownish red venter, extending as more rufous-orange onto forelimb, shoulder and onto black back; buffy white lateral stripe extends from shoulder onto thigh and down to heel. Subspecies palustris resembles borneoensis, butit lacks reddish tinge on shoulders. Subspecies piceus is black on dorsum and red on venter, with no lateralstripe. Subspecies pluto is all black on dorsum, without a lateral white stripe. It is similar to but geographically disjunct from caedis and rufonigra. Subspecies rafflesii is black dorsally and chestnut ventrally and on forelimb and shoulder; it has a white lateral stripe extending from shoulder and broadening posteriorly to thigh; cheeks are grizzled gray, with a white spot on sides of nose. Subspecies rufonigra is all black on dorsum, without a lateral white stripe. It is similar to, but geographically disjunct from, caedis and pluto. Subspecies sanggaus resembles borneoensis, but with paler shoulders and a completely black tail. Subspecies sarawakensis is grizzled gray over entire dorsum, usually with a reddish tinge anteriorly. Subspecies waringensis resembles sanggaus, but with paler thighs and less reddish shoulders. Subspecies wrayi is frequently considered to be the same as humei, because it differs only in having a less intense shoulder coloration.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tall and secondary forests. On island of Borneo, Prevost’s Squirrel is widespread in lowlands and hills, with highest elevation records being ¢. 1200 m. It will enter gardens and plantations to feed on fruit.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Prevost’s Squirrel includes seeds (c. 60 %), fruit pulp (20 %, with figs making up 10 % ofthis), bark and sap (10 %), leaves and sprouts (5 %), and flowers (c. 2 %). It especially favorsfruits with a sweet or oily flesh, and it will extract insects (including termites and beetle larvae) from dead wood. It frequently removes seeds and fruits from a fruiting tree and carries them elsewhere. Reasons for this behavior are not clear, and may have several causes. Occasionally, Prevost’s Squirrel cache fruits away from the source tree. It also transports fruits to feed juveniles, and probably carries fruit to more protected areas for feeding. Unlike some other species of Callosciurus, Prevost’s Squirrel usually drops seeds after feeding on fruits.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Prevost’s Squirrels generally have one or two young per litter but may have more. Gestation lasts 42 - 48 days. Pregnant females are found most often in spring and summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Prevost’s Squirrels are most active in early morning and late afternoon. They are usually arboreal, but descend to ground to cross gaps between trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. At Krau Wildlife Reserve (Pahang, Malaysia), population density of Prevost’s Squirrel was 38 ind / 100 ha. At Krau Wildlife Reserve, they spend most of their time in the middle and upper parts of canopy, at heights usually ranging from 6 m to more than 37 m above forest floor.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD1ED2DFA11FD33FE25F3A1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Prevost’s Squirrel is common and widely distributed, occurs in a number of protected areas, and is tolerant to some degree of habitat modification. In parts of Sarawak it is heavily hunted for pets.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	materials_examined	“ ad fretum Hudsonis. ” Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1936 to the mouth of Sev- ern River, Hudson Bay, Ontario, Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	discussion	Genetic data suggest that subspecies of 1. hudsonicus may not be well supported. Twenty-one subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. h. hudsonicusErxleben, 1777 — ESaskatchewan, Manitoba, andOntario (Canada), NMinnesotaandMichigan (USA). T. h. abieticolaA. H. Howell, 1929 — SouthernAppalachianMtsinSEUSA. T. h. baileyi]. A. Allen, 1898 — NCMontanatoSCWyoming (USA). T. h. columbiensisA. H. Howell, 1936 — SYukontoCBritishColumbiaandSWAlberta (Canada). T. h. dakotensis]. A. Allen, 1894 — SEMontana, NEWyoming, andWSouthDakota (USA). T. h. dixiensisHardy, 1942 — SWUtah (USA). T. h. gymnicusBangs, 1899 — Vermont, NewHampshire, andMaine (USA) andalongSt. LawrenceRivertoNovaScotia (Canada). T. h. kenaiensisA. H. Howell, 1936 — KenaiPeninsula, SAlaska (USA). T. h. lanuginosusBachman, 1839 — ScoastalSEAlaska (USA) andBritishColumbiaincludingVancouverI (Canada). T. h. laurentianusR. M. Anderson, 1942 — SEQuebec (Canada). T. h. loquaxBangs, 1896 — SEOntarioandSWQuebec (Canada), andfromMichiganandIndianaEtoNewYorkandStoNVirginia (USA). T. h. minnesotaJ. A. Allen, 1899 — NCUSA, fromENorthDakotaandNESouthDakotatoWisconsin, Iowa, andNIllinois. T. h. pallescensAH. Howell, 1942 — SManitoba (Canada) andNorthDakota (USA). T. h. petulansOsgood, 1900 — NcoastalSEAlaska (USA) andSWYukon (Canada). T. h. picatusSwarth, 1921 — CcoastalSEAlaska (USA) andcontiguousBritishColumbia (Canada). T. h. prebleiAH. Howell, 1936 — mostofAlaska (USA) andNW & CCanada. T. h. regalisA. H. Howell, 1936 — IsleRoyaleinLakeSuperior, USA. T. h. richardsoniBachman, 1839 — SEBritishColumbia (Canada), WMontana, CIdaho, andWOregon (USA). T. h. streatoriJ. A. Allen, 1898 — SBritishColumbia (Canada), EWashingtonandNIdaho (USA). T. h. ungavensisR. M. Anderson, 1942 — NQuébecandNewfoundlandandLabradorinNECanada. T. h. ventorumJ. A. Allen, 1898 — SW Montana, NW Wyoming, S E Idaho, and N Utah (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 187 mm (males) and 189 - 7 mm (females), tail mean 123 - 7 mm (males) and 123 - 6 mm (females); weight mean 194 g (males) and 213 g (females). The North American Red Squirrel has reddish to ferruginous brown to olivaceous gray dorsal pelage, with reddish medial band that is especially apparent in grayish forms. Venter is white to grayish and is separated from dorsum by charcoal to black longitudinal stripe. White to buff eye ring is usually prominent, with white to buff at snout and chin. In winter, ears can have black tuft and postauricular white to buff patches. Tail is similar in color to dorsum, with ventral side often most reddish and frosted with white to cream. Bright reddish forms are abieticola, gymnicus, hudsonicus, lawrentianus, loqguax, minnesota, preblei, and ungavensis. Brownish or olivaceous subspecies are baileyi, columbiensis, dakotensis, dixienss, lanuginosus, pallescens, petulans, picatus, richardsoni, streatori, and ventorum. Subspecies regalis and kenaiensis are geographically isolated. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 46.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous and coniferous forests. In northern, western, and high-elevation parts of the distribution, boreal coniferous forests with considerable pine (Pinus), fir (Pseudotsuga and Abies), spruce (Picea), and hemlock (7 suga), all Pinaceae with closed canopies are most favored. North American Red Squirrels use open parkland forests in some areas. In the eastern distribution, they also occupy mixed coniferous-deciduous forests and hardwood forests with scattered conifers. The North American Red Squirrel can be found in urban parks, suburban areas with mature trees, and secondary growth forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The North American Red Squirrel is primarily granivorous but also can be opportunistically omnivorous. Primary foods include seeds of conifers, oak (Quercus) and beech (Fagus), both Fagaceae; hickory (Carya) and walnut (Juglans), both Juglandaceae; and maple (Acer, Sapindaceae). Epigeous and hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi are also commonly eaten. Supplementary planttissues are eaten, including tree buds and flowers, fruits, and phloem. When encountered, the North American Red Squirrel will feed on insects, bones, scavenged carcasses, eggs, avian nestlings, and other animal material. It hoards food, primarily conifer cones, in a larder (midden) located near the center of a home range near large trees, dense understory, and fallen logs. In deciduous forests, the North American Red Squirrel scatterhoards seeds and buries them just under the surface. A midden is crucial for overwinter survival because it permits storage of conifer cones in cool moist environments to maintain conifer seeds. Individuals pilfer cones from caches of neighbors and other species are attracted to middens for potential food and cover. Fungi, especially hypogeous truffles, are eaten heavily in summer and are often cached in tree branches and cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The North American Red Squirrel nests in leaf and twig dreys, cavities in trees, or occasionally in burrows in which young are born. Females ovulate spontaneously and are in estrus for only one day during breeding season. Mating bouts that involve several males chasing a female and with copulations by multiple males. Gestation averages 33 days, and litter sizes average 3 - 2 - 5 - 4 young. North American Red Squirrels typically produce only one litter per year, but females can produce two litters per year, especially in the eastern part of the distribution. Young leave the nest by c. 7 weeks of age; they are weaned at c. 14 weeks and are independent a few weeks after weaning. Most young disperse from their natal areas at this time, although in some populations, dispersal can be male-biased, and individuals can move more than 1 km before they settle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. North American Red Squirrels are diurnal, with midday peak in activity in winter and bimodal activity pattern in spring and summer. It remains active throughout the year but can enter torpor for short bouts of several days during extreme weather events.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The North American Red Squirrel is generally asocial. In coniferous forests where cones are stored in middens, the North American Red Squirrel is fiercely territorial and maintains exclusive use of a territory that is usually less than 1 ha. Although most young disperse from natal areas, young sometimes inherit territories of their mothers after weaning. Densities are 0 - 5 - 2 ind / ha in most habitats. In areas where North American Red Squirrels do not maintain middens, such as deciduous and mixed forests, overlapping home ranges are common. Minimal sex differences in space use have been reported. Most interactions are agonistic and consist of vocalizations and foot stomping, followed by chasing and rarely combat. Adults sometimes nest together in winter. Alarm calls can be high-pitched whines followed by a series of chatters or chucks. A loud territorial call known as the rattle reverberates through the forest, especially in autumn when food resources are stockpiled. Movement is impeded by forest openings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED2FFFF7FDBAF9DAFFD6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the North American Red Squirrelis stable. It responds negatively to forest fragmentation and clear cutting, but its substantial distribution likely ensures persistence. North American Red Squirrels can damage trees by bark stripping and girdling trees to consume phloem and cambium.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	materials_examined	“ Shores of Columbia River. ” Restrict- ed by]. A. Allen in 1898 to mouth of Columbia River, Clatsop County, Oregon, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. d. douglasi: Bachman, 1839 — PacificcoastofWashingtonandOregon (WUSA). T. d. mearnsiTownsend, 1897 — SierradeSanPedroMartir, BajaCalifornia (NWMexico). T. d. mollipilosus Audubon & Bachman, 1841 — inland in British Columbia (SW Canada) and Washington, Oregon, and California (W USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 181 mm (males) and 185 mm (females), tail mean 119 mm (males) and 145 mm (females); weight mean 206 - 9 g (males) and 199 - 3 g (females). Douglas’s Squirrels have an olivaceous gray to gray-brown dorsum, often with rust or chestnut medial band that extends length of body. In summer, lateral black stripe separates dorsal and ventral color from under parts, but it less apparent in winter. Snout and chin are often more pale or buff; distinct eye rings are white to buff. Ear tufts of black tipped hairs can be visible, particularly in winter. Venter is white to pale buff to yellowish or red-orange. Tail is similar in color to dorsum butis frosted with buffor white-tipped hairs; ventral side displays faint black longitudinal banding near tips of hairs. Subspecies mollipilosus has whitish, not yellowish, frosting on tail. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 46.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Pure and mixed stands of conifers, especially pine (Pinus), fir (Pseudotsuga, Abies), spruce (Picea), and hemlock (7 suga), all Pinaceae, and forests with deciduous component, especially in riparian corridors. Douglas’s Squirrels are considered old growth dependent, but densities do not vary considerably with forest age. Thinning to below 50 % of existing forest cover can have negative impact. Douglas’s Squirrel persists in areas of suburban housing and urban parks with sufficient mature tree cover.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Douglas’s Squirrel is primarily herbivorous and feeds heavily on tree seeds, buds, cambium, and fruits but also eats significant amounts of mushrooms and other epigeous and hypogeous fungi when available throughout the year. Individuals will opportunistically eat insects, avian nestlings, and eggs and scavenge carcasses and bones. Tree seeds are often cached by scatterhoarding in many locations and larderhoards known as middens. Seeds are readily eaten from mid-summer ripening until caches are depleted in winter. With depletion of seed stores, Douglas’s Squirrels feed extensively on buds and cambium of conifer branch tips. Fungi, especially hypogeous truffles, are used heavily in summer and are often cached in tree branches and cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Douglas’s Squirrel nests in leaf and twig nests constructed in the canopy, cavities in live or dead trees, and rarely burrows or logs on the ground; young are born within these nests. Breeding season begins in March and peaks in spring but can continue for several months into early summer with second peak common when food is abundant and climate is mild. Female Douglas’s Squirrels are in estrus for a single day during the breeding season when several males converge on a female's territory and chase her during the entire day. A female mates with one or more males. Douglas’s Squirrel ovulates spontaneously, resulting in immediate conception. Litters have 4 - 8 young. Gestation is ¢. 33 days. Individuals reach sexual maturity at 10 - 12 months and rarely reproduce in the first year. Juveniles appear to disperse from natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Douglas’s Squirrels are diurnal. They do not hibernate and are active throughout the year. Activity is unimodal around midday in winter and shifts to bimodal from spring to autumn. Inactive squirrels sleep in leaf and twig dreys in the canopy, tree cavities or logs, and occasionally burrows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Douglas’s Squirrels are asocial and typically defend exclusive territories, established around a single larderhoard of food resources at the center of the territory. Territory size is inversely related to cone crops but is generally less than 1 ha. The “ Mearn’s Squirrel ” (7. d. mearnsi) is not territorial and does not focusits activities around a larderhoard. Home ranges of Douglas’s Squirrels are larger for males (mean 17 - 1 ha) than females (mean 5 ha), especially during the breeding season; home range overlap is extensive. Individuals travel averages of 307 - 614 m from their nocturnal nest, with juvenile and adult males moving greater distances than females. Most interactions between individuals are agonistic because individuals aggressively defend territorial boundaries with vocalizations and chases. Densities are 0 - 03 - 0 - 9 ind / ha in different forest types. Minimal sex differences in space use have been reported. Alarm calls can be high-pitched whines that follow a series of chatters or chucks. A loud territorial call known as the rattle reverberates through the forest, especially in autumn when food resources are stockpiled.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD2ED10FAF1F6E7FC63FD82.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Douglas’s Squirrel is stable. Lack of information on ecology, naturalhistory, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to thinning and deforestation. The “ Mearns’s Squirrel ” is classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as 1. mearnsi). It is threatened in Mexico. Population trend is decreasing. Distribution of Mearns’s Squirrelis severely restricted (c. 40,000 ha) across three sites. Eastern Gray Squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) were released into this area more than 70 years ago but do not appear to have spread through the habitat of Mearns’s Squirrels. Entire distribution of Mearns’s Squirrel is within a protected area, but illegal logging occursin this area.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	materials_examined	“ Rocky Mountains. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	discussion	Genetic evidence suggests that subspecies of Fremont’s Squirrel are supported. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T: f. fremont: Audubon & Bachman, 1853 — EColoradoandSEUtah, USA. 1 f. grahamensisJ. A. Allen, 1894 — MountGrahaminSEArizona, USA. TI. f. lychnuchusStone & Rehn, 1903 — C & SENewMexicoandWTexas, USA. T. f. mogollonensis Mearns, 1890 — N & C Arizona and W New Mexico, USA. Populations in SC Wyoming are of uncertain subspecific affinity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 194 - 219 mm, tail 104 - 146 mm; weight mean 231 g (males) and 223 g (females). Fremont’s Squirrel has reddish to ferruginous brown to olivaceous gray dorsal pelage, with bright to faint reddish medial band that is especially apparent on grayish forms. Ventral pelage is white to grayish and is separated from dorsum by charcoal-to-black longitudinal stripe. White-to-buff eye ring is usually prominent, with white to buff at snout and chin. In winter, ears can have black tuft, and white-to-buff postauricular patches are often present. Tail is similar in color to dorsum, with ventral side often most reddish; tail is often frosted with white to cream. Nominate Jremonti and subspecies lychnuchus are reddish; mogollensis and grahamensis are grayish. Chromosome number of 2 n = 46.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed and coniferous forests dominated by pine (Pinus), fir (Pseudotsuga and Abies), and spruce (Picea), all Pinaceae, with closed canopies most favored. Fremont’s Squirrel will use open parkland forests in some areas. It can be found in urban and suburban areas, with mature seed-producing trees, and can use secondary growth forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Fremont’s Squirrel is primarily granivorous but also an opportunistic omnivore. Primary foods include seeds of pine, fir, and spruce. Epigeous and hypogeous mycorrhizal fungi are also commonly used. Supplementary plant tissues are used including tree buds and flowers, fruits, and phloem from branch tips. Fremont’s Squirrel will also feed on insects, bones, eggs, avian nestlings, and other animal material. Fremont’s Squirrel hoards conifer cones in a larder (midden) located near large trees, dense understory, and fallen logs near the center of the home range. Fremont’s Squirrel also scatterhoard cones and seeds just below the surface. Middens are crucial for overwinter survival because they permit storage of conifer cones in cool moist environments to maintain conifer seeds. Individuals pilfer cones from caches of neighbors, and other species are attracted to middens for potential food and cover. Fungi are common summer foods and are often cached in tree canopies or hoarded in tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Fremont’s Squirrel nests in leaf and twig dreys, cavities in trees or occasionally in burrows into which young are sometimes born. It is in estrus for only one day during the breeding season when several males chase a female that copulates with multiple males. Litter sizes are 2 - 9 - 3 - 4 young. Fremont’s Squirrel typically produces only one litter per year and rarely two litters. Young leave nests by 7 - 8 weeks of age, are weaned at c. 14 weeks of age, and begin to disperse a few weeks after weaning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Fremont’s Squirrel is diurnal, with midday peak in activity during winter and bimodal activity pattern in spring and summer. It remains active throughout the year but may enter torpor for short periods during extreme weather events.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fremont’s Squirrel is generally asocial; it is often fiercely territorial, maintaining exclusive-use areas usually less than 1 ha. Territories of subspecies grahamensis are relaxed and average 12 - 1 ha. Although most young disperse from natal areas, territories of adult females are sometimes given to their young upon weaning. Densities are 0 - 5 — 1 - 3 ind / ha in most habitats. Minimal sex differences in space use have been reported. Most interactions are agonistic and consist of vocalizations and foot stomping, followed by chasing and rarely combat. Adults, especially females, occasionally nest together in winter. Alarm calls are highpitched whines that follow series of chatters or chucks. The loud rattle call reverberates through the forest, especially in autumn when food resources are stockpiled and territories are vigorously defended. Roads and forest openings impede movement; vehicle noise decreases occupancy in vicinity or roads.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED10FF60F512F83EFD69.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The [UCN Red List due recent classification as a unique species. Fremont’s Squirrel is found in montane environments and appears common in the northern parts of the distribution but persists in small isolates in the south. It responds negatively to forest fragmentation and clear cutting. Insect damage and wildfires are significant threats in arid forests. Fremont’s Squirrel can damage trees by bark stripping and girdling trees to consume phloem and cambium. Subspecies grahamensis is isolated on a single high-elevation mountaintop and numbers less than 300 individuals, resulting in endangered species status in the USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	materials_examined	“ in Europae arboribus. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to Uppsala, Sweden.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	discussion	Twenty-two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. v. imlgans Linnaeus, 1758 — S Scandinavia. S. ıı. alpmus Desmaresl, 1822 - Iberian Peninsula, S France, and Italy. S. v. allaıcıu Screbrennikov, 1928 - Altai of E Russia, N Mongolia, and NW China. S. v. anadyrrmzs Ognev, 1929 - Far N Russia across Siberia. S. u. aıctıcus Trouessart, 1906 - Boreal Siberia lo the Lena River (Russia). S. v. balcanıcus Heinrich, 1936 - E Balkan Peninsula. S. v. chiliensis Sowerby, 1921 — E China. S. v. cinerea Hermann, 1804 — C Europe. S. v. dulkeiti Ognev, 1929 — Amur Region of E Siberia to include Shantar Is (Russia). S. v. exalbidus Pallas, 1779 — W Siberia E of the Ob River (Russia). S. v. fedjushini Ognev, 1935 — Belarus, Lith- uania, Latvia, and Estonia. S. v. formosovi Ognev, 1935 — NW Russia. S. v. fusconigricans Dwigubski, 1804 — Mon- golia and China. S. v. leucourus Kerr, 1792 - Great Britain and Ireland. S. u. lilaeus Miller, 1907 - W Balkan Peninsula. S. v. mantchumw Thomas, 1909 - NE China and Korean Peninsula. S. u. manensr Matschie. 1901 - W Siberia to W of the Ob River, Russia. S. v. ogvmıı Migulin, 1928 - W Russia. S. v. mimtıs Thomas, 1906 - Hokkaido 1 (Iapan). S. v. mpalns Thomas, 1907 - Sakhalin (Russia). S. v. ulmımwııs Migulin, 1928 - Ukraine. S. v. vanus Gmelin. 1788 - N Scandinavia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	discussion	Introduced populations of unknown subspecies were reported for Crimea (Ukraine), E Anatolia (Turkey), the Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), several parts of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan S of the original native distribution, Japan (Tokyo), and Saint Kitts and Nevis Is in the Caribbean.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 206 - 250 mm, tail 150 - 205 mm; weight 235 - 480 g. The Eurasian Red Squirrel has uniformly dark dorsum, with color varying from dark red, black, brown, gray to bluish. Often ears, legs, and hips have suffusion of red. Ear tufts are pronounced in winter and reduced in summer. Venter is cream to white. Tail is most often same color as dorsum, butit can be lighter in shade, occasionally black or nearly white in some subspecies. Melanism is common, especially in mainland, boreal, and montane populations. Subspecies are not well defined and lack a thorough distribution-wide assessment. Nominate vulgaris is smallish, has reddish dorsum, and lacks dark phase. Subspecies alpinus is intense russet-brown over dorsum. Subspecies altaicus is highly variable and includes extremely dark variants. In winter, anadyrensis has tinge of chestnutin its grayish dorsal pelage. Subspecies arcticus has reddish to bay dorsum and a white venter. Subspecies balcanicus is more brownish form. Subspecies chiliensis is black across dorsum and tail, with varying amounts of reddish. Subspecies dulkeiti has black or black-chestnut dorsum and black tail throughout the year. Subspecies exalbidus is pale buff-gray in winter, with light gray tail. Subspecies fedjushini has rich dark reddish brown dorsum, with dark chestnut or red tail. Winter pelage offormosovi is gray, with chestnut tail. Subspecies fuscoater is bright red, with white venter. Subspecies fusconigricans is usually dark chestnut or black-chestnut in summer and dark black to bluish gray in winter, with small white patch on venter. Subspecies leucourus has reddish dorsum, with tail that often fades to white in summer. Subspecies lilaeus is generally brownish form. Subspecies mantchuricus has black tail year-round, and dark gray winter pelage. Subspecies martens: has chestnuttail, with pale gray winter pelage and yellow buff on hips in summer. Subspecies ognevi is smallish, with highly variable color, but winter pelage is often light gray, with tinge of buff. Subspecies orientis is endemic to Hokkaido, with gray dorsum and white venter. Subspecies rupestris has black or black-chestnut dorsum, with black tail throughout the year. Subspecies ukrainicus has dorsum and tail that retain much of their reddish brown color in winter. Subspecies varius has light bluish gray dorsum in winter, with dark chestnutto red tail. Chromosomal complementis 2 n = 40 and FN = 70.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests and parklands from sea level to subalpine forests within the great mountains of Europe and northern Asia. The Eurasian Red Squirrel can be found in urban and suburban areas, conifer plantations, and secondary forests at generally lower densities. It is uncommon in fragmented and discontinuous forests. Food and Feeding. The Eurasian Red Squirrel is primarily herbivorous and forages in the canopy and on the ground throughout the year. It feeds heavily on tree seeds, especially those of conifers, but also eats other plant tissues including fruits, buds, flowers, shoots, herbs, bark, and sap. Hypogeous and epigeous fungi, lichens, insects, larvae, bird eggs, avian nestlings, bones, and scavenged carcasses are consumed on occasion. A conspicuous behavior is the autumnal scatterhoarding of pinecones and seeds of low perishability and to lesser amounts acorns and other nuts to serve as winter food store. Hoarding activities are more common in deciduous forests compared with coniferous forests. Squirrels collect tree seeds near parent trees, disperse to distant sites, and bury in the soil. These behaviors serve to decrease loss of this critical food source to other seed predators such as birds that forage primarily be sight. Caches are recovered throughout winter and spring using a combination of spatial memory and olfactory cues; however, spatial memory of the Eurasian Red Squirrel appears less acute than that of the introduced Eastern Gray Squirrel (S. carolinensis). Fungi are also cached in branches of trees and permitted to dry for storage. Success in recovery of caches increases probability of survival and augments reproductive success. Breeding. Breeding season occurs in December — August. Males track females’ reproductive condition throughout the year by following them and sniffing their genitalia. As with all known tree squirrels, estrus lasts for a few hours on a single day during a breeding season. Males congregate near a female’s nest in the morning on her day of estrus, and as many as twelve males will pursue her throughout the day. Dominant males are able to obtain the majority of mating, which occur along tree trunks, in branches, on the ground, or in dens. Copulation lasts less than 30 seconds. Litters of 1 - 6 young are born in tree cavities or leaf nests most frequently in February-April and May-August. Individuals in good body condition and high dominance rank have the greatest reproductive success. Adult females typically produce a single litter each year, but some females produce a second litter. Young emerge from the nest after 6 - 7 weeks and are weaned at 8 - 12 weeks of age. Adult size is achieved at c. 1 year. Most individuals do not reproduce until at least 10 - 11 months of age, and many will not do so until almost two years old. Lifetime reproductive success for adult females averages c. 5 five young / lifetime but varies greatly from one to eleven young. Natal dispersal occurs soon after weaning, and all males and females leave their natal areas. Activity patterns. Eurasian Red Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. Activity is distinctly bimodal in summer, with early morning and late afternoon-early evening peaks in activity and midday lull. Winter activity is unimodal and focused during the relative warmth of midday. During periods of extreme inclement weather, Eurasian Red Squirrels may enter short periods of torpor in their nests. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eurasian Red Squirrel nests in cavities or constructs spherical dreys from leaves, pine needles, and twigs placed high in the canopy. It is relatively solitary; however, several adults will share a nest at night, especially in cold months in winter and spring. Multiple individuals will also feed at concentrated food sources, with interactions that are at best tolerance but often agonistic. Individuals will scent-mark trees with their cheek glands on occasion while moving through the forest. Home range overlap is modest, especially among females, which often defend core areas especially during lactation. Home ranges are 6 - 2 - 31 - 4 ha for males and 2: 4 - 19 - 7 ha for females. Extreme home ranges as large as 47 ha have been reported in high-elevation forests. Vocalizations are primarily alarm calls that start as intermediate-pitched barks or chucks that will escalate to long highpitched whines if threat level is high or remains unabated; tail flagging also appears to increase with threat level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEDED11FA69F477F66FFD1D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Eurasian Red Squirrel is decreasing. Subspecies leucourus is considered to be in critical decline in the British Isles. The Eurasian Red Squirrel is considered near threatened in Mongolia and Croatia and vulnerable in Poland and China. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted or trapped for food and pelts in many parts ofits distribution. Serious conservation concerns for populations in countries such as Mongolia exist due to harvest. The Eurasian Red Squirrelis often valued in parks and urban areas as an aesthetically appealing synanthrope. The Eurasian Red Squirrel is frequently considered a pest in gardens, orchards, or other agricultural lands because they pilfer crops. Furthermore, their habit of occasionally stripping bark to obtain cambium retards tree growth and reduces vitality. This behavior is rarely a problem in areas of native distribution, but the introduced Eastern Gray Squirrel causes excessive damage. The Eastern Gray Squirrel has rapidly spread in Great Britain and Ireland, with concomitant decline in the distribution and abundance of the Eurasian Red Squirrel. Eastern Gray Squirrels occur at higher densities in broadleaf forests and form kin clusters of related females, nest in large groups, digest acorns more efficiently, and accumulate fat more quickly than Eurasian Red Squirrels in some habitats. The Eastern Gray Squirrel also pilfers caches of the Eurasian Red Squirrel, decreases summer breeding, and limits juvenile recruitment of the declining native. Furthermore, the Eastern Gray Squirrel harbors poxvirus without pathology; however, the virus is extremely virulent and nearly always fatal to Eurasian Red Squirrels. Furthermore, the Eurasian Red Squirrel demonstrates extreme sensitivity to fragmentation of their habitat. Combination of habitat loss and associated fragmentation constitutes a significant threat to the Eurasian Red Squirrel in many regions. Long-term conservation strategies will require wise and large-scale forest management efforts; such efforts are underway in northern England and Scotland. Restoration of native predators also provides some optimism for recovery of populations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Japan. ” Restricted by G. B. Corbet in 1978 to Honshu, Japan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Honshu and Shikoku Is (Japan); formerly also in Kyushu and Awaji Is, but no recent observations there.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 160 - 220 mm, tail 130 - 170 mm; weight 250 310 g. The Japanese Squirrel has brown dorsal pelage that is heavily suffused with reddish and orange on sides, shoulders, and haunches. Faint white-to-buff eye ring is apparent. Venter is white to buff. Tail is similar in color to dorsum, often with faint black longitudinal lines and light frosting of white to buff. Winter pelage is grayer on dorsum and tail. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 40 and FN = 70.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland to subalpine primary and secondary pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) and mixed forests. The Japanese Squirrel occasionally occurs in suburban forests but does not appear to be able to tolerate extensive human presence or deforestation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Japanese Squirrel is primarily herbivorous; it specializes on tree seeds but also eats buds, flowers, herbs, and fruits. Insects, bird eggs, and epigeous and hypogeous fungi are also consumed when available. It scatterhoards thick-shelled tree seeds such as walnutsto create stores for the period of winter food shortage.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs during two major periods: winter (February-March) and late spring-summer (May-June). Males track female reproductive status by olfactory cues and will follow an estrous female on her single day of receptivity during a breeding season. A female can be pursued by as many as six males. Litters of 2 - 6 young are born into leaf nests, den cavities or burrows after gestation of 39 - 40 days. Young are weaned within a few weeks of leaving the nest, and they disperse from their natal areas soon afterward.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Japanese Squirrel is diurnal and active throughout the year. Activity is distinctly bimodal in summer with early morning and late afternoon-early evening peaks in activity and midday lull. Winter activity is unimodal and focused during relative warmth of midday. During periods of extreme inclement weather, it can enter short periods of torpor in a nest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Japanese Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of leaves, pine needles, and twigs but also uses cavities in trees and burrows or rock crevices on occasion. Adults are solitary but occasionally nest with other adults, especially in winter. Male home ranges are 4 - 30 ha; female home ranges are 4 - 17 ha, with only modest overlap. Home ranges expand in heavily fragmented environments because individuals must incorporate poor-quality marginal habitat. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels, with significant time spent on the ground. Vocalizations by the Japanese Squirrel are not common but are uttered when threatened; short series of chatters and chucks are given with low level of disturbance but escalate to high-pitched whines when significantly alarmed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFECED12FAFCF5BFFBCDF1BE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Japanese Squirrelis stable. Japan’s Red Data Book lists the Japanese Squirrel as locally threatened in the Chugoku and Kyushu districts, from parts of which it may have been extirpated. Although the Japanese Squirrel was hunted in the past, harvest has been illegal since 1994. Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and forest degradation due to disease are major challenges for their conservation. Introduction and spread of Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) has the potential to negatively impact longterm persistence of the Japanese Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	materials_examined	no type locality given. Restricted by S. I. Ognev in 1940 to Sabeka, 25 km SW of Kutais, Georgia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. a. anomalusGmelin, 1778 — Lesbos 1 (Greece), Turkey, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, andperhapsNIraq. S. a. pallescensGray, 1867 — NIraq, andW & SIran (ZagrosMtsandFarsDistrict). S. a. syriacus Ehrenberg, 1828 — Lebanon, W Syria, N Israel, and a small isolated population in extreme NWJordan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 192 - 248 mm (males) and 198 - 235 mm (females), tail 120 - 157 mm (males) and 120 - 162 mm (females); weight 250 - 401 g (males) and 274 - 410 g (females). The Caucasian Squirrel is medium-sized, with chestnut-gray to grizzled buff dorsum, often suffused with buff, yellow, or tawny rust. Eye rings are buff to cream. Venter is chestnut to buff-yellow to bright orange. Tail varies from light brownish yellow to strong rust above, with grayish yellow below and often frosted with buff. Subspecies differ primarily in color of venter. Nominate anomalus has chestnutgray-buff venter, pallescens has pale grizzled gray venter, and syriacus has bright yellow to golden venter. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 40 and FN = 76.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed and deciduous forests dominated by pine (Pinus, Pinaceae); oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), and chestnut (Castanea), all Fagaceae; and elm (Ulmus, Ulmaceae). The Caucasian Squirrel also occurs in coniferous forests and in structurally complex rocky outcrops. It is often found in chestnut, pistachio, walnut, almond, and olive plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Caucasian Squirrel is herbivorous. Tree seeds are primary foods with oaks (Quercus calliprinos, Q. infectoria, and Q. cerris) consumed throughout its distribution. Fir (Abies), pine (Pinus pinea and P. brutia), and Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani), all Pinaceae; and walnuts (Juglans regia, Juglandaceae), hazelnut (Corylus avellana, Betulaceae), chestnut, and beechnut, seeds are also eaten. Buds and other herbaceous vegetation diversify diets. Seeds and pulp of commercial crops such as apples, pears, peaches, grapes, cherries, plums, and cereal grains can be significant components of diets of Caucasian Squirrels. Insects, bird eggs and nestlings, and fungi are eaten when encountered. Tree seeds and nuts are cached by larderhoarding and scatterhoarding.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding can occur throughout the year, although intensity appears to decline in late autumn (October-December) and summer (June-July), with peaks in April-May and August-September. Litters of 1 - 7 young are born in nests most frequently in late winter or spring and in mid-summer. Only females care for young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Caucasian Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year with a morning activity period from sunrise to late morning, often midday lull, and afternoon activity lasting until early evening. In winter, activity peaks during midday. Activity is reduced by cloudy and rainy weather; juveniles can remain inactive during cold periods. Caucasian Squirrels are highly terrestrial relative to most tree squirrels but do spend time in trees, although leaps between trees are rare.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Caucasian Squirrel nests in tree cavities, ground nests, or burrows, and it constructs spherical dreys of leaves and twigs. Although the Caucasian Squirrel is most often solitary, groups up to 9 individuals can feed in seed-laden trees, and multiple adults are known to nest communally. Individuals mark their home ranges with urine and feces. Scent marking by face wiping against branches has been noted. When threatened, the Caucasian Squirrel runs to the near est tree and escapes through the canopy. Major vocalization is a high-pitched, metallic sounding ‘ chit-chit-chit, ” used in response to a potential predator.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED12FF60F91EF5A1F2A8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Caucasian Squirrel is decreasing. Subspecies syriacus is considered endangered in Jordan, and anomalus is protected on Lesbos. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted for food and pelts and to eliminate crop damage in some areas. Young squirrels are captured and sold as pets. Non-consumptive value of observing Caucasian Squirrels appears to be increasing in protected areas. Populations are healthy in many forested areas in Azerbaijan and Turkey, although it is considered uncommon in northern Turkey. Population decline is noted in many peripheral areas of its distribution, dangerously so in Lebanon and Syria where hunting pressure and habitat loss continue. Climate change has the potential to negatively impact 98 % of the habitat of Caucasian Squirrels through the 21 * century.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	materials_examined	“ Carolina. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. c. carolinensisGmelin, 1788 — mostofSEUSA, fromSEKansasandMissouriEtoSOhioandSViginia, andStoETexasandNFlorida. S. c. extimusBangs, 1896 — extremeSFlorida (USA). S. c. fuliginosusBachman, 1839 — SLouisiana, SMississippi, andSAlabama (USA). S. c. hypophaeusMerriam, 1886 — NCUSA, inNorthDakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, andtheUpperPeninsulaofMichiganandSCCanada, inManitobaandSaskatchewan. S. c. pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815 — C & NE USA from E Nebraska and NE Kansas to the S and E Great Lakes states and extending S through the Appalachian Mts, also in SE Canada, in SE Ontario and S Quebec. Subspecies pennsylvanicus is the most likely to have been introduced into Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, South Africa, Australia, México, and various localities in Canada, Hawaii, and W continental USA. Introductions to Australia, Hawaii, and perhaps México have failed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 - 315 mm, tail 150 - 250 mm; weight 300 - 710 g. The Eastern Gray Squirrel has grizzled pale to slate-gray dorsal pelage that can be washed with cinnamon, especially on haunches and cheeks. White-to-cream eye ring is usually conspicuous. White-to-buff postauricular patches are especially visible in winter. Venter is white, buff, or cinnamon. Tail retains color of dorsum, grizzled with faintly visible black longitudinal lines and sometimes washed with brown and frosted with white or cream. Melanism occurs especially in northern populations, where an energetic advantage occurs in winter. White and albino populations are known. Nominate carolinensis is moderately sized and has typical color. Subspecies extimus is the smallest and darkest. Subspecies fuliginosus has rich dark colors and venter is often cinnamon. Subspecies hypophaeus is the largest and often has increased encroachment of dorsal color on venter. Subspecies pennsylvanicus is large and lacks encroachment of dorsal color on venter. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 40 and FN = 76.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous hardwood or mixed forests, especially with high diversity of mature trees. Where introduced, the Eastern Gray Squirrel appears to retain similar habitat preferences but does appear to use coniferous areas more than in its natural distribution. They are a common synanthrope found in many urban and suburban areas, even when trees are somewhat sparse.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Eastern Gray Squirrel is herbivorous but will opportunistically feed on a diversity of foods. Tree seeds and nuts are most important in diets, but fruits, buds, flowers, herbs, bark, phloem, and sap are eaten. Hypogeous and epigeous fungi can be an important seasonal foods. The Eastern Gray Squirrel will opportunistically feed on animal matter including insects, larvae, bird eggs, avian nestlings, bones, and scavenged carcasses; cannibalism has been observed. A conspicuous behavior is the autumnal scatterhoarding of seeds, nuts, and acorns of low perishability for winter food. Seeds are collected at the parent tree, dispersed to distant sites, and buried. Scatterhoarding below ground reduces loss to seed competitors that rely on sight to locate seeds, typically birds, and likely decrease profitability of pilferage by mammals. To preventloss to seed germination after caching, white oak acorns (subgenus Lepidobalanus), the Eastern Gray Squirrel excises seed embryos to ensure that nutrients remain available until recovered and eaten. Caches are recovered in winter and spring with spatial memory and olfactory cues.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Although mating can occur in November — July, local populations typically have two annual seasons in December — February and May-June. Males follow female reproductive condition by approaching and sniffing their genitalia in the days and weeks before estrus. Males congregate at the nest of a female at sunrise on the morning of her estrus. On her single day of estrus each breeding season, as many as 34 males will pursue a female during her mating bout and emit a snort or wheeze as a call during the chase. Dominant males pursue and mate with the female; low-ranking males copulate by waiting on the periphery of the mating chase in the event that the female evades aggression of dominant males. Evasive females will emit high-pitched whines that are similar to alarm calls if males are unable to relocate her. Copulation lasts less than 30 seconds after which a copulatory plug forms within the female from the coagulation of semen. Females will remove and consume the plugs and mate with multiple males. After a gestation of 44 days, litters averaging 2 - 8 young are born in leaf nests or tree cavities. Some females produce two litters in a year, although thisis uncommon except in the most mild and food-laden years. Litter size and prevalence of lactation decrease in poor food years and complete failures have been reported. Young emerge from the nest after 7 - 8 weeks and are weaned by c. 10 weeks old. Adult size is usually reached by 8 - 9 months of age. Although a rare female may breed as early as 5 - 5 months of age, most do not reproduce until at least their yearling year. All males disperse from their natal areas soon after weaning; however, some females are philopatric and remain in their natal area to form matrilines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Eastern Gray Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. Activity is distinctly bimodal in summer with early morning and late afternoon-early evening peaks in activity and midday lull. Winter activity is unimodal and focused during relative warmth of midday. During periods of extreme inclement weather, Eastern Gray Squirrels can enter short periods of torpor in a nest. Wind and rain result in reduced activity outside of the nest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eastern Gray Squirrel dens in cavities within trees and often constructs spherical dreys of leaves, pine needles, and twigs; individuals use 5 - 10 nests over the course of a year. The Eastern Gray Squirrel is among the most social of the tree squirrels and forms kin clusters in forests through retention of female offspring in or near their natal areas. Groups of related females nest together at night; unrelated males and females are rarely permitted to join such nesting assemblages. Agonistic behaviors, primarily chases and brief combat, are directed almost exclusively toward unrelated individuals, whereas amicable behaviors such as greeting and grooming are only shared with closely related females. Unrelated males will also nest together, particularly in winter, although these assemblages are ephemeral in composition. Physical combat most often involves swatting and biting of the haunches, ears, and tail. Cheek glands are used to scent-mark trees, and these glands are smelled when individuals meet. Traditional scent-marking sites are found in protected areas, such as under low branches or on undersides of slanted tree trunks. Males gnaw bark at the location and wipe their cheeks back and forth to deposit scent, sometimes urinating. Home ranges overlap considerably; females with young may defend exclusive-use core areas, and adult females and their relatives are important in regulating settlement through agonistic behavior. Home ranges are 0 - 5 - 20 - 6 ha, larger for males, and decrease with habitat fragment size. Alarm calls are series of medium pitched barks, often followed by long high-pitched whines dependent on level of disturbance. Tail flicking also appears to provide a visual indicator of alarm. Historically, the Eastern Gray Squirrel was known to migrate en masse in the millions, primarily in autumn and in apparent response to tree seed crop failure. Immense size of these movements prompted early naturalists J. J. Audubon and J. Bachman to use the synonym Sciurus migratorius. Such movements have been rarely reported in the last 100 years and always are more regional and less grandiose.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEFED13FA6EFA09FBABFA91.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Eastern Gray Squirrelsis Stable. They are frequently valued in parks and cities and are also hunted as game animals in their native distribution. The Eastern Gray Squirrel can be a pest in orchards, gardens, agricultural fields, and forest plots and at bird feeder. It has been labeled as one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. Introductions to the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Italy have resulted in the continued spread with deleterious consequences that include stripping of bark and subsequent tree mortality, spread of disease such as poxviruses, and rapid displacement of the native Eurasian Red Squirrel (S. vulgaris). In Washington in the western USA, introductions of the Eastern Gray Squirrel are believed to play a role in the reduction of the imperiled Western Gray Squirrel (S. griseus) and may be also be doing so in Oregon and California. Habitat loss and fragmentation remain the most significant threats to the Eastern Gray Squirrel in their native distribution, but populations are currently healthy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	materials_examined	“ in America septentrionalis. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to southern South Carolina, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	discussion	Ten subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. nigerLinnaeus, 1758 — NorthCarolina, SouthCarolina, Georgia, SEAlabama, andthepanhandleofFlorida (SEUSA). S. n. avicenniaA. H. Howell, 1919 extremeSFlorida (USA). S. n. bachmaniLowery & Davis, 1942 — MississippiandAlabamainSEUSA. S. n. cinereusLinnaeus, 1758 — DelmarvaPeninsulainDelaware, Maryland, andVirginia (EUSA). S. n. imitisBaird, 1855 — CTexas (USA) andNCoahuilaandNNuevoLeon (Mexico). S. n. ludovicianusCustis, 1806 — ETexasandWLouisiana (USA). S. n. rufiventerE. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1803 — SCCanada, inSSaskatchewanandSManitoba, andCUSA, WofAppalachianMtsandNfromOklahoma, Arkansas, andTennessee. S. n. shermaniMoore, 1956 — N & CFlorida (USA). S. n. subauratusBachman, 1839 — WbankofMississippiRiverinELouisianaandSEArkansas (USA). S. n. vulpinus Gmelin, 1788 — Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, and N Virginia (USA). Introduced (probably rufiventer) into Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington in the USA and Ontario in Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 260 - 370 mm, tail 200 - 330 mm; weight 0.5 - 1.4 kg. The Eastern Fox Squirrel has highly variable pelage on dorsum, venter, and tail. Individuals from the western and northern parts of the distribution are grizzled with suffusion of buff to orange and white-to-cinnamon, but usually rufous, venter. In the southeast ,, dorsal pelage is grizzled buff-gray to agouti-black, with white, tan, or rust venter. Most striking are highlights of white or cream on snout, ears, and feet, often with black nape and crown. The Eastern Fox Squirrels in the north-eastern coastal part ofits distribution are silvery gray, washed with buff or pale red on haunches, feet, and head, with white to pale gray, occasionally cinnamon venter, and tail of pale gray. Tails are impressive in size and typically are colored like dorsum, suffused with ventral color and frosting of white-cream to buff-orange. Melanism occurs occasionally and can be common, especially in the southern part of the distribution. Nominate niger is highly variable, with buff, gray, and black forms, often possessing white snouts, ears, and feet and white-to-cream venter. Subspecies avicennia is highly variable, with dark brown, tawny, and cinnamon forms, with white snouts, ears, and feet and buff, orange, or black venters. Subspecies bachmani has grizzled brown dorsum, with orangish venter and a black head with varying amounts of white-buff on ears and snout. Subspecies cinereus is a silver-gray, grizzled finely with black; venter is white to cream. Subspecies limatis is a modest-sized, with grizzled dorsum and cinnamon venter. Subspecies ludovicianus is large-bodied, with light reddish tone to dorsum and venter. Subspecies rufiventeris the most common and widespread, with orange to rust-colored venter. Dorsum of sherman: is nearly all black to silvery gray, grizzled with black; head is often black, with white ears and muzzle, venteris tawny, and tail is the same color as dorsum and frosted with white. Subspecies subauratus is diminutive, with rich dark reddish dorsum and venter. Subspecies vulpinus is grayish, suffused with orange reddish on dorsum and white to cream on venter. Chromosomal complementis 2 n = 40 and FN = 76.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Variety of forested environments but thrives in open woodlands, with open ground and shrub level vegetation with scattered trees. Where grasslands dominate the western distribution, the Eastern Fox Squirrel inhabits sparsely forested riparian areas and fencerows. Open hardwood forests and savannas are frequented in the northern and central parts of the distribution. In the southeast, individuals are found in open pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) woodlands, diverse deciduous forest swamps and scattered swamp-bound stands of bald cypress (Taxodium, Cupressaceae) and pine. The Eastern Fox Squirrel often occurs in urban and residential areas and agricultural matrices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Eastern Fox Squirrel is herbivorous but will opportunistically feed on a variety of foods. Tree seeds and nuts are the most important in diets, but fruits, buds, flowers, herbs, bark, and sap are also consumed. Hypogeous and epigeous fungi also can be important foods. Animal matter is also eaten including insects, larvae, bird eggs, nestlings, fish, and even conspecifics. Most conspicuous is the annual autumnal habit of scatterhoarding of hard nuts and acorns of low perishability for recovery during winter food scarcity. Squirrels collect tree seeds at the parent tree, disperse to distant locations, and bury seeds beneath the surface. Food caches are recovered in winter and spring using spatial memory and olfactory cues.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Although mating can occur in November — July, local populations typically have two annual seasons in November — February and April-July. Males follow females’ reproductive condition by approaching and sniffing their genitalia. Males congregate at the nest of the female at sunrise, or in some low-density populations, they may have slept in the female’s nest the night prior to estrus. On her single day of estrus each breeding season, as many as eleven males will pursue a female during her mating bout and emit a snort or wheeze as a call during the chase. Dominant males pursue and mate with the female; low-ranking males copulate by waiting on the periphery of the mating chase in the event that the female evades aggression of dominant males. Copulation lasts less than 30 seconds after which a copulatory plug forms within the female from the coagulation of semen. Females will remove the plugs and mate with several males. After gestation of 44 - 45 days; litters averaging 2 - 7 young are born in nests. Some females produce two litters in a year. Young emerge from the nest after 6 - 8 weeks and are weaned by c. 12 weeks. Adult size is not reached until after one year of age. Although a rare female may breed at c. 8 months of age, most individuals do not reproduce until at least their yearling year. All males and females disperse from their natal areas soon after weaning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Eastern Fox Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. Activity is distinctly bimodal in summer with early morning and late afternoon-early evening peaks in activity and midday lull. Winter activity is unimodal and focused during relative warmth of midday. During periods of extreme inclement weather, Eastern Fox Squirrels can enter short periods of torpor within a nest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Eastern Fox Squirrels den in cavities within trees or construct spherical dreys of leaves, pine needles, and twigs. Although generally asocial, groups of unrelated males and occasionally females nest together at night. Cheek glands are used to scent-mark trees, and these glands are smelled when individuals meet. Traditional scent marking sites are found in protected areas, such as under low branches or on undersides of slanted tree trunks. Males gnaw bark at the location and wipe their cheeks back and forth to deposit scent, sometimes urinating. Home ranges overlap considerably, but females with young may defend exclusive-use core areas, and adult females are important in regulating settlement. Home ranges are 0 - 9 - 42 - 8 ha, larger for males, and decrease with habitat fragment size. Alarm calls are series of medium-pitched barks, often followed by long high-pitched whines dependent on level of disturbance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEEED14FAF2FEE6FD99FF32.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Eastern Fox Squirrel is stable. Subspecies cinereus was listed as endangered in the USA, and a nonessential experimental population was established in Sussex County, Delaware, USA, to aid in recovery. Recovery effort was successful, and cinereus was removed from the US endangered specieslist in 2015, with an estimated population of more than 20,000 individuals. Subspecies avicennia, cinereus, shermani, and vulpinus are of special concern in parts of their distributions and afforded state protection. The Eastern Fox Squirrel is a game species throughout its distribution and is highly prized as food. It is also valued in parks and cities as wildlife that is easily watched, and it provides an educational opportunity for studies of ecology and behavior. Furthermore, by burying seeds, the Eastern Fox Squirrel plays an integral role in the succession of grasslands to mature forests. It can be a pest in gardens, fields of agricultural crops (corn / maize, oats, wheat, soybeans, and sorghum), and orchards (apples, oranges, blueberries, and cherries), especially where it was introduced in California. Habitat loss and fragmentation remain the most significant conservation threats to Eastern Fox Squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	materials_examined	“ The Dalles of the Columbia [River], ” Wasco Co., Oregon, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. griseusOrd, 1818 — WUSA, inWashington, Oregon, NCalifornia, andmostoftheSierraNevadaMtsinECalifornia. S. g. anthonyiMearns, 1897 — extremeSCalifornia (USA) toCBajaCalifornia (Mexico). S. g. migripes W. Bryant, 1889 — coastal ranges in California (USA), from San Francisco Bay S to near Los Angeles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 265 - 323 mm, tail 240 - 309 mm; weight 520 - 942 g. The Western Gray Squirrel has slate to silvergray dorsal pelage finely grizzled with black. Ears are steel or silver-gray and quite prominent, nearly double their relative length in many other squirrels; eye ring is buff to white. Venteris white, occasionally with wash of buff. Tail is colored similarly to dorsum, with slightly darker core and frosting of white to silver-gray. Nominate griseus is silvery gray on dorsum and limbs. Subspecies nigripesis much darker on dorsum and feet, approaching slate-gray in many individuals. Subspecies anthony: is intermediate in color. Chromosomal complementis 2 n = 40 and FN = 76	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Oak-conifer woodlands and mixed conifer forests on the mesic western side of the Pacific Coast Range. Xeric eastern slopes harbor the Western Gray Squirrel in open pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) forests. The Western Gray Squirrel is also found in cities and, occasionally, in nut orchards, but it does not generally thrive in close proximity to human developments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Western Gray Squirrel forages on the ground during all seasons, with less use of the canopy than most tree squirrels. It is primarily herbivorous, feeding on seeds of oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) and a variety of conifers. Epigeous and hypogeous fungi are also important foods and compose the majority of diets at some sites. Western Gray Squirrels feed on flowers, fruits, forbs, sap, and cambium and eat insects and bird eggs if encountered. They will feed heavily on commercial nut crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Western Gray Squirrel can breed in December — July when up to seven males pursue a female on her single day of estrus. Aggression among males is considerable, and females will mate with multiple males. Litters of 1 - 6 young are born in nest cavities or leaf nests after 44 - 45 days of gestation; cavities appear to be preferred for rearing offspring. Most young leave the nest by May, and all disperse from their natal area. Sexual maturity is achieved at 10 - 11 months of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Western Gray Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. Activity begins early in morning in summer and is distributed in bimodal fashion with lull during midday heat; winter activity is unimodal and focused around midday.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Western Gray Squirrel constructs spherical drey nests of leaves, grasses, pine needles, and twigs. When in the canopy, this large-bodied squirrel appearsless agile and rarely leaps between branches, as do other tree squirrels. Adult individuals are solitary and are not territorial. Home ranges are less than 5 ha for both sexes in some park lands but expand to more than 73 ha for males and 22 ha for females elsewhere, with considerable overlap between individuals. Male home ranges overlap with many females, especially during the breeding season. Nests are in large trees in reasonably dense and diverse forest sites. When disturbed or threatened, the Western Gray Squirrel ascends a tree and faces the threat from an elevated perch while flagging its tail and projecting an alarm call in a series of moderately pitched chucks, which often increase in duration as the series progresses.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED14FF15F782F9A8F148.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Western Gray Squirrel is unknown. The Western Gray Squirrelis listed as a threatened species in Washington and as sensitive in Oregon, USA. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted for food and sport, and it is sometimes considered a pest in nut orchards. Introduced Eastern Gray Squirrels (S. carolinensis) and Eastern Fox Squirrels (S. niger) appear to be displacing Western Gray Squirrels in many parts ofits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	materials_examined	“ ... in the San Francisco Mountains, New Mexico ” (= Coconino Co., Arizona, USA]}).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. a. abertiWoodhouse, 1853 — SEUtah, SWColorado, CArizona, andWNewMexico (USA). S. a. barberiJ. A. Allen, 1904 — NSierraMadreOccidentalinWCChihuahua (Mexico). S. a. chuscensisGoldman, 1931 — NEArizonaandNWNewMexico (USA). S. a. durangiThomas, 1893 — SSierraMadreOccidentalinSWChihuahuaandWDurango (Mexico). S. a. ferreusTrue, 1900 — SCWyomingandColorado, NNewMexicoEoftheRioGrande (USA). S. a. kaibabensis Merriam, 1904 — Kaibab Plateau, N of the Grand Canyon (USA). Introduced (probably aberti) into extralimital portions of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, in the USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 274 mm (males) and 262 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 208 mm (males) and 221 - 7 mm (females); weight mean 593 - 8 g (males) and 618 - 6 g (females). Abert’s Squirrel has silver-gray to charcoal dorsal pelage, often with medial reddish band. Large ear tufts are conspicuous in winter. Venteris usually white. Tail is slate, frosted with white. Melanism is common, especially in the northern parts of the distribution. Subspecies are allopatric. Nominate aberti has steel-gray back, usually with narrow medial reddish band and lateral black band. Venter is normally white but rarely black, and tail is white below and frosted black above. Individuals in the Hualapai Mountains of western Arizona and the Pinaleno and Santa Catalina mountains of southern Arizona are introduced aberti. Subspecies chuscensis has steel-gray back, with mid-dorsal reddish patch and black lateral band. Body and tail are white ventrally, and tail is black dorsally, with frosting. Subspecies barberi is the largest of the subspecies. Subspecies durangi is the smallest of the subspecies, with tail relatively long compared with body length. Subspecies ferreus is small, with relatively short tail and variable color, including a black phase, a dark brown phase, and a steel-gray dorsum phase. Subspecies kaibabensis is medium-bodied and short-tailed, with black or blackish gray venter and white tail. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 40	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests dominated by pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) and are often suggested to be obligates of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests. Mosaic, heterogeneous, and Abert’s Squirrels typically use areas of dense growth in favored unevenly aged forests. Recent evidence suggests that it can persist in more diverse coniferous forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Abert’s Squirrel is herbivorous, with a unique feeding specialization on phloem in winter. Dependence on ponderosa pine, sometimes considered obligatory, is striking. While this dependence is overstated, Abert’s Squirrel is unique in its ability to use phloem as an important food source during periods of winter food shortages, in part due to a lengthened digestive tract. Individuals clip 2 - 5 cm lengths of small twigs from distal parts of branches, strip the bark, and eat the phloem. Completely stripped clippings are discarded and have been used to estimate densities ofAbert’s Squirrels. Trees with low levels of chemical defenses are preferred when feeding on phloem. They also consume a variety of tree seeds, including those of pine (Pinus), true firs (Abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), all Pinaceae, and oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae); they also eat buds, fungi, insects, and bone. Abert’s Squirrel rarely cache seeds; however, it does pilfer from other species that store seeds, such as the North American Red Squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and Fremont’s Squirrel (71. fremont).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Abert’s Squirrel breeds in spring or early summer when females are receptive for a single day and up to ten males pursue the female. Males possess scrotal testes in winter through summer, after which testes are withdrawn into the abdominalcavity. Females mate with multiple males and solicit copulations from some low-ranking males. Females produce single litters of 2 - 6 young each year, typically in late spring or early summer, after gestation of ¢. 46 days. Dreys and nest cavities are used to rear young. Females may produce a second litter in some localities. Young remain with their mother until natal dispersal, at c. 10 weeks of age. Most individuals are able to reproduce at one year old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Abert’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. They have bimodal activity summer with peak activity in the early morning and late afternoon; activity in winter tends to be unimodal and centered on midday heat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Abert’s Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of pine needles, leaves, and twigs and also den in tree cavities. Individuals live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources. Communal nesting is uncommon but does occur particularly in winter. Dense growth of twigs known as witch’s brooms caused by parasitic mistletoes are commonly used to anchor and obscure nests. Nests are located in larger and taller trees with canopies connected to adjacent trees and are found in more dense stands of trees, rather than being situated at random in the surrounding area. Individuals change nests regularly and maintain several active nests simultaneously. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels, with significant time spent on the ground. Home ranges are relatively large, often greater than 20 ha, with male ranges larger or equivalent to those of females, perhaps due to mate searching. Abert’s Squirrels rarely vocalize, but when threatened, they utter an alarm call of low frequency and short series of chatters and chucks that has been compared to the bark of a poodle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE9ED15FA10F96CFA99FF1C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Abert’s Squirrelis stable. It tolerates modest levels of timber harvest and lowintensity ground fires that are common in pine-dominated forests they use. Phloem eating results in a significant reduction of pinecone crops in local areas. This largebodied squirrel is hunted for food and sport.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Whipple, ” Yavapai County, Arizona, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	discussion	There is disagreement on whether or not three subspecies of S. arizonensis should be recognized. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S Arizona and W New Mexico (SW USA), and NC Sonora in NW Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 248 - 2 mm (males) and 259 - 1 mm (females), tail mean 245 - 8 mm (males) and 254 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 736 g (males) and 667 g (females). The Arizona Gray Squirrel has silvery gray dorsum, occasionally with faint medial brownish band and rarely suffusion of brown on haunches; prominent cream-to-white eye ring and postauricular patches are often visible. Venter is white to cream. Gray tail has grizzled appearance and is frosted with white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [. ow-elevation Madrean pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) and oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) forests to higher-elevation mixed conifer forests. Riparian areas with large cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) and sycamores (Platanus, Platanaceae) also have high densities of Arizona Gray Squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Arizona Gray Squirrel forages heavily on the ground but also regularly uses the canopy. It feeds on tree seeds, flowers, and fungi. Seeds are removed from cones of pines (Pinus), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and true firs (Abies), all Pinaceae, and consumed. Acorns (Quercus) and walnuts (Juglans, Juglandaceae) are readily eaten when available. Hypogeous and epigeous fungi are also a common food. Insects are consumed opportunistically. The Arizona Gray Squirrel does occasionally scatterhoard large storable seeds in the soil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Arizona Gray Squirrel breeds in February — August during one day estrus when as many as eight males pursue females. Males possess scrotal testes from winter through summer. Testes are withdrawn into the abdominal cavity during the remaining months. Litters of 2 — 4 young are born in late spring or summer. Dreys and cavity nests are used to rear young that can emerge in May-September. During mild years, females may be able to produce a second litter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Arizona Gray Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. They have bimodal activity in summer with peak activity in the early morning and late afternoon; activity in winter tends to be unimodal and centered on midday heat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Arizona Gray Squirrel nests in dreys ofsticks, pine needles, and leaves in the forest canopy and in cavities in largediameter trees. Nest trees tend to be in the largest trees with the most interconnected canopies. Communal nesting is known to occur although the Arizona Gray Squirrel is best described as asocial. Male home ranges are extensive, 113 ha compared to 14 ha for females. Males maximize overlap with females, particularly during breeding. The Arizona Gray Squirrel is generally silent unless alarmed when will bark and chuck from elevated locations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE8ED15FFCCF7BCF70BFE0D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Arizona Gray Squirrel is unknown. It appears to respond negatively to high levels of fire damage but positively to modest levels. Introduced Abert’s Squirrels (Sciurus aberti) appear to replace the native Arizona Gray Squirrel in parts ofits distribution. Local people hunt this large-bodied squirrel for meat and sport.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	materials_examined	“ Monterey, Tamaulipas [= Nuevo Leon], Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NE Mexico, in SE Coahuila, S Nuevo Leon, W Tamaulipas, and N San Luis Potosi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 220 - 254 mm (males) and 220 - 254 mm (females), tail 217 - 247 mm (males) and 217 - 247 mm (females); weight 290 - 491 g (males) and 345 - 510 g (females). Allen’s Squirrel has gray-brown dorsum, suffused with yellow and grizzled with black and gray. Head is slightly darker, with conspicuous white-to-buff eye ring. Sides are shade paler, and legs are grizzled black, suffused with white to buff. Venter is white. Tail is black, sometimes suffused with faint buff or tan and frosted with white. Melanism occurs occasionally.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) and oak-pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) forests in montane and coastal plains.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Allen’s Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy, feeding principally on tree seeds and hypogeous fungi but will also opportunistically eat insects, avian nestlings, and anurans. It will also feed on agricultural crops including corn, oats, apples, tomatoes, peaches, mangos, grapes, and plums.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Pregnancy and lactation have been reported in all months but appear most common in late spring. Litter sizes are 1 - 4 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Allen’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Allen’s Squirrels live in natural cavities in trees or dreys of pine needles, leaves, and sticks above 3 m high in the canopy. Individuals usually forage alone and are rarely seen interacting with others at concentrated food sources. Foraging occurs in all canopylevels, with significant time spent on the ground. Allen’s Squirrels rarely vocalize, but when threatened, they utter an alarm call that is a series of chatters and chucks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFC4F734F85FF425.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Allen’s Squirrel is decreasing. A near complete lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it appears to be vulnerable to deforestation. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted for food or to reduce damage to agricultural crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Blas, Tepic, [Nayarit,] Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. c. colliaeiRichardson, 1839 — NayaritinWCMexico. S. c. nuchalisNelson, 1899 — JaliscoandColimainWCMexico. S. c. sinaloensisNelson, 1899 — Sinaloa (WMexico). S. c. truer Nelson, 1899 — Sierra Madre Occidental in SE Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and Sinaloa, NW Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 248 - 6 mm (males) and 243 - 4 mm (females), tail mean 243 - 2 mm (males) and 260 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 335 - 2 g (males) and 440 - 8 g (females). Dorsum of Collie’s Squirrel is usually dark grizzled gray, with yellowish wash to base oftail. Sides are light gray. Venter is usually white, but can sometimes be light orange. Tail is frosted with buff to white and black on dorsal surface and grizzled gray or dark gray and yellow below. Subspecies nuchalis has yellowish nape, black rump, and yellowish or rust ears relative to nominate colliaei. Subspecies sinaloensis has larger skull than colliaei. Skull of true: is broader and cranium is flatter than colliaer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense subtropical and tropical habitats in the coastal plain of the central Pacific Coast of Mexico. Collie’s Squirrel inhabits canyons and at lower elevations (below 2000 m) and is associated with fig (Ficus, Moraceae), palm, upland oak (Quercus, Fagaceae), riparian, and tropical dry forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Collie’s Squirrel forages on the ground but primarily is seen in the canopy. Feeds heavily on fruits and nuts of palms, figs, and oaks, and agricultural crops when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Collie’s Squirrel breedsin late spring (March — June); litters of 2 - 6 young are born after a 44 day gestation. Young are nursed for 8 - 10 weeks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Collie’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. They have a bimodal activity pattern throughout most of the year with early morning and late afternoon activity peaks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Collie’s Squirrels build dreys on outer tree branches and use cavities in tree trunks and abandoned arboreal termite nests. They are found in modest densities up to 5 ind / km? ®. Individuals live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FFCDFEE2FE6DFF64.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Collie’s Squirrel is unknown. A severe lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to forest loss due to urban development and conversion to agriculture. Local people huntthis large-bodied squirrel for meat and to reduce damage to agricultural crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sierra Valparaiso, Zacatecas, ” Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. n. nayaritensisJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SSierraMadreOccidental, fromSDurangotoNColima, WCMexico. S. n. apache]. A. Allen, 1893 — SierraMadreOccidentalfromESonoraandWChihuahuatoDurango, NWMexico. S. n. chiricahuae Goldman, 1933 — Chiricahua Mts in SE Arizona (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 248 - 2 mm (males) and 259 - 1 mm (females), tail mean 245 - 8 mm (males) and 254 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 761 g (males) and 669 g (females). The Mexican Fox Squirrel has grizzled brown dorsum, with yellow, orange, or rufous venter and charcoal tail frosted with buff to white. Winter pelage is more rufous, and scrotum is often ringed with white. Nominate nayaritensis is diminutive, with more yellow in pelage. Subspecies apache is intermediate and color. Subspecies chiricahuae is large, and reddish throughout its pelage.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry forests from low-elevation (above 1500 m) Madrean pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) forests to higher-elevation (c. 2700 m) mixed conifer forests. Riparian areas with large cottonwoods (Populus, Salicaceae) and sycamores (Platanus, Platanaceae) often harbor highest densities of Mexican Fox Squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mexican Fox Squirrel forages heavily on the ground but also regularly uses the canopy. It feeds on tree seeds, flowers, and fungi. Seeds are removed and consumed from cones of pines (Pinus), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and true firs (Abies), all Pinaeae. Acorns (Quercus) and walnuts (Juglans, Juglandaceae) are readily eaten when available. Hypogeous and epigeous fungi are also a common food. Insects are consumed in opportunistic fashion. The Mexican Fox Squirrel occasionally scatterhoards large storable seeds in the soil.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Mexican Fox Squirrel most often produces single litters of 1 - 2 young in late spring or summer, after a one day estrus in spring or early summer, during which as many as seven males pursue females. Males possess scrotal testes in winter through summer. Cavities in large-diameter, soft-wooded trees are favored by nursing females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mexican Fox Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year, with an early morning and late afternoon peak in activity in summer and unimodal pattern of activity in winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mexican Fox Squirrel constructs round dreys from pine needles, leaves, and twigs. Individuals generally live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources; however, communal nests are known to occur during winter. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels, with significant time spent on the ground. Males travel greater distances than females that result in home ranges of males that average 35 ha, much larger than those of females that average 15 ha. Males maximize home range overlap with females, especially during breeding. The Mexican Fox Squirrel is silent compared with most tree squirrels and seeks cover and remains motionless unless startled when it barks or chucks from elevated locations in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFEAED17FAC9FC74F95DFBF5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Mexican Fox Squirrel is unknown. A lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts in Mexico; it might be vulnerable to deforestation and changing fire regimes. Local people hunt this large-bodied squirrel for meat and sport. It appearsto thrive in open forests maintained by frequent fire.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	materials_examined	“ California. ” Restricted by E. W. Nelson in 1899 to Alta Mira, Tamaulipas, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. a. aureogasterF. Cuvier, 1829 — EMexico, fromNuevoLeonandTamaulipastoTabasco, atelevationsbelow 1525 m, butupto 2440 minPinaldeAmolesinNEQuerétaroMts. S. a. nigrescens Bennett, 1833 — Pacific coastal plain and mountains of C & S Mexico, and SW & S Guatemala.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 232 - 310 mm, tail 215 - 284 mm; weight 375 - 690 g. The Red-bellied Squirrel has extreme individual and geographical variation in pattern and color of pelage. Upper parts are frosted pale to dark grizzled gray; patches of varying size and color may occur on nape, shoulders, rump, and sides. Venter ranges from white and orange to chestnut; tail ranges from variegated, grayish buff when under parts are pale to orange-red or chestnut when venter is deep orange. Partial and complete melanism is common. Dorsal patches appear brighter on adults than on juveniles. Subspecies nigrescens has white-to-chestnut venter (not orange red), conspicuous postauricular patches, sharp patchy dorsum, and gray-tochestnut tail (not white).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. A variety of forests, especially dry open pine-oak (Pinus, Pinaceae, and Quercus, Fagaceae) woodlands and thornscrub. The Red-bellied Squirrel can thrive in secondary forests, plantations, and urban areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-bellied Squirrel is herbivorous and primarily feeds on acorns (Quercus) and pine nuts (Pinus) throughout most of its distribution; it also eats fungi, insects, eggs, and nestlings. Acorns of ten species of oak are readily consumed, with preference for acorns from white oaks (section Lepidobalanus). Fruits of mango (Mangifera) and hog plums (Spondias), both Anacardiaceae; wild green figs (Ficus, Moraceae); tamarind pods (Tamarindus, Fabaceae); sapodilla (Manilkara, Sapotaceae); palm nuts (Astrocaryum mexicanum, Arecaceae); and a variety of legumes are eaten. Red-bellied Squirrels excise the embryos of white oak acorns and also remove the embryo from germinated red oaks (section Erythrobalanus) prior to caching seeds; behaviors common in congeners from temperate forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Red-bellied Squirrel reproduces throughout the year; mating chases involving up to nine males are observed during most months, and males with enlarged, scrotal testes are common year-round. Females produce 2 — 4 young / litter after gestation of c ¢. 44 days. Lactation occurs throughout the year, and young disperse soon after weaning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red-bellied Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. Two peaks in their daily activity occur from 06: 30 h to 10: 00 h and from 14: 00 h to 19: 00 h, with greatest activity in morning. Around midday, individuals can be regularly observed resting or sleeping on tree branches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Red-bellied Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of green leaves and twigs. Individuals are not territorial, and home ranges overlap. Densities are 0 - 4 - 3 ind / ha. Male home ranges average 2: 3 ha (range 0 - 9 - 4 - 7 ha) and females average 0 - 9 ha (range 0 - 5 - 1 - 2 ha). Individuals are usually solitary, except when attracted to abundant food resources. The Red-bellied Squirrel is generally quiet and calls only when distressed or mating. Four vocalizations can be identified: low-pitched, barking call emitted when individuals are apprehensive about a distant threat; high-pitched, barking call emitted when dangeris nearby; piercing, high-pitched squeal emitted when individuals are handled, and rapid squeaks and clicks emitted during mating bouts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF14FEFBFDB1FCAF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Red-bellied Squirrelis stable. They are hunted for meat and pelts, and they are removed as pests in agricultural fields of cacao, papaya, mango, corn, and coconut plantations. They are considered a pest where introduced in the Florida Keys, USA. These colorful squirrels are occasionally sold as pets and are valued by tourists. Habitat loss and fragmentation are conservation issues because forests are being harvested and converted to agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mexico, Papantla, [Veracruz]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. d. deppeiPeters, 1863 — FromVeracruz (Mexico), StoGuatemala, ElSalvador, andWHonduras. S. d. matagalpaeJ. A. Allen, 1908 — SHondurasandNicaragua. S. d. miravallensisHarris, 1931 — SNicaragua, andNCostaRica. S. d. negligensNelson, 1898 — EMexico, inSTamaulipas, ESanLuisPotosi, Hidalgo, andNVeracruz. S. d. vivax Nelson, 1901 — Yucatan Penin- sula in Mexico, Belize, and N Guatemala.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 207 - 2 mm (males) and 210 - 2 mm (females), tail mean 176 mm (males) and 169 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 268 - 3 g (males) and 287 - 3 g (females). Deppe’s Squirrel varies greatly in color, with gray, yellow-brown, olive-brown, or brownish rust dorsum. Legs are charcoal to rust. Face can appear gray to silver-gray. Venter is grayish to straw yellow to faint rust-brown. Tail is black, interspersed with white on upper surface with colors of venter evident below and entire tail frosted with silver-gray to white. Subspecies matagalpae has yellow-brown dorsum, with predominantly yellow venter. Subspecies miravallensis has gray venter, occasionally washed with rust; dorsum is dark, grizzled yellowish brown and slightly darker along middle and top of head; and tail has white border. Subspecies negligens has prominent ears, grayer brown dorsum, and light venter. Subspecies vivax has pale rusty dorsum and prominent rostrum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Damp lowland tropical forests below elevations of ¢. 1000 m, arid subtropical oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) woodlands and oak-pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) forests, and cloud forests sometimes above elevations of ¢. 3000 m. Deppe’s Squirrel can persist in modestly fragmented forests, agricultural lands, urban areas, and secondary growth forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Deppe’s Squirrel is generally herbivorous and feeds on a variety of leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds, including palm nuts, acorns, and berries. It can be opportunistically omnivorous and eat fungi and insects when encountered. Deppe’s Squirrel is primarily granivorous but does not seem to cache or hoard seeds; however, it does passively participate in seed dispersal. It will feed on agricultural crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Young Deppe’s Squirrels are born at any time throughout the year. Females have litters of 4 - 8 young in dreys or cavities once each year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Deppe’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year. They demonstrate a bimodal pattern of activity that peaks in early morning and before sunset.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Deppe’s Squirrels construct dreys of leaves and twigs, 2 - 3 m aboveground, and also appear to use cavities. They often forage on the ground in dense vegetation but are capable of using all parts of forest canopies. Densities are generally 2 - 2 ind / ha and as high as 100 ind / km?; in tourist areas, densities can be 32 - 2 ind / km? *. Although generally solitary, small groups of individuals foraging together have been reported. Home ranges average 1 - 5 ha. Deppe’s Squirrel is often found in areas with modest human development and activity. Although considered to be relatively secretive, it emits an alarm call when startled, described as a high-pitched trill accompanied by rapid tail flicking.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED18FF1CF40DF8C3FE09.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (Costa Rica). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Deppe’s Squirrel is stable. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation. Although small-bodied, it is hunted by indigenous people for meat in some parts of Mexico. Deppe’s Squirrel is a pest near agricultural crops butis also valued by tourists at somesites.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	materials_examined	“ Eastern Mexico. ” Restricted by E. W. Nel- son in 1899 to “ near Las Vigas, [Veracruz], Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. o. oculatusPeters, 1863 — ECMexico. S. o. shawiDalquest, 1950 — NCMexico. S. o. tolucae Nelson, 1898 — WC Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 508 - 560 mm, tail 256 - 269 mm; weight 550 - 750 g. Peters’s Squirrel has grizzled gray dorsum; some subspecies have medial black band. Eye ring is white to buff. Venter is white, pale yellow, ocherous buff. Tail is bushy and black, suffused with white above and sometimes yellow below. Nominate oculatus has black medial band along dorsum. Subspecies shawi has pale gray dorsum; venter is pinkish cinnamon. Subspecies tolucae has medial dorsal band of gray, with grayish white or bufty venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Pine (Pinus), fir (Abies, both Pinaceae), and oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) forests in arid mountains.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Peters’s Squirrel is herbivorous and feeds on tree seeds, nuts, and fruits including almonds, acorns, and wild figs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding of Peter’s Squirrels occurs in late spring when up to 20 males might chase a female. Juveniles have been reported in July-August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Peters’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Peters’s Squirrel constructs round dreys of leaves and twigs. Individuals live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels, with significant time spent on the ground. Peter’s Squirrels are able to leap across 2 m gaps between trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE5ED19FA19F696FE60F408.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Peter’s Squirrel is unknown. It is considered an endangered species in Mexico. A near complete lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation, with 56 % loss of habitat throughout the distribution. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted in many localities, primarily for food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	materials_examined	“ ... west coast of South America. ” Re- stricted by E. W. Nelson in 1899 to “ [El] Salvador. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	discussion	Fifteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. v. variegatoidesOgilby, 1839 — EGuatemala, WHonduras, andEElSalvador. S. v. adolpheiLesson, 1842 — ElRealejo, NWNicaragua. S. v. atrirufusHarris, 1930 — NicoyaPeninsula, NWCostaRica. S. v. bangsiDickey, 1928 — SEGuatemala, andWElSalvador. S. v. beltiNelson, 1899 — EHonduras, ENicaragua. S. v. boothiaeGray, 1843 — N & CHonduras, andNNicaragua. S. v. dorsalisGray, 1849 — WNicaragua, andNWCostaRica. S. v. goldmaniNelson, 1898 — SEChiapas (Mexico) andSWGuatemala. S. v. helveolusGoldman, 1912 — PacificcoastofWCPanama. S. v. loweryiMcPherson, 1972 — CCostaRica. S. v. managuensisNelson, 1898 — EGuatemala. S. v. melaniaGray, 1867 — PacificcoastlowlandsofWPanama. S. v. nigidusPeters, 1863 — CCostaRica, extendingtothePacificcoast (GulfofNicoya). S. v. thomasiNelson, 1899 — ECostaRica. S. v. underwoodi Goldman, 1932 — S Honduras, W Nicaragua, and NC Costa Rica.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 255 - 9 mm (males) and 260 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 262 - 8 mm (males) and 278 - 7 mm (females); weight mean 536 - 9 g (males) and 468 - 8 g (females). The Variegated Squirrel has extremely diverse color varieties from steel-gray to grizzled gray, with yellow wash to nearly all black. Distinct dorsal patch of brown or red is present in some subspecies; venter, neck, sides, and legs are rust. Tail is black, with interspersed white-tipped hairs or frosting of white hairs. Subspecies are among the most variable of any member of the Sciuridae, rivaled only by Finlayson’s Squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysoni) or Eastern Fox Squirrel (S. niger). Nominate variegatoides is relatively drab, with dorsum and base oftail dingy yellowish gray. Venter and feet are dull ocherous. Ears are pale rusty, with postauricular patches of dull buff. Subspecies adolphei has pale iron-gray top of head; dorsum and base oftail are dark gray-brown. Tail is washed with white. Venter is reddish chestnut-brown, sometimes with patchy white. Subspecies atrirufus has broad black band on back and brilliant rufous cinnamon on under parts that extends well up on sides, without any trace of lateral stripe. Subspecies bangsi is light and gray, without rusty wash on dorsum and feet. Ears are edged in black and sometimes have buffy or rusty ear tuft. Basal ear patches, toes, and venter are pure white and offer striking contrasts to dorsal pelage. Venter of belti is uniformly rusty rufous, and feet are grizzled with rust to yellow wash. Subspecies boothiae has dark grayish brown dorsum, washed with shiny black, and black feet and black ears with rusty postauricular patches; and venter is white and separated from dorsum by dull red lateral line. Midline of dorsum of dorsalis is blackish brown or grizzled yellowish brown, surrounded by lighter pelage ranging from buffy to white. Ventral pelage is solid but variable to include white, buffy yellow, or bright rufous. Dorsum of goldmaniis iron gray; ears are black rimmed, tufted with rufous tinge; and postauricular patch and venter are white. Subspecies helveolus is similar to dorsalis and variegatoides, but limbs and under parts are paler. Dorsum of loweryi is predominately black, intermixed with tawny; sides, venter, and postauricular patches are tawny without white patches; and it is smaller than similarly colored dorsalis. Subspecies managuensis is smaller than boothiae, with blackish yellow dorsum and buffy yellow venter. Subspecies melania possesses pelage of uniformly polished black color. Black hairs are ringed once with rust or ocher. Dorsum of rigidus is black, sprinkled with rusty ocheryellow or white. Venter side is rusty and whitish toward midline. Chin and patches at bases of ears are also whitish; limbs are rust, mixed with black. Subspecies thomasi has black dorsum, with underlying dark yellow or ferruginous brown suffused. Venter is deep ferruginous. Ears have black tufts and ferruginous basal patches. White patches occasionally occur on under parts. Under parts of underwood: are white, postauricular spots are buffy, and feet are dark ocherous buffy or black. This form has dark ocherous buff lateral line, with pale dorsal pelage.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed deciduous-evergreen dry tropical forests usually at elevations below 1800 m but as high as 2600 m. The Variegated Squirrel is often associated with pineoak (Pinus, Pinaceae, and Quercus, Fagaceae) forests in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and Costa Rica but less so in México and Guatemala, where extends into wet tropical lowland forests. It thrives in cacao, coffee, mango, and palm plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Variegated Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It is generally considered to be herbivorous. Diets contain tree seeds and fruits but tend to lack hard-shelled seeds and nuts, though acorns are frequently consumed. Insects and nestling birds are also eaten. The Variegated Squirrel does not appear to scatterhoard or cache seeds, but individuals will discard many seeds after eating fleshy fruits.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Variegated Squirrel breeds in April-May, and litters have 4 - 6 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Variegated Squirrels is diurnal and active throughout the year, with activity typically initiated early in the day.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Variegated Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of leaves and twigs, placed in canopies, or uses tree cavities. Individuals appear to live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels but rarely on the ground. Deep vocalizations have been interpreted as alarm calls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC6F5BCF87CFCE1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Variegated Squirrel is stable. In Mexico, it is has special protection due to its marginal distribution. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. Indigenous people hunt this large-bodied squirrel for meat and to minimize damage to crops on plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Merida, Yucatan, ” Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. y. yucatanensisJ. A. Allen, 1877 — NYucatanPeninsula (Mexico). S. y. baliolusNelson, 1901 — CYucatanPeninsula (Mexico). S. y. phaeopus Goodwin, 1932 — S Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Belize, and N Guatemala.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 - 322 mm, tail 194 - 271 mm; weight 320 - 540 g. The Yucatan Squirrel has black-and-white to gray grizzled dorsal pelage, often washed with olive-brown or tawny. Buffy postauricular patch and buff-to-white short ear tufts are often present; feet are dark brown, charcoal, or black. Underside is buff, gray, or grizzled black and white. Tail can be bushy and is black at core, frosted with white to buff. Subspecies differ primarily in color of venter. Nominate yucatanensis is the palest; phaeopus is the darkest, with black legs and patches at bases of ears; and baliolus is intermediate, with buffy venter and absence of dark patches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests of moist mangrove swamps, primary deciduous and evergreen forests, semiarid pine-oak (Pinus, Pinaceae, and Quercus, Fagaceae) woodlands, and secondary forests. The Yucatan Squirrel can occur in coffee and cacao plantations and similar agricultural lands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Yucatan Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It is primarily herbivorous and feeds on soft fruits, nuts, seeds, flowers, buds, and shoots, but it also occasionally eats insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litters of 3 - 4 young are born following the rainy breeding season.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Yucatan Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year; daily activity generally starts soon after sunrise.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Yucatan Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of leaves and twigs on branches high in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED19FFC3FCA9FBA3FD1C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Yucatan Squirrel is stable. More knowledge of ecology and threats would be helpful for conservation and management efforts. Yucatan Squirrels can damage agricultural crops such as corn and mango. This moderate-sized squirrel is sometimes hunted for meat and pelts and is commonly kept as a pet in local areas. Deforestation is the major conservation threat, but populations seem to be resilient to modest timber harvest and fragmentation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	materials_examined	“ Escondido River, Nicaragua. ” Restricted by E. W. Nelson in 1899 to “ Escondido River (50 miles [80 km] above Blufiekds), Nicaragua. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nicaragua.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 160 - 218 mm, tail 130 - 184 mm; weight 235 - 268 g. Dorsum of Richmond’s Squirrelis nearly uniform dark brown, washed with ocherous tones. Venteris yellow-buff to or- ange. Tail is same color as dorsum above and tawny ocherous below.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland mature primary and gal- lery forests, often in riparian areas. While most common in primary forest, Rich- mond’s Squirrel can persist in agricultural plantations and second-growth forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Richmond’s Squirrel forages on the ground, lower branches, and tree trunks but rarely in the canopy. It is herbivorous and feeds on seeds, nuts, fruits, and other plant tissues.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season of Richmond’s Squirrel occur in February-September, after which litters of 2 - 3 young are produced in leaf nests or cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Richmond’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year, starting activity in early morning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Richmond’s Squirrel appears to live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others while foraging on the ground and in lower canopy levels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE4ED1AFAC2F3BBFE03F2CB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Richmond’s Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. It is likely vulnerable to deforestation in its extremely limited distribution. Despiteits small size, Richmond’s Squirrel is occasionally harvested. Richmond’s Squirrel likely faces considerable conservation challenges because of its small distribution and loss and fragmentation of its habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Colombia, Dept. Bolivar, Carta- gena. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	discussion	Sciurus granatensis is extremely variable and probably needs thorough assessment ofits subspecific taxonomy; hence, subspecies distribution might be arbitrary and unreasonable. Thirty-two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. granatensisHumboldt, 1811 — NWColombia. S. g. agricolaeHershkovitz, 1947 — NColombia. S. gbondae]. A. Allen, 1899 — NColombia. S. g. candelensisJ. A. Allen, 1914 — SWColombia. S. g. carchensisHarris & Hershkovitz, 1938 — WEcuador. S. g. chapmanJ. A. Allen, 1899 — TrinidadandTobagoIs. S. g. chiriquensisBangs, 1902 — Panama. S. g. chrysurosPucheran, 1845 — CColombia. S. g. ferminaeCabrera, 1917 — EEcuador. S. g. gerrardiGray, 1861 — NWColombia. S. g. griseimembraJ. A. Allen, 1914 — EColombia. S. g. griseogenaGray, 1867 — NVenezuela. S. g. hoffmanniPeters, 1863 — CostaRica. S. g. imbaburaeHarris & Hershkovitz, 1938 — NEcuador. S. g. llanensisMondolfi & Boher, 1984 — CVenezuela. S. gmanavi]. A. Allen, 1914 — WEcuador. S. g. maracaibensisHershkovitz, 1947 — NWVenezuela. S. g. meridensisThomas, 1901 — NWVenezuela. S. gmorulusBangs, 1900 — CPanama. S. g. nesaeusG. M. Allen, 1902 — MargaritaI (Venezuela). S. g. norosiensisHershkovitz, 1947 — NColombia. S. g. peryyaeHershkovitz, 1947 — NColombia. S. g. quindianusJ. A. Allen, 1914 — SWColombia. S. g. saltuensisBangs, 1898 — NColombia. S. g. soederstroemiStone, 1914 — NEcuador. S. g. splendidusGray, 1842 — NColombia. S. g. sumacoCabrera, 1917 — EEcuador. S. g. tarraeHershkovitz, 1947 — NColombia. S. gvaldiviae]. A. Allen, 1915 — NWColombia. S. g. vanabilis 1. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1832 — NColombia. S. g. versicolorThomas, 1900 — NEcuador. S. g. zuliae Osgood, 1910 — W Venezuela.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 200 - 285 mm, tail 140 - 280 mm; weight 212 - 520 g. The Red-tailed Squirrel has extremely variable pelage, with deep red as dominant color of dorsum. Variants differ widely from grizzled black to charcoal, with tinge of yellow; melanism is common. Black median longitudinal stripe is sometimes present. Faint buff-to-ocher eye ring is sometimes visible. Venter is most often lighter than dorsum, ranging from white to yellow to orange-red. Dorsalside oftail is red to rust, often griz- zled with black and sometimes with black tip. Populations of Red-tailed Squirrels east of the Andes tend to be white-bellied, Venezuelan populations often contain more brownish variants, and coastal Ecuadorian and Colombian have more blackish forms with black-tipped red tails. Subspecies are extremely variable; however, they can be grouped into discrete groups based on major pelage characteristics. Subspecies gra- natensis, agricolae, bondae, saltuensis, splendidus, and variabilis are red forms with white ventral pelage. Subspecies candelensis, chapmani, chiriquensis, chrysuros, griseimembra, hoffmanni, manauvi, maracaibensis, nesaeus, novosiensis, soederstroemi, sumaco, and tarrae are dark olivaceous and brownish forms, often with yellow, orange, or red ventral pelage. Subspecies meridensis, morulus, and zuliae are reddish forms, with black tipped tail. Sub- species gerrardi, perijae, quindianus, and versicolor are reddish forms, with black medial bands on dorsa. Subspecies carchensis, ferminae, imbaburae, and valdiviae are brownish forms, with black-tipped tail. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 42 and FN = 78.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Nearly all forest types from sea level to montane, across a continuum of arid- ity, and secondary forests and picnic areas and parks of heavy human use.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-tailed Squirrel is generally herbivorous and feeds on seeds, fruits, leaves, flowers, fungi, and plant saps and exudates; it will eat animal ma- terial when encountered. They prefer large tropical tree seeds, which they access by gnawing through thick protective seed coats. The Red-tailed Squirrel is a major dis- perser of seeds in tropical forests. Foods are scatterhoarded on the ground and hidden in branch forks or lianas in the canopy. It can be found foraging in multiple layers of forest canopies throughout the year. It is most often found in mid-canopy and upper canopy when seeds ripen; it is less commonly seen on the ground until after tree seeds drop.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Red-tailed Squirrel constructs leaf nests in the canopy or uses cavities in which young are born. Breeding season is extremely long (November — August). Mat- ing chases occur on the single day of estrus when males pursue females while grunting and snorting in efforts to gain access. Copulations last only ¢. 10 seconds. Gestation is c. 45 days, and litters of 1 - 3 young are typical. Three litters may be produced during the breeding season. Young nurse for up to c ¢. 2 months, and all disperse from their natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red-tailed Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year, with early morning period of activity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Red-tailed Squirrels are solitary, al- though feeding aggregations may occurat seasonal food sources. Female home ranges are c. 0 - 64 ha, relatively exclusive and defended from other females; male home ranges are c. 1 - 5 ha, with considerable overlap. The Red-tailed Squirrel typically remains silent but will produce a series of hoarse chucks when alarmed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE7ED1AFF13F9E9F759FDF3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Red-tailed Squirrelis stable. It is widespread and found in diverse habitats suggesting that it is buffered from habitat loss. Local people hunt this large-bodied squirrel for consumption.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinam. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	discussion	Eleven subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. a. aestuansLinnaeus, 1766 — Nofthe AmazonRiverinColombia, Venezuela, theGuianas, andNBrazil. S. a. alphonseiThomas, 1903 — NEBrazil. S. a. garbeiPinto, 1931 — EBrazil. S. a. georgihernandeziBarriga-Bonilla, 1966 — Colombia, NWBrazil, andVenezuela. S. a. henselı Miranda-Ribeiro, 194] - S Brazil, and NE Argentina. S. a. mgmmı Thomas, 1901 - E 8 c S Brazil. S. a. mammnellı Thomas. 1901 - S Venezuela, Guyana, and N Brazil. S. a. poaıae Moojen. 1942 - Malo Grosso. Brazil. S. a. quelchıı Thomas, 1901 - S Guyana, and NC Brazil. S. a. sebastian: P. Müller 8:. Vesmanis, 1901 - São Sebastião l (Brazil). S. a. venustusJ. A. Allen, 1915 — Venezuela.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 160 - 186 mm, tail 163 - 250 mm; weight 160 - 380 g. The Guianan Squirrel has an olivaceous gray dorsum, grizzled with brown and yellow. Pale yellow-brown eye ring is apparent, and similarly colored postauricular patch can be found on some individuals. Venter is yellowish, buff, or white. Dorsal surface of tail is same color as dorsum, with rufous and more variable underside. Albinism and melanism occur but are not common. Venter of subspecies differs primarily in color. Nominate aestuans has white postauricular patches and reddish wash to body and feet. Subspecies alphonsei has pale yellowish dorsum, with grayish venter. Subspecies ingrami has olivaceous dorsum, with white to buff venter. Subspecies garbei has ocherous chestnut upper parts and ocherous orange under parts, with paler throat. Sides of hensel: are ashy, and venter is white. Subspecies macconnelli is more brownish olivaceous. Subspecies poaiae is honey brown dashed with black and quelchii is olivaceous, with yellow belly. Subspecies sebastiani has stronger darker brown tone than mainland subspecies; tail is reddish brown, whereastails of mainland subspecies are gray-brown. Subspecies venustus is diminutive. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 40 and FN = 74.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical rainforests, swamps and wet forests, Atlantic gallery forests, secondary forests, gardens, and plantations. Forest fragments and urban parks often include Guianan Squirrels as one of their few natural residents.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Guianan Squirrels are generally herbivorous but have a varied and diverse diet. Seeds and fruits of the highly diverse palms (Arecaceae), oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae), and numerous other species are eaten. Fungi are eaten to supplement the diet in winter and spring. The Guianan Squirrel serves as an important seed disperser by carrying and caching fruit in autumn and winter, sometimesstoring it at heights of more than 30 m. Within forest fragments of the Atlantic Forest in south-eastern Brazil, the Guianan Squirrel accounts for 96 % of the seed predation of some tree species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Guianan Squirrels follow and sniff genitalia of females before estrus. On the day ofestrus, several males pursue a female to mate. Females are pregnant in winter and summer, suggesting two annual mating seasons. Litters of 2 - 5 young are born in leaf nests or tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Guianan Squirrels are diurnal and active throughoutthe year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Guianan Squirrel constructs spherical dreys of leaves, palms, and twigs. Individuals live and forage alone. They are found in all forest levels and on the ground. Most commonly they are seen in the midstory at 5 - 12 m. Home range overlap is considerable; individuals overlap with a number of their neighbors. Average male home range (6 - 5 ha) is twice as large as that of females (3 - 1 ha) during the autumn mating season. The Guianan Squirrel has a diverse repertoire of vocalizations that includes alarm calls of sharp chucks and chatters, short chips, and highpitched whines. When alarmed, Guianan squirrels ascend a tree and chatter while fleeing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFFFFEF8FC4FFCAA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Guianan Squirrel is unknown but suspected to be stable. Although it is one of the most studied squirrels of South America, lack of data on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. The Guianan Squirrel is able to thrive in secondary forests and urban areas. Indigenous people occasionally hunt this small-bodied squirrel for meat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	materials_examined	“ Venezuela, Bolivar, Caura Valley, La Union. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Venezuela S of the Orinoco River, extending from Colombian border to Ciudad Bolivar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 272 - 303 mm, tail 242 - 310 mm; weight 550 - 625 g. The Fiery Squirrel has variable dorsal pelage from complete melanism to partial albinism. Dorsal pelage is usually grizzled black to brown, suffused with yellow. Head, ears, haunches, and feet have rufous tinge. Cheeks and chin are washed with yellow to orangish that transition to yellow, cream, or white venter, often demarcated from dorsal color by orange lateral line. Tail is black at base and transitions to orange to fiery orange red.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical lowlands, palm groves, and semideciduous and evergreen forests. The Fiery Squirrel is rarely found in secondary or disturbed forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Fiery Squirrel is herbivorous and feeds heavily on tree seeds, nuts, and fruits, especially from palms.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Fiery Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Fiery Squirrel nests in round dreys constructed of leaves and twigs generally high in the canopy. It is strongly arboreal and is difficult to observe as it forages, which is typically high in canopies oflarge trees with dense cover and often in low humid marshy palm groves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFAFFFA0FF6E8FC27.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Fiery Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and managementefforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation. This large-bodied squirrel is hunted occasionally for bushmeat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Colombia, near Bogota. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. p. pucheraniiFitzinger, 1867 — EAndesRangeofColombia. S. p. caucensisNelson, 1899 — WAndesRangeofColombia. S. p. medellinensis Gray, 1872 — C Andes Range of Colombia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 140 - 184 mm, tail 119 - 160 mm; weight 100 - 146 g. The Andean Squirrel has thick soft dark reddish brown dorsal pelage, sometimes with dark midline. Some individuals have black crown and sparsely furred ears. Venter is brownish gray or buff. Subspecies differ primarily in color of venter. Subspecies medellinensis has blackish midline and whitish venter, whereas other subspecies lack midline. Nominate pucheranii has brownish gray venter, and caucensis has brownish buff venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane sub-Andean and Andean forests at elevations of 2200 - 3500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Andean Squirrel is herbivorous and reported to forage for tree seeds and fruits on the ground and in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Andean Squirrels have six paired mammae, but reproductive biology is virtually unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Andean Squirrels are diurnal and terrestrial. They are active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Andean Squirrels appear to live and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1DFFF5F40BFA42F2AE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Andean Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats impedes conservation and management.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Brazil, Borba, Rio Madeira. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gilvigularis Wagner, 1842 — N Brazil, S Venezuela, and NE Guyana; however the range is disjunct and poorly known. S. g. paraensis Goeldi & Hagmann, 1904 — S range in Brazil is unclear but likely S of Amazon River.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 155 - 177 mm, tail 1656 - 195 mm; weight 150 - 165 g. The Yellow-throated Squirrel has short thin pelage, with grizzled dorsum of ocherous buff and black and a pale buff eye ring. Ventral pelage is dark ocherous orange, palest on throat and lower abdomen. Tail is sometimes faintly banded and grizzled with buff and black, washed with fulvous or white, and edged in buff. Nominate gilvigularis has tail washed in fulvous, whereas paraensis is washed with white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Humid coastal and evergreen forests dominated by palms, lianas, and rattans. Yellow-throated Squirrels appear to be absent from secondary or logged forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Yellow-throated Squirrel is herbivorous and feeds primarily on seeds and fruit of palms. Maripa palm (Attalea maripa, Arecaceae) and its large fruits are favored, but various small tree seeds are also consumed. Yellow-throated Squirrels sit on branches or rattans near palms to feed, and loud gnawing of seed hulls betray their locations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Yellow-throated Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Yellow-throated Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives at low densities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE0ED1EFAF3F489FD88F2B1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Yellow-throated Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	materials_examined	“ Brazil, Amazonas, north of the Rio Negro, Marabitanos. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. i. igniventrisWagner, 1843 — EColombia, SVenezuela, WBrazil, EPeru, andlikelyextremeSWGuyana. S. i. cocalis Thomas, 1900 — E Ecuador, and N Peru E of the Andes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 240 - 295 mm, tail 240 - 295 mm; weight 500 - 900 g. The Northern Amazon Red Squirrel has dark chestnutred to rust orange-yellow dorsum, often grizzled with black especially on head. Ears are thinly haired and extend above crown; postauricular patches are absent or poorly defined and straw yellow. Feet are bright red or orange without black. Venteris pale orange, red, or white, sometimes delineated from dorsum by black lateral line. Tail is substantial and bushy, with black at base and orange or rust at tip. Melanism occurs occasionally. Subspecies differ primarily in color of venter. Nominate igniventris has ferruginous venter, whereas cocalis has pale ocherous buff venter and dark blackish median band from head to tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Terra firma and seasonally flooded lowland forests. The Northern Amazon Red Squirrel is commonly observed in mature and disturbed rainforests, often foraging on the ground in vicinities of palm trees. Open areas, even small forest clearings, are not often used.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Northern Amazon Red Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It is a specialist on large tree seeds with extremely thick hard endocarps, including a variety of palms (Arecaceae). These squirrels feed on the seeds, nuts, and fruits of palms and other large-seeded trees; they will glean insects. The Northern Amazon Red Squirrel is often the major seed predator ofa tree. Seeds are collected as soon as they ripen. Loud gnawing to reach the endosperm through its thick covering is an excellent indicator of presence of Northern Amazon Red Squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but a nest of a melanistic female that was either a Northern Amazon Red Squirrel or a Southern Amazon Red Squirrel (S. spadiceus) contained two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Northern Amazon Red Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Amazon Red Squirrel constructs round dreys of green leaves and twigs. Individualslive and forage alone, only occasionally interacting with others at concentrated food sources. Foraging occurs in all canopy levels, with significant time spent on the ground. Northern Amazon Red Squirrels are easily flushed and escape through undergrowth along ground. They rarely vocalize, but when threatened, they utter an alarm call of low frequency, with shortseries of chatters and chucks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFF67FA0FF8F3F6AF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Northern Amazon Red Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to deforestation. Indigenous people hunt this large-bodied squirrel for bushmeat, which can be considered high quality in some regions.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	materials_examined	Brazil. Restricted by P. Hershkovitz in 1959 to Cuyaba (= Cuiaba), Matto Grosso.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. spadiceusOlfers, 1818 — WBrazil, butboundariespoorlyknown. S. s. stembachiJ. A. Allen, 1914 — Bolivia, butboundariespoorlyknown. S. s. tricolor Tschudi, 1844 — S Colombia, E Ecuador, and E Peru E of the Andes, but boundaries poorly known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 240 - 290 mm, tail 235 - 340 mm; weight 570 - 660 g. The Southern Amazon Red Squirrel has dark chestnutred or rustorange dorsum, peppered with black. Ears are thinly haired and protrude conspicuously; head is often black or has faintly defined dark cap. Feet are dark red, mixed with black or solid black. Venteris pale orange, white, or yellowish. Tail is substantial and bushy, usually black at base and orange or rusty at tip. Melanism is known. Subspecies steinbachi is large and pale form, nominate spadiceus is intermediate in color with a more reddish orange cast to face and venter, and # ricolor has dark brownish to black dorsum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland primary and secondary forests of the Amazon and in the foothills of the Andes. Southern Amazon Red Squirrels can use terra firma and seasonally flooded forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Southern Amazon Squirrels forage on the ground and in the canopy. It feeds primarily on nuts and fruits of palms and other large seeded trees. In the western Amazon, they specialize on large nuts with thick hard endocarps from three large-seeded genera (Astrocaryum, Scheelea [both Arecaceae], and Dipteryx [Fabaceae]) that provide 98 % of their diets. Their loud gnawing to reach endosperm through thickened coverings is an excellent indicator of their presence. Nuts are often cached in the ground, and several individuals can easily remove hundreds of nuts from a palm in only a few days.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Juvenile Southern Amazon Squirrels have been seen in Peru in early June, which suggests that breeding occurs at least in autumn in the Southern Hemisphere and possibly around August in Bolivia. Litters have 2 — 4 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Southern Amazon Squirrels are diurnal and active throughout the year in all levels of the canopy and on the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Southern Amazon Red Squirrel is usually solitary and constructs round drey nests of green leaves and twigs. Densities are low, 0 - 08 - 0 - 12 ind / ha. It does not travel in the forest canopy but rather descends to the ground and escapes through undergrowth when alarmed. It rarely calls, but when threatened, it produces an alarm call that sounds much like a sneeze followed by a series of chatters and chucks. Home ranges are 25 - 50 ha.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1EFA66FE0CF6BEFD34.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Southern Amazon Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. These large-bodied squirrels are hunted for food and decrease in frequency where hunted. They appear to be negatively affected by deforestation and fragmentation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Peru, Piura Dept. Omatope. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Ecuador and extreme NW Peru, in the region surrounding the Gulf of Guayaquil. Introduced into Limacity (Peru).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 180 - 320 mm, tail 250 - 330 mm; weight 460 - 495 g. The Guayaquil Squirrel has two main color morphs, with considerable variation. The darker morph has shoulders grizzled black and white, with rump and base oftail grizzled dull orange and black and head and ears black. Feet are black or white, and venter is brown or reddish. A lighter grayer morph has upper body and tail heavily frosted with white such that body and tail appear light gray. Rump is washed with faint orange or buff; collar around neck behind ears that is pure white or pale yellow; ears are black; and venteris gray.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry, humid, and montane forests including secondary and mature forests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2000 m. The Guayaquil Squirrel occurs in coffee plantations, and an introduced population also persists in parks, tree-lined streets, and zoos in Lima, Peru.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Guayaquil Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It is an omnivorous seed predator and frugivore that consumes seeds, nuts, fruits, buds, and occasionally insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Guayaquil Squirrelis diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Guayaquil Squirrel is usually solitary. Nests are constructed of woven sticks, 30 cm diameter, and located in trees other than palms, above ¢. 5 m, and can be in close proximity to houses. Individuals forage on the ground and in the canopy and climb on telephone wires and houses in urban areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE3ED1FFA63F584FB36F3B9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Guayaquil Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts. Guayaquil Squirrels are hunted and eaten in some localities, and they may be negatively impacted by forest fragmentation that results from conversion to agriculture and woodcutting. Guayaquil Squirrels are sometimes maintained as pets and can carry several diseases and parasites that cause pathology in humans; thus, they can be viewed as a potential health concern in some urban locations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Bolivia, near Yungas, upper Rio Beni. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. i. ignitusGray, 1867 — EofAndesinBoliviaandadjacentPeru. S. i. argentiniusThomas, 1921 — BoliviatoNWArgentina. S. i. boliviensisOsgood, 1921 — mostofBolivia. S. i. cabreraiMoojen, 1958 — WBrazil. S. i. irroratus Gray, 1867 — Peru, E of Andes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 140 - 220 mm, tail 150 - 230 mm; weight 183 - 242 g. The Bolivian Squirrel has an agouti brown-gray dorsum, with protruding ears and postauricular buffy patch. Venter is whitish buff to pale orange. Tail is same as dorsum but often frosted in yellow to pale orange. Subspecies differ primarily in color of venter. Nominate ignitus has ocherous buff venter, argentinius has yellow undersides and pinkish to reddish tinge to ears, irroratus has yellow venter, and boliviensis has white venter. Subspecies cabrerai has distinct reddish tinge to dorsum and feet; dorsal surface is dark chestnut, grizzled with reddish hair tips; ears are edged in orange hairs with remainder of ears fulvous; there is a distinct postauricular tuft of fulvous fur; and upper surfaces of hands and feet are reddish.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rain and montane forests at elevations of 600 - 2700 m. The Bolivian Squirrel heavily uses understories and sub-canopies of disturbed and mature forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Bolivian Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It is an omnivorous seed predator and frugivore that consumes nuts, mushrooms, fruits, and insects. It will also feed on cocoa and corn in small plantations. It might play an important role in seed dispersal and regeneration of the walnut (Juglans australis, Juglandaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Two female Bolivian Squirrels collected in August in Bolivia each had two embryos. Ajuvenile was captured in an arboreal trap in the dry season (June-July).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Bolivian Squirrel is diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Bolivian Squirrel is usually solitary and constructs round dreys of green leaves and twigs. Nests are hidden in subcanopies of palms or dense vine tangles c. 6 — 10 m off the ground. Individuals move readily on the ground and in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCAFB07FD2DFB9F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Bolivian Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to thinning and deforestation. Due to their small size, Bolivian Squirrels are not a preferred target of hunters. They are sometimes maintained as pets. Bolivian Squirrels are rarely detected in forests with high levels of human disturbance but seem to fare better than other rainforest squirrels. They are known to feed on cocoa and corn in Peru, where they can be considered pests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	materials_examined	“ Peru, Junin Dept., Vitoc, Garita del Sol. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E slopes of the Andes in Peru, possibly also in Ecuador and Bolivia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 240 - 254 mm, tail 208 - 254 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Junin Red Squirrel has dark reddish cast to feet, dorsum, ears, and crest, usually darkest on the head and often speckled with white. Rufous dorsum is deeply grizzled with black hairs that dwindle toward sides and limbs. Sides of muzzle and under lower jaw are lighter than rest of head, and ears are edged in black. Base oftail is chestnut-brown, grizzled with black. Longer hairs on distal one-half to two-thirds oftail terminate in bright orange tips, providing orange tinge, and have three black rings, the first at the base of each hair. Tail terminates in concentrations of these brightly tipped hairs, causing tail to be orange to rufous at tip. Venter varies considerably in color, sometimes sharply delineated from rest of body; color variants include uniform rufous, uniform white, and orange with white patches on sides.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rain and montane forests at elevations of 600 - 2500 m. The Junin Red Squirrel frequently visits family farms, clay licks, and lowland rainforest with boggy permanent patches of water in “ aguajales ” (palm swamps).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Junin Red Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy. It uses clay licks and ingests soil in terra firma forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A lactating female Junin Red Squirrel was collected in February.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Junin Red Squirrel is diurnal and active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Junin Red Squirrel moves on the ground and in the canopy. Observations of intraspecific tolerance while foraging and playing in small groups (2 - 3 individuals) suggest non-territorial behavior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFFCEF33EF62CF160.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Junin Red Squirrel is unknown, and it is considered vulnerable in Peru. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to thinning and deforestation because it is more commonly seen in areas where timber harvest has ceased ..	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	materials_examined	“ Peru, Madre de Dios Dept., La Pampa, between the Rio Inambari and Rio Tambopata, 33 km N of Santo Domingo, 570 m. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Peru (Madre de Dios Region).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 152 - 175 mm, tail 161 - 184 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Sanborn’s Squirrel has uniform olive-brown dorsum, bright pale buff eye rings and around mouth, and thinly haired ears that protrude above crown and have bright white or buff patches behind each ear. Feet are yellowish and sometimes distinctly paler than dorsum. Venter, including inner thighs, is entirely pure white or yellowish orange and contrast sharply with sides. Tail is usually same color as dorsum, but faint black banding can occur on tail when individuals have more grizzled appearance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland rainforest and high-ground forest with a 40 - 50 m canopy and dark open understory at elevations up to ¢. 400 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Sanborn’s Squirrel forages on the ground and in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Subadult Sanborn’s Squirrel was collected in October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Sanborn’s Squirrels are diurnal and active throughoutthe year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information about this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED1FFAF6F930F939FB17.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Sanborn’s Squirrel is unknown; it is thought to be rare and considered vulnerable in Peru. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management efforts; it might be vulnerable to forest thinning and deforestation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sarawak, ” Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 335 - 352 mm, tail 299 - 342 mm; weight 1.2 - 1.3 kg. Tufted Ground Squirrels have distinctive longitudinal groove on incisors and skull that is relatively long and flat. Baculum resembles axe-like structures of other species of Sciurinae rather than species of Callosciurinae common to the Indo-Malayan Region. Dorsum of the Tufted Ground Squirrel is brown, with slightly grizzled reddish tone. Shoulders and front limbs are sometimes more grizzled, with grayish wash. Hips, hindlimbs, and base of tail are reddish bay. White, buff, or yellow stripe runs longitudinally along flank, sometimes in tandem with dark brownish lateral stripe. Ears are large, with exaggerated reddish to dark brownish tufts up to 30 mm long. Underside is pale gray, buff, or white. Tail is grizzled charcoal, heavily frosted with white and is the most conspicuous feature. Robust tail represents 130 % of the volume of the body, making it proportionally the largest tail of any mammal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland hilly primary forest at elevations less than 1100 m. Other habitats of the Tufted Ground Squirrel have not been sufficiently surveyed. It is occasionally found in orchards and secondary forests but is rarely seen in conjunction with human developments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Opportunistic sightings and camera traps suggest that the Tufted Ground Squirrel forages on the ground and in the lower canopy, most often with the tail held high overhead. Holding the tail in a vertical position may serve an antipredator function. Tufted Ground Squirrels will also climb high into the canopyforits main foods, including fruits, thick-shelled nuts and seeds, and insects. When foraging in the canopy, Tufted Ground Squirrels do not avoid macaques (Macaca) and even forage in the same tree.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Tufted Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They are rare, live at low densities, and appear sensitive to timber harvest. They cause damage in forest gardens and are considered destructive pests in local areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFE2ED00FAF5F2E1FE52F0FE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Tufted Ground Squirrel is believed to be declining. Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats as are excessive harvests due to hunting with snares. Lack of knowledge on basic natural history impedes conservation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	materials_examined	“ Costa Rica, Jimenez. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. a. alfanJ. A. Allen, 1895 — NECostaRicaneartheTurrialbaVolcano. M. a. alticolaGoodwin, 1943 — NCCostaRica. M. a. brown: Bangs, 1902 — WCostaRicaandWPanama. M. a. fusculusThomas, 1910 — extremeEPanamaandadjacentWColombia. M. a. septentrionalisAnthony, 1920 — NCCostaRicaandmarginallyinSNicaragua. M. a. venustulus Goldman, 1912 — C Panama, Caribbean coast of W Panama.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 108 - 146 mm, tail 80 - 130 mm; weight 72 - 105 g. The Central American Dwarf Squirrel has dull-colored back that is olivaceous brown to olivaceous black, sometimes with reddish tinge. Venter is dull buff, gray, or pale orange buff. There are often white spots at bases of ears. Tail is dark olivaceous brown at the core but frosted with orange. Limbs are long relative to body length. Subspecies are difficult to distinguish, and the genus Microsciurus needs a contemporary assessment. As the high-elevation subspecies, alticola has long dense fur and is large.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense evergreen forests, including cloud forests, at elevations that reach 2600 m. Central American Dwarf Squirrels sometimes are seen in disturbed forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Central American Dwarf Squirrel forages on the ground, along tree trunks, and in the canopy. It eats plant sap and exudates, fruits, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Central American Dwarf Squirrel appears to be seasonally monoestrous and occasionally is seen in pairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Central American Dwarf Squirrels are diurnal, and they energetically and rapidly move on all substrates from ground to canopy, tree trunks, and lianas. They have been described as moving with purpose and grace when they rapidly scale trees and leap across canopy gaps. They occasionally chatter or emit high-pitched trills, but they are generally quiet rainforest occupants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FF60F719F681F475.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Central American Dwarf Squirrel is believed to be stable. Habitat loss and fragmentation are major conservation threats. Lack of knowledge on basic natural history impedes conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ecuador, Esmeraldas, Cachavi, 665 ft. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. mimulusThomas, 1898 — SWColombiaandNWEcuador. M. m. boguetensisNelson, 1903 — nearlyallofPanama, andextendingintoNWColombia. M. m. isthmus Nelson, 1899 — SW Panama and W Colombia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 135 - 148 mm, tail 94 - 116 mm; weight mean 120 g. The Western Dwarf Squirrel has grizzled brown dorsum, suffused with pale yellow or salmon and occasionally with black mid-dorsal line. Venteris pale buff to salmon. Tail is grizzled black-brown, with slight frosting of yellow or gray. Limbs are relatively elongated. Nominate mimulus has black mid-dorsal line. Subspecies boquetensis is pale on dorsum, with ocherous rufous venter. Subspecies isthmius has yellowish dorsum, enhanced with faint reddish near the posterior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen foothills and highland forests at elevations above 800 m in Panama but lower elevations in Colombia and Ecuador.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Western Dwarf Squirrels forage rapidly along the ground and in the lower forest canopy, perhaps foraging for insects as noted in other species of Microsciurus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but pairs of Western Dwarf Squirrels are occasionally seen.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Western Dwarf Squirrels are diurnal. They are sympatric with Central American Dwarf Squirrels (M. alfari) but are found at higher elevations. Where Western Dwarf Squirrels are sympatric with Andean Squirrels (Sciurus pucheranii), they seem to move to lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED00FA62FC43F8E0FD17.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Western Dwarf Squirrel is believed to be stable. Habitat loss and fragmentation are major conservation threats. Deforestation is rapidly affecting areas inhabited by the Western Dwarf Squirrel, but it seems secure across its entire distribution. Lack of knowledge on basic natural history impedes conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	materials_examined	“ Colombia, Santander Dept., Meseta de los Caballeros. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	discussion	Microsciurus santanderensis was once considered a subspecies of Sciurus pucheranii. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NC Colombia, in Santander Department, between the Magdalena River and the E Andes Range, and W toward the upper portion of the W Andes Range; possibly also in surrounding departments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 133 - 160 mm, tail 136 - 152 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Santander Dwarf Squirrels have dark brownish dorsum, with black mid-dorsal stripe and grayish venter. Postauricular patches are pale and ocherous. Tail is grizzled black brown, with slight gray frosting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Marshlands and montane forests, known from elevations of 100 - 1000 m and 2700 - 3800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Santander Dwarf Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFDED01FA6CF5A5FD3FF5D7.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Santander Dwarf Squirrel is unknown. Its apparently restricted distribution and lack of biological data likely impede conservation and management.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	materials_examined	“ Long Mujan, 150 mi. [24] km] up Baram River, Baram, Sarawak, 700 - 900 ft. [213 - 274 m], ” (Malaysia). This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & W Borneo, in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and Brunei.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 150 - 170 mm, tail 140 - 160 mm; weight 134 — 150 g. The Ear-spot Squirrel has dull red underparts where hairs are gray with reddish tips, a lateral white stripe with a dark stripe above it, and a buffy patch behind each ear that distinguishes it from the slightly larger Plantain Squirrel (C. notatus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Small trees in dipterocarp forests, mainly in lowlands but at elevations of up to ¢. 900 m in Kelabit Highlands of Sarawak.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but one female Ear-spot Squirrel was recorded as carrying two embryos.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but, the Ear-spot Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC8FAF0FA82FE45.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The [IUCNRed List. The Ear-spot Squirrel is particularly at risk due to habitat destruction because it inhabits lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	materials_examined	Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & WC Borneo, in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and NW Kalimantan, (Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 231 - 244 mm, tail 236 - 251 mm; weight ¢. 370 g. Dorsum of the Kinabalu Squirrel is gray black, with reddish speckling on face and legs. Venter is dark reddish, sometimes with a mid-ventral dark line. It has short lateral stripes that are white over black. Tail is black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane oak (Quercus, Fagaceae), lower cloud forests and fringe agricultural lands. The Kinabalu Squirrel occurs in the mountains of north-western part ofisland of Borneo, at elevations of ¢. 300 - 1800 m on Mount Kinabalu (Sabah, Malaysia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but, the Kinabalu Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFFC2F65AF624F6BA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Kinabalu Squirrel is widely distributed, occurs in a number of protected areas, and presents a stable trend. There are no known threats to the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	materials_examined	Mentawai Islands, Sipora Island, In- donesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. m. melanogasterThomas, 1895 — SiporaI, MentawaiIs (offWSumatra). C. m. atratusMiller, 1903 — NorthandSouthIs, MentawaiIs (offWSumatra). C. m. mentawi Chasen & Kloss, 1927 — Siberut I (off W Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 209 mm (males) and 212 mm (females), tail mean 180 mm (males) and 181 mm (females); weight mean 292 - 3 g. The Mentawai Squirrel is a black-bellied Callosciurus species. Nominate subspecies melanogaster has black fore and hindfeet and black coloration extending up insides of limbs. It is dark on dorsum as well, with a black head and obscure lateral stripes, the most dorsal of the lateral stripesis grizzled and the ventral stripe is black, merging with coloration of venter. Subspecies atratus has a black tail, blackish brown underparts with a blackish gray belly, a black-and-russet dorsum, and obscure russet and black lateral stripes. Subspecies mentawi is similar to melanogaster, but with a reddish brown venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary mixed lowland forests. On Siberut Island, occasionally seen in primary mixed dipterocarp forests, swamp forests, and disturbed secondary growth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mentawai Squirrel has been observed feeding predominantly on fruits and young leaves, but 25 % of observations involved bark eating. Stomach contents of three individuals contained 35 % vegetable matter and 62 % animal matter (mostly arthropods).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Based on its vocalizations, the Mentawai Squirrel is most active in early morning and late afternoon, and probably before sunrise and after sunset. It is active at all heights in the forest (0 - 30 m, or more); itis rarely seen on the ground and chooses heights above 25 m for resting	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFACAF8DDF92AFA61.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Its restricted insular range and level of habitat degradation are the major conservation concerns associated with the Mentawai Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	materials_examined	Mount Dulit, Sarawak, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N & WC Borneo, in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) and in NW Kalimantan (Indonesia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 148 - 153 mm, tail 139 - 157 mm; weight c. 278 g. Dorsum of the Borneo Black-banded Squirrel is brown and finely speckled. It has a buffy spot behind its small rounded ear and lateral stripes that are buffy white over black. Venter is gray, sometimes a dark gray, and sometimes paler with a reddish tinge.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lower montane and submontane forests, possibly up to upper dipterocarp forests. The Borneo Black-banded Squirrel appears to be restricted to lower montane forests. It is an uncommon squirrel on the island of Borneo, mostly found in submontane primary forests of Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) in north-western part of the island, including in Kelabit Highlands (at elevations above c. 1 100 m), Mount Kinabalu (at c. 1100 - 1700 m), and Mount Dulit (at ¢. 1200 m).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Borneo Black-banded Squirrel consumes fruits and black ants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but, the Borneo Black-banded Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFD0ED2DFAF1FE1AF6E1F1FE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Borneo Black-banded Squirrel has a wide distribution and appears to have a stable population. Some forestloss is occurring throughoutits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	materials_examined	“ Brazil. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	distribution	Subspecies are difficult to distinguish, and the genus Microsciurus needs contemporary assessment. Eight subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flaviventerGray, 1867 — WBrazil. M. f. napiThomas, 1900 — SColombiaandEcuador, EoftheAndes. M. f. otinusThomas, 1901 — C & NColombiaMts. M. f. peruanus]. A. Allen, 1897 — NWPeru. M. f. rubrirostrisJ. A. Allen, 1914 — CPeru. M. f. sabanillaeAnthony, 1922 — EAndeanslopeinEcuadorandadjacentNWPeru. M. f. similisNelson, 1899 — WColombia. M. f. simonsi Thomas, 1900 — C Ecuador W of the Andes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 120 - 160 mm, tail 96 - 150 mm; weight 60 - 128 g. The Amazon Dwarf Squirrel has dark brown dorsum, with suffusion of red to olive. Postauricular patch is pale yellow. Venter is gray, washed with orange or occasionally deep orange. Tail is grizzled brown to black, with slight frosting of gray. Subspecies otinus, sabanillae, and similis most often lack postauricular patches. Subspecies ofinus has distinctive white-tipped ears.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Upper Amazonian evergreen tropical rainforests at elevations less than ¢. 2000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Amazon Dwarf Squirrels forage on the ground for seeds, fruits, insects, and other arthropods in all levels of multistoried canopies; they are most often below 10 m. They feed while squatting on logs or tree stumps. Amazon Dwarf Squirrels make use of the smallest of trees and also explore the largest tree trunks in frantic fashion. In an interesting mutualism, Amazon DwarfSquirrels follow mixed flocks of foraging insectivorous birds each morning and glean insects dislodged by the flurry of birds and squirrels. Amazon Dwarf Squirrels gnaw on and scrape tree branches and trunks, apparently to extract exudates; they actively drag their incisors across tree woundsto collect gum and sap.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Dreys of Amazon Dwarf Squirrels are composed of woven leaves lined with fibers and located in palm trees. Amazon Dwarf Squirrels are sometimes observed in pairs. Litter size has been reported to be two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Amazon Dwarf Squirrels are diurnal. They rarely use tree falls, gaps, or liana forests, but they are common in high forests, usually foraging at heights of 1 - 5 m and can be seen foraging for insects with mixed flocks of birds up to 10 m in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FFCBFCE5F62EF5DB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Amazon Dwarf Squirrel is unknown. Lack of information on ecology, natural history, or threats likely impedes conservation and management.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	materials_examined	“ Boquete, 7,000 ft. [2,134 m], ” Chiriqui, Panama.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica and N Panama.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 150 - 185 mm, tail 120 - 152 mm; weight mean 143 - 3 g (males) and 170 g (females). Bangs’s Mountain Squirrel has grizzled brown olivaceous dorsum and tail. Ventral side oftail is charcoal to black, and tailtip is black. Venter is grayish to pale orange.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane cloud forests, evergreen forests, and secondary forests that may be fragmented at elevations of 1900 - 2300 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Bangs’s Mountain Squirrel is herbivorous and usesall forest levels to find flowers, fruits, sap, and bark to eat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Bangs’s Mountain Squirrel gives birth in cavities. Mating occurs in spring when 6 - 8 males chase a female, after which litters of 2 - 5 young are born.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Bangs’s Mountain Squirrels are diurnal. They can be seen on the ground but are secretive and remain in heavy cover.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bang’s Mountain Squirrel is social. Males and females travel together, rest during the day next to each other, and sleep in den cavities together, suggesting a level of pair bonding that is extremely uncommon among tree squirrels. Individuals appear to remain in family groupsfor extended periods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFCED01FAF6FC24F8E9FE20.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Bang’s Mountain Squirrel is unknown. Lack of knowledge on ecology and natural history impedes effective conservation and management. Habitat loss is a major conservation threat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	materials_examined	“ India. ” Restricted by H. C. Rob- inson and C. B. Kloss in 1918 to Western Himalayas and by J. R. Ellerman and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott in 1955 to Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. f. fimbriatusGray, 1837 — NPunjabProvince, Pakistan, andJammu & KashmirEtoAlmorainCUttarakhandinNIndia. E. f. baberi Blyth, 1847 — NE Afghanistan from Paktika to Kabul and Nangarhar provinces, E to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas in N Pakistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 235 - 297 mm, tail 252 - 330 mm; weight 300 - 733 - 6 g. The Kashmir Flying Squirrel has gray or buff-brown fur, suffused with black. Underparts are creamy white to dull grayish buff. Tail is flattened on underside but rounded on top and reddish at base and blends to black at tapered tip, with at least distal onehalf or one-third oftail being black. Feet are usually black, and outer edges of hindfeet have thick brushes of hairs extending from tarsal joints to bases offifth toes. Melanistic individuals have been observed. Subspecies baberi is distinguished from nominate fimbriatus based on dental characteristics and is larger.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Moist temperate mixed evergreen-oak and coniferous forests of blue pine (Pi nus wallichiana) and Morinda spruce (Picea smithiana), both Pinaceae, and drier forests of deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara, Pinaceae) and evergreen oak (Quercus ilex, Fagaceae) at elevations of 1600 - 4000 m. The Kashmir Flying Squirrel may descend to tropical pine forests in winter at elevations of ¢. 900 m. It nests in tree holes or cliff caves in barren higher altitudes or in coniferous and deciduous trees where available in other parts of its distribution. It also nests in roofs of human dwellings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Kashmir Flying Squirrel includes seeds of at least 22 coniferous and deciduous tree species, staminate cones, fruits, flowers, buds, and shoots. Leaves, lichens, moss, and bark are also eaten but at lower frequencies. Diet shifts seasonally and is composed predominantly of buds and flowers in spring, fruits in summer and autumn, and buds and shoots in winter. The Kashmir Flying Squirrel is more granivorous and relies far less on leaves than the Red Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista petaurista), which is sometimes sympatric and feeds in the same tree species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Kashmir Flying Squirrels have two breeding seasons per year, and females produce summer litters of 2 — 4 young that reach full size by November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Kashmir Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and spend their days roosting in tree holes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Kashmir Flying Squirrel lives in pairs. When young are in the nest, the male emerges from the nest to feed first, and the female leaves to forage after the male returns. Glides of more than 50 m have been reported, but longer distances could be reached on downhill glides.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED03FFF1FE0FFC71FDF5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Kashmir Flying Squirrel is included in the Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Its population is believed to be declining. No conservation actions are in place, and it is not known to occur in any protected areas. Threats include hunting for fur and pet trades, logging, and land-use change for agriculture, civil unrest, and infrastructure development. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	vernacular_names	Other common names: Carolina Flying Squirrel; Alaska Coast Flying Squirrel (zaphaeus), Atnarko Flying Squirrel (reductus), Bachman Flying Squirrel (oregonensis), Bangs Flying Squirrel (bangsi), Broad-footed Flying Squirrel (/ atipes), California Coast Flying Squirrel (stephens), Cascade Flying Squirrel (fuliginosus), Hudson Bay Flying Squirrel (sabrinus), Klamath Flying Squirrel (klamathensis), Labrador Flying Squirrel (makkovikensis), Mearns's Flying Squirrel (macrotis), Okanagan Flying Squirrel (columbiensis), Richardson Flying Squirrel (alpinus), San Bernardino Flying Squirrel (californicus), Sierra Flying Squirrel (lascivus), Yellow-bellied Flying Squirrel (flaviventris), Yukon Flying Squirrel (yukonensis)	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	materials_examined	no type locality given. Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1918 to the mouth of the Severn River, Ontario, Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	discussion	Twenty-five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. s. sabrinusShaw, 1801 — EQuebecandWLabradortoNOntariototheNWportionoftheNorthwestTerritories (Canada) toNMinnesotatoNWWisconsin (USA) andSOntarioandSQuebec (Canada). G. s. alpinusRichardson, 1828 — N & EBritishColumbia, extendingslightlyovertheNborderintotheYukonandovertheEborderintoSWAlberta (Canada). G. s. bangsiRhoads, 1897 — CIdaho, EOregon, SWMontana, SouthDakota, andWyo-mingMts (USA). G. s. californicusRhoads, 1897 — SanBernardinoandSanJacintoMtsinSWCalifornia (USA). G. s. canescensA. H. Howell, 1915 — NENorthDakota, extendingintoMinnesota (USA) andManitoba (Canada). G. s. coloratusHandley, 1953 — theborderareaofNorthCarolinaandTennessee (USA). G. s. columbiensisA. H. Howell, 1915 — S & CBritishColumbia (Canada) andNWash-ington (USA). G. s. flaviventrisA. H. Howell, 1915 — NCalifornia (USA) fromtheTrinityMtsinSiski-youandTrinitycountiesEtotheWarnerMtsinModocCounty. G. s. fuliginosusRhoads, 1897 — theCascadeRange, fromSBritishColumbia (Canada) throughWashingtonandOregontotheSiskiyouMts, California (USA). G. s. fuscusMiller, 1936 — E & CWestVirginia (USA). G. s. goodwiniR. M. Anderson, 1943 — theQuebecPeninsulatoNNewBrunswick (Canada). G. s. gouldiR. M. Anderson, 1943 — PrinceEdwardIandNovaScotia (Canada). G. s. griseifronsA. H. Howell, 1934 — LakeBay, onPrinceofWalesI, Alaska (USA). G. s. klamathensisMerriam, 1897 — COregon, EoftheCascadeRange (USA). G. s. lascivusBangs, 1899 — SierraNevadaRangeandNtoEShastaCounty, California (USA). G. s. latipesA. H. Howell, 1915 — SEBritishColumbiaandAlberta (Canada), andhigh-erMtsofNIdahoandNWMontana, andWashington (USA). G. s. lucifugusHall, 1934 — Utah (USA). G. s. macrotisMearns, 1898 — SOntariotoNewBrunswick (Canada) toMaine, StoNPennsylvania, andWtoNMichigan, NEWisconsintoElkRiver, Minnesota (USA). G. s. makkovikensisSornborger, 1900 — NENewfoundlandandLabradorandadjacentQuebec (Canada). G. s. murinauralisMusser, 1961 — MtsofSWUtah (USA). G. s. oregonensisBachman, 1839 — coastalregionsofSBritishColumbia (Canada), WashingtonandOregon (USA). G. s. reductusCowan, 1937 — mid-coastalareaofBritishColumbia, neartheKoeyeRiver, andinlandtowardWisteriaandChezacut, theChilotanPlateau (Canada). G. s. stephensiMerriam, 1900 — NWcoastalCalifornia (USA). G. s. yukonensisOsgood, 1900 — S & CYukon (Canada), andS & CAlaska (USA). G. s. zaphaeus Osgood, 1905 — coastal region of SE Alaska (USA) and N British Columbia (Canada).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 115 - 190 mm, tail 122 - 160 mm; weight 110 - 185 g. Nominate sabrinus is vinaceous cinnamon on upper parts; sides of head are smoke gray; eye ring and dorsal surface oftail are fuscous; ventral surface oftail is shaded with brown; and underparts are soiled white, washed with pale yellowish and drab shaded. Subspecies alpinus is grayer and less vinaceous above; tail is darker, wood-brown mixed with fuscous on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Subspecies bangs: has more drab upper parts, grayerfeet, and pinkish cinnamon underparts. Subspecies californicus is paler and grayer than lascivus and has grayish wash on front offace, upper parts are light drab to yellowish wood-brown, and underparts are soiled buffy white-washed. Subspecies canescens is palest of subspecies; it resembles subspecies macrotis but has grayer head; upper parts and feet are pale; and underparts are whiter than on sabrinus. Subspecies coloratus has dorsum between cinnamon-brown and mikado brown; underparts are pale yellow-orange to ocherous buff; underside oftail is suffused with orange, with tail sooty along edges of distal one-half and at tip; and sides of face are gray washed with buff. Upper parts of columbiensis are vinaceous cinnamon to vinaceous fawn; it is paler above and below than oregonensis. Subspecies flaviventris is smaller than klamathensis, with more yellow on feet and underparts, which are white-washed with pale greenish yellow merging into woodbrown along sides. Subspecies fuliginosus resembles columbiensis but is browner above, darker below, and less brown on tail; it is also less rufous than oregonensis. Subspecies JSuscus is smaller and darker, with clear gray cheeks. Subspecies goodwini has a sayal brown to hazel back; underparts are light pinkish cinnamon, and feet are dark fuscous; and itis grayer on face and cheeks than gould:, with darker and duller winter coat and paler than makkovikensis. Tail of goodwiniis smoke gray and slightly darker brown toward tip, with underside oftail smoke gray to dull cinnamon-buff. Dorsum of gould: is buffy brown to dull orange-cinnamon; underparts are white, with hairs slightly buffy at tips; dorsal surface of tail is dull cinnamon, and ventralside is pinkish buff; feet are pale fuscous; and coat is brighter andtail is paler (above and below) than on macrotis and goodwini. Subspecies griseifrons is similar to zaphaeus, but upper parts of griseifrons are slightly darker, including tail, hindfeet, and gliding membrane; underparts are more whitish and less bufty; and sides of head and neck are more extensively grayish. Subspecies klamathensis resembles Juliginosus but is grayer on upper parts. Subspecies lascivus is similar to flaviventris but smaller and without yellow suffusion on underparts, which are instead grayish white with faint wash of light pink-cinnamon. Subspecies latipes is relatively large; it is similar to Suliginosus, although latipes is darker and grayer, and upper parts are drab, mixed with brown. Subspecies lucifugus is most similar to bangs, but lucifugus is paler, with less red and grayer, especially on face; feet are drabber; and underparts are whitish, lacking pinkish cinnamon tone. Subspecies macrotis tends to be on the smaller side; ears are slightly longer than typical; upper parts and hindfeet are pale cinnamon; and underparts are white with irregular washes of light pinkish cinnamon. Subspecies makkovikensisis slightly larger than typical; it has darker upper parts and feet and darker face and tail. Subspecies murinauralis resembles lucifugus but has upper parts that are more yellowish orange; head, face, and hindfeet of murinauralis are grayer; dorsal surface oftail is uniformly gray, without rufous tone, and darker on apical one-third oftail. Subspecies oregonensis is redder than zaphaeus, with upper parts dark reddish brown and underparts cinnamon or buff. Subspecies reductus is paler, less red on dorsal surface, and whiter on ventral surface; it has clear gray cheeks. Subspecies stephensi has reddish upper parts that are intermediate between lascivus and oregonensis, more precisely, upper parts are wood-brown, and underparts are whitish, with irregular washes oflight pinkish cinnamon. Subspecies yukonensis is larger than nominate sabrinus, with longertail and broader hindfoot; upper parts are cinnamon, pinkish to vinaceous. Subspecies zaphaeus resembles alpinus but has browner upper parts and darker underparts; eye ring is blackish. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 48 and FN = 74. Karyotype consists of 14 pairs of biarmed autosomes and nine pairs of acrocentric autosomes. Sex chromosomes consist of medium submetacentric X-chromosome and small submetacentric Y-chromosome. Individual chromosome length differs from that of the Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Variety of forest types but most often boreal conifer forests or mixed stands, with significant conifer component. Although previously considered a specialist of primary forests, there is increasing evidence that the Northern Flying Squirrelis a habitat generalist. In the Appalachian Mountains (from New York to north-western Georgia, USA), it is often associated with spruce (Picea), fir (Abies), and hemlock (Tsuga), all Pinaceae; it also occurs in mature deciduousforests of yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis, Betulaceae), sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Sapindaceae), beech (Fagus), and oak (Quercus), both Fagaceae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Although the Northern Flying Squirrel eats seeds and nuts of conifers and hardwoods, it is considered less granivorous than the Southern Flying Squirrel and may be an obligate mycophagist in many parts ofits distribution, often consuming large quantities of hypogeous fungi at certain times ofthe year. It may serve a keystone role by dispersing fungal spores and inoculating tree roots. The Northern Flying Squirrel also eats tree buds, catkins, staminate cones, tree sap, wild fruits, and animal material (e. g. songbirds, bird eggs, and insects).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation of the Northern Flying Squirrel lasts 37 - 42 days; litters are 1 - 6 young but usually 2 - 4 young. Although three litters per year have been reported, it is unlikely that the same female produces more than one litter annually. Young are 5 - 6 g at birth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Northern Flying Squirrel is generally nocturnal, but it is also active either shortly before or after dawn and immediately after sunset. It is active throughout winter and often nests with conspecifics to conserve energy; it does not appear to have the same physiological adaptations for dealing with extreme cold as the Southern Flying Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Flying Squirrel moves terrestrially and by gliding short distances, usually less than 20 m. Vocalizations are common when conspecifics interact or when disturbed, but details on context and function of vocalizations are not available. The Northern Flying Squirrel builds nests in cavities but also constructs dreys with twigs, bark, moss, lichens, and roots. Cavities are preferred in colder climates. Nests are lined with finely shredded material to provide insulation, typically allowing occupied nests to be maintained above 27 ° C, even when outside temperatures are as low as 4 ° C. Densities average 0 - 25 - 2 - 5 ind / ha but can as high as 12 ind / ha. In the Oregon Cascades, USA, density is ¢. 2 ind / ha in secondary and primary Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae) stands. Home ranges are 1 - 7 ha but can reach 35 ha in the eastern part of the distribution. Supplementation experiments show thatin the Pacific Northwest, food (but not nest cavities) limits densities. The Northern Flying Squirrel may be excluded from nest cavities where it is sympatric with the Southern Flying Squirrel. In Pennsylvania, USA, the two species converge on stands of hemlock for nesting, and they have even been observed nesting together. Here, the Southern Flying Squirrel spends most ofits time foraging in adjacent hardwoods, but the Northern Flying Squirrelrestricts nearly all of its activity to hemlocks. Non-overlapping distributions of the Northern Flying Squirrel and the Southern Flying Squirrel may result from parasite-mediated competitive exclusion where the nematode Strongyloides robustus, a common parasite of the Southern Flying Squirrel, is potentially lethal to the Northern Flying Squirrel. Fossils of the Northern Flying Squirrel have been reported from the late Pleistocene. Cytochrome-b sequence data are significantly more variable in the Northern Flying Squirrel than in the Southern Flying Squirrel, and it shows two separate lineagesin Northern Flying Squirrel, suggesting the possibility of a third species of Glaucomys. Loss of genetic variation and genetic differentiation are evident in populations on coastal islands in the Pacific Northwest. Despite previous evidence of differences in chromosome number and bacular structure, the two species of Glaucomys have been reported to hybridize, producing viable offspring that are intermediate in pelage characteristics and size. Such hybridization in the north-eastern part of the distribution may be due to climate change, habitat loss, or a combination of the two, which has increased sympatry between the two species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFEED04FFCBF40EF698F290.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Northern Flying Squirrelis stable. Subspecies fuscus and coloratus in the Appalachian Mountains are listed as endangered in the USA. Declines in the Appalachians may be due to a roundworm parasite (Strongiloides robustus) of Southern Flying Squirrels that is fatal or debilitating to Northern Flying Squirrels. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are detrimental because the Northern Flying Squirrel is unwilling to travel on the ground and its glide distanceis limited.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Virginia, Mexico. ” Restricted by D. G. Elliot in 1901 to Virginia, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	discussion	Eleven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. G. v. volansLinnaeus, 1758 — ENorthAmericafromSOntario, SQuebecandNovaScotia (Canada) toCMinnesota, Wisconsin, andMichigan, NNewYorkState (LewisCounty), andSNewHampshireStoNorthCarolina (Raleigh), Tennessee (Nashville), andNArkansasandOklahoma (BostonMts), WtoENebraska (OtoeandNemahacounties) andEKansas (DouglasandWoodsoncounties), USA. G. v. chontaliGoodwin, 1961 — YautepecDistrict, Oaxaca (Mexico). G. v. goldmaniNelson, 1904 — HighslopesofChiapas (Mexico). G. v. guerreroensisDiersing, 1980 — SierraMadredelSur, Guerrero (Mexico). G. v. herreranusGoldman, 1936 — MtsofCMexico, inSTamaulipas, SESanLuisPotosi, Querétaro, Michoacan, Veracruz, andOaxaca (Mexico). G. v. madrensisGoldman, 1936 — WChihuahua, NWDurango, andSESonora (Mex- 1 CO). G. v. oaxacensisGoodwin, 1961 — PacificsideofSMexico, inthehighlandsofOaxaca. G. v. quercetiBangs, 1896 — PeninsularFloridaandthecoastalregionofSEGeorgia (USA). G. v. saturatusA. H. Howell, 1915 — SEUSA (exceptingPeninsularFloridaandthecoastregionofGeorgia) fromSouthCarolinaandWNorthCarolinaWtoCOklahomaandNintheMississippiValleytoSWKentucky. G. v. texensisA. H. Howell, 1915 — ETexastoWLouisiana (USA). G. v. underwoodi Goodwin, 1936 — Mts of S Guatemala and Honduras.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 117 - 138 mm, tail 80 - 120 mm; weight 42 - 141 g. The Southern Flying Squirrel is distinguished from the Northern Flying Squirrel (G. sabrinus) by its smaller size and whitish base of ventral hairs. Despite differences in bacula and reports of chromosome differences, zone of hybridization between the two species has been reported in Ontario, Canada, and Pennsylvania, USA. Hybrids are intermediate in size and pelage characteristics. The Southern Flying Squirrel is small, usually weighing ¢. 60 g. Nominate wvolans has grayish brown dorsum; white, cream, or yellowish venter; dark brownish edge of dorsal and ventral surfaces of patagium; gray head; white cheeks; and dorsal pelage consists of fine dense fur. Subspecies chontali is the most brightly colored subspecies, with its upper parts ocherous tawny and dorsal surface of patagium blackish brown; dorsal surface oftail is similar in color to back, but darker; underparts are white, with pinkish buff tinge on underside of limbs; and ventral surface of tail is clear cinnamon buff. Subspecies goldmaniis relatively large, with sayal brown upper parts; underparts are creamy white, irregularly washed with pinkish buff. Subspecies guerreroensis is the darkest of the Mexican and Central American flying squirrels; it is dark brownish dorsally, blackish on upper patagium, and creamy white on venter. Subspecies herreranus is similar in color to goldmani, but it is darker; upper part of patagium is deep glossy black. Subspecies madrensis is similar in color to fexensis, but it is paler, with upper parts overlain with buffy gray; underparts are white, tinged with pale buff on underside of patagium. Subspecies oaxacensis is similar to goldmani, but oaxacensis is paler dorsally, with pinkish buff tone. Subspecies querceti is darker than volans but lighter than saturatus; toes are not conspicuously white. Subspecies saturatus has darker upper parts, snuff brown to brown; toes are also not conspicuously white. Subspecies texensis has more ocherous upper parts, wood-brown with yellowish tinge varying to drab, less dark than in saturatus. Subspecies underwoodis similar in color to goldmani, but it is pale sayal brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Oak-hickory (Quercus, Fagaceae, and Carya, Juglandaceae) forests producing hard mast. In the northern part ofits distribution, the Southern Flying Squirrel occurs in mixed deciduous-conifer forests. In the southern Appalachian Mountains, it occurs at elevations as high as 1500 m. From Mexico southward, it usually inhabits oak-conifer associations in mountains at elevations of 1200 - 3000 m. It is also common in coastal pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) and oak associations in the eastern and south-eastern USA. It prefers areas with high densities of shrubs, reduced understory cover, and more tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Southern Flying Squirrel feeds mostly on nuts, seeds, and fruits, but it also eats fungi, lichens, moss, and bark. It is considered by some to be highly carnivorous. Nuts and seeds are scatter-hoarded on the ground and larderhoarded in trees or nests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Although two breeding seasons of the Southern Flying Squirrel are reported, the same females probably do not regularly breed during both seasons. Parturition occurs in spring (April-May) and late summer (August-September), gestation is c. 40 days, and young are hairless and weigh 3 - 5 g at birth. Litters have 2 - 7 young but usually average c. 4 young. Young may stay with their mothers beyond the normal eight weeks if conditions warrant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Southern Flying Squirrel is exclusively nocturnal. It shows a resting metabolic rate 33 - 38 % lower than predicted by its body mass; however, less than 20 % of this reduction is compensated for by thermoregulatory advantages gained from communal nesting. The Southern Flying Squirrel relies on non-shivering thermogenesis, which is negatively correlated with ambient temperatures and peaks in winter. Higher energetic costs, coupled with reduced food supply, probably influence northern limits of the distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Tree cavities are preferred for nesting, and two or more nests are usually maintained simultaneously, although one normally serves as the primary nest. Nest aggregations as high as dozens of individuals occur primarily in northern regions for thermoregulatory benefits. Such nest aggregations often consist of close relatives, which may reduce costs of intraspecific competition among nest mates. The Southern Flying Squirrel also competes with tree squirrels for nest structures, and where the two Glaucomys species are sympatric, it may exclude the Northern Flying Squirrel (G. sabrinus) from tree cavities. The Southern Flying Squirrel may live as long as ten years in captivity. Densities are 2 - 12 ind / ha. Two studies listed mean home ranges of 2 - 4 ha and 7 - 8 ha for adult males and 1 - 9 ha and 3 - 8 ha for adult females. One study noted a mean home range of 0 - 61 ha forjuveniles. At least two studies reported on homing abilities of Southern Flying Squirrels, noting homing distances of 1 - 1 - 6 km. The Southern Flying Squirrel will frequently move through tree canopies by means of gliding. Glides of up to 90 m are possible.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF9ED05FA69FA20FF69FC8E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Southern Flying Squirrel is stable. Local threats include habitat loss and destruction of mast and cavity producing trees. It has been hypothesized that the generally non-overlapping distributions of the Southern Flying Squirrel and the Northern Flying Squirrel result from parasite-mediated competitive exclusion because the nematode Strongyloides robustus, a common parasite of the Southern Flying Squirrel, is potentially lethal to the Northern Flying Squirrel. Recent parasite surveys from the north-eastern part of the two species’ distributions show that where the two are sympatric, they both host S. rbustus, but 100 km further north, where only the Northern Flying Squirrel is found, the parasite appears to be absent. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are detrimental to the Southern Flying Squirrel due to its unwillingness to travel on the ground and limited glide distance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Either from Java or Sumatra. ” Restricted by F. N. Chasen in 1940 to Sumatra, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. I. h. horsfieldii Waterhouse, 1838 — Sumatra and Java. I. h. davisoni Thomas, 1886 — Malay Peninsula and Tioman I (off SE Malay Peninsula). I. h. penangensis Chasen, 1940 — Penang I (off NW Malay Peninsula). I. h. thomson: Thomas, 1900 — Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 165 - 231 mm, tail 159 - 207 mm; weight 120 - 231 g. Upper parts of nominate horsfieldii are rufous brown, and underparts are yellow or yellowish white. Underside oftail is bright rust. Margin of flank skin and sides of face below eyes are reddish yellow. Subspecies davisoni is dark slate-gray on back, with rufous orange hair tips, and edges of sides are lined with rich orange. Tail is rich brown above and rich rufous orange below. Subspecies penangensis is similar to davisoni, butit is lighter and brighter on dorsal surface, forepaws, feet, and tail. Upper parts and head of thomsoni are dark smoky brown, grizzled with dull buffy white; undersides are whitish or pale fulvous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forest stands ofall ages, disturbed and scrub vegetation, forest edges, plantations, and gardens. The Javanese Flying Squirrel appears to be less common in dense forests; it generally occursat elevations below 1000 m but can be found up to 1800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Javanese Flying Squirrel feeds on seeds and fruits. It can be a pest in cultivated fruit or coconut plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Javanese Flying Squirrel is thought to have 1 - 4 young / litter, with an average of two.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Javanese Flying Squirrel is nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Javanese Flying Squirrels have the greatest maneuverability when gliding. They generally nest in tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FFDEF36AF749F1F0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Javanese Flying Squirrel is stable, and there are no major threats identified. It is protected in Indonesia and occurs in protected areas acrossits distribution. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are detrimental due to its unwillingness to travel on the ground and limited glide distance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sipora I, W Sumatra, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sipora and North Pagai Is in the Mentawai Is (off W Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 173 - 205 mm, tail 175 - 192 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal hair of the Mentawai Flying Squirrel is dark brown, with even darker, slightly distichous tail. Underparts are paler light slate-gray; outer edges of limbs and patagium are grizzled with buff hairs. Ears are naked. Females have two pairs of inguinal nipples.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature subtropical and tropical forests below 500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mentawai Flying Squirrel is nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED05FAC7F8C4F611FB1D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Mentawai Flying Squirrel is decreasing. Recent surveys have been unable to detect Mentawai Flying Squirrels. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. It is under threat from habitat loss in its limited distribution, but no specific conservation actions are in place.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Highly fragmented distribution in N & E Myanmar (Sagaing, Shan, and Khan states), NW Thailand, the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and the N third of Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 92 - 128 mm, tail 85 - 118 mm; weight 26 - 58 g. Temminck’s Flying Squirrel is small. Specimens from north of Isthmus of Kra differ slightly from those in the south, which may justify subspecies status. Specimens from the north are marginally larger in size, and they usually have a white-tipped tail. Northern specimens also have gray shoulders, grizzled dorsum, white cheeks, and black eye ring with black line continuing to nose. Those from the south have blackish brown dorsum, dark patagium, and blackish brown tail with whitish, pink, or buff colored basal fur. Cheeks are gray, sometimes with pinkish or yellowish wash. Throat and anterior ventral surface are whitish and sometimes these light patches form a partial collar. Based on sequence of cytochromeb gene, Temminck’s Flying Squirrel is closely related to the Indochinese Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes phayrei) and the Southern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys volans); analyses of numerous morphological traits support the relationship with the Southern Flying Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wet tropical primary forests and small village rubber plantations. In the southern part of its distribution, Temminck’s Flying Squirrel is experiencing greater habitat loss and is found in lowland forests. In Thailand and probably Myanmar, it is found in high-elevation dry deciduous, tropical, or monsoon forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Temminck’s Flying Squirrel eats seeds and fruit.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Temminck’s Flying Squirrel probably have 1 - 2 young / litter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Temminck’s Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF8ED06FAC5F2E2FBBFF0AE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Temminck’s Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is threatened by logging and rapid habitat conversion especially in southern parts ofits distribution. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are detrimental becauseit is unwilling to travel on the ground and its limited glide distance. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Basilan I, Philippines. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao, and Basilan Is in the S Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 310 mm, tail mean 260 mm; weight mean 1 - 1 kg. The Basilan Flying Squirrel is smaller than the Mindanao Flying Squirrel (P. mindanensis) but similar to but slightly smaller than the Palawan Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes nignipes). The Basilan Flying Squirrel is the largest species of Petinomys. It has small ears, each with three tufts of hair, one below, and one on each side; grayish brown feet; and brown tail that is rather distichous and blacker at tip. Dorsum is chestnut-brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowlands to montane forests. The Basilan Flying Squirrel seems to prefer oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) woodlands at high elevations and primary stands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Basilan Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA13FEFAF823F14E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Basilan Flying Squirrel is stable. Due to its preference for primary habitat, it is likely at risk because offorest clearing for timber and agriculture. Habitat destruction at high elevations in its distribution has been minor. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	materials_examined	“ S. India, Travancore. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Ghats of S India and the C & S regions of Sri Lanka.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 187 - 340 mm, tail 244 - 290 mm; weight 300 - 712 g. Upperparts of the Travancore Flying Squirrel are rufescent fulvous or dark brownish. Cheeks, chin, and underparts are rufous white. Ears are small and almost hairless. Tail is bushy and black, with white tip. Feet are pale yellowish brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous and evergreen forests, often in mountainous areas. The Travancore Flying Squirrel also feeds in plantations and is sometimes found near villages.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Travancore Flying Squirrel eats fruits of many tree species and can cause damage to coconut and cashew plantations. It also eats insects and larvae. Young leaves, shoots, bark, seeds, nuts, gum, and resin make up a smaller percentage of the diet.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Travancore Flying Squirrel is thought to produce two young per litter and breeding likely occurs in March.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Travancore Flying Squirrel is nocturnal. It nests in tree hollows and appears to spend most of its time in the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Travancore Flying Squirrelis solitary. It exists seems to occur in low numbers. It is reasonably tolerant of disturbance, and in one study, it had higher densities in smaller forest fragments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FF11F80EFC55FA96.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Distribution of the Travancore Flying Squirrelis highly fragmented, and current population trend is decreasing. Primary threats result from habitat loss due to logging, agriculture, and human development.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Badiangon, Gingoog, Oriental Mis- amis Province, northern coast of Mindanao, Philippines. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S Philippines, in Dinagat, Siargao, and Mindanao Is, on Mindanao it has been reported from Misamis Oriental, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental and the E border of Sarangani, Misamis Occidental, Lanao del Sur, and Zamboanga del Norte provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 320 - 370 mm, tail 340 - 460 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Body and tail lengths of the Mindanao Flying Squirrel are greater than those of all other congeners, with the possible exception of the Travancore Flying Squirrel (P. fuscocapillus). Compared with the Basilan Flying Squirrel (P. crinatus), also found in the Philippines, the Mindanao Flying Squirrel has more rounded rather than flattened tail. During World War II, the holotype was destroyed. Upper parts are grizzled chestnut brown, with hairs along middle of back tipped in black. Ears are small and naked on top, but there are three long tufts of hair projecting from below and from either side of ears. Throat is buff, and cheeks are buff-brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wet tropical and subtropical primary forests at elevations of 500 - 1600 m but most common at mid-elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mindanao Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED06FA1CF96EF685FB4E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Mindanao Flying Squirrel is unknown. Additional information on ecology and distribution is needed before conservations threats can be assessed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Pugar, E Java, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Bangka I, and E Java.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 142 - 195 mm, tail 155 - 192 mm; weight 52 - 110 g. The Whiskered Flying Squirrel is chestnut on shoulders, more orange on rump, and grayer brown on tail. Crown and shoulders are grayer on some individuals. Gliding membrane is darker brown, with white margin. Ventral surface varies from white or cream on chin to more salmon on abdomen and hindlegs and particularly glide membrane edges. The Whiskered Flying Squirrel has pronounced bump on each cheek with long tufts of black whiskers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Old and secondary lowland forests and adjacent plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation of the Whiskered Flying Squirrel is ¢. 53 days, and females give birth to one precocial young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Whiskered Flying Squirrels are nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFBED07FA1EF36EFB32F27C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Whiskered Flying Squirrelis threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agriculture. Current population trend is decreasing. It occurs in several protected areas. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	materials_examined	“ Deli [north-eastern Sumatra, Indonesia]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Sumatra and SW Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 230 - 280 mm, tail 230 - 250 mm; weight c. 388 g. Hairs on dorsal surface of head and back of Hagen’s Flying Squirrel are slate-colored, with reddish brown tips. Band of blacktipped hairs runs from middle of nose, around eyes, to ears. There are stiff long hairs in front of and behind ears. Hairs on gliding membranes are black, with reddish brown tips. Underparts are white, with reddish tint. Tail is thickly haired; upper parts of tail are brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Hagen’s Flying Squirrels are arboreal and nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC4F4C1F66DF499.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Hagen’s Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is threatened by habitat loss through conversion to agriculture and logging. Restricted distribution of Hagen’s Flying Squirrel means that it is particularly sensitive to habitat loss and degradation. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	materials_examined	“ MentawaiIs, Sipora I, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Siberut, Sipora and North Pagai Is, on the Mentawai Is (off W Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 230 - 285 mm, tail 210 - 230 mm; weight c. 433 g. The Siberut Flying Squirrel is a large species of Petinomys and uniformly smoky brownish black above and below. Tail is indistinctly distichous. Each cheek has small bump, with 3 - 4 whiskers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FACFFC3BF8C5FF83.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Siberut Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is thought to occupy an area ofless than 1200 km? where preferred habitat is being rapidly degraded by conversion to agriculture and logging. Very little is known about the Siberut Flying Squirrel, hampering conservation efforts, and it does not occur in any protected areas. High rates of fragmentation are great risks because Siberut Flying Squirrels may be hesitant to disperse across open ground and have limited gliding abilities. Isolation of small populations will increase risk of inbreeding and increase probability of population decline.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Belitung I, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S Myanmar, Thai-Malay Peninsula, Borneo, and Belitung I (off NE Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 92 - 120 mm, tail 89 - 120 mm; weight 22 - 52 g. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel is one of the smallest flying squirrels. It has anterior-positioned eyes for binocular vision, elongated coronoid process, and highly developed condylar process. Dorsal fur is black, with rusty tips, and underparts are rusty white. Patagium has buff margin. Each eye has a black ring; whiskers occur at bases of each ear; and cheeks are orangey. One specimen from Trengganu (Peninsular Malaysia) had white spots on its back.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland rainforest, orchards and rubber plantations, forests bordering swamps, and primary forests after selective logging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel eats fruit and seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel has 1 - 3 young / litter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and arboreal, restricting all activities to canopies or subcanopies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel reportedly lives in nest holes 0 - 3 - 6 m above the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED07FFC1FA5CFB42FDF3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agriculture. Its current population trend is decreasing. It occurs in many protected areas. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	materials_examined	“ central and Northern regions of Nipal [Nepal]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. a. albonigerHodgson, 1836 — C & NNepal, NEIndia (includingSikkim), SChina (SETibet = Xizang, NWYunnan), Bhutan, N, W & EMyanmar, NThailand, Laos, extremeNECambodia, andVietnam. H. a. chianfengensisWangSung & LuChangkwun, 1966 — H. a. I, China. H. a. orinus G. M. Allen, 1940 — SE China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Zhejiang, and Yunnan).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 175 - 247 mm, tail 180 - 230 mm; weight 236 - 270 g. Nominate alboniger is relatively small. Dorsal hair of the Particolored Flying Squirrel is medium brown to blackish buffy; sides, dorsal patagium, and legs are dark gray to black. Venteris white to pinkish cream. Cheeks and throat are white to buff; ventral surface of tail is dark. Ears are large and black at bases; hands and feet are blackish. Subspecies orinus is large; terminal three-quarters oftail is black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mid-elevation tropical and subtropical montane regions at elevations of 1500 - 4500 m. The Particolored Flying Squirrel is found most often in oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) and rhododendron (Rhododendron, Ericaceae) forests or evergreen broadleaved forests of other tree species; it has also been found at lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Particolored Flying Squirrel feeds primarily on fruits, nuts, leaves, buds, and other plant parts from various trees including Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), Mangifera sp. (Anacardiaceae), Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae), and Ficus curtipes (Moraceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding of the Particolored Flying Squirrel takes place in spring from April to mid-June. Litter sizes are 2 - 3 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Particolored Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and nest in tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Particolored Flying Squirrel makes high-pitched vocalizations used to locate it during night surveys. It might create nests lined with fine grasses in tree hollows, oak-leaf balls, and ferns. It has been seen gliding from limestone caves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFFAED08FAC3F65EFE39F3F0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Particolored Flying Squirrel is widespread but seldom seen. It is included on Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It occurs in Namdapha National Park, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Current population trend is decreasing. Threats in southern Asia include habitat destruction due to dam building, road expansion, deforestation, mining, fires, and hunting for meat. Threats in South-east Asia and China are not specifically known. Additional study on distribution, taxonomic relationships, abundance, general ecology, and threats are needed to permit effective conservation management of the Particolored Flying Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Puerta Princesa, Palawan, Philip- pines. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. n. migripesThomas, 1893 — PalawanI, SWPhilippines. H. n. elassodontus Osgood, 1918 — Bancalan I, SW Philippines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 250 - 330 mm, tail 250 - 310 mm; weight c. 534 g. The Palawan Flying Squirrel is a medium-large species of Hylopetes. Fur is long and woolly and grizzled grayish brown dorsally; it is whitish to grayish white on throat, chest, and abdomen; and it has large ears thinly haired and blackish toward tips. Feet are black on upper surfaces and dark brown-black on lower surfaces and heels. Tail is thickly furred and indistinctly distichous, with yellow-whitish proximal hairs broadly tipped with brown, and more distal hairs are fully dark brown. Patagium is thinly haired. Individuals on Palawan can have varying degrees of albinism. Subspecies elassodontus is smaller that nominate nigripes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lower elevations in primary and secondary forests. The Palawan Flying Squirrel nests in cavities of large trees. It appears to withstand some degree of habitat disturbance (e. g. selective logging), but more information is needed on its susceptibility to illegal logging and clearing for agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Palawan Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FA14FB6CF6E6FDBC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Palawan Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is under threat from decreasing good-quality habitat and is hunted for food and the pet trade. Deforestation is a very serious threat because it relies on tree cavities for nesting. It can be detected by spotlighting and listening forits distinct vocalizations. More surveys are needed to clarify natural history and ecological relationships to improve conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Rangoon, Myanmar. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. p. phayreiBlyth, 1859 — SEChina (Guizhou, GuangxiandFujianprovinces), NEIndia (EbordersofNagalandandManipur), Myanmar, N & WThailand (StoChumphonProvince), Laos, andN & WVietnam. H. p. electilis G. M. Allen, 1925 — Hainan I, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 144 - 197 mm, tail 128 - 174 mm; weight 113 - 189 g. This species is the smallest flying squirrel in China. It has flattened tail, reddish or grayish brown dorsal pelage, white cheeks, white marks behind ears, and whitish ventral pelage with faint yellow wash. Dorsum of subspecies electilis is uniform pale cinnamon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed deciduous and lowland montane forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Indochinese Flying Squirrel feeds on cultivated fruit at night.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Indochinese Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and nest in tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF68FAC0FE28FD4C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In China, the Indochinese Flying Squirrel is regionally Red Listed as vulnerable. It is present in Diaoluoshan, Jianfengling, and Bawangling reserves and may be present in other protected areas. Current population is stable, and no major threats are recognized. More research on natural history and ecology of is needed to promote effective conservation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Arakan, Myanmar. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. s. spadiceusBlyth, 1847 — SEMyanmar, SW & SEThailand, NW & CLaos, WCambodia (fromOddarMeancheytoKohKongprovinces), SVietnam (includingConSong), Thai-MalayPeninsula (includingKoTarutaoandKundurIs), andBangka. H. s. everettiThomas, 1895 — BorneoandBunguranIinNatunaIs (offWBorneo). H. s. sumatrae Sody, 1949 — Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 135 - 184 mm, tail 102 - 166 mm; weight 70 - 157 g. The Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel is small and orange-brown on head and back, with black base coat showing through; cheeks are orange; throat is white. Ventral surface is white, with gray underfur showing through and faint orange hue. Dorsal surfaces of gliding membranes are black, with thin white margins; tail is blackish, with distinctive orange brown or buff base. Feet are reddish brown; ventral surface is creamy white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary forests to degraded and cultivated forests in lowlands and foothills at elevations below 1500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Red-cheeked Flying Squirrels nest in tree holes 0 - 3 - 3 - 3 m above the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED08FF6BF56DF704F34F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUNC Red List. Current population trend of the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is widespread and thought to be more common than records indicate, especially on Borneo. It occurs in number of protected areas. Deforestation and land conversion are occurring within the distribution of the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel. Detailed surveys are needed to understand effects of habitat destruction on distribution and population trends of the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	materials_examined	Deli, north-eastern Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malay Peninsula, N Sumatra, and N Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 110 - 153 mm, tail 100 - 136 mm; weight 67 - 99 g. Jentink’s Flying Squirrel was taxonomically confused with the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel (H. spadiceus) and the Graycheeked Flying Squirrel (H. sagitta) in the past; Jentink’s Flying Squirrel is distinctly smaller in its overall body dimensions and in at least 21 craniodental measurements. Cheeks and base oftail are gray compared with those of Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel and Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel, which are more pinkish, although overlap occurs among the three species. Chin, chest, and underside of forelegs ofJentink’s Flying Squirrel are white. Ventral hairs are black with white tips.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Reportedly secondary or partially cut primary forests, rubber forests, and forest edges and near human activities. Jentink’s Flying Squirrel has not been observed in primary forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Jentink’s Flying Squirrel feeds on fruits, seeds, leaves, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction ofJentink’s Flying Squirrel might be variable and tied to fruiting of rainforesttrees. It might produce young in February — - August, with litters of 1 - 3 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Jentink’s Flying Squirrelis nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Jentink’s Flying Squirrel creates holes in trees with its incisors where dead branches have fallen and left a scar. These nests are lined with tree bark fiber from the meranti tree (Shorea spp., Dipterocarpaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF5ED09FA16F511FA93F333.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Jentink’s Flying Squirrel is unknown. It probably occurs in protected areas. Habitat loss from logging and agricultural conversion is a major threat. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	materials_examined	Java, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	discussion	Hylopetes sagitta was previously called H. lepidus named by T. Horsfield in 1822. It also formerly included H. platyurus. More information is needed to clarify the relationship between H. sagitta and H. platyurus. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. s. sagittaLinnaeus, 1766 — Java. H. s. aurantiacus Wagner, 1841 — Bangka I (off NE Sumatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 115 - 127 mm, tail 91 - 5 - 123 mm; weight 38 - 8 - 43 - 3 g. The Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel is small, similar in size and pelage color to Jentink’s Flying Squirrel (H. platyurus) and the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel (H. spadiceus). These three species have long been considered taxonomically problematic because of their overlapping characteristics. Recent morphometric studies demonstrate that the three species can be distinguished by multivariate analysis of external measurements and craniodental dimensions, with the Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel intermediate in size between Jentink’s Flying Squirrel and the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel. Cheeks and ventral base oftail of the Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel are pinkish and intermediate in color to the other two species. Jentink’s Flying Squirrel is mostly gray, and the Red-cheeked Flying Squirrel is reddish orange. Tail of the Gray-tailed Flying Squirrel is flattened and broader at base than at tip. Underparts are creamy white, and cheeks are grayish with orange hue.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Pregnant females occur in February-March and July-August. Reproduction may be irregular.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FACFFD87F9CAFE7B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List (as H. leprdus). Current population trend of the Gray-cheeked Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sipora Island, Mentawi Islands, West Sumatra, ” Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	discussion	Hylopetes siporawas described from an imma- ture specimen and was originally included in H. sagitta; an adult specimen is needed to clarify its taxonomic status. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	distribution	Dimi Sipora I, Mentawi Is (off W umatra).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 140 mm, tail mean 160 mm; weight mean 89 g. The Sipora Flying Squirrel has dark brown forefeet and hindfeet. Ventral surface is buff to orange-buff, and there is white patch on chest. Tail is almost completely dull brownish black, paler at base, white at tip, and not markedly bicolored.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary lowland tropical and subtropical forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Sipora Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFDBF67DF6F9F539.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Habitat destruction on Sipora Island (845 km?) negatively affects the endemic Sipora Flying Squirrel. Current population trend is decreasing. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are likely detrimental because the Sipora Flying Squirrel has limited glide distance. No conservation actions are in place. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	materials_examined	Baleq, Aceh, northern Sumatra, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	discussion	Hylopetes winstoni was originally described as lomys winstoni but was subsequently moved to Hylopetes. Additional research is required to clarify distinction between H. winstoni and H. bartels. This species is monotypic. aly Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Aceh, N Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Aceh, N Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 142 mm, tail mean 143 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Sumatran Flying Squirrel is small and has a “ cheek-beard, ” up to 20 mm tufts ofstiff hairs pointing up and backward in front and above ears and on cheeks. Hairs of underparts have white or ocher tips. Dark brown tail is darker above and has lighter base.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. The collection locality of the lone specimen is forested at 1200 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Sumatran Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED09FFC6FB82FB61FE5E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Sumatran Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is known from only a single specimen, so more information is needed on its ecology and distribution before specific threats can be assessed. Forested habitat where it is assumed to occur is decreasing due to logging and agricultural conversion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	materials_examined	“ Tjilondong, Mt. Pangrango, West Java, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	discussion	Hylopetes bartelsi was formerly included in Petinomys. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality on Mt Pangrango in W Java.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 133 - 197 mm, tail 119 - 120 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Bartels’s Flying Squirrel is similar to Vordermann’s Flying Squirrel (Petinomys vordermanni), but whiskers and ear tufts are large; tail is markedly bicolored at base. Upper parts are brownish buff, with black base of fur showing through in most places except crown of head. Patagium is black although extreme edges are white. Forefeet are lighter brownish buff than darker blackish brown hindfeet. Particolored tail is brown at base, with pale part being creamy buff. Lower surface of tail is pale cinnamon-rufous to creamy buff. Underparts are creamy white. Cheeks are orange-buff; black line encircles each eye and runs over end of muzzle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland and montane subtropical and tropical primary forests (but known only from the type locality).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Bartels’s Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF4ED0AFAC6F65BFE55F580.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Bartels’s Flying Squirrel is unknown. It may occur in Gede-Pangrango National Park. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	materials_examined	Baram, E Sarawak, Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Baram, NW Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 68 - 72 mm, tail ¢. 62 - 67 mm; weight mean 13 - 5 g. The Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel is the smallest flying squirrel. Cheeks are pale buff, ventral surfaceis white, and dorsal fur is dark rufous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. There is no information availablefor this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Thereis no information available forthis species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information availablefor this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFA15FA70F976FD1A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. TheLesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel is known only from the type specimen collected in 1901; it is considered extant until adequate surveys fail to locate it. To date, such surveys have not been carried out. Additional studies are neededto elucidateits ecology, taxonomy, and status. Habitat near the typelocality is underthreat from logging and land-use change due to agriculture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	materials_examined	“ Toyut River, Baram District, E Sarawak, Malaysia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Borneo, recorded only on few localities (Sepilok, Tasek Merimbun, and Sarawak S to Niah Caves).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 75 - 90 mm, tail 80 - 98 mm; weight mean 21 g. Dorsal hair of Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrel is dark gray but more buff toward midline. Light spot occurs behind eyes. Dark line on cheeks helps to distinguish it from the Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel (P. emiliae). Underparts are off-white, with gray underfur showing through. Tail is gray or buffat base, blending to black distally but with whitetip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical lowland dipterocarp forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Thereis no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information availableforthis species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF68F6C0F870F220.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is threatened by logging and habitat destruction. There have been no recent surveys so its distribution may be more widespread than currently thought. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kapar, Selangor, Malaysia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Selangor State on Peninsular Malaysia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 85 - 95 mm, tail 80 - 98 mm; weight 17 - 31 g. The Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel is dark reddish brown on head and body. It has white postauricular patches; glide membranes are dark, with black edges. Tail has black midline and is buffy at base, gradually becoming darker distally, but with 15 mmwhite tip. It is intermediate in size between the Lesser Pygmy Flying Squirrel (P. emiliae) and Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrel (FP. hosei) and also has smaller ears than Hose’s Pygmy Flying Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Natural forests in or near fruit and rubber plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Thereis no information availablefor this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF7ED0AFF69FC5BFB4BFFF0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend ofthe Selangor Pygmy Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is threatened by habitat loss, and areas in which it was previously recorded have been completely deforested. Because surveys have not been carried out, it might be more broadly distributed. It is unknown ifit occurs in any protected areas. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	materials_examined	Namdapha, Tirap District, Arunachal Pradesh, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality at Namdapha on the W slope of the Patkai Range in NE India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 405 mm, tail mean 605 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Namdapha Flying Squirrel is large, with ear tufts and red, grizzled with white, upper parts. Dorsal surface of patagium is glossy mahogany red; ventral surface is washed faintly orange rufous. Cylindrical tail beyond interfemoral membrane is proximally pale smoky gray, washed with red, and changing distally to vinaceous rufous, russet, or clove-brown near tip. Crown of head has patch of pale violet-gray pelage. Pelage of muzzle is vinaceous red, changing to mahogany red around eyes; black line crosses nasal bridge. Underparts are white, with grayish tones. Well-developed interfemoral membrane underneath has band of pale red, grizzled with gray and white near margin. Underarm is red.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical dry deciduous forests in riparian zones at elevations of 100 - 350 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Namdapha Flying Squirrels are thought to be crepuscular.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFF5FE52FF53F0E4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Namdapha Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is known only from a single specimen collected in 1981, and there have been no verified sightings since, despite the area being well surveyed. It may be restricted to a single valley in the Namdapha National Park and is likely susceptible to threats including logging, agriculture, poaching for food, and flooding. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are urgently needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFCBF7B5FE68FBA0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ban Thongmai, Pak Kading District, Bolikhamxai Province, Lao PDR. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFCBF7B5FE68FBA0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 460 mm, tail mean 620 mm; weight mean 1 - 8 kg. The Laotian Giant Flying Squirrel. is large; dorsal pelage consists. of dark reddish brown and black hairs, grizzled whitish gray. Crown of head is pale gray, patagium is orangish, and underparts are white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFCBF7B5FE68FBA0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. There is no information available for this species. Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species. Breeding. There is no information available for this species. Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Laotian Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFFCBF7B5FE68FBA0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Laotian Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	vernacular_names	137. White-bellied Giant Flying Squirrel	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Nepal. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. a. albiventer Gray, 1834 — N India (Pun- jab region and Uttarakhand State), Nepal, S China (SE Tibet = Xizang and NW Yun- nan). Unconfirmed populations may be present in NE Afghanistan and in the Khy- ber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. P. a. barron: Kloss, 1916 — From Phitsanulok Province in N Thailand to SE Thailand.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 326 - 550 mm, tail 390 - 450 mm; weight 1.1 - 1.8 kg. The White-bellied Giant Flying Squirrel is large, with well-defined blackish eye ring, white throat, and black color on distal one-third oftail. Rest oftail is bright bay. Cheeks are rufous. Long dark silky fur on upper parts is dark mahogany red, with white speckling. Gliding membrane is dark brown, and underparts are off-white to pale buff. Melanistic population occurs in the Kaghan Valley of Pakistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Moist temperate forests. Subspecies barroni is constrained to elevations of 1350 - 3050 m (tree line).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The White-bellied Giant Flying Squirrel feeds mainly on leaves of pindrow fir (Abies pindrow) and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), both Pinaceae; tilonj oak (Quercusfloribunda, Fagaceae); Himalayan poplar (Populus ciliate, Salicaceae); and Himalayan elm (Ulmus wallichiana, Ulmaceae). It also eats flowers, buds, pinecones, fruit, lichens, bark, moss, and seeds. It favors acorns ofhill oak (Quercus dilatata) in October and horse chestnuts (Aesculus indica, Fagaceae) and walnuts (Juglans regia, Juglandaceae) in July.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. White-bellied Giant Flying Squirrels nest in conifers or deciduous trees. They spend the day in tree cavities high aboveground. They are active yearround and do not hibernate.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. If habitat is available, the Whitebellied Giant Flying Squirrel undertakes limited elevational migration.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0DFAF1FE68F876F0E6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the White-bellied Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. Proper management and conservation may be hindered by lack of basic ecological knowledge.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	materials_examined	type locality not given. Restricted by H. C. Robinson and C. B. Kloss in 1918 to Preanger Regencies, Western Java, Indonesia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	discussion	Petaurista petaurista is considered a species complex and should be revised as new taxonomic data becomes available. Widely used subspecific names melanotus and nigricaudatus have been changed for gender agreement. Sixteen subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. petauristaPallas, 1766 — WJava. P. p. batuanaMiller, 1903 — BatuIs (Tanahbala, Tanahmasa, andPiniIs), offWSumatra. P. p. cicurRobinson & Kloss, 1914 — SThailandinNEMalayPeninsula. P. p. grandisSwinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. P. p. interceptioSody, 1949 — MtTjerimaiinWJava. P. p. lumholtz: Gyldenstolpe, 1920 — C & EBorneo. P. p. marchioThomas, 1908 — NSumatraandRupatI (Indonesia). P. p. melanotaGray, 1837 — SMalayPeninsula (includingTiomanI). P. p. nigrescensMedway, 1965 — NBorneo, knownonlyfromtheforestsaroundSandakanBay, NofKinabatanganRiver. P. p. nigricaudataRobinson & Kloss, 1918 — EJava. P. p. nitidulaThomas, 1900 — BunguranIinNNatunaIs, offWBorneo. P. p. penangensisRobinson & Kloss, 1918 — PenangI (NWPeninsularMalaysia). P. p. rajahThomas, 1908 — N & NWBorneo. P. p. rufipes Sody, 1949 — S Sumatra and Sipora I (off W Sumatra). P. p. stellarisChasen, 1940 — BintanI, RiauArchipelago (offESumatra). P. p. terutaus Lyon, 1907 — Ko Tarutao I, off the W coast of S Thailand. Subspecific affinities of populations in Myanmar, W Thailand, and S & E Chinese provinces are not clear but may be melanota. Additional research is needed to understand distributions of subspecies on the mainland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 285 - 520 mm, tail 342 - 630 mm; weight 0 - 99.2 - 9 kg. Dorsal color of nominate petaurista appears reddish brown, but hairs are gray at bases. Face and lower jaw are darker brown. Venter is light brown. Although similar in size to the Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel (P. alborufus), the Red Giant Flying Squirrel is consistently smaller in body mass (85 %) and other body measurements, including tail length. Females tend to be larger than males. The Red Giant Flying Squirrel seems to be closely related to the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (P. philippensis). Underparts are ocherous buff, deepening to rufous on patagium. Subspecies batuana is similar to nitidula, but it is slightly larger. Its total length is 825 mm, and head-body length is 405 mm. Subspecies cicur is similar to other forms found on the Malay Peninsula, but black areas of pelage are more extensive, and hairs on back have distinct black tips. Subspecies grandis is dark brown above and dull orange below, with gray-brown tail darkening toward tip. Subspecies interceptio is similar to petaurista, but its back is more rufous and less buff. Upper surface of tail is pure rufous at base, with distal end being black. Subspecies lumholizi is deep ferruginous bay, although this is much lighter on posterior one-half of body. Beside and below eyes are distinctively black. Above eyes is pinkish cinnamon that continues backward, with deepening color to ears. Black tuft behind ears is small and ill defined. Underparts are bright rufous cinnamon. Subspecies marchio is similar to nitidula, but it has slightly larger ears, and reddish brown upper parts are paler. Dorsal color is relatively dark, deep rufous chestnut. Dorsal hairs have black tips. Subspecies melanota is similar to cicur, but on subspecies melanota, black-tipped dorsal hairs are reduced in number and confined to mid-dorsal line down shoulders and back. Upper parts are rufous or burnt sienna. Subspecies nigrescens can be distinguished from rajah and lumholtzi by its much darker and dull color. Nose tip, chin, eye ring, post-auricular patch, extremities, and tip of tail are black; rest of upper parts is dark cinnamon-brown. Underparts of tail dull cinnamon-brown. Subspecies nigricaudata has black tail, with subbasal parts of tail hairs being ferruginous maroon. Ears are dark chestnut, and black orbital eye ring is extensive. Forefeet and hindfeet are black, with black continuing along margins of uropatagium. Subspecies nitidula is similar to but smaller than petaurista. Subspecies penangensis is similar to but smaller than melanota. Subspecies rajah is intermediate in color between melanota and marchio, with black tips on dorsal hairs. It has dark orbital rings. Ears are relatively short, with their backs heavily tufted with black hairs forming conspicuous black patch on each side. Dorsal surface and tail of rufipes are tawny or ferruginous glossy color, and there is slight darkening on nape and mid-dorsal area, caused by slight blackening of hair tips. It has narrow black eye ring and small dull brown spot on chin. Entire venter is pinkish rufous or ocherous salmon, deepening to tawny at borders of patagium. Subspecies stellaris is similar to batuana, but it is less blackened on upper parts and paler on cheeks and muzzle. Tail and underparts are paler, less rufous, and more cinnamon. Subspecies ferutaus is similar to nitidula, but top of head of terutaus has grayish wash; there is slight buffy wash on sides of body and more extensive black part on distal end of tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wet tropical lowlands (southern India), montane temperate forests (Pakistan), and hardwood forests (Taiwan) and reported to prefer evergreen broadleaf and coniferous forests. The Red Giant Flying Squirrel also occurs in gardens, plantations, orchards, and relatively open areas with few trees. It appears fairly resilient to forest fragmentation and tends to have higher densities in smaller fragments than in larger stands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red Giant Flying Squirrel is highly folivorous, butit is also known to eat seeds, fruits (e. g. figs of Ficus, Moraceae), flowers, buds, bark, and lichens. In northern Pakistan, it reportedly feeds on leaves of 27 tree species. Bark stripping is reported in Taiwan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. In Taiwan, two reproductive peaks occur in spring and late autumn. Red Giant Flying Squirrels are often observed in pairs. Males enter reproductive condition earlier than females. Leaf nests are occasionally used, but it usually nests in tree cavities and rock crevices. About 50 % of females reproduce during each season, and it is not known if a female can have more than one litter in a year. In Taiwan, litters are 1 - 2 young (usuallyjust one). Young are weaned at 90 - 120 days old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and emit a species-specific call, often at dusk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Densities of the Red Giant Flying Squirrels are 0 - 06 ind / ha in coniferous plantations and 2 - 3 ind / ha in hardwood forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF0ED0EFAF6F7B6FBFFFA9B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Red Giant Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is hunted for food and medicinal purposes in various places. In north-eastern India, it is cooked and eaten as an antidote for poison, and bile is boiled as a remedy for asthma. It is considered a pest in some fruit plantations. It is threatened by habitat conversion due to logging, agriculture, dam construction, and urbanization.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	materials_examined	“ Moupin, Baoxing, Sichuan, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	discussion	Petaurista xanthotis was previously thought to be a subspecies of the P. leucogenys com- plex, butin 1992, it was reclassified as a distinct species, based primarily on its more complex cheekteeth and absence of white streak below ears. Molecular phylogenetic analyses (mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene sequences) confirm that P. xanthotis is not included with other Petaurista and that it is a distinct species from P. leucogenys. Similarly, more recent studies also confirm that P. xanthotisis a distinct species, but they also suggest a close, but unresolved, relationship with P. petaurista. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C & S China, in Qinghai, E Tibet (= Xizang), Gansu, Sichuan, and NW Yunnan provinces.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 325 - 445 mm, tail 294 - 380 mm; weight 0 - 73 - 12 kg. Pelage of the Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel is soft and grayish yellow. Dorsal color is dark, sometimes grizzled with gray. Guard hairs are black at bases and whitish at distal ends. Throat and sides of muzzle are white; venteris gray. Patagium is marked with orange margins. Long tail has black and orange hairs. Feet are black, and legs are orange. There can be pale ocherous spots at inner bases of ears and orange spots behind ears.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coniferous montane and subalpine forests, such as those on the Tibetan Plateau and central provinces of China, typically at elevations of 2000 - 3400 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel includes shoots, leaves, and pine nuts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Pregnant females have been captured in April, and births occur in summer. Litter size is usually two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel are nocturnal and do not hibernate.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Chinese Giant Flying Squirrels nest in tree cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0EFA67FEFCF8F4F099.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel is on the regional Red List in China. Current population trend is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. The Chinese Giant Flying Squirrel is trapped for fur trade.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	materials_examined	“ Baoxing, Sichuan, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	discussion	Widely used subspecific names alborufus, castaneus, and leucocephalus have been changed for gender agreement. Five subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. a. alborufaMilne-Edwards, 1870 — CChina, inSGansu, SShaanxi, andNSichuan. P. a. candidulaWroughton, 1911 — MyanmarandNThailand. P. a. castaneaThomas, 1923 — SCChina, inESichuan, Shaanxi, Chongqing, NEYunnan, NGuizhou, Hubei, andHunan. P. a. leucocephalaHilzheimer, 1905 — SChina, inETibet (= Xizang), andNEIndia, inAssam, ArunachalPradesh, andNagaland. P. a. ochraspis Thomas, 1923 — S China, in C & S Sichuan, Yunnan and W Guangxi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 350 - 580 mm, tail 400 - 615 mm; weight 1.2 - 1.9 kg. The Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel is among the longest species of Petaurista. Dorsum is red, grizzled with white. On the mainland, rear one-half of dorsum can be pale straw colored, and front one-half is red. Reddish bufftail has whitish or pinkish brown ring at base and black tip. Feet are black, and underparts are pale buff and white at throat. Well-defined reddish or black eye rings occur on white face, and ears are covered in short hairs, with dark tufts at base. Feet of nominate alborufa have reddish hairs. No separate description is available for candidula. Subspecies castanea has black hair on feet and distinct rings at base oftail. Subspecies leucocephala is visually distinct from other subspecies; whole head, starting from posterior margins of ears, is white; it has white line down nape of neck; and the back, chin, throat, shoulders, and outer sides of upper arms to wrist joints, extending onto patagium, are also white. Subspecies ochraspis has reddish hair on feet, white rings at base oftail, and black on much of the rest oftail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Typically, dense hillside forests of hardwoods and conifers at elevations of 2000 - 3000 m in Tibet, Myanmar, and Thailand. In China, the Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel inhabits deep valleys of rainforest and tropical deciduous or mixed forests at elevations of 800 - 3500 m. Hardwood forests are preferred over those of conifers. It nests in hollow trees and cliff crevices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel is highly omnivorous and eats seeds, acorns, nuts, bark, and fruits; leaves and other vegetation; and insects, larvae, and other animal material such as bird eggs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel was observed only in June, and reproductive rate is likely low, less than two young perlitter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and are reported to glide more than 400 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Based on spotlight counts, Redand-white Giant Flying Squirrels are more abundant in hardwood forests than conifer forests. There is significant seasonal variation in abundance in hardwood forests: highest densities occur in autumn (0 - 44 ind / ha) and lowest in winter (0 - 22 ind / ha). In forests with Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrels and Red Giant Flying Squirrel, they use the same tree species, but Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrels appear to reside higher in the canopy. The Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel is reportedly sympatric with the Particolored Flying Squirrel (Hylopetes alboniger), the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista philippensis), and the Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes). In Taiwan, where two of these species are often found in the same forests, it is suggested that differences in body size (Red Giant Flying Squirrels 989 - 1597 g; Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrels 1223 - 1930 g), along with abundant food resources, allow them to coexist, partitioning nest cavities and resting sites and thus avoiding competitive interactions. In most sightings in trees, these squirrels were found at heights of more than 10 m, and none were sighted at less than 3 m above the ground. Vocalizations of the Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel, described as high-pitched whistles, were produced less frequently and were qualitatively different from those made by the Red Giant Flying Squirrel (FP. petaurista), described as low-pitched sounds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF3ED0FFA63F827FEF7F025.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. The Red-and-white Giant Flying Squirrel is a major game species in Taiwan. It has been regionally Red Listed in China as least concern. Habitat fragmentation might be especially problematic due to lack of dispersal across open ground. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	materials_examined	“ Near Madras, India. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. philippensisElliot, 1839 — patchydistributioninC & SIndiaandSriLanka. P. p. annamensisThomas, 1914 — Vietnam. P. p. cineraceusBlyth, 1847 — NEIndia (ArunachalPradesh) andmostofMyanmar; mayoccurinextremeETibet (= Xizang, China). P. p. lyleiBonhote, 1900 — C & SChina (EGansu, Shaanxi, ESichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guanxi, Jianxi, andGuangdongprovinces), EMyanmar, andmostofIndochina. P. p. mergulus Thomas, 1922 — Mergui Archipelago, off S Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 377 - 610 mm, tail 480 - 691 mm; weight 1.3 - 2.3 kg. The Indian Giant Flying Squirrel is second largest species of Petaurista; the Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel (P. nobilis) is larger. Dorsal pelage of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrelis uniformly dark gray or black; tail is long, and venter is brownish to buff. Fronts of ears are reddish. Nominate philippensis is brownish grizzled white, with white being very conspicuous. Underparts are white. Patagium can be tinged with rufous. Subspecies annamensis is chestnut rufous to rufous, with white muzzle, white speckles, and blackish tail. Backs of forearms and ears of cineraceus are bay colored, and tail is drab gray. Subspecies lylei is similar to cineraceus, but it is darker and more richly colored; lower back is gray; distal 75 mm of tail are black; eye ring, nose, and chin are dark brown; gray on lower cheeks fades to white as it approaches throat; underparts are white (with buffy wash) to red; forearms are dark brown, turning darker toward phalanges; phalanges are black; and black extends under arms and along edges of patagium. Dorsum of mergulus is grizzled grayish brown, with light olivaceus to chestnut rufous suffusion; venteris grayish white; chin and throat are browner; hands and feet are black; and tail is grizzled hoary gray, with black tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Subtropical hardwood and conifer forests. In Western Ghats, India, the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel consistently forages more often in forest edges and open forest patches, and it occurs in large and small forest fragments. It appears resilient to forest disturbance and fragmentation, but on Hainan, China, only larger forest fragments are occupied. In China, it occupiesfive of twelve zoogeographical regions, which demonstrates generalist tendencies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Indian Giant Flying Squirrel is highly folivorous but somewhat frugivorous. Leaf parts, for example, are estimated to be 74 % ofits annual diet in Taiwan, where 30 species of plants are frequently eaten. Fruits and young leaves are consumed in spring, summer, and autumn in Taiwan; mature leaves are eaten when other foods are not available. Elsewhere, leaves form 34 - 61 % of diets. In Western Ghats, India, it eats fruit (e. g. figs of Ficus racemosa, Moraceae) more than any other dietary item (44 % of observations), followed by leaves (34 %), flowers, bark, and lichens. It eats many othertree fruits when in season and can be a pest in coconut plantations. It also eats termites, beetles, and insect larvae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Indian Giant Flying Squirrel breeds in winter, early spring, and autumn. Litter sizes are 1 - 2 young, most commonly one.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Indian Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and nearly exclusively arboreal. They frequently rely on tree cavities for nesting. They are most active before midnight. They have been observed lying on their back in hot weather with gliding membranes extended to keep cool.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large nests of Indian Giant Flying Squirrels are constructed of leaves, shredded bark, and roots in hollows of trees or branches c. 18 m aboveground. Nests are lined with fur, grass, and moss and generally have two entrances. Adult female home ranges in conifer plantations are 3 - 3 - 4 ha. Densities are 0 - 11 - 0 - 64 ind / ha. In Western Ghats, playback calls of owl species are suggested as a potential census method for the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel; in response to such calls, they are often seen and heard making alarm calls. Larger-bodied owls are therefore assumed to be important predators but details on predation attempts are not available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED0FFFCCF874F845F029.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Indian Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. Humans hunt Indian Giant Flying Squirrels for food and medicinal purposes throughoutits distribution, and rewards are given for killing them where they are pests. Habitat loss in certain areas and fragmentation might be especially problematic because Indian Giant Flying Squirrels cannot disperse across open ground. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	materials_examined	Nepal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	discussion	There is some question as to whether P. caniceps is a distinct species or is a sub- species of P. elegans, but recent evidence from cytochrome-b sequencing by Li Song and colleagues in 2013 suggests that itis a valid species. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. canicepsGray, 1842 — Nepal, Sikkim, NEIndia (NWestBengal, ArunachalPradesh, NAssam, andNagaland), Bhutan, andSETibet (= Xizang, China). P. c. clarkeiThomas, 1922 — SChina (Sichuan, Guizhou, andYunnan, provinces) andNMyanmar. P. c. gorkhaliLindsay, 1929 — NCNepal (GorkhaDistrict) andadjacentSTibet. P. c. sybilla Thomas & Wroughton, 1916 — N Myanmar and adjacent S China (S Sichuan, Guizhou, and W Yunnan provinces) and NE India (S Assam, Meghalaya, and Manipurstates). There are also two undescribed forms that occur in Gansu, Shaanxi, and Hubei and in Hunan and Guangxi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 300 - 370 mm, tail 360 - 400 mm; weight 0.8 - 1.5 kg. The Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrel has grayish to blackish or reddish brown dorsum, white throat with black chin, and whitish brown venter. Bases of ears are light brown or reddish, sides of feet are orange, and outsides of legs are redder. Red crescentshaped spot occurs above each eye. It differs from the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel (P. elegans) by absence of dorsal spots. Available descriptions do not permit reliable differentiation of subspecies based on color.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane oak-rhododendron (Quercus, Fagaceae, and Rhododendron, Ericaceae) and conifer forests at elevations of 2100 - 3600 m and temperate and alpine coniferous forests at 3000 - 3600 m. Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrels nest in tree cavities in rhododendrons and conifers, but they are also construct leaf nests from ferns.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrels feed on rhododendron leaves and buds and conifer cones.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litter sizes of Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrels likely have 1 - 2 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Vocalizations of the Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrel are described as long cries.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFF2ED70FACAF888FC08F429.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (under P. elegans caniceps). Current population trend of the Gray-headed Giant Flying Squirrel is stable. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. Habitat loss and fragmentation from large-scale logging could threaten Grayheaded Giant Flying Squirrels. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	materials_examined	C and N regions of Nepal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Nepal, Sikkim, NE India (Arunachal Pradesh), Bhutan, S Tibet (= Xizang, China).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 359 - 420 mm, tail 415 - 550 mm; weight 1 - 3 — 1 - 8 kg. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel is large and readily distinguished from other species of Petaurista by wide dark brown or black dorsalstripe extending from nose to base of tail. Stripe contrasts significantly with light yellowish brown pelage on sides and legs and with yellow shoulder patches. Anterior dorsal patagium is reddish brown. Tail is dark at base, lighter and more reddish brown for most ofits length, and black at tip. Ventral fur and feet are light rufous to ocherous color. It is often sympatric with the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel (P. elegans), from which it can be distinguished byits larger size (25 %), its dorsalstripe (in contrast with dorsal spots on the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel), and lighter pelage ofits sides and tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forests, such as oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) forest, in lowland areas to elevations of ¢. 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel is primarily herbivorous; it eats grasses, bark, buds, flowers, acorns, chestnuts, other hard fruit, and leaves. It also eats termites and other insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel has small litters (c. 1 young / litter). Adult males do not share nests with females when young are present. Generation length is thought to be 7 - 8 years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal, and it tends to stay high in the trees. It is known for deep and resonantcalls that are given at the onset of activity around sunset when it can be seen gliding for distances of up to 100 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel spends the day in nests in tree holes ¢. 5 - 15 m high. Nests are lined with moss, fur, and other soft materials.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF65FC77FB37FCB0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Hodgson’s Giant Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is included in the Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Little is known aboutits population and ecology, perhaps due to its naturally low numbers. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. The Hodgson' ’ s Giant Flying Squirrel is considered to be declining in many parts ofits distribution because of an increasing loss of habitat due to human development, fire, conversion of forests to agriculture, and hunting pressure. All habitats at the type locality have been lost. Habitat fragmentation might be especially problematic because of lack of dispersal across open ground. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mechuka, W Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Mechuka Valley in Arunachal Pradesh, NE India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 460 - 530 mm, tail 520 - 770 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrelis large and has deep chestnutblack dorsal color. Dorsal hairs are gray at bases but black or chestnut-brown at tips. There are chestnut patches on sides of patagium, excluding edges that begin just behind forefeet and continue for one-third of length of patagium. Patches gradually merge with dorsal color. Head is similar color to dorsum and has whorl of hair in center of top of head. Underparts are orange-buff. Throat has some whitish color, and there is grayish tinge near base oftail on underside. Tail is blackish overall, but basal one-half is more deep gray. Feet are black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Temperate broadleaf and coniferous forest at high elevations of 1800 - 2000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FF60F402F85BF3DA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The [UCN Red List. No information is available on population trends of or threats to the Mechuka Giant Flying Squirrel. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mebo, near Milang Village, Upper Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Assumed to be between the Siang and Dibang rivers in Arunachal Pradesh, NE India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 575 mm, tail 560 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Data are from the type specimen. The Mebo Giant Flying Squirrel is dark rufous brown on dorsum. Underparts are rufous buff, with some grizzled hairs on lower areas near base of tail. Upper surfaces of patagium are lighter brown and less rufous, and under surface is light rufous buff. Head and sides of neck are rich orange to rich rufous brown. There are white tufts with black tips below ears. Basal one-half of non-distichous tail is rufous brown and fades to dark blackish brown on posterior one-half. Feet are black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Middle elevation broadleaf subtropical and temperate forest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mebo Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED70FA63FAFAF8ADFEE1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The [UCN Red List. No information is available on population trends of or threats to the Mebo Giant Flying Squirrel. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	materials_examined	“ Alinye, NE of Anini, Dibang Valley District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mishmi Hills in the Upper Dibang Valley and Anjaw districts, Arunachal Pradesh, NE India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 405 - 590 mm, tail 570 - 600 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Known from six whole and partial specimens. Dorsum of the Mishmi Giant Flying Squirrel is deep chestnut to blackish chestnut color. Saddle of dorsum is very deep chestnut or almost black and grades to deep chestnut toward lower back and sides. Patagium is deep chestnut. Head is similar color to dark saddle area. Undersides are orange buff. Color grades from almost orangebrown laterally to more grayish buff medially on underside. Area near base oftail is lighter gray or whitish. Tail is blackish overall, but basal one-third is deep chestnut and grades to black distally. Feet are black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Midto high-elevation broadleaf and coniferous subtropical and temperate forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Mishmi Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8DED71FA6FF5BFFE42F405.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The IUCN Red List. No information is available on population trends of or threats to the Mishmi Giant Flying Squirrel. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	materials_examined	Darjeeling, India.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. n. nobilisGray, 1842 — Nepal, Sikkim, andNEIndia (NWestBengal). P. n. singhei Saha, 1975 — Bhutan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 347 - 490 mm, tail 378 - 490 mm; weight c. 2.3 - 3 kg. The Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel is large and heavy-bodied; upper parts are bright chestnut-brown, with yellow tips on some of hairs; and underparts are pale rufous. It is pale fulvous on top of head, on shoulders, and in narrow streak down middle of upperpart of back. It has dark maroon saddle and patagium edge. There is distinctive bright orange-buff area on forehead. Tail is dark orange-brown, with black tip. Subspecies singhei has thick woolly orange-buff or brownish buff hair; dark dorsal saddle with shoulder patches; black-tipped tail; yellow, orange, or brownish patagium; and pale or yellowish venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Subtropical forests and temperate broadleaf, montane, montane pine, and rhododendron forests at elevations of 1500 - 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrels appear to breed in March-April.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and are often active at dawn or dusk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrels are frequently sighted on the ground, often seeking mineral licks along newly cleared roads.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8CED71FFC8FC9FF792F28E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Bhutan Giant Flying Squirrel is decreasing. Threats include habitat loss and degradation due to logging, mining operations, dam construction, expansion of human settlements, and hunting for local consumption. It is included in the Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. More surveys and basic research onits distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Java, Indonesia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	discussion	According to Li Song and colleagues in 2013, cytochrome-b gene sequences suggest that subspecies marica is a distinct species and should be reclassified. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. e. elegansTemminck, 1836 — JavaandKembangI. P. e. banksiChasen, 1933 — NBorneoMts, alsoinBunguranandNNatunaIs (offWBorneo). P. e. maricaThomas, 1912 — SChina (YunnanandGuangxi), N & EMyanmarandborderingareasofNEIndia, N, W & SThailand, Laos, Vietnam, andThai-MalayP. e. insula. P. e. sumatrana Kloss, 1921 — Sumatra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 296 - 376 mm, tail 340 - 405 mm; weight 0 - 84 - 16 kg. A relatively small species of Petaurista, the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel is distinguished by presence of white dorsal spots against dark gray, yellowish gray, or brown-black dorsum. Toward rump, hair becomes more rufous. Tail is similar in color to dorsal pelage but not spotted. Patagium is reddish orange, and ventral pelage is orange to brown. Rump and base oftail are reddish brown. In subspecies banksi, top of head, neck, and back are glossy black, flecked with white. Tail is black and chestnut. Patagium is deep chestnut with tawny rufous below. Underparts are paler, an ocherous rufous. Edges offeet are black. There are dark rings around eyes, and there is a small black spot on chin. Subspecies marica has light upper parts with few white spots on back, orangebrown tail, and brown feet. Subspecies punctatus has dark upper parts, with many white spots, black tail, and black feet. Subspecies sumatrana is similar to punctatus, but it is flecked with far fewer white spots.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and partially cut temperate montane coniferous forests with understories of rhododendron (Rhododendron, Ericaceae) and tropical evergreen or dipterocarp forests. In the western part ofits distribution, the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel is found at elevations of ¢. 3000 - 4000 m. In Peninsular Malaysia, it often occurs at much lower elevations (¢. 200 - 3000 m) in primary forests and those in which some timbering has occurred. It appears to be less common near human settlements. It is common and locally abundant and nests in hollows or on rocky ledges.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel is thought to include seeds, fruit, and leaves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel breeds prior to the rainy season, producing a single offspring per year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal, only appearing after dusk, and arboreal. It nests in tree holes and on rock ledges.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gliding dynamics of the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel have been indirectly investigated. It appears to have one of the highest wing loadings among flying squirrels, which probably requires a faster glide to maintain glide ratio (horizontal distance / vertical height). It is quite vocal and can call up to 20 times with high-pitch expiratory monotones; less often, it emits muffled whirring sounds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFCEFEE7FCC2FDD6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel is widespread and abundant in areas of appropriate habitat, with a stable population trend. It is nationally protected in Indonesia. In south-eastern Asia, it is threatened by industrial logging. Populations confined to small habitat fragments can potentially lead to decreased numbers and increased inbreeding and inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	materials_examined	Tapposha, C Formosa, Taiwan, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 349 - 510 mm, tail 360 - 523 mm; weight 0 - 88 — 1 - 9 kg. Very distinctive, upperparts uniformly rufous, dull brown tail, and white underparts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Restricted to hardwood and coniferous forests at 1200 - 3750 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Taiwan Giant Flying Squirrel primarily feeds on leaves, bark, and fruits of many tree species including stone oak (Pasania kawakamii), ring-cupped oak (Quercus glauca), Lithocarpus nantoensis, and L. amygdalifolius, all Fagaceae; Machilis japonica (Lauraceae); quadong (Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Elacocarpaceae); wheel tree (Trochodendron aralioides, Trochodendraceae); Mucuna macrocarpa (Fabaceae); and Taiwan turpinia (Turpinia formosana, Staphyleaceae). It eats seeds of cunninghamia (Cunninghamia konishii, Cupressaceae) and flowers and leaves of fried egg plant (Gordonia axillaris, Theaceae). It also consumes bark of plantation Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Taiwan Giant Flying Squirrel occurs in June.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Taiwan Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Densities range from 0 - 01 ind / ha in coniferous plantation to 0 - 29 ind / ha in hardwood habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FAC8FBE8F878FE24.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The IUCN Red List. Current population of the Taiwan Giant Flying Squirrel trend is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Teng-yue-chow, Yunnan, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S China (Tibet = Xizang, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guangxi provinces) extending into N Myanmar, N Laos, and N Vietnam.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 415 - 610 mm, tail 490 - 605 mm; weight 0 - 73.1 - 2 kg. Upper parts of the Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel are dark glossy maroon to rich chestnut, with head and back finely speckled with white, especially on young individuals. Feet and margins of limbs are black. Ventral surface is woolly and yellowish white but tends toward chestnut on midline of chest and belly of some individuals. Ears are covered in very short hairs, large, and rounded.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Oak-dominated mixed forests at elevations of 1800 - 4270 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED73FFC5F4E7F87CF4C6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The [UCN Red List. Current population trend of the Yunnan Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Nam Fong, Hainan I, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Hainan I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 400 - 540 mm, tail 450 - 595 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsum, including most of the patagium, and lower forelimbs and hindlimbs of the Hainan Giant Flying Squirrel are grizzled with rusty and black colors. Individual hairs are banded black to ocherous buff tawny to black from root to tip. Black ears have narrow white borders, and lips are white. Forehead, sides of head, chin, and behind ears are brilliant black. Fur on throat is brownish black, with white tips. Underparts, upper forelimbs, and part of patagium between elbow and middle oftibia are white. White hairs in medial region of underparts have gray bases. Hairs on narrow borders of patagium are black-tipped, with rufous cinnamon bases.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Hainan Giant Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8EED74FAC2F675FBDEF5A3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet assessed on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Hainan Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kyushu, Japan. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. leucogenysTemminck, 1827 — SJapan, inShikokuandKyushuIs. P. l. nikkonisThomas, 1905 — CJapan, inN & CHonshu. P. l. oreas Thomas, 1905 — C Japan, in S Honshu (Wakayama Prefecture, S peninsula and Chugoku District).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 270 - 485 mm, tail 280 - 414 mm; weight 0 - 49.1 - 2 kg. Color on upperparts of nominotypical leucogenys is intermediate brown, sometimes tinged rufous brown. Underparts are whiter, tinged with pale vinaceous in center and becoming more rufous on marginal membrane. Patch below eye is grayish brown, succeeded behind by fairly prominent light cheek patch and by dull fulvous patch below and behind ear. Fur of nikkonis is particularly long, and tail is bushy. General coloris paler than leucogenys, more grayish brown, or drab. Underparts are white. Muzzle is whitish. It is grayish brown below eyes. Cheek patches are prominently white. Upper parts of oreas are rich brown, suffused with rufous on head. Underparts are washed with buffy. Patch below eyes and forehead are dark rufous. Cheek patch is light dull grayish, washed with buffy. Tail is dull cinnamon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature stands of primary or secondary broad-leaved or mixed forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel shifts from folivory to granivory seasonally, feeding on parts of at least 45 species oftrees, but it is reported to be highly selective when foraging. Overall, diet consists primarily of leaves (26 % - 40 %), seeds (34 %), and staminate cones of various conifers (12 %). Pine needles (Pinus, Pinaceae) and cedar foliage (Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressaceae) are included in small percent ages. Although animal material is occasionally consumed, it is an obligate folivore, especially at certain times of the year. It is also exclusively arboreal and never hoards food. A nine-year study on diets of Japanese Giant Flying Squirrels revealed strong seasonal patterns of food use. Flowers and leaves constituted the majority of the diet in winter, spring, and early summer, seeds made up most of the diet in late summer, autumn, and early winter. Mature leaves are consumed most often in February and again in July when females are pregnant and availabilities of other foods are lowest. During lactation, however, leaf consumption ceases. Herbivorous diet is aided by ability to remain in a sitting position on small branches while extending forepaws to reach branches with buds and leaves. Compared with smaller squirrels, the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel spends more time foraging among smaller branches, and it also spends more time feeding while perched on vertical surfaces and smaller supports relative to its body size. Feeding bouts are relatively long, perhaps because diets often contain high percentages of plant material, but they occur rather infrequently throughout the day. It is reported to have a large cecum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reports suggest that Japanese Giant Flying Squirrels mate from mid-November to mid-January in winter and from mid-May to mid-June in summer. Gestation is ¢. 74 days; litters are 1 - 2 young. Young are weaned by ¢. 90 days of age and begin feeding independently at c. 80 days. They are able to glide a few days after their first emergence from nests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Japanese Giant Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and arboreal. Under natural conditions, they spend the day at rest in hollow trees and branches and usually become active ¢. 30 minutes after sunset. At night, they glide from one tree to another.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Individuals can have considerable home range overlap although females never overlap with other females. For nesting, they often converge on mature forest patches where nest cavities are available. One study reported that home range use is not homogenous but instead is concentrated in patches of secondary forests where food is abundant. Males have larger home ranges than females. When home ranges overlap, individuals may successively use the same nests. Studies on glide performance reported average glide ratios (horizontal distance / vertical height) of 1 - 9, with upper limits of 3 - 5. Air speeds were 4: 4 - 9 - 5 m / sec, with 3 - 3 - 7 m / sec recorded in two studies. Horizontal glide distancesin four study areas were 10 - 100 m and averaged 17 - 1 - 33 - 1 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED74FF69FCF0F5F8F6E3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel is unknown. No specific threats are known. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Boreal Europe, Asia, and America. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to Finland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	discussion	Based mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene, Pteromys appears to be most closely related to Petaurista. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. v. volansLinnaeus, 1758 — NEurope (SFinland, Estonia, Latvia, NBelarus, andWRussia) EtoRussianFarEast (Chukotka), NWChina (NXinjiang), andNMongolia. P. v. atheneThomas, 1907 — SakhalinI. P. v. buechner: Satunin, 1903 — NE & CChinaandtheKoreanPeninsula. P. v. ori Kuroda, 1921 — Hokkaido I, Japan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 120 - 228 mm, tail 90 - 149 mm; weight 95 - 200 g. The Siberian Flying Squirrel is somewhat smaller (10 - 20 %) than its sister species, the Japanese Flying Squirrel (P. momonga). Dorsal pelage is gray or dark gray, and ventral pelage is white to yellowish white. Tail is more brownish and edged with dark-tipped hairs, and feet are pale below and dark above. Upper parts of nominate volans are uniform pale silvery gray. Eye ring is narrow black, and underparts are dull buffy white. Upper parts of athene are drab gray. Underparts are dull whitish. Sides are washed with reddish brown. Overall color of buechneri, especially on tail, is much darker than in the northern populations. Subspecies orii is similar to volans. Underparts are pure white. Cheeks are almost pure white. Tail is buffy on margin and blackish on median.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature boreal closed-canopy forests and particularly dependent on primary trees. The Siberian Flying Squirrel is sensitive to logging and severe forest fragmentation. Various studies suggest, however, that maintenance of well-connected habitat patches that meetits requirements allow it to persist in a landscape managed for timber harvests. The Siberian Flying Squirrel prefers mixed continuous forests, with old conifers (e. g. Norway spruce, Picea abies, Pinaceae) and numerous deciduous trees such as European aspen (Populus tremula, Salicaceae); deciduous trees provide critical nest cavities. Preference for spruce over pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) is also reported. In Finland, it is dependent on mixed forests that are dominated by spruce. Probability of local extinction of the Siberian Flying Squirrel increases as spruce in its habitat declines. Increased forest fragmentation has also contributed to its decline; however, it can reside in fragmented systems and move reasonably well between forest fragments if adequate corridors of vegetation exist and suitable habitat components (e. g. spruce) are available in the matrix. Its use of habitat edges varies with type of edges, overall landscape structure, and spatial scale.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Siberian Flying Squirrel feeds heavily on buds, pollen, leaves, fruit, catkins of alder and birch, twigs, lichen, and mesophyll of conifer needles; it is less partial to seeds. In particular, large quantities of needles and leaves are reported to be consumed daily, and it appears that individual squirrels have preferred feeding trees. Occasional consumption of animal material (e. g. eggs, juvenile birds, and small mammals) has been reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction of Siberian Flying Squirrels occurs in late February-March and April-May. It is estimated that one-third of females in Finland breed twice annually, whereas those in other parts of the distribution (e. g. Russia) may only breed once annually, unless a female loses a litter. Gestation lasts 40 - 42 days; litters are typically 2 - 3 young (range 1 - 6). Young follow their mothers during foraging bouts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Siberian Flying Squirrels are generally nocturnal, but activity peaks vary with the light / dark cycle. It might be active periodically, for up to nine hours; it can also be active during the day when daylength is long, despite lacking color vision found in diurnal sciurids.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male home ranges vary with landscape structure (20 - 135 ha). Female home ranges are much smaller (c. 8 ha). They nest in cavities, abandoned woodpecker holes, or nest boxes. The Siberian Flying Squirrel is unique in that it shows female-biased juvenile dispersal, which is best explained by competition between mothers and daughters for limited resources. Mortality ofjuveniles appears to be highest before dispersal. It is reported to glide slowly (5 - 7 m / sec) but exhibit considerable maneuverability because ofits low-wing loading.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF89ED75FA15FCFDFDA2F34F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend ofthe Siberian Flying Squirrel is decreasing. It is listed on Appendix IT of the Bern Convention and on Annex II and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, in parts of its distribution where these apply. It is considered vulnerable in Finland; the Finnish Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture and Ministry of the Environment have published detailed guidelines on how to manage flying squirrels in forestry. Specific recommendations include protecting known feeding and nesting sites with a 30 m buffer of untouched habitat. The Siberian Flying Squirrel is listed as regionally extinct in Lithuania, an area formerly within its distribution. It is possibly extinct in Belarus but may persist in the extreme north of the country. It is listed as vulnerable on the Chinese Red List. It is listed as rare in Estonia and endangered in Korea. Threats include habitat fragmentation, modern intensive forestry, and logging. Habitat changes that limit connectivity are detrimental because of its unwillingness to travel on the ground and limited glide distance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	materials_examined	“ Gilgit Valley, Pakistan. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	distribution	Distribution of E. cinereus in the Eastern Himalayas is likely occupied by a separate species of Eupetaurus, but formal description has not yet occurred. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Restricted to high elevations in N Pakistan and nearby N India (Kashmir); also in Sikkim, and S China (Tibet = Xizang and Yunnan).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 419 - 610 mm; tail 381 - 545 mm; weight 1 - 4 — 2 - 5 kg. The Woolly Flying Squirrel is one of the largest gliding squirrels. Dorsal pelage is dark brown-gray to chocolate-brown, grizzled with buff-tipped hairs to give blue-gray tinge. Body fur is long and silky, not woolly. Underparts are paler gray, with hairs on throat being creamy white. Ears are hairy, black, or brown on outside, fringed buff, and gray inside. Feet are thickly furred with black hair, and restricted naked area of pads shows pinkish brown skin. Tail is cylindrical and bushy, generally similar to body color, but may be darker or white at distal end. Woolly Flying Squirrels in the eastern Himalayas tend to be more brown than gray. Dentition is hypsodont, with high-crowned teeth more similar to beavers than other sciurids.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rock faces and caves at elevations of 2400 - 3000 m. Habitat of the Woolly Flying Squirrel is high cold desert, and forest cover in the area is patchy with herbs and shrubs dominated by Artemisia sp. (Asteraceae); junipers (Juniperus sp., Cupressaceae); and chilgoza (Pinus gerardiana), blue pine (P. wallichiana), and spruces (Picea smithiana), all Pinaceae. The Woolly Flying Squirrel dwells in rock crevices and tree cavities and forages among scrub and on cliffs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. High-crowned molars of the Woolly Flying Squirrel indicate a diet of rough vegetation. Fecal analysis indicates a nearly exclusive diet of pine needles. Feeding on blue pinecones has also been observed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females can produce up to two litters per year; breeding season begins in early spring. Litters are 2 - 3 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Woolly Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and active throughout the year. Although not normally a tree dweller, it is believed to climb conifer trees to feed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Woolly Flying Squirrelis solitary, but a variety of vocalization types have been recorded during surveys.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC4F3D3F6AAF022.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Woolly Flying Squirrel is on the National Red List of Pakistan. Current population trend is unknown. It is believed to produce a substance called “ salajit ” or “ salaajeet, ” a hardened mixture of urine, feces, and rock leachate that is collected by local people for medicinal purposes. The Woolly Flying Squirrel was believed to be extinct and was known only from museum specimens until it was rediscovered in 1994. It has since been observed in multiple systematic surveys of its distribution. Threats include habitat destruction of the high-elevation forests and expanding human population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kyushu, Japan. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	discussion	Molecular analyses (based on mitochon- drial cytochrome-b gene) of several genera of flying squirrels suggest that the genus Pteromys is most closely related to Petaurista. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, Japan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 140 - 200 mm, tail 95 - 140 mm; weight mean 151 - 8 g. The Japanese Flying Squirrel is ¢. 15 % ofthe size of the Japanese Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista leucogenys) and 25 % larger than the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus). Its dorsum is light brown or grayish brown; belly and ventral surface of patagium are white. Head is robust and rounded anteriorly. There is a prominent tuft of long hairs at end of each toe on hindfeet. Tail is more blackish than rest of body.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane coniferous forests, just below tree line. The Japanese Flying Squirrel often occupies nest cavities and will inhabit artificial nest boxes readily. Tree bark is used for nest construction.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Japanese Flying Squirrel eats mainly seeds, nuts, fruits, leaves, buds, bark, and fungus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Japanese Flying Squirrel may breed twice a year. Gestation is c ¢. 4 weeks. Litters are generally 2 - 3 young. Young are weaned after c. 6 weeks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Japanese Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and arboreal. During the day, they can be found in their nests or tree holes. They emerge at dusk, moving quickly about the treetops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Several Japanese Flying Squirrels can be found grouped together on a single tree; however, outside the breeding season, they tend to be of the same sex.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED75FFC1FB6DFD67FC08.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Japanese Flying Squirrel is unknown. It is locally common and generally widespread within its distribution. Although its distribution is limited, it is found in several protected areas and is not considered threatened by human activity. Threats in local areas could include habitat fragmentation, isolating populations and leading to inbreeding depression.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	materials_examined	“ Wellesley, Penang I, Malaysia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. t. tephromelasGunther, 1873 — Thai-MalayPeninsula (includingPenangI), NWSumatra, andSiberutI (offWSumatra). ItmayoccurinNThailand, butreportsareunconfirmed. A. t. phaeomelas Glinther, 1873 — scattered populations in N, W & E Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 375 - 4 - 385 mm, tail 395 - 443 - 5 mm; weight mean 1 - 1 kg (males) and 1 - 2 kg (females). The Black Flying Squirrel is large, with naked ears. It is comparable to the Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel (Petaurista elegans). Nominate tephromelas is dark gray-brown to fully black, with fine pale dorsal flecking; phaeomelas has orange-red pelage; ventral hairs are sparse and slightly paler.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary, partially cut primary, and secondary tropical forests in lowlands and foothills. The Black Flying Squirrel is often found nearvillages and, less often, in more dense and isolated forests or in clearings with tall trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Black Flying Squirrel consists of seeds, fruits, and other plant matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Black Flying Squirrels only produce single young. Young are fully developed and independent at c. 3 - 4 months old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Black Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and seeks shelter during the daylight hours in nests within large tree trunk cavities. It is a canopy-dwelling species that moves about treetops foraging for food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF88ED76FACDF7BDFC5FF551.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Little is known about habitat requirements and current status of the Black Flying Squirrel. If now restricted to lowlands and foothills in Peninsular Malaysia, it could be Near Threatened. Current population trend is unknown. It is said to be adaptable and may be able to persist in degraded habitat unless forest is lost completely. Very little is known about status and habitat requirements of the Black Flying Squirrel and more research is needed before specific threats can be assessed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Baram, Sarawak, Malaysia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo, except the S part.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 300 - 363 - 3 mm, tail 370 - 410 mm; weight 1.1 - 1.4 kg. Thomas’s Flying Squirrel is uniformly dark brown or black, similar in color to the nominate subspecies of the Black Flying Squirrel (A. tephromelas tephromelas) but slightly larger. Tail is thin with flattened hairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland to mid-elevation (up to 1600 m) montane tall and secondary forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Thomas's Flying Squirrel is a frugivore and feeds mainly on fruits.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Thomas's Flying Squirrels are nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF69FD6FFD8FF00D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Thomas’s Flying Squirrel is unknown. Little information is known aboutits ecology or abundance. It might be present in several protected areas. It might be under threat due to habitat destruction in the lower elevations. Additional studies are needed to understand distribution and abundance in the south-eastern and central Bornean mountain ranges.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	materials_examined	“ Darjeeling, Assam, India. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	discussion	Recent investigations into mtDNA se- quences of different populations of B. pearsonii may indicate that certain lineages in Vietnam and Taiwan are different species; however, further phylogeographical work is needed to gain stronger conclusions. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. B. p. pearsonuGray, 1842 — Nepal, Sikkim, NEIndia (NWestBengal, ArunachalPradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, andMizoram), andBhutan. B. p. blandusOsgood, 1932 — SEChina (Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, andHainanI), Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, andNMyanmar. B. p. kaleensisSwinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. B. p. trichotis Thomas, 1908 — S China (W Yunnan) and NE Myanmar.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 189 - 214 - 5 mm, tail 135 - 8 - 169 - 3 mm; weight 156 g. The Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel is small, with long black hairs at bases of large rounded ears. Dorsal surface of patagium is blackish; undersurface is dark, with yellowish or orange wash. Feet are paler and covered in fur. Tail is short, bushy, and light brown. Fur on ventral surface is somewhat flattened and is dark gray in nominate pearsonii, which is otherwise ocherous. Subspecies blandus has rufous underparts; kaleensis is similar in color to pearsonii and blandus but has larger teeth. Subspecies trichotis has white underparts and narrower tooth rows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary temperate deciduous or mixed deciduous-coniferous forests in northern parts of its distribution and primary subtropical dry forests in southern parts of its distribution at elevations of 800 - 2400 m. The Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel occupies tree hollows and rock crevices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel consists of fruit and leaves or needles of oak, cedar, and pine.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Generation length of the Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel is thought to be relatively long (5 - 6 years). Females have 1 - 2 young / litter and have three pairs of mammae.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Hairy-footed Flying Squirrels are nocturnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. During a two-year survey in Taiwan, few Hairy-footed Flying Squirrels were recorded, leading researchers to believe that it occurs at low densities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FA17FCCFF7B8FC08.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel is unknown. It may be present in several protected areas. It is listed in Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. It is threatened by habitat loss from changing land-use patterns, logging, and forest-fires and by hunting for food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	materials_examined	“ Penang, Malaysia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pulverulentusGunther, 1873 — Thai-MalaiPeninsulaandWSumatra. P. p. borneanus Thomas, 1908 — NW Borneo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 - 290 mm, tail 177 - 235 mm; weight 134 — 315 g. The Smoky Flying Squirrel is about twice the size of the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus). The Smoky Flying Squirrel is brown to blackish on dorsum and tail, with sprinkling of white; underparts are white to yellowish; and face and cheeks are gray. Nominate pulverulentus has brownish black upper parts, with sprinkling of white; underside of patagium is light grayish brown; tail is brownish gray; and edge of patagium is yellowish white. Underparts of subspecies borneanus are whitish.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primarily lowland primary forests below elevations of ¢. 3000 m. The Smoky Flying Squirrel is relatively rare and even less common at higher elevations. Although a few secure populations are found on Borneo, it is often replaced by the Javanese Flying Squirrel (fomys horsfieldir) in more disturbed habitat on the Malay Peninsula.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Smoky Flying Squirrel eats beetles, seeds, fruit, and leaves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Smoky Flying Squirrel appears to be reproductive throughout the year, with a peak in April-June, although only a small number of females have been observed to be reproductive at any one time. In Peninsular Malaysia, average litter size for 14 females was 1 - 3 young (range 1 - 2), with an average pregnancy rate over a threeyear period of only 9 %.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Smoky Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and nest in tree cavities. They also rely on exposed nests in undisturbed forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED76FF6BF7D5F794F537.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Smoky Flying Squirrel is decreasing. Because it lives at low elevation, it is vulnerable to habitat destruction. Part of its distribution exists within well-managed national parks. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	materials_examined	“ Province of Hebei, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. m. melanopterus Milne-Edwards, 1867 — Hebei, E China. A. m. szechuanensis Wang Yuchin, Tu Yunren & Wang Sung 1966 — Gansu and Si- chuan, C China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 275 - 365 mm, tail 275 - 362 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Northern Chinese Flying Squirrel is mediums-sized, with bushy flattened tail. Dorsum is sandy brown and trimmed in black along edges of patagium; feet are black. Dorsal hairs are long and soft; ventral hairs are short and white or pale. Face and throat are grayish. It is distinguished from species of Petaurista and other genera offlying squirrels by its grooved upperincisors. Nominate melanopterus is smaller, with pelage duller sandy buff above and dull white, washed slightly with buff, below. Subspecies szechuanensis is larger, with darker pelage; upper parts are dark grayish drab; and underparts are duller buffy white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane or subalpine coniferous forests at elevations of 2500 - 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Northern Chinese Flying Squirrel is nocturnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8BED77FA10F3D4FDD0F135.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Northern Chinese Flying Squirrel is decreasing. Decline may approach 30 % during the next ten years due to deforestation and timber harvesting, perhaps approaching Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. In China, it has been regionally Red Listed as endangered. Very little information is available on its current status and distribution, and additional studies must be undertaken to better understand its ecology, natural history, and conservation threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Hebei Province, China. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C China, from E Qinghai to Hebei, S to N Yunnan and Guizhou, also isolated small populations in S Liaoning, E Henan, S Qinghai, and S Tibet (= Xizang).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 - 330 mm, tail 260 - 300 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel is mediums-sized. Pelage hairs are gray at bases and brown to reddish at tips; overall, it appears uniform reddish brown on dorsum and similar, lighter, and browner on venter. Throat is white. Long black hairs occur at bases ofears and tip oftail. Tail is somewhat shorter and flattened than head-body length. Common name refers to the numerous ridges on crown of upper and lower cheekteeth. It is considered most closely related to the Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel (Belomys pearsonii).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane temperate forests of oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) and pine (Pinus, Pinaceae) at elevations of 1360 - 2750 m. The Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel is often associated with rocky cliffs and caves where it may nest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel is thought to feed in the canopy on oak leaves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Complex-toothed Flying Squirrels reaches sexual maturity at c. 22 months ofage. Litters are 1 - 4 young; gestation reportedly lasts 78 - 89 days; and lactation is ¢. 105 days.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Complex-toothed Flying Squirrels are nocturnal and are thought to nest in caves that provide stable microclimates. They glide between clifffaces and nearby trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Complex-toothedFlying Squirrels nest alone and are generally intolerant of conspecifics when brought together in captivity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF8AED77FFDAF8CEF58CF0C6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Complex-toothed Flying Squirrel has been regionally listed as vulnerable on the Chinese Red List. It is declining due to habitat loss, logging, hunting, and capture for medicinal purposes. It is maintained in captivity because its dung is important in traditional Chinese medicine, the physiological basis of which has not been explored. It is suspected that the rate of decline may be close to 30 % over ten years, likely close to qualifying as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. It is present in a number of protected areas. More surveys and basic research on its distribution, population status, and natural history are needed to better understand threats and useful conservation action.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	materials_examined	“ Africa. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to “ Barbary. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the Atlas Mts in NW Africa, occurring through Western Sahara, Morocco, and NW Algeria. Introduced on the Canary Is of Spain, Fuerteventura in 1965, Gran Canaria in 1996, and Lanzarote in 2006; only the first population has evaded eradication.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 174 mm, tail 133 mm; weight 250 g. The Barbary Ground Squirrel is medium-sized, with brown dorsum and white or light buff stripe on sides. Occasionally, faint pale midline is apparent. Head and shoulders are grizzled. Venter has low density of white hair and can appear to be without hair. Tail is prominent and bushy. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 68.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky open areas in desert, alpine meadows, and argan (Argania spinosa, Sapotaceae) forests across the Atlas Mountains and Sahara Desert in Morocco and Algeria at elevations of 150 - 4000 m. Where introduced on the Canary Islands, the Barbary Ground Squirrel occurs in rocky semiarid scrub and forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Barbary Ground Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore that feeds heavily on fruits, flowers, and seeds of aridland herbs and shrubs such as spurge (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae), mustard trees (Nicotiana glauca, Solanaceae), and lesser jack (Emex spinosa, Polygonaceae). It will also eat insects and terrestrial snails when available. It can be an agricultural pest when it consumes food crops such as asparagus, paddle cactus (Opuntia, Cactaceae), plums, and cereal crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Barbary Ground Squirrels are pregnant in April in eastern Morocco, March in the Atlas Mountains, and February in Western Sahara. Their breeding season generally lasts a month. Several males often pursue one female. Males call repeatedly from stone promontories within their home range apparently to attract females and guard their home range; feces collect around these promontories. Females spend considerable amounts of time in and around burrows while they care for their young, and they can often be seen in groups perhaps sharing nests. Females come into estrus every four months and can produce up to three litters each year. Young are precocial but remain in nests for 5 - 6 weeks after birth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Barbary Ground Squirrel is diurnal. Activity is bimodal, with peaks in morning and afternoon, but is reduced in winter; behavioral patterns are related to temperature oscillations of their environment. Adults appear to share sentinel duties and rotate from their position on stone structures to monitor threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Barbary Ground Squirrel is colonial and often forms large loose aggregations that display conspicuous, widespread, and continuous vigilance for predators. Individuals quickly enter a burrow when a predator is detected. Family groups of a single female and her offspring form the fundamental social unit. Pairs of females often share burrows and will use walls and stone structures to sunbathe and nest. They communicate with each other by vocalizing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFDBF5D7F825F099.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Barbary Ground Squirrelis widespread, occursin a variety of habitats (including disturbed habitats), and is common wherever it occurs. It has been introduced outside of its distribution (Fuerteventura, Canary Islands), where it has become a pest. Population trends are stable, and no particular threats have been identified.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Karaata (der warmen Quelle, 140 Werst diesseits Buchara). ” Interpreted by S. I. Ognev in 1966 as “ vicinity of Kara Ata, 140 km northwest of the Old Town of Bukhara, ” Uzbekistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	discussion	Widely used specific and subspecific names leptodactylus, bactrianus, and heptopotamicus have been changed for gender agreement. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. l. leptodactylaLichtenstein, 1823 — Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, SWTadjikistan, NEIran (KhorasanProvince). S. l. bactrianaScully, 1888 — NAfghanistan. S. l. heptopotamica Heptner & Ismagilov, 1952 — S Kazakhstan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 230 - 270 mm, tail 27 - 81 mm, hindfoot 59 - 62 mm; weight mean 620 g (males) and 548 - 3 g (females). The Long-clawed Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has sandy to grayish yellow dorsum; venter is white. Tail is light tan above, with black fringe around edges, and is black on underside. Summer pelage is rough and bristly and molts into long and silky winter pelage. Vibrissae are commonly found on venter. Feet are thickly furred year-round, perhaps to deal with sandy habitats. Claws are exceptionally long, more than 10 mm. Subspecies bactriana has pale fawn dorsum, with brownish head; rump is suffused with rufous; and tail has a subterminal black ring and pale brown tip. Subspecies heptopotamica is the least rufous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Sandy deserts, generally in undisturbed and uncultivated habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The L. ongclawed Ground Squirrel is primarily herbivorous, with diet of primarily fruits, seeds, bulbs, and leaves, but it will opportunistically consume insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating occurs in February-March; 3 - 6 young are born in April-May.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Long-clawed Ground Squirrel is diurnal and adjusts activity by season. They stay in burrows during midday heat in summer and forage outside all its time in winter. Cold weather reduces aboveground activity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Long-clawed Ground Squirrel appearsto live in small family groups in burrows located under brush. Adults can travel up to 1 km from their burrows when foraging in times of food scarcity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED79FFC7FDB0FBE1FE0C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Because of its wide distribution and presumably large population, the Long-clawed Ground Squirrel is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. No information is available on population trend or conservation threats, although it is reportedly hunted for fur in parts ofits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	materials_examined	type locality not given.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. e. erythropusE. GeoffroySaint-Hilaire, 1803 — WAfrica, fromSMauritaniaandSenegaltoNENigeria, aswellasinCMorocco. E. e. chadensisThomas, 1905 — SNiger, NNigeria, SChad, NECameroon, andSudan. E. e. lacustrisThomas, 1905 — NEDRCongoandNWUganda. E. e. leucoumbrinusRuppell, 1835 — scattereddistributionthroughSenegaltoEritrea, EthiopiaandNWKenya. E. e. imitaneusThomas & Hinton, 1923 — SEChad, NECentralAfricanRepublic, Sudan, andSouthSudan. E. e. microdon Thomas, 1905 — Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, W Nigeria to C Kenya.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 223 - 290 mm, tail 185 - 262 mm; weight 500 - 950 g. The Striped Ground Squirrelis large-bodied and has sandy red dorsum, with striking white longitudinal stripes from shoulders to hips. Venter is covered with sparse white hair. Whitish eye ring extends behind ears. Limbs are pale buff. Long distichous tail is sandy rufous that fades gradually toward tip. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = at least 68. Complete karyotypic data are not available, but sex chromosomes consist of submetacentric X-chromosome and an acrocentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grasslands and open woodlands, coastal shrublands, and mangrove and other wet forests, often in cultivated agricultural lands and secondary forests, at elevations of 600 - 1800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Striped Ground Squirrel is primarily herbivorous, with a diet ofleaves, flowers, fruits, acacia pods, grass, and tree seeds. It also eats insects, reptiles, eggs, and nestlings. To deal with food scarcity, it larderhoards tree seeds in burrows and scatterhoards seeds by burial often camouflaged with a leaf or small stone. It is likely a significant disperseroftree seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Multiple male Striped Ground Squirrels pursue an estrous female in a mating chase. Females give birth to litters of 2 - 6 young during resource-rich periods in central dens lined with grass and twigs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Striped Ground Squirrel is diurnal and spends most ofits time on the ground, although individuals will climb low trees. Individuals emerge from their burrows well after dawn and return several hours before dusk. Activity patterns are influenced by weather, with morning activity more intense than afternoon, but negatively impacted by cloud cover or rain. When midday sun becomes strong, individuals periodically retreat to shade and press their venter against cooler ground. It appears attracted to areas of human disturbance, forages in cultivatedfields, and moves through clearings and along roadsides, often pausing to stand upright and bevigilant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Striped Ground Squirrels forage alone and, at first glance, appear relatively asocial. Aggression and territoriality are uncommon. Individuals briefly greet one another through oral-nasal contact, with one individual usually submissiveto the other; this hierarchy appears to be well established. Individuals share burrows with fluid mixed-sex groups. Large home ranges are traversed and cover many burrows systems among which individuals rotate. Female home ranges are 1: 3 - 12 - 4 ha and can expand to 40 ha; males have larger home ranges and may explore linear distances up to 3 km / day. Scent marking by rubbing cheek glands on structures is common across home ranges, and feces are deposited in vicinity of burrow entrances, suggestive of marking. Burrow systems are generally less than 1 m deep and contain 1 - 3 entrances and plugged emergency exits. At night, entrances are blocked with soil and sometimes vegetation. Striped Ground Squirrels also nest in rock crevices, tree-root clusters, and termite nests for refuge at night. If mildly distressed, individuals with quickly become upright and arch theirtails over dorsa. When alarmed, they lowerto the ground and reflect tails over dorsa. They are not highly vocal but makea series of chatters.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF84ED7AFAC1F767FBCBFF3B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Striped Ground Squirrel is common and widespread, sometimes quite abundant (e. g. in Kenya), well represented in protected areas, and adaptable to human-modified landscapes. Populations appearstable, and no particular threats have been identified.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	materials_examined	“ E slope of Abyssynia, Ethiopia. Found in E Africa. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	discussion	Eight subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. X. r. rutilusCretzschmar, 1828 — NESudan, andEEritrea. X. r. dabagalaHeuglin, 1861 — SomaliaandSEthiopia. X. r. dorsalisDollman, 1911 — WKenyaintoUgandaandSESouthSudan. X. intensusThomas, 1904 — Ethiopiawheresubspeciesstephanicusisnotpresent. X. ~~: massaicusToschi, 1945 — SKenya (MasaiMaraNationalPark). X. r: rufifronsDollman, 1911 — NKenya (NEwasoNgiroRiver). X. r: saturatusNeumann, 1900 — SEKenyaandNETanzania. X. r: stephanicus Thomas, 1906 — E Ethiopia, Somalia, and NE Kenya. Records for Djibouti are only identified to thespecies level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 226 - 269 mm, tail 182 - 203 mm; weight 252 - 369 g. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel is unique among African ground squirrels because it lacks lateral stripes. Dorsum has coarse pelage ofpale tan to red-brown, with individuals in drier regions morepale; eyering is buff to cream. Dorsumandtail are grizzled; venter and feet are paler than dorsal coat. Hair on belly is sparser than on back. Olive and brownish subspecies include stephanicus and dorsalis; other subspecies are more reddish. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Karyotype consists ofseven pairs of metacentric autosomes, ten pairs of submetacentric autosomes, one pair of acrocentric autosomes, medium submetacentric X-chromosome, and small biarmed Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry savanna and scrublands in scrub thickets, open plains, and gravel flats from sea level to elevations of more than 2000 m. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel commonly occupies disturbed habitats and cultivated agricultural fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel is opportunistically omnivorous; primary diet contains fruits (e. g. Adansonia digitata, Malvaceae), seeds (e. g. Acacia, Fabaceae, and Commiphora, Bursuraceae), leaves, and flowers, but insects are also eaten.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs throughout the year. Males exhibit piloerection oftheir tails during sexual displays when approaching females. Pregnant females may move toward peripheries of homeranges to give birth and raise litters of 1 - 2 young. After young are weaned, adult females may return to her original burrows, while juveniles continue inhabiting their birth burrows until all individuals disperse from natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel is diurnal and makes significant use of burrows and termite mounds for behavioral thermoregulation. Daily emergence occurs well after sunrise when individuals bask in the sun and groom before beginning to forage. Influence oftemperature on daily behaviorsis displayed continuously as individuals strategically move between sun and shade. Individuals often rest in shade and press their venters against shade cooled or moist earth. Burrow systems are spatially isolated and built with 2 - 6 entrances often in shade of overhanging vegetation. Foraging, or any activity, is limited when air temperatures are high.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. [Loose colonies form in suitable habitat, and family groups of upto six individuals share a burrow system. Groups can have diverse composition ranging from solitary females with young to a single male with several adult females. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel can share burrows with otherspecies (e. g. the Striped GroundSquirrel, Fuxerus erythropus). Linearsocial hierarchies exist within colonies, with males displaying dominance overfemales for food resources. Adults use large overlapping home ranges of 1 - 4 hafor females and 7 ha for males. Home ranges encompass multiple burrow systems, and individuals may take refuge in another colony’s burrow when threatened. Unstriped Ground Squirrels communicate through a variety ofvocalizations and visual displays. Scolding calls, threatening lunges, chases, and occasional fights occur during agonistic interactions. When threatened by a superior colony member, subordinate individuals vocalize, erect theirtail hair, and retreat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7AFF6FF6C0F635F07C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Unstriped Ground Squirrel is widespread and presumably has a large overall population. [t occurs in a number ofprotected areas and is tolerant of somehabitat modification. Population trends arestable, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ogitundua, C Koakoveld, N Na- mibia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Angola through W Namibia to near border with South Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 225 - 290 mm, tail 210 - 282 mm; weight c. 640 g. The Damara Ground Squirrel has pale cinnamon-brown dorsum, with black skin and longitudinal white stripe running from shoulder to hips. Eyering is white and obvious. Venteris white. Snout and face are washed with buff to white. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 68, Karyotype consists of seven pairs of metacentric autosomes, nine pairs of submetacentric autosomes, two pairs ofacrocentric autosomes, submetacentric X-chromosome, and metacentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky slopes with sparse vegetation in the extremely arid Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo biomes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Damara Ground Squirrel is predominantly herbivorous and feeds on grass stems and roots and mopanetree leaves (Colophospermum mopane, Fabaceae). It will occasionally eat invertebrates, especially plant lice.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Adult male Damara Ground Squirrels are quite mobile during winterbreeding andseek female groups for mating. Gestation lasts 42 - 49 days; litters of 1 - 3 young are born in burrows. Young open their eyes at ¢. 21 days after birth and disperse from natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Damara Ground Squirrel is diurnal but clearly sensitive to extreme temperatures in arid deserts ofsouth-western Africa. In summer, individuals leave their burrows to groom and bask in the sun and then depart to forage, often not returning until sunset. Individuals reduceactivity during the heat ofthe day and use non-nesting burrows and shade from their own tails and vegetation to cool. They remain active at temperatures as high as 35 ° C.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Damara Ground Squirrels are solitary or live in loose mother {juvenile family groups of 2 — 4 adult females. Adult males are solitary. Both sexes can wander up to 1 km / day from their nest burrows. Amicable behavior is uncommon, and aggression occurs more frequently. Burrows are found in open rocky areas and are simple, with 2 - 5 openings and a single nest chamberless than 1 m below the surface. A small mound of excavated soil may delineate burrow entrances. Burrows are often spaced more than 80 m from other systems and more than 200 m from burrow systems of the South African Ground Squirrel (G. inauris). Burrows are 25 ° C at night in contrast to outside temperatures of 10 ° C; during the day at 32 ° C, burrows are 26 ° C.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF87ED7BFA6AF783FB83F4C8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Damara Ground Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Population trends are stable, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify forlisting in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kaffirland, South Africa. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Namibia, Botswana, N & C South Africa, and W Lesotho.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 246 - 4 mm (males) and 247 - 4 mm (females), tail 194 - 211 mm (males) and 196 - 207 mm (females); weight 423 - 649 g (males) and 444 - 600 g ¢ (females). The South African Ground Squirrel has sandy cinnamon-brown dorsum, with black skin and longitudinal white stripe running from shoulder to hips; faint eye ring and venter are white. Snout and face are washed with buff to white. Prominent tail is frosted white and dorsoventrally flattened, with two black bands near base. Hair on venteris sparse or absent. Chromosomal numberis 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Karyotype consists of seven pairs of metacentric autosomes, ten pairs of submetacentric autosomes, pair of acrocentric autosomes, medium-sized submetacentric X-chromosome, and small metacentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open terrain with sparse vegetation often dominated by annual grasses in arid Karroo areas, grasslands, overgrazed land, floodplains, or seasonally dry watercourses where solid ground is available to burrow. The South African Ground Squirrel also occurs in sand dunes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The South African Ground Squirrel is strongly herbivorous; diet shifts from grasses and fruits in wet summer to seeds, fruits, stems, roots, and occasionally insects in winters.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction occurs throughout the year but peaks in the dry winter. Small groups of bachelor males search among females for mating opportunities. Females mature at ¢. 8 months of age when only one adult female is present in a social group and c. 12 months when more than one reproductive female is present. Ovulation is spontaneous, and individuals remain in estrus less than four hours and mate with an average of four males. Females can have up to four litters per year. After a seven-week gestation, females produce 1 - 4 young in a nest burrow that they dig themselves, away from the group cluster. Lactation lasts an average of 52 days, and young are weaned within c. 7 days of joining the larger group. All females in the group devote care to juveniles after they have joined the group. Females that successfully wean their young reenter estrus ¢. 56 days after emergence of the litter, while females that lose their litters prematurely come into estrus 24 days after the loss. Natal dispersal is male-biased and occurs at ¢. 8 - 10 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The South African Ground Squirrel is diurnal and can tolerate high temperatures using behavioral thermoregulation that permit foraging when temperatures exceed 40 ° C. Individuals orient away from the sun and use their reflected tail to reduce absorption of the direct rays of the sun. When foraging or vigilant, individuals stand on their toes to increase heat loss and lessen heat gain and will lay outstretched and sparsely haired belly in close contact with shaded and moist earth. If temperatures are too high, they return to their burrows to cool.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The South African Ground Squirrel moves among burrows systems that include up to 30 entrances spread over an area of 200 - 400 m?. Burrow clusters of individual female groups are often separated by more than 100 m, and thus males must maintain large home ranges up to 12 - 5 ha. Agonistic behaviors are relatively uncommon, with individuals from different groups typically ignored while feeding within close proximity. Social structure is unique among species of squirrels, with groups segregated by sex in matrilineal kin groups of adult females and mixed-sex groups of subadults that inhabit individual burrow clusters and unrelated assemblies of males that rotate among many burrows. These colonies of males and females are composed of 6 - 12 individuals but occasionally can exceed 30 individuals under some circumstances. No more than three reproductive females exist at one time in a single female group. As a result, some subadult females will shift to another colony with fewer reproductive females to gain mating opportunities. Males live in vacant burrows except during the breeding season when they move closer to females and attemptto sleep in burrows of female groups. Bachelor groups occupy wide home ranges that span home ranges of several female groups. High-pitched alarm vocalizations are uttered when individuals are threatened or surprised.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFFC4FBE8F88AF5F6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The South African Ground Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in a number of protected areas. Population trends are stable, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify forlisting in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mountains of Peking, ” He- bei Provence, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. d. davidianusMilne-Edwards, 1867 — NC & EChina (Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Gansu, andSichuan). S. d. consobrinusMilne-Edwards, 1874 — CChina (NWGansu, WSichuan, NEYunnan, andNWGuizhou). S. d. saltitans Heude, 1898 — SC China (Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Guangxi).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 212 - 3 mm (males) and 204 mm (females), tail mean 140 - 7 mm (males) and 142 - 9 mm (females); weight mean 260 g. Pere David's Rock Squirrel is paler in coloration than Forrest's Rock Squirrel (S. forresti) and has no stripe along its sides. Pelage is olive gray with a yellowish wash and is darker above and light below. Some individuals also have a dark line across face. Nominate davidianus is lighter gray on dorsum than consobrinus and saltitans, and ventral fur is grayer and less buff brown. Subspecies consobrinus is richer and darker in color, and feet are black. Post-auricular patches may also be absent in consobrinus. Subspecies saltitans has brown dorsum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky habitats. Pere David’s Rock Squirreltypically nests in crevices and underground cavities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Pere David's Rock Squirrel feeds on a variety of seeds and nuts, which it carries in cheek pouches for caching. It is both a scatterhoarder and a larderhoarder of seeds. It influences dispersal and establishment of several tree species; it is a seed predator for wild apricot (Prunus armeniaca, Amygdaloideae) and a disperser for other species, like Liaodong oak (Quercus liaotungensis, Fagaceae) and cultivated walnut (Juglans regia, Juglandaceae). It demonstrates similar ecological and evolutionary interactions with oak trees (Quercus), as do members of the Sciurus genus who feed on oaks in North America. Like the Eastern Gray Squirrel (S. carolinensis), Pere David's Rock Squirrel excises only the embryo on early germinating acorns of white oak species to arrest early germination and thus loss of seed stores.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Pere David's Rock Squirrel is diurnal and appears active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7BFAC3FBB4F913FB6C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Pere David's Rock Squirrel has a widespread distribution and can occur at high densities in some areas; however, no information is available on current population trends. Although it currently appears to have no major threats, the lack of biological information could make any present or future threats difficult to detect and hinder conservation efforts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mekong-Yangtze Divide on 27 ° 20 ° N 7000 - 9000 ’, ” Yunnan Province, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to S China, in S Sichuan and Yunnan. It may occur further S into N Myanmar, Laos, or Vietnam, but no data exist.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 224 mm (females), tail mean 160 mm (females). No measurements available for males. No specific data are available for body weight. Forrest's Rock Squirrel is grayish to dark brown with lighter sides that sometimes have an ocherous wash. A pale thin stripe runs along both sides of body. Ventral surface is pale and similar in colorto sides.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Shrubs on rocky talus slopes and cliffs at elevations of ¢. 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Forrest's Rock Squirrel is diurnal and appears active throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF86ED7CFAC5F34EFB4BF20D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Forrest's Rock Squirrel is widely distributed and is presumed to have a large population size but no information is available on current population trends. Lack of knowledge ofits biology may be detrimental to conservation efforts in the future.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	materials_examined	“ Vicinity of Barnaul, ” Altaisk Krai, Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	discussion	Nine subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. sibiricusLaxmann, 1769 — SiberiaandtheAltaiMtswithassociatedlowlands, throughthecountriesofRussia, NEKazakhstan, NMongolia, andNW & NChina (XinjiangandInnerMongolia = NeiMongol). T. s. asiaticusGmelin, 1788 — NoftheSea ofOkhotsk, fromNCSiberiatothebaseofKamchatkaPeninsula (RussianFarEast). T. s. lineatusSiebold, 1824 — SakhalinI (Russia) andHokkaidoI (Japan). T’s. okadaeKuroda, 1932 — IturupIandKunashirI, andpossiblyotherSKurilIs, Russia. T. s. ordinalisThomas, 1909 — NCChina, intheOrdosDesertregioninInnerMongolia, Ningxia, Gansu, andShaanxi). T: s. orientalisBonhote, 1899 — NEChina, Korea, andcontiguousSiberiainRussia. 1 s. pallastBaird, 1856 — W & CRussiaEintoWSiberiaexcludingtheAltaiMts; Wbordernotwelldefined. T. s. senescensMiller, 1898 — NEChina, likelytheprovincesofHebei, Liaoning, andShandong. T. s. umbrosus A. H. Howell, 1927 — C China (Gansu). Individuals of unclear subspecific status have been introduced into and become established in W Europe (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Italy) and Honshu I (Japan).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 147 - 5 - 150 - 5 mm, tail 106 - 5 - 116 - 2 mm; weight 93 - 4 — 99 - 5 g. The Siberian Chipmunk is a large species of Tamias, with tail length shorter than body length. Dorsum has five longitudinal dark stripes, with a white stripe between the two most lateral dark stripes. Head, sides, and spaces between the three innerstripes are yellowish brown. Nominate sibiricus is a darker and less brightly colored form. Subspecies asiaticus has a gray rump. Subspecies lineatusis more pale on hips and top of head than orientalis. Head, lower back, and rump of okadae are a deep rusty red. Tail is nearly black with hoary hair tips and underparts are nearly white. Subspecies ordinalis is similar to senescens, but ordinalis is a much paler form. Subspecies orientalisis similar to senescens, but orientalis is brighter and ruddier. Also, the clearly defined white supraorbital stripe extends to the nose. Outer dorsal light stripes are ruddier than inner stripes. There is no description available for pallasi. Subspecies senescens is similar to ordinalis. Subspecies umbrosus differs from senescens by its lack of gray hairs on head and shoulders. Head color is darker and duller.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mostly boreal coniferous forests throughout its distribution, primarily utilizing Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica, Pinaceae) and mixed stands. In Japan, it is reported in forests dominated by oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Siberian Chipmunk consists mostly of conifer seeds, but it also consumes herbaceous plants, insects, mollusks, and avian eggs and nestlings. It is a significant predator of the dusky warbler (Phylloscopusfuscatus) and may cause mortality rates of 80 - 90 % in the young of this bird; presence of the Siberian Chipmunk probably influences nestssite selection by the dusky warbler.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Siberian Chipmunks enter estrus for a single day, shortly after emerging from hibernation — between April and June depending on geographic location. During estrus they emit three distinctive reproductive calls. One of these calls is used to advertise reproductive status, but all three are used during courtship. After a gestation of 30 - 31 days, the female gives birth to a litter of 1 - 8 young, with an average of 4 - 4 in captivity and 4 - 6 in the wild in Japan. Only one litter is produced yearly, but in captivity Siberian Chipmunks can produce a second litter in a year. Young are weaned at ¢. 28 - 30 weeks and reach sexual maturity at c. 1 year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Siberian Chipmunk is diurnal and terrestrial, but climbs well and sometimes builds nests in tree stumps or logs. Its burrows are simple, shallow, and are used mostly as nests and larders to store food. Structure of the burrow changes during the hibernation period. Early in hibernation, the burrow has only one nest chamber with the entrance closed by a plug. Later in hibernation, it digs one or two secondary chambers and further blocks the entrance tunnel. In spring, it digs a new exit tunnel and fills in secondary chambers. Females are the first to begin hibernation, followed by males and then juveniles. Burrows are used by an individual or can be shared between a mother and her young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Siberian Chipmunk is not territorial, but home ranges of males tend to overlap more with home ranges of females than with other males. Home ranges within an introduced population in France were estimated to be 1 - 9 ha and 0 - 76 ha for males and females, respectively, with more than 80 % overlap and considerable site fidelity over two years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7CFF6EF9D3F638F1D8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is stable, and the Siberian Chipmunk is relatively common acrossits distribution. Currently, it is faced with no major threats across its entire distribution. Localized threats include natural and human-caused wildfires. Subspecies lineatus may be hybridizing with feral continental individuals in urban areas ofJapan. Introduced populations may be contributing to the decline of the endangered Eurasian Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	materials_examined	“ Green River, near mouth of Big Sandy Creek, ” Sweetwater County, Wyoming, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	discussion	Twenty-one subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. m. minimusBachman, 1839 — SonoranplateausofWyoming, NEUtahandNWColorado (USA). T. m. arizonensisA. H. Howell, 1922 — PrietoPlateau, extremeSofBlueRange, GreenleeCounty, Arizona (USA). T: m. atristriatusBailey, 1913 — SacramentoMts, SNewMexico (USA). T. m. borealisJ. A. Allen, 1877 — NMontana (USA), andlikelyNintoSaskatchewan (Canada). T. m. cacodemusCary, 1906 — WhiteRiverBadlands, PenningtonCounty, WSouthDakota (USA). T. m. canicepsOsgood, 1900 — YukonandNBritishColumbia (Canada). T: m. caryiMerriam, 1908 — SanLuisValley, Colorado (USA). T. m. chuskaensisSullivan & Petersen, 1988 — ChuskaMts, ArizonaandNewMexico (USA). T: m. confinisA. H. Howell, 1925 — BighornMtsinNWyoming (USA). T. m. consobrinusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — Utah, Colorado, andtheborderareaofIdahoandWyoming (USA). T. m. grisescensA. H. Howell, 1925 — CWashington (USA). T. m. hudsoniusR. M. Anderson & Rand, 1944 — NManitoba (Canada). T: m. jacksoniA. H. Howell, 1925 — OneidaCounty, NWisconsin (USA). T: m. neglectusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SManitobaandSOntario (Canada), NMinnesotaandWisconsin (USA). T. m. operariusMerriam, 1905 — WColorado, NNewMexico, borderregionofUtahandWyoming (USA). T. m. oreocetesMerriam, 1897 — extremeSoftheborderareaofAlbertaandBritishColumbia (Canada), andMontana (USA). T. m. pallidusJ. A. Allen, 1874 — Montana, ENorthDakota, NEWyoming, extremeWSouthDakotaandNebraska, andadjacentWyoming (USA). T: m. pictusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SIdahoandNUtah (USA). T. m. scrutator Hall & Hatfield, 1934 — S & C Washington, C Oregon, SW Idaho, W Nevada and California, on the E side of the Sierra Nevada (USA). T. m. selkirkiCowan, 1946 — knownonlyfromthetypelocalityatParadiseMine, nearTobyCreek, WofInvermere, BritishColumbia (Canada). T. m. silvaticus White, 1952 — border area between Wyoming and South Dakota (USA). The subspecific affinity of the populations in N Ontario and E Quebec is unknown but is likely to be the subspecies neglectus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 106 - 114 - 2 mm, tail 80 - 3 - 84 - 9 mm; weight 43 - 7 - 50 - 5 g. The Least Chipmunk is one of the smallest species of Tamias and is easily confused with other small sympatric Tamias species. Tail and ventral pelage vary from reddish yellow to brown. Nominate minimus has a general dull gray appearance, with buff and grizzled gray dorsal pelage and white ventral pelage. Ventral side oftail has rufous hairs, with black bands and buffy edge. Subspecies arizonensis has pale smoke-gray shoulders and bright tawny fur on ventral side oftail. It is similar to consobrinus, but with grayer and less tawny fur. Subspecies atristriatus has grayish fulvous sides, yellowish venter, and rusty gray to buffy white dorsal stripes. It is similar to operarius, but slightly larger and with darker and duller pelage. Subspecies borealis has a pale yellowish gray dorsal pelage, with black dorsal stripes and gray pale stripes. Sides are washed with yellowish brown, and ventral pelage is grayish white tinged with buff. Outer pair of pale stripes is white tinged with yellow. Subspecies cacodemusis very similar to pallidus, but paler and with a longer tail. Subspecies caniceps is very similar to borealis, but grayer, with more prominent postauricular patches and pure white ventral fur. The grayer fur is especially visible on head, feet, and tail. Subspecies cary: is similar to minimus, but paler, grayer, and with white facial stripes. Subspecies chuskaensis has the same dorsal coloration as minimus, but is slightly paler. Ventralside oftail varies from yellowish to reddish brown, and is outlined by pale buff. Upper surfaces offeet are gray. Subspecies confinis is similar to consobrinus but larger. It has some ocherous tawny coloration in the black dorsal stripes and during the winter, the white ventral fur becomes more buff in color. Subspecies consobrinus has a fulvous tail and ventral pelage. Subspecies grisescens is similar to pictus, but with narrower dark dorsal stripes, palertail, smallersize, and grayer and less buffy pelage. Subspecies hudsonius is similar to borealis, but generally darker and grayer. Hindlegs are dark gray and dark dorsalstripes are broader. Shoulders, back and rump have less reddish brown, and ventralside of tail is paler. Subspecies jackson: is similar to borealis, but with a darker face, head, and tail, and with a more intense tawny dorsal pelage and tail. Subspecies neglectus is similar to borealis, but larger with brighter coloration. Subspecies operarius is similar to the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus), but without the black post-auricular patch, and with a longer tail and fulvous coloration in dorsal side of tail. Subspecies oreocetes has gray dorsal pelage, tinged with yellow on sides. Outer pair of pale dorsal stripes is white, and top of head is grizzled gray. Dorsal side oftail is grizzled yellow and pale fulvous, bordered with black and fringed with ocherous on ventral side. Subspecies pallidus is similar to minimus, but larger and with some ocherous on sides. Subspecies pictus hasslate gray dorsum, with pale yellow on the buffy sides. The dark mid-dorsal stripe is black, and outer pair of dark stripes is seal brown with a rufous edge. Inner pair of pale stripes is slate gray, and outer pair is white. Upperside of tail is black and yellowish gray and ventral side is dark yellowish buff, fringed with yellowish gray and bordered with black. Subspecies scrutator is small and has cinnamon sides and is similar to consobrinus, but has lighter coloration with less rufescent. It also has a shortertail and darker head than pictus. Subspecies selkirki has grayish white post-auricular patches. Inner dorsal dark stripes are black and outer dark stripes are brown. Inner pale stripes are heavily colored with gray and brown. Sides are cinnamon-buff and ventralside oftail is between pinkish cinnamon and cinnamon-buff. Subspecies silvaticus is large and has a generally drab coloration. Sides are ocherous-buff and ventral side oftail is ocherous-orange fringed with black, itis darker and redder than pallidus. Chromosome numberof the Least Chipmunk is 2 n = 38, subspecies of minimus have two different karyotypes. Subspecies arizonensis, caryi, minimus, neglectus, operarius, and pallidus have karyotype A which consists of four pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Subspecies cacodemus, confinus, scrutator, and silvaticus have karyotype B which consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Subspecies borealis and consobrinus have both karyotypes present. Hybrid karyotypes have been found in borealis and pallidus. Cytogenetic information is not available for the subspecies notlisted above.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open and arid shrublands. The Least Chipmunk can move to other habitats when its preferred areas are occupied by other more aggressive species. For instance, on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, in California, the aggressive Yellow-pine Chipmunk can displace the Least Chipmunk to shaded pinyon pine areas. The Least Chipmunk also occurs in upland riparian habitat along the Green River.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Least Chipmunk consists mostly of seeds, but also includes fruits, flowers, fungi, leaves, and arthropods. Larders have been reported to contain 465 - 800 g of seeds cached for the winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females enter estrus within seven days of emergence from hibernation, and mating season occurs between early April and mid-May. Gestation is ¢. 28 - 30 days and newborns weigh ¢. 2: 3 g. Young are weaned at ¢. 40 - 60 days. Lactating females are found May-August, depending on location. Young attain adult size in September. Average litter sizes vary across its distribution, with averages of 4 - 5 - 7 young, and a maximum of nine. The Least Chipmunk produces one litter per year, but females that lose a litter soon after the birth can have a second litter. In Michigan, some females potentially produce a second litter, butit is highly variable depending on location and year. Young reach sexual maturity at ¢. 8 months, but probably do not reproduce before one year of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Least Chipmunkis terrestrial, but sometimes climbs brush and trees to forage or even to build a leaf nest in branches or woodpecker cavities. It is diurnal and during winter, enters torpor from October-November to March-April. Most nests are built underground in a burrow system that can have up to four entrances, and can be 0 - 4 - 3 - 5 m in length; usually the nest is not deeper than 20 cm below the surface.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The average home range is estimated to be 1 - 2 ha for males and 0 - 66 ha females, in Alberta, Canada. The Least Chipmunk is considered to be trap shy, and is probably underrepresented in trap surveys. It also appears to be subordinate to more aggressive congeners and other ground squirrels, butis able to coexist in some environments, probably due to its efficiency in resource exploitation. It is very vocal, with 5 - 6 different types of alarm calls and several other types of vocalizations; however, a detailed analysis ofits vocalization system 1 s needed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF81ED7DFA15F8FDF769F377.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies atristriatus is critically endangered, and selkirki is vulnerable. Overall, the current population trend of the Least Chipmunk is stable and there are no specific threats. It has a wide distribution and is typically evenly distributed and common within its area of occurrence; however, there are smaller, isolated populations in the southern portion of its distribution. The subspecies which inhabit this type of isolated area could be more susceptible to habitat loss due to anthropogenic factors.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Klamath, [Klamath County,] Oregon, ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	discussion	Fourteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. a. amoenusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SCWashington, SthroughC & EOregonandSIdahotoNECalifornia (USA). T. a. affinisJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SBritishColumbia (Canada) andNCWashington (USA). T. a. albiventrisBooth, 1947 — betweenAsotinandGarfieldcountiesinSEWashingtonandinNEOregon (USA). T. a. canicaudusMerriam, 1903 — EWashingtonandNIdaho (USA). T. a. caurinusMerriam, 1898 — OlympicMts, NWWashington (USA). T. a. celerisHall & Johnson, 1940 — PineForestMts, HumboldtCounty, NWNevada (USA). T. a. cratericusBlossom, 1937 — ButteCounty, SIdaho (USA). T. a. felixRhoads, 1895 — WaputickMtsinMtBakerRange, SWBritishColumbia (Canada) andNWashington (USA). T. a. ludibundusHollister, 1911 — boundaryareabetweenBritishColumbiaandAlberta (Canada). T. a. luteiventrisJ. A. Allen, 1890 — SAlberta (Canada), WMontana, andNWWyoming (USA). T. a. monoensisGrinnell & Storer, 1916 — aridcrestandEslopesofCSierraNevada, ECalifornia (USA). T. a. ochraceusA. H. Howell, 1925 — SiskiyouMtsregionofSOregonandNWCalifornia (USA). T. a. septentrionalisCowan, 1946 — WCBritishColumbia (Canada). T. a. vallicola A. H. Howell, 1922 — Bitterroot Valley and adjacent foothills, W Montana (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 119 - 3 - 123 - 2 mm, tail 86 - 5 - 95 - 5 mm; weight 43 - 58 - 3 g. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk is a small species of Tamias. Dorsum is reddish brown, dark in appearance, with five dark stripes, usually black. Each lateral dark stripe is bordered by a white stripe, and the more median light stripes are grayish. Females are larger than males, and body size is generally smaller than the Lodgepole Chipmunk (T. speciosus). The Yellow-pine Chipmunk is similar in appearance to several other species of Tamias and it is suggested that genital bones may be necessary to make a positive identification. Nominate amoenus has well defined black dorsalstripes, sprinkled with rufous. The two inner light stripes are grizzled gray and the outer pair of light stripes is white. Head is a mixture of gray, rufous, and black, with a dark ear patch. Subspecies affinis is indistinguishable in appearance from amoenus. Subspecies albiventris has grayish dorsal pelage and whitish or cream ventral pelage. Inner pair of light stripes is smoke-gray and outer pair is whitish. Subspecies canicaudus has a general vinaceous gray dorsum with broad dorsalstripes, and tail is edged with gray. Subspecies caurinus is similar to amoenus, but darker and with reduced ear patches. Subspecies celeris is a smaller and paler subspecies, very similar to monoensis. Subspecies cratericus has a dull gray pelage, with smoke-gray light stripes. Outer pair of light stripes is lighter than inner pair. Subspecies felix has a heavy suffusion of ocher on sides, cheeks, and underside of tail. Upperparts are a rusty brown tone and dorsal stripes are broad. Subspecies ludibundus is the largest subspecies, with dark and tawny sides and yellowish ventral fur. Subspecies luteiventrisis similar to amoenus, with a strong suffusion of ocherous buff on ventral pelage. Subspecies monoensis is a paler and grayer subspecies, with whiter light stripes. Subspecies ochraceus is larger than amoenus, with paler dark dorsal stripes and a more ocherous head and dorsum. Subspecies septentrionalis is a large subspecies, with the inner pair of light stripes being reddish brown anteriorly and becoming paler posteriorly. Outer pair oflight stripes is white with a faint reddish brown wash. Subspecies vallicola is similar to amoenus, but with an overall paler coloration. Chromosome number of the Yellow-pine Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. The karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, four acrocentric autosomes, three pairs of small metacentric or acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and a small acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry forests in the transition zone, but may inhabit lower areas in the Canadian zone. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk can be found at elevations of up to ¢. 3000 m in the extreme south ofits distribution. It appears to prefer open areas and can be found on meadows with forbs, grasses, and sedges, but also in brushy habitats usually associated with Jeffrey pine (Pinusjeffreyi, Pinaceae) or lodgepole pine (P. contorta). It can be very abundant in degraded areas, such as logged forests, regenerating stands, and clearcuts, and several studies indicated higher capture rates in these areas than in primary or mature forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Yellow-pine Chipmunk consists of several kinds of seeds, fruits, flowers, tubers, fungi, insects, and even avian eggs. It may be a spore-disperser of hypogeous fungi, which compose a significant part ofits diet. It is both a larderand scatterhoarder, and dueto its scatterhoarding behavior, it disperses seeds of some plant species, such as antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentate, Rosaceae), chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens, Fagaceae), Jeffrey pine and sugar pine (P. lambertiana). Several factors, including seed quality, mast patterns, pilferage risk, cache-site selection, cache depth, spatial memory, and olfactory capabilities affectits scatterhoarding decisions, with potential consequencesto the Yellow-pine Chipmunk’s seed dispersal pattern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk appears to have a promiscuous mating system, with low variability in male mating success. Mating season occurs late April to early May, a few weeks after the end of hibernation. Females produce onelitter per year. Gestation lasts ¢. 28 - 30 days and average litter size is 4 - 5 young, with a maximum of nine. Young weigh ¢. 2 - 6 g. There is strong evidence for sperm competition and little evidence for inbreeding. Young are weaned at c. 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at c. 1 year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk is diurnal and hibernates during the winter months, emerging in April. Nests are built in burrows, which are usually under logs, stumps, and rocks, although occasionally a grassy nest built in vegetation is reported. It appears to be more sensitive to temperature extremes than other species of Tamias. Testosterone levels in plasma appearto affect the overwinter survivability of the Yellowpine Chipmunk by reducing levels of glucocorticoid, and thusfat reserves.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Reported population densities vary 1 - 2 - 7 ind / ha, depending on location and habitat characteristics. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk is territorial and aggressive toward other Tamias species, being sometimes dominant over the Least Chipmunk (7. minimus), but subordinate to Townsend's Chipmunk (7. townsendii). This interaction with other Tamias species may affect the elevational distribution of the Yellow-pine Chipmunk in part of its distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF80ED7EFAF5FB45FE9EFE61.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable and no major threats to the Yellow-pine Chipmunk are noted acrossits distribution. On a local level, populations may be negatively impacted by loss offorests from fires, die-offs, or logging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	materials_examined	“ lower Columbia River, near mouth of Willamette River, Oreg., ” Multnomah County, Oregon, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	discussion	This species is part of the townsendii complex, which includes 7. senex, T. siskiyou, and 7. ochrogenys. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. t. townsendiiBachman, 1839 — extremeSWofBritishColumbia (Canada) alongthecoastandupto 100 kminland, throughWashingtonandOregon, totheRogueRiverinSOregon (USA). T: t. cooperi Baird, 1855 — SW of British Columbia (Canada) E of the range of townsendii up to 200 km inland through Washington and Oregon, to the Rogue River in S Oregon (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 139 - 146 - 3 mm, tail 110 - 5 - 115 - 9 mm; weight 70 - 76 - 1 g. Townsend’s Chipmunk has dark pelage in anterior part of body and grayish in posterior part. Ventral pelage is white to cream and tail has dark hairs with white to gray tips. Nominate fownsendii has a yellowish olive gray to rich yellow brown dorsum, and dark dorsal stripes, which are black to brownish black. Subspecies cooperi is smaller than townsendii, and has a grayer and lighter pelage and grayer dark dorsal stripes. Chromosome number of Townsend’s Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. The karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Areas of dense underbrush in mesic closed-canopy forests. Townsend’s Chipmunk is more abundant in upland areas, but reproductive individuals are more common in riparian forests, and juveniles are more common in upland habitat. Presence of woody debris appears to be important and affects movement, and possibly survival, of individuals. Population density also increases when herbaceous plants and shrubs dominate after a forest clear-cut; it is known to use riparian buffersafter clear cutting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Townsend’s Chipmunk consists of seeds, fruits, tubers, leaves, and epigeous and hypogeous fungi, usually from the genus Melanogaster and Rhizopogon based on spore content of feces. The larder usually contains hazelnuts, acorns, and conifer seeds. In South Vancouver Island, it is known to sometimes consume or hoard seeds of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Pinaceae) and white spruce (Picea glauca, Pinaceae) infected with Caloscyphafulgens, which is a fungus that appears to arrest seed germination and may facilitate overwinter storage of seeds. Townsend's Chipmunk may be a disperser of this fungus, but further research is needed to elucidate the relationship between these species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season of Townsend’s Chipmunk occurs between late April and early May in colder temperate areas, and young emerge from nest during early July, however, some adults can be sexually active through entire summer, with some lactating females being found in early August. Gestation lasts 28 days and average littersize is 3 - 8 young, each weighing 3 - 2 - 3 - 9 g at birth. At ¢. 3 months old, young have an adult appearance, but only reach sexual maturity after the first winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Townsend’s Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal, with an activity peak at midday. It can be active year-round on the Pacific coast, but will hibernate in colder regions. In the eastern Cascade Mountains, USA, it can hibernate for up to 4 - 5 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average home range size is 0 - 8 ha and average population density is 0 - 6 - 2 - 6 ind / ha; however, because Townsend’s Chipmunk appears to be a trap prone species, these estimations should be viewed with caution. The Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus) is a common sympatric species, but Townsend’s Chipmunk appears to be the dominant of the two.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7EFF6DF633F6E8FF59.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable. Townsend’s Chipmunk is considered common in its area of distribution and population densities may actually increase 3 - 10 yearsafter clear cutting. There are no major threats to Townsend’s Chipmunk at this time, but population numbers of coastal British Columbia declined temporarily after an herbicide treatment of Douglasfir plantations. In the north Pacific coast, Townsend’s Chipmunk, together with the Northern Flying Squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) and species of Tamiasciurus, compose a sciurid community that collectively serve as indicators of forest health, with Townsend's Chipmunk being more abundant in mature or primary forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Upper St. Mary’s Lake, [Glacier County] Montana, ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T " r ruficaudus A. H. Howell, 1920 — SE British Columbia and extreme SW of Al- berta (Canada), NE Idaho and W Mon- tana (USA). T. r. simulans A. H. Howell, 1922 — SE Brit- ish Columbia (Canada), E Washington and N Idaho (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 121 - 8 - 127 - 2 mm, tail 98: 3 - 109 - 1 mm; weight 57 - 1 - 67 - 3 g. The Red-tailed Chipmunk has an overall orangish dorsum, with five dark stripes that vary from black to brownish, offset by four light stripes that vary from gray to yellowish brown. Ventral pelage is white to cream, and ventral side oftail is reddish with black and pink borders. It can be distinguished from the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (1. amoenus) and the Least Chipmunk (7. minimus) by its larger size and byits characteristic reddish tail. Nominate ruficaudus has a longer baculum, and simulans has paler sides and ventral side of tail. Chromosome number of the Red-tailed Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa; Pinaceae) forests, mesic riparian stands, and subalpine stands, at elevations of ¢. 720 - 2400 m. The Red-tailed Chipmunk is usually associated with thick vegetation or ground cover, such as woody debris and snags.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Red-tailed Chipmunk consists of a large variety of seeds and fruits and varies according to habitat occupied. It is known to scatterhoard food, but appears to act mostly as a larderhoarder.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs from late April to mid-May in lower elevations, and from early to late May at higher elevations. Females produce one litter per year, and each year 50 - 73 % of the females reproduce. Females in lower elevations have higher probability of successful reproduction and tend to produce larger litters, as do older females (older than 16 months). Only 18 - 29 % of yearling females reproduce. Average litter size is 2: 5 - 5 - 2 young, which are born after gestation of c. 31 days. Young emerge from nest at 39 - 45 days, in earlyJuly in lower elevations and in late July in higher areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Red-tailed Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal, but active above ground only between April and October. Nest is constructed from grass and lichens within burrows located under rocks, logs, or stumps. Some nests have been found in trees or shrubs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF83ED7FFA69F77BFC13F34F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable. The Red-tailed Chipmunk is at potential risk in Alberta and British Columbia (Canada), due to the small amount of suitable habitat at that latitude, and lack of knowledge aboutits biology. Because it is restricted to a small geographic area, large scale environmental changes within this area could have an impact.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Summit of Donner Pass, Placer Co [unty]., Cal [ifornia, USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	discussion	This species is part of the townsendii complex, which includes 7. townsendii, 1. siskiyou, and 1. ochrogenys. Widely used subspecific name pacifica has changed for gender agreement. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. senex]. A. Allen, 1890 — inlandintheSierraNevada, Cascade, andotherrangesEofcoastalredwoodforestsinCOregon, NCalifornia, andextremeWNevada (USA). T. s. pacificus Sutton & Patterson, 2000 — NW coast of California, in the redwood forest up to 32 km inland (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 142: 6 - 147 - 5 mm, tail 102 -: 9 - 107 - 3 mm; weight 86 - 94 g. Shadow Chipmunk is a large species of chipmunk with geographically variable size and coloration. Pelage of head, hips, tail, and posterior one-fourth of dorsum are washed with gray. Post-auricular patches are white to cream. There are well defined white to buff eye-stripes and eye rings, which are set off by the surrounding ocherous to red orange-brown pelage. There is a mid-dorsal longitudinal stripe that varies from dark cinnamon to sepia or black, and two lateral dorsal dark stripes, which are very faint. The dark stripes are offset by grayish white stripes, and all stripes usually fade before rump. Tail is thin and grizzled gray, suffused with reddish orange, with an ocherous ventral side and sometimes frosted with buff. Nominate senex is slightly larger, and has a light olive dorsal background color, with a pale gray wash. Venter is creamy white. It is similar to the Long-eared Chipmunk (7. quadrimaculatus), but grayer and with less white post-auricular patches. Subspecies pacificus has a dark olive dorsal background and a grayish pink ventral pelage. It is similar to the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk (1: ochrogenys). Chromosome number of the Shadow Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary forests with closed canopy and dense brushy understory. The Shadow Chipmunk inhabits the Canadian and upper transition life zones, such as the mostly undisturbed montane conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, at elevations of ¢. 1200 - 1800 m, and chaparral slopes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is strong evidence to suggest that the Shadow Chipmunk is a truffle specialist, consuming mostly hypogeous fungi, along with small amounts of conifer seeds, flowers, and arthropods. During some parts of the year, it can feed almost exclusively on truffles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating season occurs around April, and litter sizes of usually 1 - 5, with young being weaned at late June.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Shadow Chipmunk is diurnal, very active, and hibernates from late November to mid-March. It is one of the most arboreal species of the group. It is sympatric with several other Tamias species, such the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus), the Alpine Chipmunk (7. alpinus), the Least Chipmunk (7. merriami), the Sonoma Chipmunk (7. sonomae), the Long-eared Chipmunk, the Uinta Chipmunk (7. um- brinus) and the Lodgepole Chipmunk (7. speciosus), but it is believed to be ecologically isolated from these species due to its truffle-based diet and arboreal behavior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range is estimated to be smaller than 3 - 5 ha, and to vary with food availability. The “ chip ” vocalizations have three to five syllables per chip, and occur at an intermediate frequency compared to the vocalization frequency of other chipmunks, such as the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk and the Siskiyou Chipmunk (7. siskiyou).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFFC3FB62F804F47D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable and there are no specific threats. Because the Shadow Chipmunk appears to prefer areas with low levels of disturbance, increased anthropogenic alteration of landscapes within its distribution may have a negative impact on local populations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	materials_examined	“ Uintah Mountains, south of Ft. Bridger, ” Utah, USA. Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1929 to Blacks Fork, Uinta Mts, Summit County, Utah.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. u. umbrinusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — NUtahandSWWyoming (USA). T. u. adsitusJ. A. Allen, 1905 — SWUtahandNArizona (USA). 1. wu. fremontiWhite, 1953 — extremeSMontanaandNWWyoming (USA). T. u. inyoensisMerriam, 1897 — Nevada, WUtah, andECalifornia (USA). T. u. montanus White, 1953 — disjunct range in E Utah and Colorado (USA). T u. nevadensis Burt, 1931 — Sheep Mts in S Nevada (USA). T u. sedulus White, 1953 — Henry Mts in SE Utah (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 121 - 8 mm (males) and 125 - 7 mm (females), tail 89 - 119 mm; weight 51 - 74 g. Dorsal pelage of the Uinta Chipmunk is generally brownish with dark and light longitudinal stripes. Head is grayish with three facial stripes, two white and one brown to cinnamon, at each side of head, and white to cream post-auricular patches. Ventral pelage is white, and tail is grayish on dorsal side and orange to reddish ventrally. Winter pelage is slightly duller than summer pelage. Subspecies adsitus has darker sides and less brownish hump. Subspecies fremonti has yellow sides and grayish white post-auricular patches. Subspecies inyoensis has a relatively dark pelage. Subspecies montanus has gray sides and cinnamon buff feet. Subspecies nevadensis has a relatively gray dorsal pelage. Subspecies sedulous has a more reddish brown dorsal pelage, yellowish sides and ventral side of tail is ocherous orange.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coniferous forests. The Uinta Chipmunk is found mostly in areas dominated by species of Pinaceae, like pine (Pinus), spruce (Picea), and fir (Abies).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Uinta Chipmunk is composed of seeds, fruits, fungi, and animal matter, such as avian eggs and insects. Seeds are transported in check pouches and cached in underground larders for consumption during winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season begins in spring, with some geographical variation. In Colorado, pregnant females can be found in May and in Arizona, as late as June. Females give birth inside nests built in burrows, tree cavities, or in arboreal nests built by other species. Gestation is ¢. 30 days and litter size is 3 - 5 young. Females produce onelitter per year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Uinta Chipmunk is terrestrial, but it climbs better than most chipmunks and frequently forages in trees and bushes. It is diurnal, and active yearround if the weatheris favorable. In colder regions, or during severe winters it remains in the nest and may enter torpor for short periods, but probably does not hibernate. Overwinter survival can be extremely low, and local extinctions and recolonizations are common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Uinta Chipmunk is territorial, aggressively defending its territory against other chipmunk species. It is also very vocal and has a loud high-pitched alarm call. When threatened, it seeks cover under bushes and trees. Estimated population density varies 0 - 7 - 17 ind / ha.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF82ED7FFAC8FC5CF924FB68.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies nevadensis is considered sensitive by the state of Nevada (USA). Current population trend is stable. Overall species distribution is highly fragmented.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Santa Rita, Grant County, New Mexico, USA. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. d. dorsalisBaird, 1855 — Arizona, andNewMexico (USA), andtheSierraMadreOrientalinESonora, Chihuahua, andNWDurango (Mexico). T. d. carminisGoldman, 1938 — twoisolatedlocalitiesintheSierradelCarmen, Coahuila (Mexico). T. d. grinnelliBurt, 1931 — NevadaandNWUtah (USA). T. d. nidoensisLidicker, 1960 — CChihuahua (Mexico). T. d. sonoriensisCallahan & Davis, 1977 — inthePacificcoastlinebetweenGuaymasandTastiotainSonora (Mexico). T. d. utahensis Merriam, 1897 — Utah, S Idaho, S Wyoming, and NW Colorado (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 123 - 5 mm (males) and 127 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 94 - 3 mm (males) and 104 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 64 - 7 g (males) and 74 - 4 g (females). Dorsal pelage of the Cliff Chipmunk is pale gray with very faint and indistinct stripes. Sometimes only middle section of medial longitudinal dark stripe is visible, in a charcoal or light brown. In other individuals, it is possible to distinguish four faint longitudinal dark stripes, a pair on each side of body. Sides of body are faint reddish brown, and venter varies from white to cream. Face has two white stripes and a white patch occurs behind ears. Tail is grizzled gray on dorsal side and reddish brown on ventral side. Nominate dorsalis is a large and relatively dark form, with distinct colors. Subspecies carminis is also dark and has distinctstripes. Subspecies grinnelli has pale pelage, with faint narrow stripes on face and body. Subspecies sonoriensis is a small subspecies. Subspecies utahensis is the smallest and palest subspecies. Chromosome number of the Cliff Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane pine forest (Pinus and Picea, Pinaceae), pinyon-juniper woodlands (Pinus; Juniperus, Cupressaceae), oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) woodlands, riparian forests and shrublands. The Cliff Chipmunk is common in rocky areas, with boulders or cliffs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Cliff Chipmunk consists mostly of seeds, but also of forbs, grasses, shrubs, and cacti, including insects and other animal matter when available. Seeds are carried in cheek pouches and temporarily stored in scattered, small caches or in a larder for the winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Although males are capable of breeding between January and July, reproductive season occurs between April and June when females are receptive. Gestation is 28 - 31 days; litter size is usually 4 - 6. Young are born between late April and August, emerge from May to September, and are weaned at ¢. 30 days old. Some females are able to produce two litters in the same year, but most females produce only one litter and may not reproduce every year. Nests can be built in underground burrows, trees, rocky crevices, rock or wood piles, and cliffs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Cliff Chipmunk is diurnal and mostly terrestrial, but sometimes climbstrees, brush, and cliffs. It is active year-round when the weather is favorable, but enters torpor for short periods when weather is severe.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average home range is estimated to be ¢. 0 - 9 - 1 - 3 ha. Groups of females sometimes forage together, with vocalizations described as a short “ bark chirps. ” The Cliff Chipmunkis very wary, and when threatened it runs for cover in rock piles and logs. Alarm call is loud, short, and sharp, usually given by an individual standing on its hindlimbs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFC1F757FA71F1D9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable. There are no specific threats across the distribution and the Cliff Chipmunk is considered locally abundant in many places.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Near summit of White Mountain, 1,829 m of altitude, ” Near summit of White Mountain, Siskiyou Mountains, [Siskiyou County] Califor nia, ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	discussion	This species is part of the townsendii complex, which includes 1. townsendii, T. senex, and 7. ochrogenys. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. siskiyouA. H. Howell, 1922 — SiskiyouMts, within 32 kmofthecoast, inSWOregonandNWCalifornia (USA). T. s. humboldti Sutton & Patterson, 2000 — Siskiyou Mts, except in the area up to 32 km from the coast, in SW Oregon and NW California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 144 - 4 - 146 - 7 mm, tail 105 - 107 - 2 mm; weight mean 75 g. The Siskiyou Chipmunk is very similar to the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk (7: ochrogenys) and the Shadow Chipmunk (7. senex). Variation between inland and coastal populationsis also similar to variation found in the Shadow Chipmunk, in which the coastal populations have darker coloration than inland populations. However, these species can be differentiated by baculum and baubellum morphology. Nominate siskiyou has dark tawny fur and larger cranial features. Subspecies humboldti has a grayish wash and grayish white dorsal stripes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature forests of Cupressaceae: redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana); Pinaceae: western hemlock (73 uga heterophylla), Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), also areas with oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) and maples (Acer, Sapindaceae). It appears to prefer areas with woody debris, and is more common in upland vegetation than in riparian vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists mainly of seeds and fruits, but also includes hypogeous fungi and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs during April, and after a gestation of 28 days, females give birth to 3 - 6 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Siskiyou Chipmunk is terrestrial, but is a good climber. It is an important hypogeous fungi disperser in several types of forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED61FFCDFEFAFD4AFF4D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable and there are no immediate threats, however effective monitoring and management may be impaired by limited knowledge of the Siskiyou Chipmunk. Because it is restricted to a small geographic area, large scale environmental changes within this area could have an impact.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	materials_examined	“ One mile [1: 6 km] west of Guernev- ille, Sonoma County, California. ” (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. sonomaeGrinnell, 1915 — SiskiyouCountytoSanFranciscoBay, NWCalifornia (USA). T. s. allen: A. H. Howell, 1922 — in a small area near San Francisco Bay, California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 133 - 2 - 138 - 3 mm, tail 106 - 4 - 111 - 6 mm; weight mean 70 g. The Sonoma Chipmunk is probably a member of the townsendi: group, and can be recognized by its large size, reddish pelage, and white trim on its tail. Nominate sonomae has a paler head and venter than alleni. Subspecies alleni is smaller. Chromosome number of the Sonoma Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotypeis type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Upper Sonoran to transition life zone, in elevations below c. 1800 m. The Sonoma Chipmunk occurs in several types of habitats, such as open redwood forests (Sequoia sempervirens, Cupressaceae), dry low-elevation stands of Pinaceae: ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor), red fir (A. magnifica), digger pine (Pinus sabiniana), as well as brushy open fields, riparian forests, and in scrub oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) vegetation, such as chaparral.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sonoma Chipmunk likely consumes conifer seeds, acorns of scrub oaks, and seeds and leaves of other chaparral plants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs in spring, and females produce a litter of 3 - 5 young, once per year. Populations at sea level can reproduce earlier in year than populations living at higher elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Sonoma Chipmunk is diurnal and terrestrial, and produces alarm calls when threatened. Females call more frequently than males.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. After weaning, female juveniles often stay at the nest, whereas male juveniles disperse. It is hypothesized that this differential dispersal system and resulting female kin clusters have facilitated evolution of the alarm calling behavior by kin selection.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9CED62FACFF8EFFB8EF582.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable and there are no specific threats across the Sonoma Chipmunk’s distribution. Because it is restricted to a small geographic area, large scale environmental changes within this area could have an impact.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mendocino, [Men- docino Co.] California. ” (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	discussion	This species is part of the townsendii complex, which includes 7: townsendii, T. senex, and 7. siskiyou. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N coast of California, from the Van Duzen River to S Sonoma County (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 147 - 8 - 152 - 5 mm, tail 109 - 115 - 1 mm; weight 80 - 180 g (males) and 80 - 120 g (females). The Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk can be differentiated from the other species of the townsendii complex by its larger size, darker dorsal coloration, thinner tail, different vocalization, and structure of the genital bones. In southern part ofits distribution, it can be differentiated from the Sonoma Chipmunk (1. sonomae) and from Merriam’s Chipmunk (7. merriami) by its shorter tail, darker pelage, and larger body size. Chromosome number of the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coastal redwoods (Sequoia sempervirens, Cupressaceae), especially in moist areas, with thick underbrush. The Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk occurs from sea level to elevations of ¢. 1280 m, but not more than ¢. 40 km from the coast.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Based on anecdotal reports, diet consists of the seeds of grasses and shrubs, insects, fruits, including raspberry (Rubus, Rosaceae) and acorns (Quercus Fagaceae), and fungi during late winter and spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Males are able to mate between March and June. One female with four embryos, which measured 43 mm each, was reported in mid-March. Hybridization of the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk and the Shadow Chipmunk (7. senex) may occur, based on intermediate “ chip ” vocalizations registered in the south of the Eel River, in Humboldt County.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population density was estimated at 3 - 8 ind / ha in Mendocino County, California. Although difficult to observe due to thickness of underbrush, it can be recognized by its vocalizations, which are described as low-frequency two-part “ chips. ” The Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk vocalizations can be differentiated from Townsend’s Chipmunk (7. townsendii) vocalizations by a lower frequency, and differentiated from the other species of the townsendii complex byits distinctive rhythm.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF6DFD12FDFEFDDC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable and the Yellow-cheeked Chipmunk is locally common in many areas. Currently there are no specific threats across its distribution. Because it is restricted to a small geographic area, large scale environmental changes within this area could have an impact.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	materials_examined	“ California, Michigan Bluff (Gru- ber), ” Placer County, California, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sierra Nevada, in EC California and WC Nevada (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 135 - 6 - 138 - 2 mm, tail 94 - 5 - 102: 6 mm; weight 78 - 1 - 87 - 4 g. The Long-eared Chipmunk has long and narrow ears, with white postauricular patches, relatively dark and reddish pelage, and a white-edged tail. It is part of the fownsendii complex due to its long and narrow rostrum, larger body size, and zygomatic width. The mid-dorsal dark stripe is fuscous black and the other dark stripes are fuscous mixed with Mikado brown. The inner pale stripes are grayish white and the outer pale stripes are creamy white. Chromosome number of the Long-eared Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotypeis type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed conifer forests, stands of pines and firs (Pinaceae) including ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and chaparral and brush fields. Structures that provide cover such as woody debris, stumps, and snags are important habitat features to the Long-eared Chipmunk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists mostly of hypogeous fungi, but also includes seeds, fruits, leaves, flowers, and arthropods. It may be a seed disperser of conifer and understory species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season begins in late April and lasts through early May, with most mating occurring during the first two weeks of May. Females produce onelitter of 2 - 6 young, with an average of 4 - 4, after a gestation of 31 days. Young reach sexual maturity at 10 - 11 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Long-eared Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal, being active from late March to late November and hibernating during the winter. Compared with other chipmunk species, it is more active and less territorial. It is aggressive during the reproductive period. It is a very vocal species, and the vocalizations are described as “ chucks ” and “ chips, ” sometimes associated with tail flicking.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range has been estimated as 0 - 88 ha for males and 0 - 48 ha for females. In Sierra Nevada, California, densities were recorded to be as low as 7 - 6 ind / ha in white fir forests to highs of 36 ind / ha in mixedfir forests and 48 - 2 ind / ha in red-fir forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED62FF69F4FBF7A9F11F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population is stable and no major threats to the Long-eared Chipmunk are known. In suitable habitat it can be common; however, distribution is highly restricted, meaning that changes to landscapes within this area could have a major impact on the population.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Bernardino Mts., [San Ber- nardino Co.], Cal [ifornia, USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T: s. speciosusMerriam, 1890 — SpartofSierraNevada, SCCalifornia (USA). T. s. callipeplusMerriam, 1893 — MtPinos, SCalifornia (USA). 1 s. fraterJ. A. Allen, 1890 — NpartofSierraNevada, fromMtLassen, California, S tonearLakeTahoeinextremeWNevada (USA). T. s. sequoiensis A. H. Howell, 1922 — C part of Sierra Nevada, in C California (USA), between the distribution offrater and speciosus, though the exact boundaries between the subspecies are unknown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 122 - 2 - 127 - 1 mm, tail 86 - 8 - 94 - 8 mm; weight 56 - 8 62 - 7 g. The longitudinal dorsal dark and light stripes extend to face, through eyes and to nose. Sides vary from cinnamon to yellowish orange to light brown, and tail is dark, with an even darker band on ventral side near tip. The Lodgepole Chipmunk is a medium-sized chipmunk, skull is broad, and rostrum is short and narrow. Subspecies callipeplus has a smaller ventral tail band. Subspecies frater has reddish sides, narrower lateral stripes, and a broader skull. Subspecies sequoiensis has a lighter ventral surface on tail. Chromosome number of the Lodgepole Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotypeis type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mixed forests, in the Hudsonian, Canadian, and transition life zones, at elevations of ¢. 1500 - 3300 m. It also occurs in stands of pines and firs (Pinaceae) such as lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi), and red fir (Abies magnifica). It is associated frequently with sugar pine (P. labertiana), white fir (A. concolor), incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens, Cupressaceae), chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens, Fagaceae) and oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae). The Lodgepole Chipmunk can also occur in burned areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Lodgepole Chipmunk consists mostly of seeds and fruits of trees, shrubs, forbs, and grasses, but also includes small amounts of hypogeous fungi, and animal material when available, such as insects, especially caterpillars, and avian eggs. It scatterhoards seeds and appears to be an important seed disperser. Following the wind dispersal of seeds ofJeffrey pine, the Lodgepole Chipmunk regularly scatterhoards them to sites that are better for germination and establishment than those achieved only through passive wind dispersal. Recovery of the scatterhoarded seeds appears to be mainly by scent, which is enhanced by soil moisture.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs one month after emergence, which varies with elevation, being later at higher elevations. Females produce onelitter per year, typically 3 - 6 young, with an average of 4 - 3, in early summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Lodgepole Chipmunk is diurnal, with a midday activity peak; it is active year-round. Date of hibernation immergenceis variable, but most individuals begin to hibernate with first heavy snow of winter, emerging between March and early April, or sometimes during winter when weather is favorable. Compared to other chipmunks, the Lodgepole Chipmunk is more arboreal, sometimes building nests in tree cavities or climbing trees when threatened. However, most nests are built in stumps, rock crevices, and cracks. It frequently vocalizes from trees, with tail held upward. Vocalizations are used for courtship or when disturbed, and geographical variation in vocalizationsis reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range is 1 - 3 - 2 - 6 ha, for both males and females, and population density is usually c. 1 ind / ha orless, with a substantial increase in July due to juveniles of the year. At higher elevations, the Lodgepole Chipmunk is sympatric with the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus) and the Least Chipmunk (7: minimus), although at lower elevationsit is sympatric with the Alpine Chipmunk (7: alpinus). It is possible that the elevational range of the Lodgepole Chipmunk is defined by the aggressive behavior of the Yellow-pine Chipmunk and Alpine Chipmunks. Other sympatric species include the Long-eared Chipmunk (7. quadrimaculatus) and the Shadow Chipmunk (7 senex).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9FED63FA6AF9B2FC56F3EF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is stable, but populations do fluctuate seasonally and annually. The Lodgepole Chipmunk is considered common and currently it has no major threats. It is susceptible to sylvatic plague.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Johnson Canon ... Panamint Moun- tains, [Inyo County,] California. ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. p. panamintinusMerriam, 1893 — MtsofSWNevadaandSECalifornia, excepttheKingstonRangeinCalifornia (USA). T. p. acrus Johnson, 1943 — Kingston Range, SE California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 107 - 2 - 119 - 6 mm, tail 87 - 1 - 91 - 7 mm; weight 53 - 2 - 54 - 1 g. The Panamint Chipmunk is the same size as the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus), but ears and feet are smaller, skull is broader and pelage is paler. Pelage is more red than pelage of the Least Chipmunk (7. minimus), and baculum is similar to that of the Lodgepole Chipmunk (7: speciosus). Chromosome number of the Panamint Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. The karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Upper Sonoran and transition zones, mostly in pinyon-juniper forests (Finus, Pinaceae; Juniperus, Cupressaceae), but also stands of limber pine (P. flexilis) and bristlecone pine (P. aristata), in higher elevations. The Panamint Chipmunk occurs at elevations of ¢. 1230 - 3180 m, and is usually associated with rocky cliffs, ledges, and crevices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists mostly of the seeds ofjuniper (Juniperus) and pinyon pine (Pinus), but also includesfruits, leaves, flowers, and arthropods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gestation lasts ¢. 36 days or more. Based on embryo counts of four females, average litter size was estimated to be 5 - 7 (range 4 - 9).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Panamint Chipmunk is terrestrial, although sometimes it climbs trees. [tis diurnal and appears to be a facultative hibernator, active during winter when weather is mild. When threatened, it seeks refuge in rocks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC3FAB5FCF2FCC3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The subspecies acrus is not abundant and is isolated in an area of 100 km * The Panamint Chipmunk is common in suitable environments and current population trend is stable; there are currently no major threats. Proper management and conservation of this species may be compromised due to a lack of information about behavior and ecology.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	materials_examined	“ 10 mi SW Page, [Coconino County,] Arizona. ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Utah, W Colorado, and NE Arizona (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 120 - 2 mm (males) and 123 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 91 - 3 mm (males) and 95 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 53 - 3 g (males) and 57 - 6 g (females). The Hopi Chipmunk has pale orange to cinnamon pelage, with a chestnut mid-dorsal longitudinal dark stripe. Lateral dark stripes are discrete and offset by white to gray light stripes. Head is pale gray, with large white post-auricular patches. Flanks and hips are pale gray, feet and sides are bright pale reddish orange, ventral pelage varies from buff to pale orange, and tail is grizzled charcoal, suffused with reddish in upper side and bright redorange bordered with black on ventral surface. Females are bigger than males. Chromosome number of the Hopi Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotypeis type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky areas of pinyon-juniper (Pinus, Pinaceae; Juniperus, Cupressaceae) vegetation, but also rocky areas with other types of open vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Hopi Chipmunk consists mostly of seeds oftrees, shrubs and forbs, but it also consumes leaves, fruits, fungi, and insects. It does not consume food whereit finds it, but instead carries items collected in cheek pouches to eatitin a safe place. It also caches food in crevices, under rocks or in a larderhoard to consume in the future.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs between February and March, but males remain in a reproductive state through April. After a gestation of 30 - 33 days, females give birth to a litter of ¢. 5 young, inside burrow. Young emerge in May, are weaned at c. 6 — 7 weeks old, and become sexually mature at c. 10 - 11 months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Hopi Chipmunk is terrestrial, diurnal, and probably does not hibernate, but enters torpor during periods of severe winter weather. When winter weather is favorable, the Hopi Chipmunk emerges to forage aboveground. Because it stores more fat than most North American chipmunks, with fat reserves making up 10 - 20 % of body mass, it has the potential to survive long periods of torpor or even hibernation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range is 1 - 1 - 3 ha. Population density is not affected by annual fluctuations in precipitation and temperature, but is inversely related with density of the Least Chipmunk (7 amias minimus) in areas in which they are sympatric.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED63FFC7F3D2FA32F0AB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Hopi Chipmunk is locally common and the population trend is stable. Currently there are no major threats to the Hopi Chipmunk, but its distribution is naturally fragmented, which could make it vulnerable to local disturbances.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	materials_examined	“ [Arkansas River] ... the place where the. river leaves the mountains:. ” » Restricted: by C. H. Merriam in 1905 to about 26 mi. [42 km] below Canon City, Fremont County, Colorado.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. HT gq. quadrivittatus Say, 1823 — E Utah, Colorado, N Arizona, N New Mexico, and extreme W Oklahoma (USA). T. q. australisPatterson, 1980 — OrganMts, SCNewMexico (USA). T: q. oscuraensis Sullivan, 1996 — Oscura Mts, C New Mexico (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 125 - 3 - 132 mm, tail mean 99 - 6 mm; weight 45 - 2 — 69 - 8 g. The Colorado Chipmunk has a dark gray to black mid-dorsal stripe and two lateral dark stripes, which are slightly paler than mid-dorsal stripe. Dark stripes are offset by light stripes, which vary from white to cream to buff. Head is reddish to cinnamon, often mixed with gray. A gray post-auricular patch sometimes occurs. Ventral pelage is cream to white. Sides of body, hips, and feet vary from ocherous to cinnamon. Subspecies australis has grayer pelage, and a grayish dorsal surface on feet. Subspecies oscuraensis is smaller than other subspecies and has reddish sides and a reddish brown dorsal surface on feet. Chromosome number of the Colorado Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky areas. The Colorado Chipmunk occurs in several types of vegetation, such as ponderosa pine forests (Pinus ponderosa, Pinaceae), spruce-fir forests (Picea, Pseudotsuga, Abies, all Pinaceae), pinyon-juniper (Pinus; Juniperus, Cupressaceae) or scrub oak (Quercus, Fagaceae) vegetation, desert shrub, and even alpine tundra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Colorado Chipmunk consists mostly of seeds, but includes fruits oftrees, grasses, shrubs, and forbs. Insects and other animal matter area also consumed when available. It carries seeds in its cheek pouches and deposits them under rocks and in crevices to consume later, or caches them in an underground larder near the nest chamber to consume during winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs from February to July, and varies by subspecies and distribution. Subspecies australis appears to have a bimodal reproductive season with one peak in February and another in July, although it is not clearif it is caused by a second litter or by late breeding. Breeding peaks also coincide with peaks in water availability. Nominate quadrivittatus breeds only once a year, in late spring. Litter size is 2 - 6 young and gestation is ¢. 30 - 33 days. Young are weaned by c. 6 - 7 weeks. Nests are built in underground burrows, crevices, and under rocks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Colorado Chipmunk is terrestrial, although sometimesit climbs to forage on trees and shrubs. It is diurnal and can be active year-round when weather is favorable. In severe winter weather, it may enter torporfor small periods, but emerge to forage as soon as weatheris favorable.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Colorado Chipmunk has an overwinter survival of less than 33 %, which leads to common local extinction and recolonization events. Average home range is ¢. 2: 7 - 2 - 8 ind / ha. Vocalizations consist of loud high pitched “ chips ” and trills, and are sometimes given when an individualis in a safe location. When threatened, it seeks cover in rocks, logs or trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9EED64FACFF80FFD2BF213.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies australis and oscuraensis are threatened in New Mexico. The Colorado Chipmunk is locally common throughout most of its distribution and current population trend is stable. There currently are no major threats to the Colorado Chipmunk; however, effective conservation measures could be impaired by a lack of knowledge of species ecology and behavior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	materials_examined	“ Big Cottonwood Meadows, ... just south of Mount Whitney, altitude 3,050 meters or 10,000 feet, ” Tulare County, California, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada in SC California, from Tuolumne to Tulare counties (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 104 - 6 mm (males) and 106 - 4 mm (females), tail mean 69 - 5 mm (males) and 75 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 35 - 8 g. Pelage of the Alpine Chipmunk is pale, with four whitish stripes on dorsum and an orangish venter. Lateral stripes are wide and white, but sometimes pale. The Alpine Chipmunk is smaller than almost all sympatric (or parapatric) species, such as the Yellow-pine Chipmunk (7. amoenus), the Colorado Chipmunk (7. quadrimaculatus), the Shadow Chipmunk (7. senex), the Lodgepole Chipmunk (7. speciosus), and the Uinta Chipmunk (7. wmbrinus). The only exception is the Least Chipmunk (7. minimus). The Alpine Chipmunk can be distinguished from the Least Chipmunk by its shorter tail, larger ears, and skull. Chromosome complement of the Alpine Chipmunk is 2 n = 38, FN = 48. Karyotypeis type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Elevations of ¢. 2300 - 3900 m, primarily in alpine biotic zone but also Hudsonian and Canadian biotic zones. The Alpine Chipmunk is a highly insular species, whose prevalence and occurrence probably depends on the physical structure ofits habitat, which consists primarily of meadows, talus slopes, boulderfields, open stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, Pinaceae), and small patches of whitebark pine (P. albicaulis). Habitat is generally xeric, as it is exposed to full sun, but maximum daily temperatures do not exceed 20 ° C.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Alpine Chipmunk consists heavily of small seeds of sedges, grasses, and forbs, with a small amount of pine seeds. Most information on its diet is based on cheek-pouch contents, which can contain up to ¢. 5000 seeds, in extreme cases. [tis assumed that the Alpine Chipmunk is a larderhoarder, like other chipmunk species; however, early natural-history observations also suggest scatterhoarding behavior. It is a predator of avian eggs and nestlings, and has been suggested to have limited the breeding distribution of the Asian rosy-finch (Leucosticte arctoa).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs in early summer, with young becoming active by late July to early August, and reaching adult size by October. Litter size appears to be 4 - 5 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Alpine Chipmunk is diurnal, and spends a considerable amount of time in rocky areas, which may allow a quick and efficient escape from predators. It is reported to enter hibernacula in late October and emerge in June, when its habitat is still covered in snow. This early emergence allows time for territorial establishment and subsequent foraging during the short growing season in its habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Distribution of the Alpine Chipmunk overlaps with those of five other Tamas species, but only the Lodgepole Chipmunk is fully sympatric with the Alpine Chipmunk. It is territorial, and performs variable aggressive displays toward conspecifics, including vertical tail displays and vocalizations described as high-pitched calls, lower-pitched “ chucks ” and “ chips. ” Distribution of the Alpine Chipmunk is limited at lower elevations by territorial exclusion by the larger Lodgepole Chipmunk, which is reported to be more aggressive, more successful in territorial disputes in the wild, and more efficient at foraging in dense vegetation where the two species are sympatric. However, the Alpine Chipmunk in captivity appears more aggressive and dominant over the Lodgepole Chipmunk, which suggests that the outcome of aggressive encounters in the wild is partially influenced by habitat structure.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FA68FEF1F69BFC26.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Alpine Chipmunk can be locally common in some areas but population levels vary. Current population trend is stable. There are no major threats to the Alpine Chipmunk; however, it is restricted to a small area of highlands, which could make it vulnerable to habitat loss and climate change.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Bernardino Mts. ” San Bernardino County, California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T ° m. merriami J. A. Allen, 1889 — S of the range of subspecies pricei, N through the S Sierra Nevada, California (USA), and in- land S to Nachogtiero Valley in extreme N Baja California (Mexico). T. m. kernensis Grinnell & Storer, 1916 — Kern Basin and E slopes of the extreme S of Sierra Nevada, California (USA). I " m. priceiJ. A. Allen, 1895 — 125 km of coastal area from San Francisco S to approximately Salinas, California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 131 - 6 - 135 - 3 mm, tail 106 - 4 - 116 - 1 mm; weight 68 71 - 3 g. Merriam’s Chipmunk is a large species of Tamias, with gray and brown longitudinal dorsalstripes that are usually equal in width, and white ventral pelage. Ears are long and narrow. Tail is the longest and bushiest within 7 amias genus, and is nearly as long as head-body length. In addition to being a balancing aid, tail is possibly used for thermoregulation. Tail length is negatively correlated with elevation. Subspecies kernensis has pale pelage, with little distinction of dorsal stripes during winter. Subspecies priceis largest subspecies, and has darker pelage and longest tail. Chromosome number of Merriam’s Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Shrubby chaparral from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2940 m in the upper Sonoran and transition life zones. Merriam’s Chipmunk is sometimes associated with pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) and oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae). Rocks and wood debris are an important habitat component for Merriam’s Chipmunk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists of several species of seeds, fruits, nuts, and insects and other animal matter when available. Conifer seeds and acorns compose majority of diet. Merriam’s Chipmunk is also a potential seed disperser, but this has not been well-studied.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Merriam’s Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal with bimodalactivity; one peak in the morning and the other in the afternoon. It is active year-round, except at very high elevations, where it hibernates. When wateris scarce, behavioral adjustments and physiological responses to conserve water. Merriam’s Chipmunk sometimes uses burrows and tree cavities of other species, such as woodpeckers and ground squirrels, to build its nest. Tree nests appear to be preferred for rearing young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Drought conditions reduce its densities, probably due to a decrease in food supply.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED64FF69FAA1FDFFFA9D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Merriam’s Chipmunk is common in suitable areas and current population trend is stable. Currently it has no major threats; however, distribution is somewhat fragmented, which could make it vulnerable to habitat loss at a locallevel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	materials_examined	“ Charleston Peak, ” Clark County, Nevada, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Spring Mts, Clark County, S Nevada (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 125 - 5 - 126 - 6 mm, tail 80 - 3 - 98 mm; weight 52 - 4 - 59 - 7 g. Palmer’s Chipmunk has an overall dark brown coloration, and can be differentiated from the Panamint Chipmunk (7. panamintinus), which is the only sympatric species of Tamias, by the larger size of Palmer’s Chipmunk, grayer shoulders, browner body, and paler venter. Chromosome number of Palmer’s Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forest vegetation at ¢. 2100 - 3600 m, although more common at c. 2400 - 2550 m. Palmer’s Chipmunk is found in association with several members of Pinaceae: white fir — ponderosa pine stands (Abies concolor, Pinus ponderosa), bristlecone pine (P. aristata); it is also found in stands of single leaf pinyon pine (P. monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma, Cupressaceae) and mountain mahogany — manzanita stands (Cercocarpus ledifolius, Rosaceae; Arctostaphylos pungens, Ericaceae). Palmer’s Chipmunk has a preference for rock outcrops, crevices, caves or fallen logs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Palmer’s Chipmunk consists mostly of conifer seeds and fruits, but also includes fungi, bark, lichens, leaves, flowers, and arthropods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding season occurs from April to May, with parturition occurring between May to June. Gestation is estimated to last ¢. 33 days or more, and average litter size is c. 4, with a range of 3 - 6. Availability of free water appears to increase its reproductive success.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Palmer’s Chipmunk is terrestrial, diurnal, and active year-round, although activity nearly ceases during winter. Males can forage during winter when weather is mild, though there may still be snow on the ground. A secretive but easily tamed species; males are more aggressive than females. Its vocalization is described as “ chips, ” with 5 - 17 calls per five seconds. Female vocalizations have a higher maximum frequency. Other less common calls are described as “ chucks, ” “ chippering, ” and growls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF99ED65FA10F476FDC5F1F0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The current population trend is decreasing. Water diversion projects and land conversion in its distribution are reducing available riparian habitat. Urban sprawl is also removing suitable habitat within the distribution of Palmer’s Chipmunk, and increasing predation pressure from feral domestic cats (Felis catus). Lack of information on Palmer's Chipmunk may impair conservation efforts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Francisco Mountain, [Coconi- no County,] Arizona, ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T ¢. cinereicollis J. A. Allen, 1890 - C & E Arizona, and W New Mexico (USA). T. c. cinereus Bailey, 1913 — WC New Mexico (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 128.7 - 131 - 6 mm, tail 98 - 4 - 107 - 8 mm; weight mean 70 g. The Gray-collared Chipmunk hasfive dark stripes on dorsum, which can vary from brown to black. Sides are rufescent and face has four white stripes with a brown offset. Cheeks, neck, shoulders, and rump are pale gray and tail is gray suffused with orange-brown. Subspecies cinereus has paler, grayer pelage with small reddish patches. Chromosome number of the Gray-collared Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type A for Tamias and consists of four pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High elevation (c. 1950 - 3440 m) forests of Pinaceae: pine (Pinus), fir (Abies), and spruce (Picea). The Gray-collared Chipmunk occurs mostly in forest edges and areas at ¢. 2100 - 3300 m. In the lower elevations, it occurs in areas with pines, Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae) or oak-juniper (Quercus, Fagaceae; Juniperus, Cupressaceae) vegetation. It appears to prefer areas with fallen logs and wood debris.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet includes seeds of conifers, herbaceous plants, fruits, acorns, tubers, starchy roots, legumes, fungi, insects, and avian eggs. The Gray-collared Chipmunk is a good climber and sometimes forages in tall trees. It caches food in logs, cavities, and crevices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females produce onelitter a year, between April and June. Gestation lasts ¢. 30 days and litter size is 4 - 6 young, with an average offive. Lactation lasts 41 - 45 days and by October young are nearly fully grown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Gray-collared Chipmunk is diurnal and active from March to November. During winter it remains in the nest, which is constructed underground beneath stones, in hollows of trees, woodpecker cavities, under logs, stumps or tree roots. It may hibernate, but sometimes only enters torpor for a short amount of time, or may even stay active during winter, feeding on cached food. It comes above ground to forage during warm periods of winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Population density was estimated at 5 ind / ha in a second growth pine forest in May, but reached 12 - 5 ind / ha in August due to young of the year. Vocalization of the Gray-collared Chipmunk is loud and sharp, described as a shrill rapid “ chip ” when it is alarmed. When not alarmed, it can sit on logs or stumps and emit a mellow “ chuck ” sound, while flicking tail side-to-side. It has a positive response to modest forest thinning, but negative response to heavy thinning and to fire, although it can persist in moderately burned areas. It is also less common in areas where the Cliff Chipmunk (7. dorsalis) is abundant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FAC2FB13F842FA99.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Graycollared Chipmunk is considered common within its distribution, and current population trend is stable. There are currently no major threats to the Gray-collared Chipmunk; however, increased knowledge ofits biology would increase our ability to detect and manage future threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Pedro [Martir] Mountains, ” Baja California, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. o. obscurusJ. A. Allen, 1890 — extremeSCalifornia (USA) andBajaCaliforniaStoSierradeSanPedroMartir (Mexico). T. o. davisiCallahan, 1977 — SanBernardinoandSanJacintoMts, SCalifornia (USA). T. o. meridionalis Nelson & Goldman, 1909 — Sierra de San Francisco, Baja California Sur (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 124 - 1 - 128 - 3 mm, tail 103 - 3 — - 117 mm; weight mean 69 g. Dorsal pelage of the California Chipmunk has five dark chestnut stripes, very distinct in winter but drab and inconspicuous in spring. It can be differentiated from the sympatric Merriam’s Chipmunk (7. merriami) in California by its smaller size and grayer venter. Nominate obscurus has dorsal pelage that is gray suffused with brown, inconspicuous dorsal stripes, and shortertail. Subspecies davisi has a gray throat and upper chest. Subspecies meridionalis is smaller and grayer. Chromosome number of the California Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Two karyotypes are present within obscurus. Subspecies obscurus and meridionalis have karyotype A which consists of four pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome. Subspecies davisi has karyotype B which consists of five pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Pinyon-juniper (Pinus, Pinaceae; Juniperus, Cupressaceae) and pine-oak (Pinus, Quercus, Fagaceae) vegetation, at elevations of ¢. 1200 - 3000 m. Habitat use varies along geographical and elevational distributions. In California, it inhabits pine-fir-oak (Pinus, Abies, Pinaceae; Quercus) forests in the transition zone, pinyon-juniper (Pinus; Juniperus) vegetation in the upper Sonoran zone, lodgepole pine — chinquapin (FP. contorta, Chrysolepis sempervirens, Fagaceae) vegetation in the Canadian life zone, and oak chaparral (Quercus chrysolepis, Adenostoma, Rosaceae) in elevations below ¢. 1500 m. In Mexico, it can be found on rock outcrops, talus slopes, and even in palm-cactus stands in the lower Sonoran life zone.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the California Chipmunk consists of seeds, fruits, and flowers. Acorns, pinyon seeds, juniper, and manzanita berries are usually consumed, and oak seeds are frequently cached in a larderhoard. It may have limited or no access to free water in parts ofits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The California Chipmunk has a long breeding season, fromJanuary through June, though likely only produces one litter a year of 3 - 4 young. Elevation affects timing of breeding period, with mating of subspecies meridionalis occurring in early January, in Baja California, but in early March in Sierra Juarez at elevations of ¢. 1500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The California Chipmunk is terrestrial, diurnal, and active yearround. It may not leave its nest during entire winter season. Daily activity is bimodal, with the first peak at early morning and the second peak at late afternoon. Burrow structure is very variable, ranging from straight deep tunnels to systems with short side branches and nest chambers. One burrow was reported to have beads of condensed water on the ceiling, which could have provided some water to the inhabitant. Nests in fallen logs and cactus cavities are also reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF98ED65FFC4F8C8F9A6F382.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is stable; however, the distribution of the California Chipmunk is restricted and fragmented. The rarity of the California Chipmunk makes it valuable in the pet trade. The small, fragmented distribution makes it susceptible to local changes to landscapes, and its dependence on mountain forests could make it vulnerable to climate change.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacate- cas, ” Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sierra Madre Occidental, in the border region between the states of Durango, Zacatecas, and Jalisco (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 130 - 4 — 134 mm, tail 84 - 6 - 104 - 8 mm; weight 66 - 1 - 74 - 9 g. Buller’s Chipmunk has five black and four pale stripes on dorsum. Pale stripes can vary from gray to grayish white. The two outer dark stripes are lighter, browner, and shorter than inner dark stripes. Ears have rusty tinge inside and sides of body are brownish yellow. Chromosome number of Buller’s Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type A for Tamias and consists of four pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Heavily wooded forests, with a significant component of rocks or downed woody debris, in the Sierra Madre slopes and canyons, between elevations of ¢. 2100 - 2400 m. At these elevations vegetation is composed of pines (Pinus, Pinaceae) with other species of conifers, oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae) and the quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides, Salacaceae); scrub oak vegetation, including manzanita (Arctostaphylos pungens, Salacaceae), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus, Rosaceae) and Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae) dominate lower elevations of Buller’s Chipmunk habitat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Buller’s Chipmunk has been reported to consume oak flowers, seeds ofjuniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae), and shoots of pine stems.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A female with three embryos was captured 26 June and another with two embryos on 18 July. Lactating females were reported between 27 June- 20 July, and a subadult on 13 May. There is controversy in the literature about the existence of sexual dimorphism in Buller’s Chipmunk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Buller’s Chipmunk builds nests in tree cavities or in the ground. General vocalizations are similar to other chipmunks, butit is reported to also be able to produce a sound unique to the genus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FA16FCABF638FD82.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is decreasing. Because Buller’s Chipmunk is dependent on high elevation pine forests it is vulnerable to habitat loss and its habitat has been reduced and fragmented by timber extraction. In addition, future climate change may reduce these high altitude habitats and lack of information on Buller’s Chipmunk could negatively impact conservation efforts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Guadalupe Mts, ” Culber- son County, Texas, USA. Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1929 to head of Dog Canyon, at 2130 m of altitude.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. c. camipesBailey, 1902 — Capitan, Jicarilla, andGallinasMtsinNewMexico, andSierraDiabloandGuadalupeMtsinWTexas (USA). T: c. sacramentoensis Fleharty, 1960 — Sacramento Mts in SC New Mexico (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 128: 7 - 131 - 6 mm, tail 98 - 4 - 107 - 8 mm; weight mean 70 g. The Gray-footed Chipmunk is small, and easily distinguished from the other Tamias species by gray coloration of upper surface of its hindfeet. Only one subspecies, sacramentoensis, has sexual dimorphism, with males being smaller than females, the other, canipes does not. Chromosome number of the Gray-footed Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotypeis type A for Tamias and consists of four pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests, scrub forests, lava flows, and rocky outcrops of the transition and Canadian life zones, at elevations of ¢. 1600 - 3600 m. The Gray-footed Chipmunk appears to prefer forests edges with high amounts of downed woody debris, butis also common in stands of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinaceae) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa, Pinaceae). It is not sympatric with any other Tamias species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Gray-footed Chipmunk is primarily conifer seeds, oak acorns, and fruits of several species, such as juniper. During late summer and entire winter, it is reported to depend mostly on acorns.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females produce onelitter a year, in the period between late May and June. Young reach mature size in early autumn.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Gray-footed Chipmunk is diurnal, with an activity peak in the morning. It forages mostly on the ground, but also climbstrees, such as oaks to harvest acorns. Nests are built in stumps, fallen logs or underground dens, and hibernation begins in October and extends through entire winter. During this period, the Grayfooted Chipmunk is assumed to depend on cached food, because fat reserves gained before hibernation are small. When alarmed, it vocalizes with high-pitched trills, that sound similar to alarm call of the Gray-collared Chipmunk (7. cinereicollis) or the Colorado Chipmunk (7. quadrivittatus).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF68FEFDFB23FFDC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Grayfooted Chipmunk can be locally abundant; current population trend is stable. There are currently no major threats overall, but its distribution is restricted, and small populations are vulnerable to large fires. Lack of information about its biology may negatively impact conservation efforts associated with the Gray-footed Chipmunk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	vernacular_names	Durango Chipmunk	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Arroyo de Bucy, Sierra de Candella, ... about 7,500 feet [2134 m], northwestern Durango, Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. IT. d. durangae |. A. Allen, 1903 — Sierra Madre Occidental, in extreme SW Chi- huahua S through the extreme W third of Durango (Mexico). T. d. solivagus A. H. Howell, 1922 — Sierra del Carmen in Sierra Madre Oriental, SE Coahuila and WC Nuevo Leon (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 135 - 227 mm, tail 98 - 4 - 102 mm; weight mean 83 - 3 g. Dorsum of the Durango Chipmunk has nine alternating light and dark longitudinal stripes. The mid-dorsalstripe is black bordered with Mikado brown, and is paler and less distinct on nape of neck. Lateral dark stripes are Mikado brown and broader than mid-dorsal stripe. Shoulders have a gray wash. Its overall color is very similar to Buller’s Chipmunk (7 bulleri), but with cinnamon in the dorsal pelage and reddish brown on ventral part oftail. Chromosome number of the Durango Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype is type B for Tamias and consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mesic mixed pine-oak forests (Pinus, Pinaceae; Quercus, Fagaceae) of Sierra Madre Occidental. Subspecies solivagus appears to prefer mesic mixed pine-fir-aspen forests (Pinus, Abies, Pinaceae; Populus tremuloides, Salacaceae) above elevations of c. 2700 m, in the Sierra Madre Oriental biotic province.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Durango Chipmunk consumes acorns, corn, and probably conifer seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Durango Chipmunk is diurnal and appears to enter short bouts of torpor in winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED66FF14F6FEF892F40C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Durango Chipmunk can be locally common, but current overall population trend is unknown; no major threats have been identified. Its restricted distribution and lack of information on its biology could negatively affect conservation efforts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	materials_examined	“ Upper Savanna River, South Carolina, USA. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	discussion	Eleven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. T. s. striatusLinnaeus, 1758 — TennesseeandNWGeorgiatoSOhio (USA). 1: 5. doorsiensisLong, 1971 — NEWisconsin (USA). T: s. fisheriA. H. Howell, 1925 — LowerHudsonValley, NewYork, WtoOhio, and StoVirginiaandKentucky (USA). T: s. griseus Mearns, 1891 — Upper Mississippi Valley, W of the Great Lakes (USA) N to S Manitoba and SW Ontario (Canada). T: s. lysteriRichardson, 1829 — OntarioandSEQuebec (Canada), StoMichiganandNofNewYork (USA), andalongtheAtlanticseabordtoIslandProvincesofECanada. T: s. ohioensisBole & Moulthrop, 1942 — Ohio (USA). T: s. peninsulaeHooper, 1942 — WisconsinandMichigan (USA). T: s. pipilansLowery, 1943 — ELouisiana, Mississippi, andAlabama (USA). T: s. quebecensisCameron, 1950 — Quebec (Canada). T. s. rufescensBole & Moulthrop, 1942 — extremeNOhioandSMichigan (USA). T. s. venustus Bangs, 1896 — E Kansas, NE Oklahoma, and Arkansas (USA). Introduced into Newfoundland (Canada).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 145 - 9 - 150 mm, tail 87 - 7 - 93 - 2 mm; weight 93 - 9 - 101 g. The Eastern Chipmunk is a large-bodied species of Tamias. The mid-dorsal longitudinal stripe is brown, bordered by two wide, gray-to-brown or reddish brown, agouti bands. Laterally, it has a white to whitish yellow stripe on each side, offset by two dark stripes. On head, two dark stripes extend from ears to nose. Venter is white, and tail 1 s dark on dorsal surface and light on ventral side. Subspecies doorsiensis is pale, similar to peninsulae, but brighter, with grayer dorsal pelage, more conspicuous post-auricular patches, and with tail more frosted with white. Subspecies fisheri has a paler and grayer pelage than striatus. Subspecies griseus is a large subspecies, with pelage grayer and more subdued than nominate striatus. Subspecies lysteri has a paler pelage than striatus, and bright yellowish red fur on rump. Subspecies ohioensis has a dark and dull coloration. Subspecies peninsulae is pale and coppery, and slightly smaller than griseus. Subspecies pipilans is the largest subspecies and has the most colored pelage, with buff color on cheeks, sides, and flanks. Subspecies quebecensis is similar to griseus, but smaller, darker, and without the buffy tones in gray dorsal areas. The white dorsal stripes are shorter and do not reach base oftail. Subspecies rufescens has a brilliant reddish pelage, with reddish tawny on the rump, bright ocherous-buff in the flanks and thighs, and apricot-buff in feet. Its tail is relatively short. Subspecies venustus has shorter dorsal stripes and a brighter and more intense coloration than striatus. Chromosome number of the Eastern Chipmunk is 2 n = 38. Karyotype consists offive pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, a large submetacentric X chromosome, and a minute Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous Forest. The Eastern Chipmunk occurs in a large variety of habitats; its presence and abundance are related to availability of mast producing trees, especially oaks (mostly white oaks Quercus alba, Fagaceae) and red maples (Acer rubrum, Sapindaceae) in some areas. Availability of cover, such as woody debris, stumps, downed trees, and potential burrows also affects its abundance. The Eastern Chipmunk is usually more abundant in mature forests, but survives well in fragmented landscapes and is able to cross open clear-cuts of ¢. 250 m or more. At least one study found little difference in its abundance in northern hardwood stands from sapling age to mature forest. Microhabitat around burrows is reported to be similar in continuous and fragmented forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Eastern Chipmunk is mostly acorns, seeds such as maple and conifers, fruits, nuts, epigeous and hypogeous fungi, and animal matter such as arthropods, amphibians, snakes, and small mammals. It is also a major predator of the young of ground-nesting birds. The Eastern Chipmunk is both a scatterhoarder and a larderhoarder, and can carry more than 122 maple samaras at the same time in its cheek pouches. It acts as a seed disperser due to its scatterhoarding behavior, but not as much as the Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Larder is built underground, near nest, and usually contains mainly acorns, often more than a hundred. Estimated daily energy consumption of captive individuals is around 32 - 7 - 35 - 7 kcal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Eastern Chipmunk has two mating periods in the year, the first one between late February and early April, and the second in late June-July. Females can reproduce in one of the periods or in both, resulting in two litters a year. Estrus is estimated to last from 6 - 5 hours to ten days. During this period, several males pursue a female, and mating success of dominant male is usually high when there are few competitors, but subordinates have a better chance at mating success when there are many competitors. Dominant males can mate several times, and females can also mate with several males. Gestation lasts ¢. 31 - 32 days after which females give birth to a litter of 4 - 5 young, with 15 being maximum recorded, weighing c. 3 g each at birth (range 2 - 5 - 5 g.). Young have an adult-like coloration at one month of age. Emergence from natal burrow occurs at 5 - 7 weeks, and sexual maturity is reached at 7 - 8 months (males) or c ¢. 3 months (females), although reproduction before the first winter is rare. Males and females disperse from natal area, but males tend to go farther than females, possibly reducing inbreeding and mate competition.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Eastern Chipmunk is terrestrial and diurnal, with an activity peak in the middle of the day, although activity patterns of males and females may differ. In the period between late autumn and early spring, most individuals are underground at different levels of torpor, but some individuals may emerge at surface when weather is favorable. Body temperature is usually 36 ° C — 40 - 3 ° C at ambient temperatures of 7 ° to 32 ° C, but can be severely reduced during torpor bouts. Torpor bouts are short, usually lasting 1 - 5 days, and the main energy reserve is food stored in a larder. Compared to otherspecies, the Eastern Chipmunk has a very small fat reserve. When quality of food in larder increases, individuals tend to reduce depth and duration of torpor bouts. During summer, activity of the Eastern Chipmunk is also reduced, although the cause of this phenomenon is unclear. Summer activity reduction may be a physiological or behavioral adaptation, or perhaps both; however, food supplementation did not appear to affect summer activity levels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eastern Chipmunk is solitary and territorial, defending an area within a 15 m radius around its burrow system, but most encounters are stereotypic displays and real agonistic encounters are rare. It is a very vocal species, with four different calls, with frequency ranging 1 - 11 kHz. It usually responds to neighbor calls by sitting and observing the area for possible threats. Home ranges are usually small, 0 - 05 - 0 - 6 ha, but vary according to season and across the distribution of the species. The Eastern Chipmunk may also go farther than 100 m from burrow to collect food, and is capable of returning to its burrow from distances as far as 500 m, although the probability of a successful return is reduced after 200 m. Home range appearsto be related to food availability. It can live up to c. 6 years, but life span is usually 2 - 3 years. Population density is extremely variable over time and space, ranging 0 - 3 - 37 - 6 ind / ha. There is contrasting evidence as to whether density is affected by habitat fragmentation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9BED67FA1DF512F64CF356.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern Chipmunk has been introduced to Newfoundland, Canada. It is both widespread and abundant. Current population trend is stable and there are no major threats to the Eastern Chipmunk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	materials_examined	“ San Gorgonio Pass, [Riverside Co.], California [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	discussion	The subspecies nsularis sometimes considered a separate species. Ten subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. l. leucurusMerriam, 1889 — SEOregon, SWIdaho, W & SWCalifornia, Nevada, WUtah, andextremeNWArizona (USA) alsoinGulfofCaliforniasideofextremeNBajaCalifornia (Mexico). A. l. canfieldiaeHuey, 1929 — SBajaCaliforniaandextremeNBajaCaliforniaSur (Mex- 1 CO). A. l. cinamomeusMerriam, 1890 — SEUtah, NArizona, andSWColorado (USA). A. l. escalanteHansen, 1955 — SWUtah (USA). A. l. extimusNelson & Goldman, 1929 — mostofBajaCaliforniaSur (Mexico). A. l. insularisNelson & Goldman, 1909 — endemictoEspirituSantoandPartidaIs, BajaCaliforniaSur (Mexico). A. l. notomHansen, 1955 — NEUtah (USA). A. l. peninsulae]. A. A. l., 1893 — PacificsideofNBajaCalifornia (Mexico). A. l. pennipesA. H. Howell, 1931 — WColoradoandNewMexico (USA). A. l. tersus Goldman, 1929 — NW Arizona (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 188 - 220 mm (males) and 202 - 216 mm (females), tail 42 - 71 mm (males) and 55 - 66 mm (females); weight 104 - 117 g (males) and 96 - 105 g (females). The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel has a gray to slate gray dorsum and head, with a clear but faint single white stripe running length of each side; snout and legs washed with orange to russet. A white eye ring is evident. Venter is white to cream. Tail is grizzled to whitish with a black band near the tip. Subspecies are generally similar and distinguished primarily by allopatric distribution. Subspecies escalante and leucurus have conspicuously white feet. Subspecies canfieldiae, extimus, peninsulae, and tersus are darker forms. Chromosome number of the White-tailed Antelope Squirrel is 2 n = 38.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Sandy and rocky aridlands from low-elevation valleys to pinyon — juniper (Fnus, Pinaceae; Juniperus, Cupressaceae) forests. The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel is often associated with shrublands and cactus thickets.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel feeds on seeds, fruits and vegetation of cactus, Joshua trees and other yuccas (Yucca brevifolia and allies, Agavoideae), and assorted shrubs and herbs, but will also take live insects or scavenge dead animals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Most adults more than one-year-old breed once per year from February — September, earlier in the north. A single litter of 5 - 14 young is produced after a gestation of ¢. 30 - 35 days with larger litters in the north averaging 9 - 3 young and 5 - 8 young in the south. Young emerge at ¢. 50 - 60 days and all disperse from their natal area.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel is diurnal and does not hibernate in winter, estivate in summer, or store fat, and it remains active in the high temperatures found in the desert. It can be a nuisance near gardens and cultivated crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The White-tailed Antelope Squirrel requires free water in its arid habitats despite its ability to remain active throughout summer heat. It lives in shallow burrows across a 3 - 8 ha home range. Densities are low and adults are solitary with a linear dominance hierarchy evident among neighbors, established through physical combat and maintained by naso-oral investigation and contact. Aggression consists of lateral displays, tooth chatters, lunges, chases, boxing, and bites. Alarm calls are high pitched rapid “ chitters ” and trills that carry well in open dry habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF9AED68FACCFAA0FC1EF40F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is considered to be stable. The widespread distribution of the White-tailed Antelope Squirrel and its ability to inhabit disturbed habitats suggest that its conservation status is secure at this time. Subspecies insularis, endemic to Espiritu Santo Island, is considered as endangered by the government of Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	materials_examined	type locality unknown. Restricted by E. A. Mearns in 1896 to Santa Cruz Valley at the Mexican boundary, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. A. h. harrisiiAudubon & Bachman, 1854 — EbankofColoradoRiverinArizona (USA) toSonora’scoastontheSeaofCortez (Mexico). A. h. saxicolus Mearns, 1896 — E of the range in Arizona and SW New Mexico (USA), and Sonora (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 216 - 267 mm, tail 67 - 92 mm; weight 113 - 150 g. Harris’s Antelope Squirrel is a small squirrel with a gray to slate gray dorsum and head; a clear but faint single white stripe runs length of each side; snout and legs suffused with brownish to reddish. A faint white eye ring is evident. Venter is white and extends up the sides. Tail is charcoal on dorsal surface and grizzled underneath. Nominate harrisii tends to be darker than saxicolus. Chromosome number of Harris’s Antelope Squirrel is 2 n = 38.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Diverse desert habitats with complex habitats of shrubs, small trees and cacti.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Harris's Antelope Squirrel primarily feeds on cactus fruits and flesh, seeds of desert herbs, shrubs, and trees but will also take live insects or scavenge dead animals. Frequently seen foraging with seeds collected in cheek pouches and will cache seedsin its burrows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Harris's Antelope Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Breeding starts in December and continues through spring. A single litter averaging 6 - 5 is born after a 30 day gestation; young emerge after 30 - 35 days and are weaned after c. 2 more weeks. Adult size is achieved by ¢. 217 days. Two litters may be born in more mild climates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. A diurnal squirrel that does not hibernate in winter, estivate in summer or store fat and remains active in the high temperatures found in the desert. Climbs thorny shrubs and cacti effectively. Often seen alert atop vegetation or rapidly running with tail head overhead. Can be a minor nuisance in urban desertcities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Harris's Antelope Squirrel obtains water in its diet, especially from cacti, which enables activity throughout the summer heat. It lives in shallow burrows and moves an average maximum distance of 274 m. Densities are moderate and adults are solitary. Alarm call is a long pure-noted trill that carries well in modestly complex desert habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6BF562F9AAF168.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is unknown but believed to be stable. Current widespread distribution and ability to persist in grazed and modestly developed areas suggests that Harris’s Antelope Squirrelis not at risk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	materials_examined	“ El Paso, [El Paso Co.], Texas [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From New Mexico and W Texas (USA) to E Chihuahua, Coahuila, NE Durango, and extreme N Zacatecas (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 220 - 235 mm, tail 68 - 84 mm; weight 99 - 122 g. The Texas Antelope Squirrel is a small squirrel with a gray dorsum and head; a clear but faint single white stripe runs length of each side; head and legs washed with brown. A white to buff eye ring is evident. Venteris white. Tail is grizzled, grading to slate with a white underside and two black bands. Chromosome number of the Texas Antelope Squirrelis 2 n = 38.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky desert, grasslands, and scrublands around mountain ranges in proximity to juniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae) and large shrubs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Texas Antelope Squirrel feeds heavily on seeds, fruit, and cactus, but will also take live insects or scavenge dead animals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Texas Antelope Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Breeding occurs in February and litters of 5 - 14 young emerge in April. Two litters may be produced in mild climates.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. A diurnal squirrel that accumulates fat in autumn and may hibernate during periods of extreme winter cold. Extremely energetic and often seen darting quickly about with tail held overhead or sitting alert atop a bush, rock or cactus. The Texas Antelope Squirrel can be a nuisance near gardens but is not generally considered to be a pest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Texas Antelope Squirrel lives in shallow burrows near structures such as rocks, bushes or trees that lack a mound and are inconspicuous. Densities are low and adults are solitary. Alarm calls are a mellow rolling, but harsh trill that appears to carry well in the structurally complex habitats of the Texas Antelope Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FA6AF937F69FFBF3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend is unknown but believed to be stable. Rangeland degradation and dense growth of non-native plants are major threats. Where considered a pest, the Texas Antelope Squirrel is targeted for removal by shooting, trapping, or poisoning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	materials_examined	“ Tipton, San Joaquin Valley [Tulare Co.], California [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	distribution	Distribution. San Joaquin Valley, S California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 230 - 256 mm, tail 67 - 78 mm; weight 142 - 179 g. Nelson's Antelope Squirrelis a large antelope squirrel with a buff to tan dorsum and head; a clear but faint single white stripe runs length of each side; snout and legs washed with yellow. A buff eye ring is evident. Venter is white to cream. Tail is buff gray on dorsal surface and whitish to cream below. Chromosome number of Nelson’s Antelope Squirrelis 2 n = 38.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry flat or rolling terrain with little slope (less than 10 ° - 14 °) and sparse shrubs and grasslands in generally poor quality and barren areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel focuses on herbaceous matter and seeds of arid grasses, herbs, and shrubs but will also take live insects or scavenge dead animals. Frequently seen foraging with seeds collected in cheek pouches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Nelson's Antelope Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Mating occurs in late January or February. A single litter of 6 - 11 young is produced in March after a gestation of ¢. 26 days. Young emerge in spring (April-May).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. A diurnal squirrel that does not hibernate in winter but appears to estivate in extreme summer temperatures on occasion. Often seen foraging but moving more slowly than other antelope squirrels. It is not generally found in areas where it can be considered a nuisance or pest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel is found in low densities with populations that are patchy in poor quality habitat; however, small colonies often occur in quality soils. Home ranges average 4 - 4 ha irrespective of sex. Nelson's Antelope Squirrelis less energetic than other antelope squirrels, especially in extreme heat and cold; it often takes refuge in shade of shrubs or in burrows. Alarm call is a short deep pitched trill but Nelson’s Antelope Squirrel is extremely quiet and prefers to remain motionless unless startled by sound.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF95ED68FF6CFCAEFE26FD52.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is declining and distribution has been reduced to southern portion of historical distribution. Major threats to conservation are conversion of habitat to agriculture and spread of dense foliage from exotic plant species. The small distribution increases the risks to this already uncommon species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	materials_examined	no type locality given. Restricted by E. A. Preble in 1902 to “ Five Hawser Bay, Lyon Inlet, Melville Peninsula, [Hudson Bay, Keewatin District, Northwest Territories, | Canada. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	discussion	Ten subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. p. parryiRichardson, 1825 — extremeNEAlaska (USA) andNcoastofYukonandtheNorthwestTerritories (Canada). U. p. ablususOsgood, 1903 — W & SWcoastofAlaska (USA). U. p. kennicottiiRoss, 1861 — NWcoastofAlaska (USA). U. p. kodiacensisJ. A. Allen, 1874 — KodiakIinSWAlaska (USA). U. p. leucostictusBrandt, 1844 — NESiberia (Russia). U. p. lyratusHall & Gilmore, 1932 — St. LawrenceI, Alaska (USA). U. p. nebulicolaOsgood, 1903 — ShumaginIsofSWAlaska (USA). U. p. osgoodiMerriam, 1900 — SoftheBrooksRangeinCAlaska (USA). U. p. plesiusOsgood, 1900 — SEAlaska (USA), Yukon, NorthwestTerritories, Nunavut, andNBritishColumbia (Canada). U. p. stejnegeriJ. A. Allen, 1903 — Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 257 - 1 mm (males) and 266 - 1 mm (females), tail mean 87 - 7 mm (males) and 109 - 8 mm (females); weight mean 673 g (males) and 524 - 3 g (females). The Arctic Ground Squirrel has a reddish brown to cinnamon to fuscous dorsal pelage, with white to buff spots. Head is tawnier with a white to cream ring around eyelids. Sides, feet, and legs are buff to tawny to cinnamon, becoming gray in winter. Ventral pelage is white to straw yellow to cinnamon buff. Tail is ocherous tawny, cinnamon, or cinnamon buff, grizzled with black in upper side, and tawny to russet ventrally. Dorsum of nominate parryii is yellowish brown and dusky, with gray spots. Top of head and sides of neck are a rich reddish brown to yellowish brown. Terminal part oftail is black. Subspecies ablusus has a brown and weakly spotted dorsum. Subspecies kennicottii is a pale form. Subspecies kodiacensis is heavily spotted with smallish flecks that are sometimes faint. Subspecies leucostictus has yellowish brown dorsum, heavily spotted with white and top of head is a deep rufous. Subspecies lyratus is pale and grayish brown. Subspecies nebulicola is a diminutive, brown, and weakly spotted form. Subspecies osgoodi is the largest subspecies, with a very red venter. Subspecies plesius is small and pale gray. Subspecies stejnegeri has a dorsum that lacks fulvous suffusion, and the tail is more extensively black.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open arctic tundra, forest meadows, and meadow-steppe habitats, particular ly meadows with talus in alpine and subalpine zones in mountains. The Arctic Ground Squirrel can be found near human settlements. Populations of some islands in the Kodiak archipelago and vicinity are relatively recent introductions (c. 100 years).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Primarily herbivorous, feeding on leaves, shoots, flowers, seeds, and the berries of more than 40 species of tundra grasses, sedges, and forbs. Fungi, mosses, lichens, insects, and small vertebrates are also consumed. Males, in particular, collect seeds in their cheek pouches late in the active season to build substantial underground caches that will provide a food source to last until the following spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating occurs during a two-week period soon after females emerge from hibernation, involving all individuals that are more than one-year-old; more than 75 % of females produce a litter each year. Although females mate with 1 - 4 males, the first male sires the offspring in more than 90 % of cases; and the resident territorial male is most often first male to mate. After a gestation of 25 days, a litter of 6 - 8 (maximum of 14) young is born within burrow. Juveniles emerge after c. 6 weeks, typically in late June or early July, and weaning occurs at c. 8 weeks of age. Infanticide is reported in this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Arctic Ground Squirrel is diurnal. It hibernates for up to seven months in burrows. Adult females enter hibernation in September, followed by males a few weeks later in October. Juveniles emerge by the end of October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. In March or April, males emerge from hibernation to establish large territories; females emerge 2 - 3 weeks later and establish their home ranges within a male’s territory. A male defends access to several females within his territory. Colonies are composed of a complex system of burrows, which tend to be shallow (less than 1 m deep) and with several entrances and nest chambers, except the short and shallow escape burrows, which are very simple. The Arctic Ground Squirrel has distinct alarm vocalizations for terrestrial predators (a “ cheek-chick ” call) and for aerial predators (a shrill whistle). Annual survival rates for adults and juvenile females are 25 - 40 %, with most deaths occurring during winter. Average home range was estimated at 1 - 5 - 3 - 5 ha in Atqasuk, Alaska.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6BFFC3FE50F83BF5F6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Arctic Ground Squirrel is considered scarce in British Columbia; is vulnerable in Manitoba, Canada. Some subspecies are restricted to Alaskan islands and are likewise of conservation concern. Its overall current population trend is unknown. The Arctic Ground Squirrel is hunted primarily for its pelt, but also for meat, and it can be a nuisance around human structures. Grazing pressure from increasing livestock populations and drought are degrading habitat for the Arctic Ground Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Mus citillus var. undulatum [sic] Pallas, 1779, “ Selenga River valley, ” Buryat ASSR, Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	discussion	Six subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. u. undulatusPallas, 1778 — W & SWTransbaikalregion (Russia). U. u. eversmanniBrandt, 1841 — AltaiMtsinFEKazakhstan, SRussia, WMongolia, andNWChina (NXinjiang). U. u. jacutensisBrandt, 1844 — NESiberia, intheregionaroundYakutsk (Russia). U. u. menzbieriOgnev, 1937 — alongtheAmurRiverinRussianFarEastandNEChina (NHeilongjiang). U. u. stramineusObolenskij, 1927 — TianShanMtsinEKazakhstan, WMongolia, andNWChina (NWXinjiang). U. u. transbaikalicus Obolenskij, 1927 — N & NE Mongolia, and E Transbaikal region (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 210 - 315 mm, tail 100 - 140 mm; weight 250 - 580 g. Dorsal pelage of the Long-tailed Ground Squirrel varies from straw yellow to russet to ocher, with white to grayish spots and is sometimes suffused with gray. Head is generally darker brown on top, with straw yellow cheeks and lower jaw. Sides are reddish and ventral pelage varies from straw yellow to orange to rust. Tail is grizzled gray to black on dorsal side, with a frosting of white near tip, ventrally it is rust colored near base. Subspecies eversmanni is smallish but brightly colored, with intense rust and orange tones. Subspecies jacutensis is large and pale. Subspecies menzbieri is the largest of the subspecies and very pale. Subspecies stramineus is extremely pale, with underparts a light orange-yellow. Subspecies transbaikalicus is quite variable in size, ranging from intermediate to extremely large. The head is a bright cinnamon buffy clay. Chromosome complement of the Long-tailed Ground Squirrel is 2 n = 34, FN = 64.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. A variety of open environments, such as semi-desert, grass, mountain steppes, alpine meadows, savannas, and areas along rivers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Long-tailed Ground Squirrel feeds mostly on green shoots, flowers, seeds, and leaves. Insects and animal matter are also consumed when available. It caches food for winter, collecting food and transporting it to the burrow in cheek pouches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs soon after females emerge from burrow, and after a gestation of ¢. 30 days, a litter of 1 - 11 young, weighing 8 - 1 - 13 - 2 g each, are born in burrow. Young emerge at 4 - 5 weeks of age. Only one litter is produced a year, but more than 90 % of females reproduce each year. Infanticide is common in the Long-tailed Ground Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial, and hibernates from September or October to March or April. Males begin hibernation first and emerge 1 - 2 weeks before females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. A single male and several females defend a communalterritory of ¢. 0 - 16 ha, and the male scent-marks throughout area. Dense colonies have numerous burrows, very conspicuous with large soil mounds demarcating the entrances. Burrows are complex and usually have multiple entrances, and can be up to 15 m in length and 3 m in depth. Alarm calls are high-pitched but relatively soft.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF96ED6CFAC8FCC6FD2FF643.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is stable. The Long-tailed Ground Squirrel was formerly hunted in large numbers for their pelts, but nowadays, this practice is rare. Between 1958 and 1960 as many as 551,000 pelts may have been harvested annually. When found near agricultural areas, they are usually considered pests. The Long-tailed Ground Squirrel occurs in a few protected areas within its distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Between the forks of the Clearwater and Kooskooskie rivers ” [Idaho Co., Idaho, USA].	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. c. columbianusOrd, 1815 — SEBritishColumbiaandWAlberta (Canada), EWashington, N & CIdaho, andWMontana (USA) U. c. ruficaudus A. H. Howell, 1928 — NE Oregon (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 258 mm (males) and 247 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 101 - 3 mm (males) and 84: 3 mm (females); weight mean 490 - 1 g (males) and 441 - 4 g (females). The Columbian Ground Squirrel is a large ground squirrel with a plush cinnamon buff dorsal pelage; venter is gray suffused with brown. Neck is light gray and eye ring is a pale buff; sides are light gray or buff. Tail is moderately robust and haired and is dark above and lighter below. Subspecies ruficaudus has a tawnier throat and face with darker legs and feet. Chromosome complement of the Columbian Ground Squirrel is 2 n = 32, FN = 60.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open grasslands, wet alpine and subalpine mixed forest and forest meadows of the Hudsonian, Canadian, and uppertransition life zones. The Columbian Ground Squirrel is also found on rangelands and agricultural fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Columbian Ground Squirrel feeds primarily on reproductive tissues of grassland plants (flowers, bulbs, fruits, seeds). Forbs appear to be preferred and are 30 - 40 % higher in digestibility than grasses. It consumes insects and scavenges animal tissue; infanticide and cannibalism have been occasionally reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Columbian Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge from hibernation in full reproductive condition, and females enter estrus within a few days of emergence 2 - 3 weeks later. Breeding continues for c. 21 days thereafter. However, females that did not successfully breed can re-enter estrus and breed. Yearling females can forego reproduction due to low body mass. Primary factors influencing age at first reproduction appear to be body mass, environmental conditions, and presence of the mother. Lower reproductive performance in older females is due to senescence. Timing of breeding season varies more at higher elevations. Mean littersizes are 2 - 1 - 4 - 2 in the wild and 3 - 4 - 6 in captivity. Litter sizes are negatively correlated with both elevation and latitude. Gestation is 24 days. Young are born hairless and weigh 6 - 8 - 11 - 4 g. Milk composition reflects the need for rapid juvenile growth and is rich in protein and calcium, although low in lipids. Full adult weight is not reached until second year. Young enter hibernation at about 60 % of adult mass.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. A diurnal squirrel that hibernates for eight months or more and is active less than four months per year. Individuals periodically arouse, depending on ambient temperature, and will initiate aboveground activity under favorable conditions. The Columbian Ground Squirrel can be a nuisance near gardens and is considered a pest around cultivated crops and on some rangelands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Columbian Ground Squirrel lives in dense colonies of 24 - 7 - 61 - 7 ind / ha. Home range averages 4200 m? for males and 1000 m * for females. Male home ranges overlap considerably but defended core areas exist around females during breeding season. Adult females are also territorial, which may help protect juveniles from infanticide until emergence. Females establish territories close to their natal burrows. The Columbian Ground Squirrel is highly social and appears to develop social bonds early in life and these continue throughout their adult life. Cross-fostering experiments indicate that social interactions (recognition of kin and agonistic behavior) are based on experience in the nest and therefore are not directly determined by degree of relatedness, as was previously proposed. Prevalence of infanticide is as high as 7 - 6 % of all juveniles and 12 - 5 % of alllitters but is generally not between close relatives. Dispersal between colonies is much higher in males than in females. This appears to be due to a higher level of adult aggression toward young males and a greater acceptance of daughters by adult females. Dispersal distance is usually less than 4 km, but reaches a maximum of 8 - 5 km. The Columbian Ground Squirrel has a diverse vocal repertoire. Post-copulatory calls appear to function in mate guarding. Alarm calls in response to avian predators are more complex and incorporate a rapid succession of calls than those used for ground predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFF69FE52FD8BFA9D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend is considered to be stable. Can be considered a local pest and is occasional subject to removal. Its widespread distribution and legally protected nature of some of its habitats suggest that the Columbian Ground Squirrel is not at risk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	materials_examined	“ Carleton-House, ” Saskatchewan, Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Northern Great Plains in S Alberta, S Saskatchewan, and S Manitoba (Canada), S to Montana, North Dakota, NE South Dakota, W Minnesota, and extreme NW Iowa (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 283 - 337 mm (males) and 264 - 318 mm (females), tail 66 — 88 mm ale) and 55 - 82 mm (females); weight 290 - 745 g (males) and 120 - 590 g (females). Dorsal pelage of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel is fuscous cinnamon to gray-buff, and head and neck are ocherous to cinnamon buff. Eyes are encircled by a white to buff ring, and snout can be light gray. Ventral pelage, as well lowersides, are clay to buff to cinnamon, and tail is grizzled charcoal to black on dorsal side and cinnamon buff to clay in ventral side. Chromosome complement of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel is 2 n = 36, FN = 64.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grasslands, pastures, fields, and croplands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of Richardson’s Ground Squirrels consists mostly of leaves, flowers, and seeds of both natural occurring species and cereal plantations. When available, insects are readily consumed. Cannibalism of road-killed animals was also reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating occurs 3 - 5 days after emergence of females, and male-male competition is intense during the two or three weeks of breeding season. Many males die due to injuries and loss offat reserves. Females mate with several males, and a copulatory plug forms after each mating. After a gestation of ¢. 22 - 23 days, a litter of 3 - 11 young, with an average weight of 6 - 8 g (4: 4 - 9 - 6 g, n = 147) each, is born within a grass-lined nest chamber in burrow. Young emerge from natal burrow at c ¢. 28 - 30 days old, are weaned 1 - 2 weeks later, and are sexually mature at one year. Females produce only onelitter a year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Richardson’s Ground Squirrel is diurnal and hibernates in burrows for c. 6 - 8 months. Emergence begins in March or April, with adult males appearing first and adult females emerging about c. 2 - 3 weeks later. Adult males hibernate in June, followed by adult females soon after, but juvenile females only hibernate in August and juvenile males remain active and reach adult size as late as October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Males disperse from their natal area during their first year oflife, although females remain in or near the natal area. Related females are amicable within the kin cluster, but aggressive to unrelated individuals, chasing them away. Burrows consist of extensive networks of passages and entrances, with multiple chambers that extend to a depth of 1 m. Individuals hibernate alone, but often share the burrow system with other individuals. Males store seeds within the nest chamber to consume in preparation for next spring’s mating season. Rigors of mating season result in male life spans that rarely exceed two years, whereas females live up to six years. Alarm calls of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel are a long shrill burst that elicits vigilance for terrestrial predators and a short “ chirp ” that causes surrounding individuals to escape to cover in response to aerial predators. Number of callers in a population indicates severity of the potential threat, and location and order ofcalls indicate direction of avian predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6CFA15FEF0F702FEB4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is stable and there are no major threats to Richardson’s Ground Squirrel. Because it consumes cereal grains, it is considered a pest and is poisoned in some agricultural areas. There are several protected areas within the distribution of Richardson’s Ground Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Touchet, Walla Walla Co., Washington, USA. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	discussion	This species in monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Washington and NE Oregon (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 185 - 245 mm, tail 32 - 65 mm; weight mean 210 g. Dorsal pelage of the Washington Ground Squirrel is pale smoke-gray washed with a pinkish buff, with small cream to buff flecks, and ventral pelage is grayish white washed with pinkish buff. Feet are white to buff and tail is frosted with white to buff, with a grizzled gray suffused with cinnamon on dorsal side and a pinkish cinnamon on ventral side. Chromosome complement of the Washington Ground Squirrel is 2 n = 36, FN = 66. Karyotype consists of eight pairs of metacentric autosomes, eight pairs of submetacentric autosomes, a pair of acrocentric autosomes, a submetacentric X chromosome, and an acrocentric Y chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Shrub steppe areas of the Columbia River Basin. The Washington Ground Squirrel is more abundant in areas of extensive grass cover on deep soils with high clay content.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet is composed mainly of succulent grasses and herbs, including cultivated plants, roots, bulbs, and seeds. Insects and other animal matter are consumed when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females become ready to breed a few days after emergence and give birth in February to March to a litter of 5 - 11 young, after a gestation of ¢. 23 - 30 days, inside the burrow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Washington Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial. After accumulating fat stores, adults enter estivation that grades into hibernation from late May to early June; juveniles enter estivation 1 - 2 months later. Adults emerge in January to mid-March. Young emerge from natal burrow in late March or April and reach adult size by late May to early June.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Washington Ground Squirrel is highly social, with females apparently forming coalitions within colonies. Annual mortality rates are high, exceeding 60 %, and maximum life span is less than five years. Juvenile males typically disperse ¢. 880 m, with a maximum dispersal distance registered of 3 - 5 km.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF91ED6DFA6AF603FEA5F22A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The total remaining area of occurrence of the Washington Ground Squirrel is not much greater than 20,000 km ®. It is endangered in Oregon, USA, and is a candidate for protection under the US Endangered Species Act. Current population trend is decreasing. About two-thirds of the population resides on United States federal land with remaining portion of the population inhabiting privately-owned land. Major threats are habitat loss and fragmentation, mainly due to conversion of grasslands and sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) steppes into croplands and due to urban development. It is not hunted or trapped, although historically it was a target of recreational shooting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	materials_examined	“ Donner, [Placer Co.,] California [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	discussion	Found in E Oregon, SW Idaho, NE California, N Nevada, and NW Utah, USA. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. b. beldingiMerriam, 1888 — NCCaliforniaandWNevada (USA). U. b. creberHall, 1940 — EOregon, NECalifornia, andNWNevada (USA). U. b. oregonus Merriam, 1898 — SW Idaho, NC & NE Nevada, and SE Oregon (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 204 - 7 mm (males) and 208 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 64 - 9 mm (males) and 63 - 1 mm (females); weight mean 228 - 6 g (males) and 265 - 2 g (females). Belding’s Ground Squirrel is a small-sized ground squirrel with a reddish brown dorsum without stripes or spots; venter is cinnamon. Tail is short, flat, and bushy with a reddish underside and red, black and white banded tricolor hairs. Nominate subspecies beldingi is the darkest subspecies with a reddish brown suffused dorsum. Subspecies oregonus is intermediate and creber is the lightest colored subspecies. Chromosome complement of Belding’s Ground Squirrel is 2 n = 30, FN = 56.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grassy meadows, sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) communities, or the ecotone of these two ecosystems, in alpine and subalpine zones. The preferred habitat of Belding’s Ground Squirrel includes open mesic vegetation, often with a nearby water source. It will heavily use agricultural field and rangelands when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Belding’s Ground Squirrel is an herbivore that feeds on most tissues of grasses and forbs; however, seeds are consumed later in the season. Time invested in feeding increases through the season in anticipation of hibernation. Visual cues are important in foraging, and young appear to learn food preferences from their mothers. It will consume insects and scavenge animal tissue; infanticide and cannibalism have been occasionally reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Belding’s Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge in early spring and are reproductively active for about a month. Females emerge 1 - 2 weeks after males, become sexually active within five days, and breeding season lasts for c ¢. 2 weeks. Although mating season lasts a few weeks, individual females are receptive for only up to six hours on a single day. Copulation occurs aboveground, and multiple paternities ofsingle litters appears common. Gestation lasts 23 - 28 daysafter which a single annuallitter of 5 - 8 - 7 - 4 young for adults and 4 - 8 young for yearlings is born.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Belding’s Ground Squirrel is a diurnal squirrel in which males hibernate alone and females hibernate in groups. Hibernation of adult males lasts ¢. 280 days at higher elevations but is shorter at lower elevations. It can be a nuisance near gardens and is considered a pest around cultivated crops and on some rangelands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Belding’s Ground Squirrel lives in colonies in which density can vary from 1 - 2 ind / ha to 304 ind / ha. Females and their female kin defend small territories around burrow until young are weaned. Females are philopatric, whereas juvenile males disperse. Natal dispersal, as well as related behavior that helps these squirrels prepare for dispersal, appears to be controlled by body condition (fat content) and mass, and it may be influenced by endogenous hormonal cues. Juveniles regularly engage in play behavior. Infanticide is common in the Belding’s Ground Squirrel and can account for ¢. 30 % of all juvenile mortalities, and it is most commonly committed by yearling males (for food) and by adult females soon after moving to a new colony. Alarm calling is common and is used to warn kin. A short whistle is associated with higher risks and fast predators, and causes neighbors to retreat to their burrows. A long trill evokes heightened vigilance. Young Belding’s Ground Squirrels can discriminate between alarm calls within five days of emergence. It produces scents from both oral and dorsal apocrine glands that are used for identification of close kin and unfamiliar relatives. It only displays nepotistic behavior toward close kin.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFAF3FF09F78DFB05.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend is considered to be stable. The widespread distribution and legally protected nature of portions of the high elevations inhabited by Belding’s Ground Squirrel suggest that risk of loss is low.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	materials_examined	“ On the Columbia River, about 300 miles [483 km | above its mouth. ” Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1938 to W bank of Walla Walla River, near the confluence with Columbia River, Wallula, Walla Walla County, Washington, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	discussion	It has been suggested that nancyae is actually a subspecies of U. mollis. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. t. townsendiiBachman, 1839 — Washington, SoftheYakimaandNoftheColumbiarivers (USA). U. t. nancyae Nadler, 1968 — Washington, N of the Yakima and W of the Columbia rivers (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 200 - 232 mm, tail 320 - 540 mm; weight mean 174 g (males) and 125 g (females). Dorsal pelage of Townsend’s Ground Squirrel is a uniform pale smoke-gray, suffused with pinkish buff. Cheeks and hindlimbs are washed with red to rust, and ventral fur is white to cream, washed with pinkish buff. Tail is grizzled smoke-gray on upper side and cinnamon on ventral side. Chromosome complement of nominate subspecies townsendii is 2 n = 38, FN = 66. Subspecies nancyae is slightly lighter in the dorsum, and has a chromosome complement of 2 n = 36, FN = 68.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High desert sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) regions and cultivated fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Townsend’s Ground Squirrel consumes shoots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of grasses, forbs, shrubs and crops. Seeds and other plant reproductive structures are more common in the diet during periods before hibernation, probably reflecting availability of these items. Although mostly herbivorous, it has been noted to consume insects when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding occurs only once a year, soon after emergence from hibernation. A litter of 1 - 13 young (average 9 - 4) is born within burrow. Young weigh 2 - 2 - 5 - 1 g each (averages of 3 - 3 g, 3 - 7 g, and 3 - 9 g in different locations). Juveniles emerge from the burrow four weeks after birth, in late March or April, and females reach sexual maturity at one year of age. Females produce only one litter a year. Due to differential reproductive strategy, males and females also have differences in growth rate and annual weight cycles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Townsend's Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial. It hibernates from late May (males) or June (females and young) until late January to February.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6DFFC8FA8BFE2DFA9F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend is decreasing. Less than 10 % of habitat in its native distribution remains in good condition and most individuals reside on privately owned land. Townsend's Ground Squirrel is poisoned or shot as a pest in many areas of its distribution. Remaining populations in this habitat are fragmented and isolated, making them more vulnerable to stochastic events. No estimates of population density exist and further research is needed to establish density levels locally and acrossits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	materials_examined	“ In the foothills of the Uinta Mountains, near Fort Bridger, [Uinta Co.], Wyo [ming], [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Idaho, SW Montana, W Wyoming, and SC Utah (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 223 - 5 mm (males) and 216 - 7 mm (females), tail mean 71 - 8 mm (males) and 69 - 2 mm (females); weight mean 394 - 9 g (males) and 347 - 3 g (females). The Uinta Ground Squirrel is small and has gray-totan dorsum, without visible spots or lines; venter is gray to buff. Tail is modest and brown to black, with pale frosting on edges and gray on its underside. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 34 and FN = 64. Karyotype consists of ten pairs of metacentric autosomes, six pairs of submetacentric autosomes, submetacentric X-chromosome, and acrocentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Large open meadows at high elevations near timberline. The Uinta Ground Squirrel can inhabit dry meadows and shrub-steppe communities and can be found in agricultural and rangelands. Food and Feeding. The Uinta Ground Squirrel is a generalist herbivore, with grasses comprising most of its diet, but seasonal variation is reported. Immediately following emergence, 90 % of the diet consists of grass leaves, but this food component later decreases when leaves of forbs and grass seeds are added. Sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) leaves, earthworms, and roots are also eaten. They will eat insects and scavenge animaltissue; infanticide and cannibalism have been occasionally reported. Breeding. The Uinta Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males exhibit territorial behavior soon after emergence and scent-mark by rubbing their cheeks on the ground. Female distribution, however, often causes males to shift territories. Breeding occurs within ¢. 30 days of emergence. Aggression between males — fighting, biting, and some vocalizations — is common during breeding season. Females are in estrus for less than one day, usually 2 - 3 days after emergence from burrows; mating occurs in burrows. Yearling males usually do not mate; yearling females can mate but may experience reproductive failure. The Uinta Ground Squirrel produces only one litter peryear, following a gestation of 23 - 26 days. Litter sizes are 4 - 6 young, usually less than initial numbers of embryos. Young are born in the beginning of May and typically emerge c. 22 dayslater. After mating, females become aggressive and intolerant until their young are weaned. Activity patterns. Uinta Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They often arouse from hibernation and emerge from burrows in April. Adult males emerge from burrowsfirst, followed adult females 1 - 3 weekslater and then yearlings appear. Immergence of adults can begin as early as late July, with juveniles entering hibernacula by the end of August. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Uinta Ground Squirrels live in loose colonies. Densities are high as 28 ind / ha. Vocalizations are involved in agonistic behavior, and alarm calls are used to warn of predators. Ground predators elicit a churr call; aerial predators cause distinctly different chirp call. Body mass is better than age to predictlitter size. Juvenile males disperse from colonies; females typically remain philopatric to their natal burrow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF90ED6EFAC9F393FDDAFE14.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Uinta Ground Squirrel is unknown. Locally considered to be a pest, it is sometimes removed by shooting, poisoning, or trapping. Sagebrush steppe habitat has been declining due to conversion to grazing and agricultural lands, alternative energy development, and human habitation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Bridger, ” Uinta Co., Wyoming, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. e. elegansKennicott, 1863 — SWyoming, SEIdaho, NEUtah, N & WColorado, andextremeWNebraska (USA). U. e. aureusDavis, 1939 — CIdahotoSWMontana (USA). U. e. nevadensis A. H. Howell, 1928 — SE Oregon, SW Idaho, and N Nevada (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 204 - 8 mm (males) and 206 - 7 mm (females), tail mean 72 - 7 mm (males) and 73 - 1 m (females); weight mean 329 - 9 g (males) and 284 - 3 g (females). The Wyoming Ground Squirrel is medium-sized, with mixed gray and buff dorsum and some indistinct mottling with gray more prominent on cheeks and sides. Venter is white, buff, or cinnamon. Upper side of tail tends to be grayer, suffused with brown and buff below. Subspecies are primarily distinguished by their three disjunct distributions.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Upland grasslands and sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) meadows, usually in montane regions. Wyoming Ground Squirrels can be found at lower elevations, particularly in rich well-drained soils and talus. They also occur in alpine meadows above timberline. They can feed heavily on agricultural crops and burrow into quality rangeland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel feeds heavily on grasses and forbs, consuming leaves, flowers, seeds, and roots. It eats insects, particularly grasshoppers, scavenges animaltissue, and exploits agricultural crops when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males usually emerge a week before females. Females enter estrus within five days of emergence, and estruslasts for less than twelve hours. Litters average 5 - 9 young, and young emerge from burrows 4 - 5 weeks after birth.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel is diurnal and is active in mid-morning and early evening, perhaps to avoid midday summer heat in arid habitats. Individuals spend c. 21 hours / day in burrows during non-hibernating season, probably to reduce heat load. Heavy adult males emerge first in early April, a week before females. Adults enter hibernacula first beginning in late July; juveniles remain active aboveground into September.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Wyoming Ground Squirrel lives in loose colonies and is relatively asocial, with individuals occupying their own burrow system in home ranges typically less than 0 - 5 ha. Social structure tends to consist primarily of adjacent related females and juveniles. Natal dispersal is male-biased and occurs immediately after weaning. Agonistic behavior is common during breeding and birthing. Vocalizations include two principal calls focused on alert and alarm: short and long high-pitched chirps.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6EFF6CF6A2F6D0F241.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Wyoming Ground Squirrel is stable, although information is limited. Habitat degradation and loss due to conversion to agricultural use are ongoing concerns. [tis shot and poisoned as an agricultural pest in some areas. Subspecies nevadensis has declined severely and is restricted to a single population in south-western Idaho and a few isolated populations in Nevada, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	materials_examined	“ Camp Floyd, near Fairfield, [Utah Co.], Utah, [USA]. ” Some authors consider U. townsendi nancyae to be more appropriately affiliated with U. mollis. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	discussion	Some authors consider U. townsendi nancyae to be more appropriately affiliated with U. mollis. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. m. mollisKennicott, 1863 — SEOregon, SIdaho, ECalifornia, Nevada, andUtah (USA). U. m. artemesiaeMerriam, 1913 — SnakeRiverPlainNofSankeRiverinCIdaho (USA). U. m. idahoensis Merriam, 1913 — NE of Snake River in WC Idaho (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 201 - 233 mm, tail 44 - 61 mm; weight 107 - 205 g (males) and 82 - 164 g (females). The Piute Ground Squirrel is small-sized, with uniform pale smoke gray dorsum, suffused with pinkish buff. Head, cheeks, hips, and hindlimbs are washed with rust. Underside is white to buff. Tail is short, with grizzled hairs on dorsal surface, washed with russet below. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 66. Subspecies idahoensisis the largest, with slightly dappled dorsum; mollis is intermediate; and artemesiae is the smallest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High desert sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae) steppes in well-drained soils, often near springs or irrigated fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Piute Ground Squirrel is a general list herbivore that eats shoots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of grasses, forbs, and shrubs; it eats agricultural crops where available. Most often, it forages on the ground but will climb shrubs for food. Insects and animal tissue are eaten opportunistically.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Piute Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Maternity burrows and hibernation burrows may contain multiple openings and nest chambers, and these burrows may penetrate 1 m belowground. Males emerge from hibernation 2 - 3 weeks before females in spring; breeding occurs from late January to March just after females emerge. Gestation is c. 24 days; single annual litters of 5 - 10 young are born. Males are reproductively mature after 1 - 2 years; females can breed as yearlings. During prolonged drought, reproduction will be foregone.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Piute Ground Squirrel is diurnal and emerges from hibernation in January-February; males initiate hibernation in May and females and young-of-theyear in July. Males typically emerge 14 - 21 days before females; young are often the last to enter hibernation. It can be a pest around cultivated crops and on some rangelands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Piute Ground Squirrel forms colonies, but adults live in separate burrows. Burrow systems can be extensive, with many short escape burrows. Mean home range is 0 - 14 ha. Alarm calls are short high-pitched squeaks, produced while upright and vigilant or immediately priorto retreat to a burrow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF93ED6FFA6EFA52FBFBF674.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Piute Ground Squirrel is stable, although information is limited. Lack of knowledge about ecology and life history is detrimental to effective conservation and management. Habitat degradation and loss due to conversion to agricultural use is a developing issue. Itis subject to local shooting and poisoning as an agricultural pest. It appears to tolerate modest levels of disturbance and habitat degradation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	materials_examined	“ New Meadows, Ad- ams County, Idaho, [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	discussion	Two highly genetically distinct subspecies might be two separate species. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. b. brunneusA. H. Howell, 1928 — Npartofthedistribution, inValleyandAdamscounties, Idaho (USA). U. b. endemicus Yensen, 1991 — S part of the distribution in Washington, Payette, and Gem counties in Idaho (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 183 - 4 mm (males) and 173 - 6 mm (females), tail 55 - 1 mm (males) and 54 - 7 mm (females); weight mean 118 - 9 g (males) and 116 - 8 g (females). The Idaho Ground Squirrel is small and recognized by its small head and body, short tail, distinct eye ring, and brownish dorsal pelage, with white spots. Nose, legs, and ventral surface oftail are yellow-pink to orange. Nominate brunneus is the more reddish, and dark subspecies and found at higher elevation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open meadows of mixed forbs and grasses. The Idaho Ground Squirrel extends into open park-like forests but quickly disappears from open conifer stands when fire suppression and timber harvest increases canopy cover and woody encroachment that result in tall dense exotic or barren herbaceous understory. Subspecies endemicus occurs at lower elevations than brunneus (less than 1000 m). Low burrow densities are associated with exotic and annual plant cover; high burrow densities are associated with native and perennial plant cover.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Idaho Ground Squirrel is a generalist herbivore, feeding primarily on grasses, forbs, leaves, flowers, roots, bulbs, and some seeds later in the season. Is known to seek and eat fungi and will consume insects and scavenge animal tissue.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Idaho Ground Squirrels inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born, but they also use shallow escape burrows or more substantial hibernacula. Males emerge c. 2 weeks before females and court, guard, and copulate within 1 - 2 days of female emergence. Mating usually occurs belowground. Guarding of females continues if density of receptive females is low; otherwise, males might seek other females over a breeding season that lasts 12 - 13 days. Duration and order of mating are important; last male to guard the female fathers more than 65 % of young. Copulatory plugs are produced perhapsto preserve this last male-mating advantage. Large males dominate small males. Single litters averaging 5 - 2 young emerge from late March to early April in subspecies endemicus or 5 - 6 weeks later in brunneus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Idaho Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They are active aboveground from late January to early August, usually less than c. 4 months for an individual. Males emerge slightly earlier than females and enter hibernacula a bit earlier in summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Distribution of the Idaho Ground Squirrel is fragmented, with northern subpopulations of brunneus at very low densities. In the late 1980 s, populations of brunneus declined dramatically to ten animals in one isolated population. Range-wide population declined from 40,000 individuals in 1984 to 4000 in 2000, with local extirpation of some populations. Individuals live in low-density colonies but appear to be relatively solitary within local aggregations. One simple shrill alarm call is used when threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFC9F753F6DEF290.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population of the Idaho Ground Squirrel is considered to have declined due to fire suppression, timber harvest, and invasions by non-native annual grasses that decrease meadow quality; habitat restoration and translocations have resulted in population increases in recent years. Subspecies brunneus is considered highly threatened, and in 2000, it was formally listed as threatened under the US Endangered Species Act.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	materials_examined	“ Antelope, Wasco County, Oregon, [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. U. c. canusMerriam, 1898 — EOregonStoextremeNECaliforniaandNWNevadainNWUSA. U. c. vigilis Merriam, 1913 — extreme E Oregon to WC Idaho (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 153 - 3 mm (males) and 160 - 2 mm (females), tail mean 38 - 4 mm (males) and 40 - 8 m (females); weight mean 154 g. Merriam’s Ground Squirrel is small-bodied and is generally dark gray, with no visible stripes or spots. Dorsum, face, cheeks, and hips are washed with buff atop whitish venter. Tail is gray, short, and relatively narrow, tinged with cinnamon on underside. Subspecies vigilis is slightly larger and more whitish than canus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Non-forested desert chaparral characteristic of the Upper Sonoran life zone of sagebrush (Artemisia, Asteraceae), juniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae), and greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Sarcobataceae). Merriam’s Ground Squirrel also occurs in relatively mesic riparian areas, irrigation ditches, pastures, agricultural fields, and disturbed open areas of agricultural development when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Merriam’s Ground Squirrelis a generalist herbivore and eats vegetation, fruits, roots, and seeds; it also eats and scavenges animal material (e. g. insects). Subspecies vigilis, in particular, can damage alfalfa fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Merriam’s Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge in the early March and are sexually active for at least a month. Length of gestation and lactation are unknown. Single litters of 5 - 10 young appear in late April or early May.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Merriam’s Ground Squirrelis diurnal, although adults are known to be crepuscular during heat of summer. Adults enter hibernation first beginning in mid-July-August, followed by young-of-the-year; adults emerge in early March.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Merriam’s Ground Squirrel can occur at high densities of ¢. 20 - 50 ind / ha before and after young are weaned.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED6FFFF7FE44FBB2FF49.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Merriam’s Ground Squirrel is unknown. It is controlled locally as a pest on agricultural land, and populations are fragmented by range degradation. Basic knowledge on population ecology is lacking and makes assessment difficult, but projections suggest little change in available habitat with predicted levels of climate change.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	materials_examined	“ near Canon City. ” Restricted by C. H. Merriam in 1905 to Arkansas River, c. 42 km below Canyon City, Fremont Co., Colorado, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	discussion	Thirteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. lateralisSay, 1823 — SWyoming, Utah, Colorado, NEArizonaandNNewMexico (USA). C. l. arizonensisBailey, 1913 — SanFranciscoPeaksinArizona (USA) SEalongMogollonRimtoWCNewMexico. C. l. bernardinusMerriam, 1898 — SanBernardinoMtsinCalifornia (USA). C. l. castanurusMerriam, 1890 — WasatchRangeinWWyoming, SWIdaho, andNCUtah (USA). C. l. certusGoldman, 1921 — SpringMtsinSNevada (USA). C. l. chrysodeirusMerriam, 1890 — S & EOregonStoCCalifornia (USA). C. l. cinerascensMerriam, 1890 — EIdaho, andSWMontanatoextremeNWWyoming (USA). C. l. connectensA. H. Howell, 1931 — SWWashingtonandNEOregon (USA). C. l. mitratusA. H. Howell, 1931 — SYollaBollyMt, NCalifornia (USA). C. l. tescorumHollister, 1911 — EBritishColumbiaandWAlberta (Canada). C. l. trepidusTaylor, 1910 — SEOregon, SIdaho, Nevada, andNWUtah, toEsideofSierraNevadainextremeECalifornia (USA). C. l. trinitatusMerriam, 1901 — extremeSWOregonStoTrinityMts, California (USA). C. l. wortmani]. A. Allen, 1895 — SW Wyoming S into NW Colorado (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 180 mm (males) and 176 - 5 mm (females), tail 87 - 2 mm (males) and 83 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 178 g (males) and 159 - 7 g (females). The Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrelis small and easily recognized by two white stripes and two black stripes paralleling spine on each side of body and golden brown mantle across back of head. Dorsum is brown, grading to pale yellow or white on sides. Stripes do not extend to face, and black stripes can be greatly reduced. Hands and feet are paler and can be whitish. Tail is brown to slate-gray, sometimes frosted with buff. Most subspecies are endemic to isolated mountains and are thus distinguished by locality. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 42 and FN = 78. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Most often montane and alpine meadows and rocky talus but also various habitats above elevations of 1220 m such as sagebrush steppe, chaparral, and open pinyon — juniper forests. Open forests of pine (Pinus contorta, P. flexilis, and P. ponderosa), spruce (Picea engelmannii), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), all Pinaceae, and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides, Salicaceae). It is an early colonist ofsites deforested by timber harvest or fire, and itis occasionally a nuisance in areas of agricultural crops and forest reseeding.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is more omnivorous than most ground squirrels. It will feed on a diversity of shrub and herb tissues such as leaves, flowers, and roots. From late summer to autumn, it is granivorous, feeding on seeds of conifers and oaks. It prefers diets high in polyunsaturated fats that assist with physiological functions during low temperatures while hibernating. It also eats fungi, insects, bird eggs and nestlings, lizards, and mammals and will scavenge road-killed animals. It will eat cereal crops and seeds used to vegetate habitat or restore forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born, but it also uses shallow escape burrows or more substantial hibernacula. Males typically emerge slightly before females in spring. Breeding can begin soon after emergence, although some females may not become receptive until a few weeks after emergence. Gestation lasts 26 - 33 days, after which a litter averaging five young is born; young weigh c ¢. 6 g at birth, are weaned after c. 35 days, and are the last to enter hibernation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is diurnal and active aboveground from late March to early November, although individuals are usually active for less than c. 4 months, depending on abiotic features of the environment and body condition. Length of hibernation varies with temperature, altitude, and snow depth, but it is usually ¢. 8 months / individual. Hibernation can be delayed by restricted caloric intake. It is able to survive at 0 - 5 ° C aided by a suite of physiological traits to control breathing, ventilation, respiratory diffusion, muscle enzyme profiles, and diet modifications to ingest appropriate lipids that permit continued functioning at low temperatures.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel excavates modest burrows near structures such as rocks or logs to escape potential predators, nest, and larderhoard overwinter food sources. It can be found in various social settings but is most often in modest densities with home ranges less than 0 - 4 ha; it is solitary but can aggregate in high-quality habitats. Vocalizations are uncommon except for high-pitched alarm calls and rapid tail flagging when stressed by sound, scent, or presence of a predator.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF92ED50FAF6F96BFB8FF1FB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Common Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is stable. Distribution is reasonably wide and much ofit is protected by federal or state ownership.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	materials_examined	“ Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico (7,000 feet [2134 m] altitude). ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Sierra Madre Occidental in extreme W Sonora, SW Chihuahua, and NW Durango (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 169 mm (males) and 168 mm (females), tail mean 64 mm (males) and 65 mm (females); weight mean 151 g (males) and 152 g (females). The Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel is small and is easily recognized by two long white stripes and two faint black stripes paralleling spine on each side of body and tan-to-brown mantle across back of head. Dorsum is tan, grading to pale yellow or buff on sides. Stripes do not extend to face. Hands and feet are paler and can be whitish. Tail is short and brown, sometimes frosted with buff.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Conifer forests of the Sierra Madre Occidental Biotic Province above pinyon pine (Pinus spp.) belt, typically at elevations of 3000 - 3750 m. The Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel is associated exclusively with coniferforests offir (Pseudotsuga), pine; juniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae); and sometimes quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides, Salicaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel feeds on shrub and herb tissues including leaves, flowers, roots, and seeds. In late summer to autumn, it is granivorous, feeding on seeds of conifers and oaks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows. Two to five embryos have been reported in museum specimens; lactation occurs in July.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Sierra Madre Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They are active aboveground in late spring and summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and is found at low densities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FA66FC52F791FD55.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Sierra Madre Ground Squirrel is unknown. It is considered to be declining and threatened by habitat loss due to deforestation. Lack of knowledge about basic ecology and natural history is an impediment to conservation and management.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	materials_examined	Lake Keechelus, Kittitas County, Washington.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cascade Range of SW British Columbia (Canada) and W Washington (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 287 - 315 mm (males) and 286 - 312 mm (females), tail 100 - 118 mm (males) and 92 - 116 mm (females); weight 200 - 350 g. Dorsal pelage of the Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is grizzled gray-brown to charcoal, suffused with buff to ocher. Pair of white torso-lateral stripes extend from shoulders to hips; black stripe occurs below and above each white stripe. Top and sides of head and shoulders have a variable and sometimes indistinct russet mantle. Eye ring is pinkish buff, chin is often white to buff, and cheeks are straw yellow to russet. It can be distinguished from a chipmunk (7 amias) by absence of facial stripes. Ventral fur and feet are buff to straw yellow. Tail is dark, grizzled dorsally, and buff to straw yellow to ocherous ventrally.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Talus, montane meadows, forest clearings, sagebrush steppes, krummholz (stunted windblown trees), open pine forests, and closed subalpine and alpine forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrelis rich in fungi, especially in autumn, and shoots, leaves, fruits, and seeds of various grasses, forbs, shrubs, and trees. It also eats insects and scavenges carrion when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel occurs soon after emergence from hibernation and lasts c. 2 weeks. Females produce only one litter per year, and yearling females are able to breed. Yearling males usually do not breed and frequently delay breeding until their third year. Gestation is ¢. 28 days, and litters are born in burrows and have 1 - 5 young (average four), weighing 5 - 2 - 6 - 5 g (average 6 g). Young emerge from natal burrows at ¢. 36 days from July to early August and are weaned at c. 7 weeks old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial but occasionally climbs into bushes and conifers for food or cover. They hibernate in burrows for 8 - 9 months, with adults emerging as early as April or May, followed by yearlings 1 - 2 weeks later. Adults and yearlings immerge to hibernate in mid-August to late September, but juveniles remain aboveground up to November or early December.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Natal dispersal of the Cascade Goldenmantled Ground Squirrel is not sex-biased. Juvenile males disperse an average of 182 m from their natal areas, and females disperse an average of 158 m. Adults and yearlings live alone. Burrows are used for escape, nesting, and hibernation. Burrow entrances typically are placed near objects such as rocks, boulders, shrubs, or trees; multiple tunnels descend to a plant-lined nest chamber. Alarm call is a multinote trill, with high note followed by rapid series of lower notes; it has components in the ultrasonic range.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED50FF65F8DCF95FF440.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. In 1992, the Cascade Golden-mantled Ground Squirrel is listed on the Blue List of vulnerable species in British Columbia that contains animals that are at risk of disturbance but not extinction. Current population trend is stable, and there are no major threats. Its distribution includes some protected areas. It reaches highest densities in public parks where refuse is available as food, and it tolerates disturbance by humans.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	materials_examined	near the source of the Mississippi River. Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1895 to central Minnesota, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	discussion	Ten subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. 1. t. tridecemlineatus Mitchill, 1821 — SC Canada and C USA. I. t. alleniMerriam, 1898 — WCWyoming (USA). I. t. arenicolaA. H. Howell, 1928 — EColorado, WKansas, WOklahoma, NENewMexico, andNWTexas (USA). I. t. blancaArmstrong, 1971 — SCColorado (USA). I. t. hollister: Bailey, 1913 — C New Mexico (USA). I. t. monticolaA. H. Howell, 1928 — ECArizonaandWCNewMexico (USA). Lt. olivaceusJ. A. Allen, 1895 — NEWyomingandWCSouthDakota (USA). ILt. pallidusJ. A. Allen, 1874 — NGreatPlains (USA). Lt. parvus]. A. Allen, 1895 — SCWyoming, NEUtah, andNWColorado (USA). I. t. texensis Merriam, 1898 — SE Kansas, SW Missouri, Oklahoma, and C Texas (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 170 - 310 mm, tail 60 - 132 mm; weight 110 - 270 g. Dorsal pelage of the Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel is very characteristic, with alternating light and dark longitudinal stripes. Five cinnamon to sepia to black dark stripes are usually evident, with series of white to buff spots or squares along middle of each stripe. Alternating with these dark stripes are six light cream to buff stripes that are sometimes broken into spots. Additional lines or spots can occur lower on the sides. Chin, cheeks, eye rings, and sides of nose are buff to cinnamon-buff. Ventral pelage ranges from buff to cinnamon-buff to pinkish buff, and tail is fuscous black on dorsal surface, suffused with brown and frosted with buff; on ventral side, tail is fuscous black throughout, with russet brown at base and cinnamon buff near tip. Subspecies alleni and blanca are small and pale. Subspecies arenicola is also small and pale, with light brownish dark stripes. Subspecies hollisteri has reddish tinge to dark stripes and strong buff tinge to light stripes. Subspecies monticola has reddish tinge to dorsum and underside oftail. Subspecies olivaceus is much darker on dorsum, with light stripes and pale yellowish olivaceous spots. Subspecies pallidus is another small and pale form. Subspecies parvus has two of the medial light dorsalstripes broken into spots. Subspecies texensis is smallish, with pale back and underside of tail, and reddish tinge. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 34 and FN = 64. Sex chromosomes consist of submetacentric X-chromosome and acrocentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry and sandy soils of open and very short grasslands, meadows, and shrublands. The Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel is very adaptable and also occurs in road verges, cultivated fields, airfields, golf courses, and suburban lawns.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Dietis variable and more omnivorous than many other ground squirrel species. It consists of shoots, leaves, flowers, seeds, and fruits of grasses, forbs, and trees. Insects are also commonly eaten and sometimes even small vertebrates. Seed storage in the burrow for winter is common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel occurs soon after females emerge from hibernation. Males defend breeding territories but also wander far beyond defended areas to find females. Male-male aggression is low because males queue while waiting to mate with female. Copulation most frequently occurs aboveground, and females mate with multiple males. Pregnancy lasts 27 - 28 days, and litters of 1 - 14 young (average eight), weighing c. 3 - 2 g. each, are born in burrows. Juveniles emerge when they are c. 5 weeks old and are weaned at 6 - 7 weeks old. Juveniles disperse from natal areas and reach adult size in c. 11 weeks. Females reach sexual maturity at one year of age, and males at ¢. 8 months. Only a single litter is produced per year, except some southern populations may breed a second time.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial and hibernates for 5 - 8 months. Emergence from burrows begins in mid-March, with adult males emerging through April or sometimes May, and adult females emerging in May. Hibernation begins in late July, with adult males immerging first andjuveniles immerging later in about October, after accumulating considerable fat stores that enable them to reach sexual maturity by their first spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although not very social, Thirteenlined Ground Squirrels tend to aggregate in areas of high-quality habitat. In some populations, territories are defended, while in others, there is a considerable home range overlap. Male home ranges (5 ha) are larger than those of females (0 - 5 - 0 - 8 ha), and individuals rub cheek glands on objects to scent-mark. It builds two types of burrows: simple, short and inconspicuous escape burrows used as a temporary shelter against possible threats and deep and complex nesting burrows that can be 8 m long and 0 - 5 m deep, with grass-lined nest chamber. Burrow entrance is plugged each night. Alarm call is described as soft whistled trill, usually given close to burrow entrance in response to terrestrial predators, but not aerial ones, and mainly by females with young, suggesting a main function warning to their progeny.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFADED51FA6CF4A1FEF0FB62.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies monticola is of special concern in Arizona (USA). Current population trend of the Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrel is stable, and there are no major threats. It is common in manicured grass landscapes throughout much of its distribution and usually tolerated by humans due to low densities, small burrow structures, and intriguing appearance. Although not hunted, it is occasionally removed from some areas by trapping or poisoning. Status does not warrant conservation concern, and distribution includes several protected areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Clark, Kinney County, Texas. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	discussion	Ictidomys parvidens was recently elevated to a distinct species, different from its sister taxon, I. mexicanus. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW New Mexico and W Texas (USA), E Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas, and an isolated population in Mapimi NE Durango (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 243 - 325 mm (males) and 216 - 303 mm (females), tail 80 - 130 mm (males) and 80 - 124 mm (females); weight 100 - 210 g (males) and 90 - 152 g (females). The Rio Grande Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has intricately patterned, olivaceous gray to sepia dorsal pelage, with nine rows of white-to-buff spots extending from head to haunches. Eye rings are white to cream and prominent contrasts to yellowish to cinnamon face and chin. Sides and venter are buff, sometimes suffused with yellow. Tail is grizzled slate-gray, frosted with light color of venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grassy habitats and grassy shrublandsin arid regions. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrel can live in human-maintained grassy habitats, such as cemeteries, maintained lawns, mowed parks, and golf courses that promote short grass.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding mostly on grass and forb leaves, stems, shoots, tubers, and seeds; cacti flesh and fruits are also consumed. It will eat significant numbers of insects and scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrellives in burrows that are relatively simple; however, maternity burrows are often more convoluted. Males emerge from hibernation first in March, and females emerge 2 — 4 weeks later. Mating season can be lengthy extending for 20 - 71 days in March-April. After gestation of 28 - 30 days, litters of 2 - 10 young are born. Juveniles emerge 30 - 54 days later in late spring or summer and are weaned by August when they disperse from natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrelis diurnal and hibernates for c. 7 months in relatively simple burrow systems beginning as early late July. Adult males immerge by August, females by September, and young-of-the-year may stay aboveground until October. Where winters are mild, it may stay active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrel can live at very low densities and appears to be solitary although tolerant of home range overlap and colonial in good habitat. Loosely structured colonies can occur in high-quality habitat. Aggressive chases are common. Home ranges are less than 90 m in diameter. Alarm calls are short high-pitched trills that elicit vigilance from nearby individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED51FFCCF333F94FFF1C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet been assessed on The [UCN Red List. The Rio Grande Ground Squirrelis likely a species of least concern with a stable population. Major conservation challenge is degradation of rangelands and fragmentation of habitats. It is locally common and can be viewed as a pest that is hunted, trapped, and poisoned and burrows are ploughed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	materials_examined	“ in nova Hispania? ” Restricted by E. A. Mearns in 1896 to “ Toluca, [Mexico,] Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the Central Plateau of Mexico from E Jalisco to WC Veracruz.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 322 - 380 mm, tail 124 - 166 mm; weight 217 - 398 g. The Mexican Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has ornate, olivaceous gray to sepia dorsal pelage, with nine rows of white-to-buff spots extending from head to haunches. Eye rings are white to cream and prominent contrasts to yellowish to cinnamon face and chin. Sides and venter are buff, sometimes suffused with yellow. Tail is grizzled slate-gray, frosted with light color of venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grassy pastures and meadows, grassy shrublands and savannas, and arid regions. The Mexican Ground Squirrel appears capable of persisting in many humanmodified environments that promote short grass and open arid habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mexican Ground Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding mostly on grass and forb leaves, stems, shoots, tubers, and especially seeds; cacti flesh and fruits are also eaten. It eats significant numbers of insects, especially in spring, and scavenges animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Mexican Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows, and maternity burrows are often more convoluted and contain nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after female emergence. Litters average four young (range 2 - 6), and young emerge from burrows in early summer. Females nurse throughout summer, and scrotal males remain in the population until mid-July.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mexican Ground Squirrelis diurnal and hibernates for c. 6 months in relatively simple burrow systems. It is active aboveground beginning in spring, usually late March for males and 2 - 4 weekslater for females. Immergence begins in September for males and October for females. Young remain aboveground for extended periods and may not hibernate until November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mexican Ground Squirrel can live at very low densities and appears to be solitary and effectively asocial. Loosely structured colonies can occur in high-quality habitat, but aggressive chases are common. High-pitched, shrill whistles are given when predators are detected or when surprised.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFACED52FAF6F7BDFAA6F410.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Mexican Ground Squirrel is stable. Major conservation challenges may be degradation of rangelands and fragmentation of habitats. It is locally common and can be viewed as a pest; it is hunted, trapped, and poisoned and burrows are ploughed. It is able to persist in human-modified landscapes in pastures, roadsides, mowed parks, and lawns.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	materials_examined	type locality given. Restricted by E. A. Preble in 1908 to Carlton House, Saskatchewan, Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Great Plains in SC Canada and NC USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 232 - 4 mm (males) and 237 - 9 mm (females), tail mean 127 - 7 mm (males) and 128 - 1 mm (females); weight mean 461 - 2 g (males) and 424 - 9 g (females). Franklin's Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has grizzled gray dorsal pelage, with wash of yellow on haunches extending to sides and venter. Shoulders have suffusion of rust or reddish. Eye ring is buff to yellowish. Venter is buffto yellow. Tail is long, cylindrical, and bushy, with dark grizzled appearance and rust core and black lines along periphery and frosting of white. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 42 and FN = 66.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Thick dense grasslands in the midto tall-grass prairies of the eastern Great Plains of North America.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Franklin's Ground Squirrel is more omnivorous than most ground squirrels, feeding heavily on plant material but also known to focus heavily on seasonally available animal matter such as insects, bird eggs (especially those of ducks and geese) and nestlings, and frogs. In spring, shoots, roots, and greening grasses are the focus of the diet, transitioning to flowers, fruits, and seeds before summer. It is notorious in waterfowl breeding areas for eating eggs and sometimes nestlings. It might store some food in underground chambers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Franklin's Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows, and maternity burrows are often more convoluted and contain a nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after female emergence. Litters average four young (range 2 - 6) and emerge in early summer. Females nurse throughout summer, and scrotal males remain in the population until mid-July.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Franklin's Ground Squirrel is diurnal and most active in midday; it reduces and spreads activity over the day when heatis excessive. Burrows often have multiple openings and are convoluted and complex, with chambers for food storage, defecation, and nesting. Adults begin to hibernate as early as July, and young remain aboveground until as late as October. Males emerge 1 - 2 weeks before females and establish rigid dominance hierarchies. Mating can occur aboveground but often takes place in burrows, with a male and female sometimes nesting together for a night.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Franklin's Ground Squirrel can live at very low densities (1 - 2 - 2 - 5 ind / ha) and is solitary and intolerant of conspecifics — among the least social of all ground squirrels. Annual home ranges average 24 - 6 ha for males and 8 - 7 ha for females. Translocated individuals demonstrate strong homing instinct, up to 1550 m. Gestation is 28 days. Litters average 7 - 9 young up to perhaps 9 - 4 young. Juvenile Franklin's Ground Squirrels disperse at 9 - 11 weeks of age. While dispersing, males and females can travel more than 1 km (up to 3 - 6 km for one male) across open fields, but they typically avoid crossing major roadways; males usually disperse farther than females. Communication by scent marking seems to be important among Franklins Ground Squirrels; they scent-mark with glands on torsos and cheeks; juveniles recognize kin. High-pitched whistles are occasionally given when alarmed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED52FF64FBD6F862F53A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Franklin’s Ground Squirrel is decreasing. It is of conservation concern in six of 14 USA and Canadian states and provinces; it is considered imperiled in Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ontario, and Wisconsin and rare in Iowa; healthier populations exist in south-central Canadian provinces. Major conservation challenges may be degradation of grasslands and fragmentation of habitats due to conversion of forests and grasslands to agriculture and human settlement. Low densities generally do not pose a problem to agriculture, yet it is still removed orkilled. As a known predator of duck and goose eggs, it has been removed from nesting areas. It does not generally thrive in human-modified, short-grass landscapes (e. g. pastures, roadsides, mowed parks, and lawns). It appears to avoid crossing large gaps of crops and perceives these as risky environments. Attempts to reintroduce Franklin's Ground Squirrels have not met with noteworthy success.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	materials_examined	“ neighborhood of San Francisco and Monterey, in California. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies douglasii has been proposed as a unique species (0. douglasii) based on molecular genetic studies. Eight subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. O. b. beechey: Richardson, 1829 — WCCalifornia (USA). O. b. douglasiiRichardson, 1829 — WashingtonandStoSanFranciscoBayinCalifornia (USA). O. b. fisheriMerriam, 1893 — CaliforniaSfromSanJoaquinValleyandEtothePanamintRange (USA) andStoneartheMexicanborder. O. b. nesioticusElliot, 1904 — SantaCatalinaIandSantaBarbaraI, California (USA). O. b. nudipesHuey, 1931 — N & CBajaCalifornia (Mexico). O. b. parvulusA. H. Howell, 1931 — ArgusRange, California (USA). O. b. rupinarumHuey, 1931 — vicinityofCatavina, BajaCalifornia (Mexico). O. b. sierrae A. H. Howell, 1938 — Lake Tahoe between EC California and WC Nevada (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 273 - 2 mm (males) and 254 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 181 - 7 mm (males) and 171 mm (females); weight mean 621 - 3 g (males) and 508 - 5 g (females). The California Ground Squirrel is medium to large in size, with grayish brown dorsum speckled with white spots, often with whitish collar on neck, shoulders, and sides. Venteris whitish, suffused with yellow to brown. Ears are prominent, and tail is bushy relative to most ground squirrels — so it is sometimes mistaken for tree squirrels. Eye rings are white and conspicuous. Males are larger than females; latitudinal gradient occurs in body size, with subspecies smaller in the south. Subspecies douglasii has shoulder patch of dark brown to black. Subspecies fisheri is pale, with more silver-gray on sides of neck and shoulders. Subspecies nesioticus is darker, with black top of head and ears. Subspecies nudipes has silvery white mantle. Subspecies rupinarum has gray dorsum, with many light spots and pale white venter. Subspecies sierra is less buffy, with gray sides of head and white venter. Subspecies parvulus is pale and diminutive. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 72.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [. ow-elevation grasslands and chaparral to meadows and open forest woodlands from sea level to more than 3000 m. The California Ground Squirrel can thrive in human-disturbed habitats such as roadsides, parks, modest-density human housing, successional forests, and agricultural lands of nearly all types. Following forestfires, densities of California Ground Squirrels increase in an apparent positive response to ground cover reduction.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The California Ground Squirrel is an herbivore that feeds on grasses, legumes, and forbs including their leaves, stems, flowers, and tubers; it frequently includes seeds and nuts of trees (especially Quercus, Fagaceae) during autumn preparation for hibernation. Seeds are a preferred food source, but their highly seasonal availability and low water content make them less efficient selections at times. It also occasionally eats mosses, lichens, and insects and scavenges animal matter. It is known to feed on agricultural crops, particularly cereal crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The California Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a nest chamber in which young are born. Males typically emerge before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after female emergence. Males and females appear capable of mating multiple times during a breeding season in a promiscuous mating system. Gestation lasts 25 - 30 days, and litters have 3 - 11 young, varying with elevation and latitude. Infanticide is common in the California Ground Squirrel and, where systematically studied, appears to be performed almost exclusively by neighboring mothers, who frequently cannibalize victims. Young disperse from natal areas and are able to reproduce in their first year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The California Ground Squirrel is diurnal and hibernates for c. 6 months, depending on elevation, in relatively simple burrow systems. It is active aboveground beginning in spring, usually late March for males and 2 - 4 weeks later for females. Immergence begins in September for males and October for females; young remain aboveground sometimes until November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The California Ground Squirrel lives in loosely structured colonies and is abundant throughout their distribution. Densities are 8 - 92 ind / ha. Individuals do not appearto be territorial, and home ranges overlap considerably. Females (means 616 - 902 m ®) typically maintain larger home ranges than males (means 270 - 375 m?), and home ranges do not change appreciably in size during and after the breeding season. California Ground Squirrels have evolved a fascinating suite of behavioral and physiological adaptations to defend against snakes, including venomous rattlesnakes. These behaviors are noted early in life and continue to be developed such that young individuals completely avoid snakes and adults actively seek, harass, and warn of snakes. They create distraction displays by tail flicking and increase amount of blood flow to the tail only for rattlesnakes, which hunt primarily by infrared thermal detection. Individuals are able to assess predation risk by tone and pace of rattling and deliberately provoke snakes to garner information. They induce rattling by kicking sand to assess specific risk factors such as probability of a strike, body temperature, and body size of a snake — all of which are correlated with rates of rattling. They also possess physiological ability to detoxify venom with specific blood proteins that greatly reduce risk of interaction. Alarm calls are high-pitched and vary based upon differences in levels of predation risk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAFED53FA63FCC4FD21F2AC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the California Ground Squirrelis stable. Major conservation challenges might be degradation of grasslands and fragmentation of habitats due to residential development and agricultural crops. It is often considered a significant agricultural pest, and it is hunted, trapped, and poisoned, or burrows are ploughed. It is able to persist in human-modified landscapes such as pastures, roadsides, mowed parks, and lawns. Populations appear to be healthy throughoutthe distribution, but southern and more isolated populations are not well studied.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Comondu, Lower California, ” Baja California Sur, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C & S Baja California Peninsula (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 237.8 mm (males) and 231 - 2 mm (females), tail mean 192 - 6 mm (males) and 171 mm (females); weight mean 505 g (males) and 350 g (females). The Baja California Rock Squirrel is medium to large in size and easily recognized by dark triangular patch on back of head, neck, shoulders, and anterior of back. Hairs on haunches and tail are dark at bases and frosted with buff. Legs, feet, and venter are white to cream. Whitish eye rings are usually conspicuous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Volcanic mountains with desert shrub vegetation of cacti and shrubs (Prosopis and Lysiloma, both Fabaceae; Bursera, Burseraceae; and Jatropha, Euphoriaceae) from sea level to elevations of ¢. 600 m. The Baja California Rock Squirrel is often found near oases with palm trees and can inhabit agriculturalfields, especially corn, where it is considered a pest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Baja California Rock Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on grass and forb leaves, shoots, and especially seeds; cacti flesh and fruits are also eaten. It feeds on palm dates, squash, datil peppers (Capsicum, Solanaceae), and corn when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Baja California Rock Squirrel probably occurs in spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Baja California Rock Squirrels are diurnal. They do not hibernate and can be seen aboveground throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Baja California Rock Squirrel can live in very low densities and appears to be solitary. Loosely structured colonies can occur near oases, but only aggression or tolerance, and not amicable behaviors, have been noted.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FAC8F963F940FA9B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Baja California Rock Squirrel is declining. Distribution is very restricted, and it is scarce at most localities. Knowledge of basic ecology is limited, which impedes effective conservation and management. Degradation of rangelands and fragmentation of habitats might be major conservation challenges. Where considered to be a pest, it has been hunted, trapped, or poisoned resulting in extirpation in some locations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mexico. ” Restricted by E. W. Nelson in 1898 to Valley of Mexico, near City of Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	discussion	Eight subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. O. v. variegatusErxleben, 1777 — CNayarit, SZacatecas, andNSanLuisPotositoMichoacan, Puebla, andNOaxaca (Mexico). O. v. buckley: Slack, 1861 — CTexastoRioGrande (USA). O. v. couchiiBaird, 1855 — EChihuahua, Coahuila, andWNuevoLeon, StoNZacatecas, NSanLuisPotosi, andWTamaulipas (Mexico). O. v. grammurusSay, 1823 — SWUtah, Colorado, SECalifornia, Arizona, NewMexico, andWTexas (USA), extendingStomostofSonoraandCChihuahua (Mexico. O. v. robustusDurrant & Hansen, 1954 — ECNevada (USA). O. v. rupestrisJ. A. Allen, 1903 — ESonoraandSChihuahuatoCNayaritandCZacatecas (Mexico). O. v. tularosaeBenson, 1932 — SCNewMexico (USA). O. v. utah Merriam, 1903 — Utah to S Nevada and NW Arizona (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 430 - 540 mm, tail 174 - 263 mm; weight 470 - 875 g (males) and 450 - 796 g (females). The Common Rock Squirrel has highly variable pelage. Dorsal pelage ranges from grayish mixed with cinnamon buff to light brown to bone brown to dark blackish brown. Sometimes head, shoulders, or nearly entire dorsum can be black. Head fur ranges from pinkish buff to cinnamon-buff to seal-brown to fuscous black. Eyes are encircled by prominent white to buff to tawny rings, and ventral pelage ranges from grayish white to cinnamon-buff. Tail is large and very bushy, similar to tail of tree squirrels, colored with mix of black or brown and buffy white. Nominate variegatus has blackish head, gray dorsum, and grizzled black and white tail. Subspecies buckleyi is small and has dark dorsal pelage. Subspecies couchii is small, with pale pelage dominated by brown, including dark brown cap on head and shoulders. Subspecies grammurus is also small and pale, without dark color on head. Subspecies robustus is larger, with brownish black head, white in upper dorsum, and cinnamon buffin lower dorsum; eye rings are creamy white. Subspecies rupestris is pale, with dorsum dominated by brown or buff, dark brown head, and buff under parts. Subspecies tularosae lacks black in head and dorsum and has tawny posterior dorsum. Subspecies utah is diminutive, with dark dorsum due to an increased infusion of tawny. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 72. Karyotype consists of eleven pairs of metacentric chromosomes, seven pairs of submetacentric autosomes, metacentric X-chromosome, and acrocentric Y-chromosome.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semiarid regions with rocky canyons, cliffs, and hillsides. Common Rock Squirrels are very adaptable and also occur in urban areas, such gardens, parks, and campgrounds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Common Rock Squirrel consists mostly of buds, flowers, fruits, nuts, cacti, tree seeds (acorns and juniper berries), and cultivated crops (grapes and corn / maize). It also consumes animal matter, such insects, earthworms, and small vertebrates. It is a good climber and often forages in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Common Rock Squirrels emerge from hibernation 2 - 3 weeks before females, and unlike many other ground squirrel species, they are not yet ready to breed. Females are also not ready to breed when they emerge. Breeding season is long compared with other ground squirrels, lasting up to two months (March — July). Gestation is ¢. 30 days. Litters are 3 - 8 young (average 4 - 8), are born in, and weight an average of 7 - 8 g. Young emerge from burrows at c ¢. 8 weeks old and are weaned after 2 — 4 more weeks. It is believed that females may have a secondlitter in mild climates, but there is little evidence. Lactating females are found in May — October. Juveniles usually grow slowly, reaching adult weight in their second year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Common Rock Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial and hibernates in burrows for 1 - 6 months / year. In mild weather regions, it can be active throughout winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Common Rock Squirrel is usually colonial, with several females in a colony, overlapping home ranges, and welldefined dominance system. Overlapping home ranges of females (3 - 8 - 4 - 5 ha) are smaller than those of males (7 - 9 ha). Although there is high spatial and temporal overlap among individuals, interactions are rare. Scent marking is a significant means of communication. All juvenile males and some females disperse from natal areas. Burrow entrance is nearly always among rocks, boulders, or trees that provide safety, although some individuals have been reported to use arboreal nests. Burrows are up to 6 m long and moderately complex, with few openings and a nest chamber more than 1 m belowground. Within a colony, there is one dominant male and a number of subordinate males. Alarm calls consist primarily of long and short whistles that are difficult to locate. When a snake is spotted, Common Rock Squirrels quickly approach it, kick soil on it, and flag their tails from side to side. Some populations of Common Rock Squirrels are resistant to rattlesnake poison.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAEED53FFCDFA0DF696F154.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Common Rock Squirrel is stable, and there are no major threats. There are several protected areas in its distribution. It is not hunted, but it is shot and poisoned where considered a pest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	materials_examined	“ that part of California which adjoins to Mexico. ” Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1938 to Durango City, Durango, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	discussion	Thirteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. X. s. spilosomaBennett, 1833 — DurangotoJaliscoandWGuanajuato (Mexico). X. s. altiplanensisS. Anderson, 1972 — HighplainsofWCChihuahua (Mexico). X. s. ammophilusHoffmeister, 1959 — ExtremeNChihuahua, inthesanddunesSofCiudadJuarez (Mexico). X. s. annectensMerriam, 1893 — STexasandtheRioGrandeValley (USA). X. s. bavicorensisS. Anderson, 1972 — BasinoftheLagunadeBabicorainWCChihuahua (Mexico). X. s. cabreraiDalquest, 1951 — SanLuisPotosiandvicinity, inCMexico. X. s. canescensMerriam, 1890 — SEArizona, andSCNewMexicothroughTexas (USA), intoNSonoraandCoahuila (Mexico). X. s. eryptospilotusMerriam, 1890 — FourCornersareaofSEUtah, SWColorado, NEArizona, andNWNewMexico (USA). X. s. marginatusBailey, 1902 — EColorado, WKansas, NewMexico, WTexas, andtheOklahomaPanhandle (USA). X. s. obsoletusKennicott, 1863 — extremeSSouthDakota, SEWyoming, WNebraska, NEColorado, andNWKansas (USA). X. s. oricolusAlvarez, 1962 — coastalTamaulipas, inNEMexico. X. s. pallescensA. H. Howell, 1928 — CentralHighlandsfromSEChihuahuatoNZacatecas, inCMexico. X. s. pratensis Merriam, 1890 — N Arizona (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 185 - 253 mm, tail 55 - 92 mm; weight 100 - 200 g. Dorsal pelage of the Spotted Ground Squirrel varies from gray, brown, and cinnamon to reddish, with scattered small white-to-buff spots of variable intensity. Ventral pelage varies from whitish, buff, and cinnamon or pinkish buff. Tail is similar in color to dorsum but with fuscous black toward tip and cinnamon core on underside. Subspecies altiplanensis has dark and yellowish dorsum. Subspecies ammophilus is extremely pale. Subspecies annectens exhibits no distinctive color but has slightly longer skull that is narrower at base and broader at interorbital region. Subspecies bavicorensis is large and has an unusually blackish pelage. Subspecies cabrerai is large, with darker dorsum. Subspecies canescens has reddish hue, with spots that are larger and more numerous on posterior dorsum; apex of tail is dark. Subspecies cryptospilotus is pale and reddish, with distinct small spotting on dorsum. Subspecies marginatus has reduced number of dorsal spots; dorsum is pale and gray, tinged with red. Subspecies obsoletus is drab and has less distinct and sometimes obsolete spots on dorsum. Subspecies oricolus is distinctly spotted, with near cinnamon-buff on hindfeet. Subspecies pallescens is darker on posterior dorsum, with finer spots. Subspecies pratensis is smallish and short-tailed, with darker dorsum and tip of tail. Chromosome numberis 2 n = 32.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deep sandy soils with sparse vegetation, such desert grasslands, desert scrub, heavily grazed pastures, sand dunes, and coastal plains. The Spotted Ground Squirrel also occurs in grassy urban parks, cemeteries, and schoolyards.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists of leaves, shoots, flowers, and seeds of grasses, forbs, small shrubs, and cacti. Insects and small vertebrates are consumed when available. Overwinter food caches are not common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Spotted Ground Squirrel occurs when females appear from hibernation. After gestation of 28 days, females give birth in burrows to litters of 3 - 8 young. Young emerge at 3 - 4 weeks of age and are weaned c. 3 weeks later. Adults are aggressive during the breeding season, but after it ends, they become more tolerant with conspecifics. Young reach sexual maturity at one year of age, and adult females appear to be able to produce two litters per year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Spotted Ground Squirrel is diurnal, spending most ofits active time aboveground foraging and feeding. Hibernation lasts 7 - 8 months, but individuals can stay active or have only short bouts of torpor during mild winters. Adult males usually immerge in July-August, followed closely by adult females, but juveniles often remain active until late September. Yearlings are the first to emerge, followed by older adult males, and then after 2 - 3 weeks, adult females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home range sizes are relatively large for males (1 - 4 - 9 ha) and females (0 - 5 - 1 - 5 ha). Burrow densities and populations are typically low, probably consequences of resource availabilities and low levels of sociality. Burrows seem to be relatively simple, c. 1 m deep.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FFC4FE5AF6D5F534.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Spotted Ground Squirrel is stable with no major threats. It is highly tolerant of habitat modification and appears to be at home in areas with deep sandy soils, sparse desert, or short grass vegetation and in heavily grazed habitats and grassy urban parks. Seldom hunted or trapped, but when a pest, it is shot or poisoned.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Yuma, ” Imperial County, California, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. X. t. tereticaudusBaird, 1858 — SNevadaandSECalifornia (USA), andNEBajaCalifornia (Mexico). X. t. apricusHuey, 1927 — ValledelaTrinidad, NBajaCalifornia (Mexico). X. t. chlorusElliot, 1904 — CoachellaValley, SCalifornia (USA). X. t. neglectus Merriam, 1889 — S & W Arizona (USA), and NW and coastal Sonora to extreme NW Sinaloa (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 204 - 278 mm, tail 60 - 112 mm; weight 110 - 170 g. Dorsal pelage of the Round-tailed Ground Squirrel is pale gray to pinkish buff to tawny, and sides, feet, and venter are white to pale buff. Cheeks are white to pale clay. Tail is short and round, similar in color to dorsum on upper surface but drab to buff to cinnamon on ventral side, with black tip. Subspecies apricus is slightly darker and browner. Subspecies chlorus has drabber and less pink dorsum. Subspecies neglectus is darker and has shorter tail. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 36 and FN = 58.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Sandy low flat deserts, commonly in communities dominated by mesquite (Prosopis, Fagaceae) and creosote bush (Larrea, Zygophyllaceae). It also occurs in urban areas, cemeteries, and parks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet consists of buds, flowers, leaves, fruits, and seeds of several species of forbs, shrubs, trees, and cacti. It forages on the ground and in the canopy of trees, sometimes storing food items in modest cheek pouches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Reproduction of the Round-tailed Ground Squirrel is well timed to capitalize on short period of winter rains that occur in the Mohave and Sonoran deserts. Males emerge from hibernation first and, in some populations, defend territories. Breeding season begins as soon as females emerge, 2 — 4 weeks after males. Pregnant females can be found in March — June. Gestation lasts 26 - 35 days, and litters of 1 - 13 young (averages 4.9 - 6 - 5), weighing 2: 7 - 4 - 4 g. (average 3 - 7 g), are born in burrows. Females rarely produce a second litter in a year, and multiple paternities within litters are very common, especially in largerlitters. Young are weaned at 5 - 6 weeks old and emerge from natal burrows 1 - 2 weeks later. Young become sexually mature at 10 - 11 months of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Round-tailed Ground Squirrel is diurnal and mostly terrestrial, although sometimes it climbs trees to forage. It is extremely tolerant of heat, being able to forage at temperatures of ¢. 45 ° C, using shade and burrows to thermoregulate. At high temperatures, it can still remain active even if the body temperature increases several degrees. In some locations, it stays active year-round, but throughout most of its distribution, it enters torpor in winter. Torpor lasts 4 - 6 months for adult females (September — - March) and 7 - 9 months for adult males (May — January) in some areas. Individuals sometimes overwinter together in nests, but in other seasons, communal nesting is rare.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Juvenile males disperse farther and more often than females, mainly in June. Home ranges of males and females are similar in size, averaging 0 - 3 ha. Burrows are relatively inconspicuous and lack clear evidence of excavated soil or mound around entrances, which are located at bases of shrubs and rocks or along a wash. Small burrow complexes are sometimes evident. It does not form matriarchal colonies. When alarmed, individuals run into burrows, sometimes alarming others with high-pitched whistles or series of chirps for aerial predators or using foot drumming for snakes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA8ED55FAC3FD86F6B2FB67.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Subspecies chlorus is of special concern in California, USA. The Round-tailed Ground Squirrel is primarily threatened by conversion of deserts to urban and agricultural lands, especially chlorus. Current population trend is stable. It is not hunted or trapped, but it is occasionally poisoned as a pest around human habitation and historic structures due to its burrowing habits. It is presumed to have a large overall population and high tolerance for a variety of habitats. It occurs in protected areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Western prairies. ” Restricted by A. H. Howell in 1938 to Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. N. a. annulatusAudubon & Bachman, 1842 — SWN. a. toJalisco (Mexico). N. a. goldmani Merriam, 1902 — Jalisco to W Guerrero (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 221 - 2 mm (males) and 219 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 215 - 2 mm (males) and 207 - 6 mm (females); weight mean 360 - 8 g (males) and 386 - 3 g (females). The Ringtailed Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has strikingly dark brown cinnamon-agouti dorsal pelage, with suffusion of orange to red on limbs. Eyes rings are buff to light orange. Venter is light rust to orange. Tail is grizzled slate-gray and frosted with light color ofventer. Subspecies goldmani has less rust color than annulatus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry tropical deciduous forests, associated with figs (Ficus, Moraceae) and oil palm (Elaeis, Arecaceae), and thornscrub with mesquite (Prosopis) and Acacia (both Fabaceae) trees and shrubs. The Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel appears capable of persisting in croplands of agave, lemon, mango, guava, and corn.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding on grass and forb leaves, stems, shoots; however, fruits and seeds of palms and mesquite are preferred. Cacti flesh and fruits are also eaten. It eats significant numbers of insects and spends considerable time foraging in forest canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel reproduces in the dry season (December — June).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Ring-tailed Ground Squirrels are diurnal and active year-round.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel can live in low densities and appears to be solitary. Nesting can occur in burrows, crevices, or tree cavities. It vocalizes and quickly seeks shelter when alarmed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FA1DFA74F8CCFCE3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel is unknown. Major conservation challenges might be degradation and fragmentation offorests and scrublands. It is locally common and can be viewed as a pest, resulting in it being hunted, trapped, or poisoned. Lack of data on natural history and ecology creates difficulty in effective management and conservation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mohave River, California. ” Restricted by J. Grinnell and J. Dixon in 1918 to near Rabbit Springs, about 24 km east of Hesperia, San Bernardino County.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW Mohave Desert and Owens Valley of S California (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 210 - 230 mm, tail 57 - 72 mm; weight 70 - 300 g. The Mohave Ground Squirrel is smallbodied and has light brown to pale drab gray dorsal pelage, nearly uniform in color, with conspicuous absence of spots, flecking, or stripes. Head frequently has suffusion of rust or cinnamon. Venter is white to pale buff. Feet are pale buffto cinnamon. Tail is short but broad and rufous on top, frosted with white to pale buff, and white to cream underneath. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deserts with abundant annual herbaceous vegetation on sandy or gravelly friable soils. Creosote bush (Larrea, Zygophylaceae) associations are a favored component in these habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mohave Ground Squirrel is opportunistically omnivorous and feeds primarily on shoots, leaves, flowers, and seeds of grasses, forbs, shrubs, which are often collected in cheek pouches and consumed while vigilant on a promontory. The Mohave Ground Squirrel also consumes insects and other animal matter in significant amounts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Mohave Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows that are often convoluted and contain a nest chamber in which young are born. Males emerge c. 2 weeks before females and establish home ranges. Soon after females emerge, mating occurs in burrows, usually in February-March. After a gestation of 29 - 30 days, litters of 4 - 9 young are born, most often in late March or early April. Reproduction does not occurin years of drought.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Mohave Ground Squirrel is diurnal and hibernates for c. 6 months in modestly complex burrow systems. It is active aboveground beginning in early to mid-spring, usually March — May for males and 2 - 4 weeks later for females. Immergence begins in August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mohave Ground Squirrel can live in very low densities (c. l ind / ha) and appears to be solitary. Loosely structured colonies can occur in high-quality habitat, and aggressive chases do occur. Burrows are often located at edges of home ranges; multiple burrows are used for escape cover, hibernation, or rearing young. Male mean home ranges (6 - 7 ha) are much larger than those of females (0 - 73 ha). Juveniles disperse as far as 6 - 2 km and appear to recolonize areas, with males (mean distance 1 - 5 km) moving farther than females (mean distance 0 - 5 km). Individuals are extremely docile and tolerate approach by humans. Mohave Ground Squirrels will use escape burrows for short-term cover but also lie on the ground and remain motionless. Alarm call is distinct high-pitched raspy peep.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF10FEFEFD3AFD6B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Mohave Ground Squirrel is decreasing. Major conservation challenges are degradation of rangelands and fragmentation of habitats due to human development in a distribution that is restricted to 430,000 ha. Recent increases in and incentives for development of alternative renewable energy sources provide another future complication for conservation. It was historically viewed as a pest that was shot, trapped, or poisoned. Drought is a serious challenge because Mohave Ground Squirrels depend heavily on annual plants and reproductive failure occurs during dry years. A closely related species, the Round-tailed Ground Squirrel (X. tereticaudus), has been expanding its distribution and may become sympatric with the Mohave Ground Squirrel in the future.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NE Puebla and extreme W Veracruz, in C Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 243 - 261 mm, tail 57 - 78 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Perote Ground Squirrel has grizzled yellowish brown dorsal pelage, with series of thin short incomplete black lines toward its posterior. Faint buffflecks or spots can occur in new pelage. Eyelids are white and distinct. Feet, lower limbs, and venter are pale buff. Upperside oftail is grizzled yellowish brown, with black becoming prominent toward tip; underside is ocherous buff, with well-defined black line evident near tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High-elevation arid plains, open scrub, and rocky slopes at elevations of 2200 - 2700 m. The Perote Ground Squirrel does not occur in agricultural fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Perote Ground Squirrel is herbivore.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating ofthe Perote Ground Squirrel occurs in April-May, and pregnant females are found in June-August. Litters of 3 - 5 young are born in burrows and emerge in mid-July.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Perote Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial. It hibernates in burrows for 3 - 4 months each year, with individuals active for ¢. 9 months (March — November). Adult males emerge before adult females and yearlings. Most adults have initiated hibernation by late September or early October, but juveniles may remain active until November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED56FF14F54EF89DF36B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Perote Ground Squirrel is federally listed as threatened in Mexico. Current population trend is decreasing. It is not hunted or trapped but is restricted to ¢. 2500 km?. Major threats to conservation are habitat loss and fragmentation from encroachment of agriculture and grazing. Only ¢. 30 % oftheir potential habitat remains untransformed. In 82 % of known localities, the Perote Ground Squirrel only remains in small habitat fragments along railways.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	materials_examined	“ La Salada, 40 miles [64 km] south of Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. N. a. adocetus Merriam, 1903 — S Michoacan (Mexico). N. a. infernatus Alvarez & Ramirez-Pulido, 1968 — from SW Jalisco across Michoacan to N Guerrero and S Distrito Federal (Mexico).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 175 - 5 mm (males) and 168 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 150 - 2 mm (males) and 1319 mm (females); 163 - 250 g. The Tropical Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has cinnamon to pale rust agouti dorsum; limbs are more red, and eye ring is pale orange and conspicuous. Venter is pale yellow to buff. Tail is relatively long and broad, grizzled gray with darker core and frosted tips of hair suffused with cinnamon to rust without tail rings. Subspecies infernatus is smaller and has more black around snout and cheeks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Xeric rocky habitats within cliffs and canyons and seasonal jungle habitat to elevations of ¢. 1200 m. The Tropical Ground Squirrel can cause significant damage to beans, corn, and sorghum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Tropical Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on grass and forb leaves, stems, shoots, tubers, and especially seeds. It is strongly granivorous if seeds of Acacia and Prosopis (both Fabaceae) are available. It climbs trees and shrubs to access fruit and nuts. It will eat significant numbers of insects or scavenge animal matter when encountered.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Tropical Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows in which young are born. Breeding appears to occur in May-June in natural seasonal jungles but may be yearround in areas with readily available agricultural crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Tropical Ground Squirrel is diurnal and does not hibernate in winter; it might estivate in heat of summer if food is limited. Daily activity peaks in mid-morning.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Tropical Ground Squirrel can live in modest densities. Loosely structured colonies can occur in high-quality habitat. It is vocal, and individuals respond to potential predators with high-pitched chirps.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFABED57FA13F3B5FAB5F028.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Tropical Ground Squirrel is stable. Lack of information on basic ecology and natural history are problematic. It is locally common and can be viewed as a nuisance or occasionally a pest of agricultural crops. Itis easily maintained in captivity and is sold in the pet trade.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	materials_examined	“ Austria, Bohemia, Polonia. ” Restricted by V. Martino and E. Martino in 1940 to Wagram, Austria.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	discussion	Up to eight subspecies with weak basis have been described; N. Ramos-L. ara and colleagues in 2014 suggested that S. citellus is monotypic until further revision. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C & SE Europe in two disjunct populations: Pannonian (Czech Republic, Slovakia, E Austria, Hungary, W Romania, and N Serbia) and Balkan (Ukraine, Moldova, E & S Romania, SE Serbia, E Macedonia, Bulgaria, N Greece, and Turkish Thrace). Distribution in Macedonia and N Greece is highly fragmented. Recently extinct in Germany, Croatia, and Poland, but reintroduced to Poland.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 176 - 228 mm (males) and 174 - 217 mm (females), tail 31 - 90 mm (males) and 38 - 75 mm (females); weight 125 - 380 g (males) and 131 - 353 g (females). The European Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has light grayish brown dorsum, often with yellow wash; sides are cream buff to yellow. Back and sides are mottled to speckled with small light-colored spots. Eye ring is faint buff to yellow. Venter is cream buff to yellow. Tail is short, cylindrical, and grizzled. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 40 and FN = 66 - 74.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Short-grass steppe, montane meadows, and very open forest from near sea level to elevations of ¢. 2500 m. European Ground Squirrels avoid dense or tall vegetation that reducesvisibility and produces lower quality grasses. Wet soils that cannot support burrows are not inhabited. They can persist in maintained short open grasslands such as golf courses, grazed pastures, open roadsides, and lawns.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The European Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on leaves, shoots, flowers, tubers, and seeds of grasses and forbs. It will occasionally eat insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The European Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a nest chamber in which young are born. Males appear to emerge slightly before females in spring. Males begin to compete for access to females and enter a burrow to copulate. Litters of 2 - 11 young are produced after a gestation of 25 - 30 days. Young emerge after 25 - 30 days and are weaned at 46 - 51 days. Young grow quickly and disperse at c. 9 weeks of age; both sexes disperse distances of up to 350 m. Females and some males can reproduce as yearlings; more female yearlings reproduce than males, but productivity of yearlings is generally less than that of older individuals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. European Ground Squirrels are diurnal and active aboveground in late spring, usually February-March, but are obligate hibernators in their complex burrows, beginning in August-September for adults and September — October forjuveniles. Activity levels tend to peak in the middle of the day, but during the hottest days, midday peak may be less clear. Females appear to undergo second late season estrus when males are no longer reproductive; this hormonal cycling appears to be related to fattening for hibernation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The European Ground Squirrel lives in loose colonies of variable density (5 - 90 ind / ha). Individuals will move more than 100 m to find high-quality food. Individuals occupy their own burrow system, but aboveground space use overlaps considerably among adults with home rangestypically of 0 - 1 - 0 - 4 ha. Lack ofterritoriality exists even during mating period when male-male aggression is high. Mating system is polygynous; males compete for access to mates. Eight call types have been described including three tonal (alarm call, scream, and chatter) and five wideband (grunt, rapid grunt, snarl, chirr, and pant) calls; highpitched, loud alarm calls are most common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED57FFDBF7B7F6FBF043.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the European Ground Squirrel is decreasing. Because some populations occur in highelevations meadows, climate change is believed to be a very serious threat now or in the near future. General conversion of short-grass steppe and grazed pastures to woody or tall grass leads to loss of European Ground Squirrels. Low levels of traditional hunting and trapping occurin localized areas. They can be locally common and found at modest densities (greater than 10 ind / ha). Translocations to Poland and augmentations within current distribution appear to have met with reasonable success. Population on Mt. Jakupica in Macedonia has declined dramatically following fire, woody encroachment, and decreased grazing, and the future of this unique phylogeographic lineage is unclear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	materials_examined	no type locality given. Restricted by S. I. Ognev in 1963 to “ Steppe near Samara [Kuibyshev, Kuibyshevsk. Oblast, Russia].	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	discussion	Spermophilus major hybridizes with S. fulvus. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Russia and N Kazakhstan. Introduced into the N Caucasus Mts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 253 - 320 mm, tail 73 - 105 mm; weight 500 - 570 g. The Russet Ground Squirrel is large and has dark ocher-brown dorsum, mottled with cream often faint rust spots; eye ring is buff and typically faint. Head and face are often grayish, emphasizing yellow to rust spot below each eye. Sides are ocher to rust; venter is white to cream to light ocher. Ocher-brown tail often is rust on underside.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Diverse grasslands, steppes, meadows, and plains. The Russet Ground Squirrel can be found in more xeric open short-grass steppe into more mesic forest foreststeppe zone. It appears capable of persisting and perhaps expanding distribution in human-modified environments that promote short grass and open environments and in more arid habitats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Russet Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on grass and forb leaves, stems, shoots, tubers and especially seeds; it also eats cereal grains. It will occasionally eat insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Russet Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows but maternity burrows appear to be more convoluted with at least two entrances and vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males appear to emerge before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after emergence. Litters average 7 - 8 young that emerge from burrows in late spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Russet Ground Squirrel is diurnal and active aboveground in late spring, usually March-April, and immerges beginning in late June (older males) to September for adults and August-September for juveniles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Russet Ground Squirrel lives in loose colonies in which dominance rank is well defined and aggressive interactions are uncommon. It is territorial, and males defend a large area and females settle in larger territories. Young males disperse further than females. Females are philopatric and form kin clusters and matrilines that share space. High-pitched, short vocalizations are commonly produced in colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFAAED58FAC1F856FD88F548.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Russet Ground Squirrel is unknown. Challenges to conservation are likely related to commercial hunting for food or pelts, but hunting pressure if believed to be low. It can be locally common and viewed as a pest that is hunted, trapped, and poisoned or burrows ploughed. It is able to persist in human-modified landscapes such as pastures, roadsides, earthen levees, and dams.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Flusse Kuwandschur [= Kuvandzhur River]. ” Restricted by S. I. Ognev in 1963 to east of Mugodzhary Mountains, north of Aral Sea, Kazakhstan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	discussion	Spermophilus fulvus is known to hybridize with S. major. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. f. fulvusLichtenstein, 1823 — RussiaEofVolgaRiverandS & CKazakhstan. S. f. hypoleucosSatunin, 1909 — NW & NEIranandNWAfghanistan. S. f. oxianus Thomas, 1915 — S portion of range to include Uzbekistan, W Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan; however, subspecies are not well defined.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 284 - 3 mm (males) and 224 mm (females), tail mean 85 - 4 mm (males) and 71 - 4 mm (females); weight 0 - 29 - 11 kg (males) and 273 - 744 g (females). The Yellow Ground Squirrel is large-bodied (males may reach 2 kg before hibernation), with prominent incisors. Dorsal pelage has brownish gold guard hairs and ash-gray underfur. Head and legs are often suffused with gray. Eye rings are straw yellow. Venter is whitish to buff. Tail is more robust than most congeners and is golden brown to yellow. Nominate fulvus has buff venter, whereas hypoleucos has a white underside; oxianus is diminutive. Chromosome number is 2 n = 36.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-desert and desert arid grasslands, sometimes extending into open arid forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Yellow Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on bulbs, tubers, leaves, and shoots of desert grasses and forbs. It occasionally eats insects or scavenges animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Yellow Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males appear to emerge slightly before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after emergence when male-female pairs enter burrows to copulate. Litters of 1 - 10 young are produced and emerge after c ¢. 50 days, weighing just under 200 g. Young grow quickly and disperse at ¢. 500 g and can reproduce as yearlings; maximum adult body mass is reached by the end of the second year. More female yearlings reproduce than males.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Yellow Ground Squirrels are diurnal and active aboveground in late spring, usually March-April. They are obligate hibernators in burrows, beginning in late July to September for adults and September or Octoberforjuveniles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Yellow Ground Squirrel lives in loose low-density colonies (3 - 10 ind / ha). It is territorial and defends a large area around a single burrow; adult male home ranges are c. 3 ha. Females are philopatric and form kin clusters and matrilines that share space. High-pitched vocalizations are commonly produced from colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FA1CFEE4F757FE8D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Yellow Ground Squirrel is unknown. Challenges to conservation are likely related to commercial hunting for food or pelts, but hunting pressure is believed to be low. It is known to carry sylvatic plague and is sometimes killed for this reason. It is locally common and widespread.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	materials_examined	“ in campis vastissimus tanaicensibus precipue urbes et Tambov, ” Voronezh area, Voronezh Oblast, Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	discussion	Two to five subspecies have been recognized, but their distributions are controversial. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. suslicusGuldenstaedt, 1770 — fromtheOkaRiverEtotheSuraRiverinWRussia, andStotheEsideofDnieperRiverinUkraine. S. s. boristhenicusPusanov, 1958 — isolatedinWBelarus, andEPoland, WUkraine, andMoldova. S. s. guttatus Pallas, 1770 — extreme E of distribution along the Volga River, in SW Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 180 - 260 mm, tail 36 - 57 mm; weight 180 - 220 g. Dorsal pelage of the Speckled Ground Squirrel is rich auburn-chestnut-brown to light grayish brown, often suffused with ginger. Dorsal fur and head have several small white-to-buff spots that are very pronounced, except on boristhenicus that has faint spots. Chin and eye rings are white to buff, and chestnut-brown spot occurs below each eye. Chest and front legs are cinnamon to ocher, with venter being lighter. Dorsalside of tail is grizzled dark brown to black near base, sometimes suffused with reddish, and frosted with white to straw yellow at tip. Ventral side oftail is paler. Subspecies boristhenicus is more brightly colored and has faint spots. Subspecies guttatusis relatively dark. The Speckled Ground Squirrel has a chromosome number of 2 n = 34 throughout most ofits distribution, but a second karyotype of 2 n = 36 exists in the western part of the distribution. These western populations are separated geographically from eastern populations by the Dnieper River and may represent a separate species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open short-grass habitats, such as steppes, pastures, roadsides, and cultivated fields below elevations of ¢. 500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Speckled Ground Squirrel feeds mostly on grasses and cereal grains but also eats smaller amounts of insects and other animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Speckled Ground Squirrel occurs in a brief period just after emergence from hibernation in spring. During this period, there are significant aggression levels and well-defined dominant / subordinate relations among individuals. It may be monogamous at low densities, but it appears to be polygynous when females aggregate in the territory of a male. Gestation lasts 22 - 27 days. Litters of 3 - 8 young are born in burrows, and young emerge after c. 20 days in June-July. Young are weaned after 4 - 5 weeks, and females produce one litter per year. Juvenile survival is low and more than 50 % ofjuveniles perish before reaching one year of age. Mortality is highest for late-born young. Infanticide also occurs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Speckled Ground Squirrels are diurnal and hibernate in burrows from August-September to February-March.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Territories of Speckled Ground Squirrels are 0 - 01 - 0 - 05 ha, and males usually have largerterritories than females, especially in early spring when males search for females. Territories of females decrease during lactation. Territory overlap is common. Juveniles disperse before their first hibernation, and males in particular move far from natal areas. Short and shallow escape burrows are more common than deep (1 - 2 m) and more complex maternity and hibernation burrows. Overwinter mortality is variable but can be as high as 70 % in severe winters. Adult survival is usually high, and some individuals can reach six years old. Individuals give alarm calls in response to potential predators. Calls are highly variable, weakly modulated, high-pitched, and powerful; calls ofjuveniles cannot be easily distinguished from those of adults.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED58FF13FD6CFC8BFA8E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Speckled Ground Squirrel is decreasing and has experienced serious decline during the last 50 years. It is legally protected under Appendix II of the Bern Convention. In Poland, the Speckled Ground Squirrel is considered endangered and is protected under national law. Five nature reserves have recently been established to protectitin Poland. Major threats are conversion of native land to agriculture and urbanization and removal by shooting and poisoning. It is often considered a pest when near grain crops. Many populations appear to have experienced genetic bottlenecks in the past, perhaps due to its highly variable demography. Consensusis required in the scientific community as to the species status of the Eastern European race and those from east of the Dnieper River. These races have different chromosome numbers, and the Eastern European race is declining more quickly.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	materials_examined	“ Indersk, Kazakhstan. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. p. pygmaeusPallas, 1778 — LowerVolgaRiverregiontotheUralMts (Russia). S. p. brauneriV. Martino & E. Martino, 1917 — CrimeanPeninsulaandSEUkraine. S. p. herbicolusV. Martino & E. Martino, 1916 — SUralMts (Russia). S. p. mugosaricus Lichtenstein, 1823 — E of Ural Mts (Russia) to W Kazakhstan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 175 - 260 mm, tail 25 - 50 mm; weight mean 235 - 2 g. Dorsal pelage of the Little Ground Squirrel ranges from pale gray, suffused with straw yellow, to brownish gray. Faint dorsal spots are sometimes reduced or even absent. Head is usually brighter than dorsum, with reddish spot above eye, sides are pale straw yellow, suffused with gray, and feet are white to straw yellow. Tail is variable, ranging from white, buff, and brown to charcoal. Subspecies brauneri is pale; tail is dark, with rufous cast. Subspecies herbicolus tends to have rust on head and tail. Subspecies mugosaricusis paler, with cinnamon-to-ocherous spotting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Sparsely vegetated arid and semiarid grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Little Ground Squirrel feeds on leaves, shoots, seeds, underground stems, roots, and bulbs. It also feeds heavily on pasture grasses and vegetable crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Little Ground Squirrels actively pursue females after emergence from hibernation and attempt to repel other competing males. Gestation lasts 25 - 26 days, and litters have 2 - 12 young (typically averaging 6 - 8 young) that are born underground. Young emerge after 20 - 22 days. Females have only one litter a year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Little Ground Squirrel is diurnal and hibernates in burrows for 5 - 8 months a year. Males emerge first in spring, often in March-April, followed by females. Due to hot arid environments, individuals may enter torpor in June-July and then reemerge or transition from torpor to hibernation. Males are the first to hibernate in August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Short shallow burrows without nest chambers are used for escape; longer and more convoluted burrows, which may reach 1 m in depth and have one or more nest chambers, are used for maternity needs and hibernation. Little Ground Squirrels live in colonies with intrasexual territoriality, where females have small territories that are defended from other females, and males have large territories that overlap those of several females. Vocalizations are high-pitched alarm calls and moderately complex.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA5ED59FA18F62AFE51F240.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend ofthe Little Ground Squirrelis decreasing. Major threats are desiccation in the southern Volga region and wetter trends in mid-latitudes. Abandonment of traditional agricultural practices and overgrazing with increased use of pesticides and irrigation are serious threats. Individuals are shot and poisoned to remove localized damage to vegetable crops. Populations of the Little Ground Squirrel undergo periodic declines, and in the European part of the distribution, some local populations have been extirpated in the last 30 years. Despite these declines, the Little Ground Squirrel remains widespread and abundant overall.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Il habite le Caucase sur les montagnesle plus élevées, et non loin des neiges éternelles. ” Restricted by P. A. Sviri- denko in 1927 to “ Ush-Kulan, ” Georgia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	discussion	Similar chromosome morphology, molecular and genetic features, and vocalizations suggest that S. musicus may be conspecific with S. pygmaeus. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N slopes of C Greater Caucasus Range (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 205 - 240 mm, tail 34 - 50 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and is brownish gray on dorsum, with small faint rust gray spots. Flanks are light brownish gray, suffused with yellow. Head is dark brownish gray, with straw gray to tan cheeks. Eye rings are straw yellow. Venter is whitish gray to straw yellow. Tail is grayish brown on dorsal surface; underside oftail is pale, sometimes suffused with rust; and tip is dark brown to black, sometimes frosted in white.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Alpine meadows, montane pastures, high-elevation grass steppes, and cerealgrain fields. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel can be found in modestly degraded rangelands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on shoots, flowers, seeds, leaves, and bulbs of forbs and grasses. It will occasionally eat insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born, often located near a rock or vegetation. Males appear to emerge slightly before females in spring. Individuals mate soon after emergence. Litters of 2 — 4 young are born after 22 day gestation. Long and complex burrows with multiple nest chambers and exits may be used for maternity needs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel is diurnal and active aboveground in late spring and summer. It hibernates in burrows, beginning in late August and September for adults and September or Octoberforjuveniles; emergence occurs in March — - May depending on elevation. Hibernacula are usually in complex burrow systems c. 1 m belowground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives in loose but often locally dense colonies. Highpitched vocalizations are commonly produced from colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FFDDFA50FA93FA9A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel is unknown butlikely declining. Challenges to conservation are likely grassland degradation from overgrazing and conversion of alpine meadows to grazing pastures. It is occasionally hunted for food or pelts, and it can be a localized pest in grain fields. It is known to carry sylvatic plague and is sometimes killed for this reason. It is locally common in its restricted distribution. Conservation and management on natural landscapes are hindered due to lack of information on natural history and basic ecology.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	materials_examined	“ vicinity of Erzeroun [= Erzurum], ” eastern Turkey.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C lowlands, E highlands and Teke Peninsula of Anatolia in Turkey, marginally in extreme W Armenia (Alagez region) and NW Iran (Maku).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 145 - 233 mm, tail 33 - 35 mm; weight 272 - 312 g (males) and 172 - 174 g (females). Dorsal pelage of the Asia Minor Ground Squirrel is brownish straw-colored, without spots, but sometimes with grizzled appearance resulting from black bands on individual hairs. Snout and cheeks are grayish and faint yellow; eyes are encircled by pale buff to cream colored rings; and sides, venter, and limbs are dull yellow with pinkish buff. Upper side of tail is dull straw rust, while it is lightly suffused with rust on venter. It exhibits considerable variation in body size throughout its distribution, with larger individuals in colder and more seasonal regions. It also is sexually dimorphic in body size, with males being larger than females.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mainly short-grass steppe vegetation but also rolling rocky mountain slopes and close to agricultural grain fields at elevations of 800 - 2900 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Asia Minor Ground Squirrel consists primarily of bulbs, roots, leaves, steams, seeds, seedlings, forbs, and grain crops. Insects such beetles, caterpillars, crickets, and ants and earthworms and small vertebrates such as lizards and amphibians are eaten. Cannibalism also occurs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating of the Asia Minor Ground Squirrel occurs 3 - 6 days after females emerge from hibernation, and mating season lasts for 3 - 4 weeks. During this period, males engage in intense competition for females, including physical combat against other males. Mating occurs in a burrow and a copulatory plug results in the female's reproductive tract. Gestation is 25 - 26 days. Females producelitters of 3 - 9 young (average of 4 - 7); neonates weigh 5 - 6 - 7 g (average 5 - 7 g). Young emerge from burrows at c ¢. 30 days old in April-July; weaning occurs at 45 - 50 days of age. In captivity, litters are 4 - 9 young (average 5 - 8). Females reach sexual maturity during their second year oflife.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Asia Minor Ground Squirrel is diurnal and terrestrial. It hibernates from mid-August to February-March. Juveniles begin to hibernate c. 1 month later than adults. Males emerge from hibernation c. 10 days before females in much better body condition. Hibernation is characterized by several torpor bouts, interrupted by short euthermic periods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Sex ratios of adult Asia Minor Ground Squirrels are female-biased, suggesting high male mortality probably related to male-biased natal dispersal and aggression among males during mating. Although colonial, individuals live in their own burrows. Densities have been estimated at 2 - 3 ind / ha for males and 6 - 3 ind / ha for females. Raptors are main predators of the Asia Minor Ground Squirrel, and when threatened, they seek burrows and vocalize with loud whistles. Burrows frequently have rocks near entrances; they can be divided into three types: shallow and simple auxiliary burrows used mainly as refuges and more complex nest and hibernation burrows that were deep (0 - 7 - 2 - 2 m), having a nest chamber and sometimes a food chamber.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED59FAC5FEF0F6CDFD88.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Asia Minor Ground Squirrel is declining. Populations are estimated to have declined by 20 - 25 % during the last ten years. Large-scale expansion of agriculture is the major threat, especially in central Anatolia. It is not hunted or trapped, probably due to their small size, but it can be a localized pest of grains and other crops. It occurs in protected areas. Research is needed to understand what will allow it to coexist in landscapes being changed by expanding human use.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Spermophilus taurensis Guinduz et al., 2007, “ Akseki, Yarpuz, E of Antalya, Turkey. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	discussion	Spermophilus taurensis diverged from S. citel- lus ¢. 2 - 5 million years ago. Until recently, it was included in S. xanthoprymnus but is now listed as a separate species. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Erenkaya to Morca Yaylasi and Salamut Plateau to Mut, in the Taurus Mts, S Turkey.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 201 mm (females), tail mean 61 mm (females); weight mean 201 g (females). No measurements available for males. Dorsum of the Tauren Ground Squirrel is grizzled straw yellow, flecked with dark brown to black and suffusion of red. Cheeks, chin, and small post-auricular patches are buff. Feet are pale buff, and soles are hairy. Tail is broad, reddish, and paler below than above butis distinctly blackish toward tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane habitats above elevations of ¢. 1000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Tauren Ground Squirrels are diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Alarm vocalization of the Tuaren Ground Squirrelis tonal with two elements, the first decreasing in frequency and the second increasing.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA4ED5AFADFF529FE1FF4A8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Tauren Ground Squirrel is unknown. It is not thought to face major human impacts because it occurs at high elevations. Given recent reclassification of the Tauren Ground squirrel as a separate species, research is needed to understand how it differs ecologically from closely related congeners.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	materials_examined	“ ... vicinity of Barnaul [Altaisk Krai, Russia]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	discussion	Molecular genetic analysis demonstrates that S. erythrogenys hybridizes with S. major between the Tobol and Ishim rivers in northern Kazakhstan and southern Russia. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Siberia (Russia) and NE Kazakhstan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 187 - 8 mm (males) and 192 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 41 - 3 mm (males) and 46 - 1 mm (females); weight mean 355 g. The Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has pale yellow-straw-gray dorsum, with faint whitish speckling; sides are suffused with rust and patterned with straw-yellow spots. Head is gray-brown or gray-straw, sometimes with brilliant chestnut-brown to red spot beneath eyes. Tail is short, with same grizzled dorsal color. Venteris straw gray.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Xeric plains, typically with dry steppe and semi-desert vegetation. In the northern parts of its distribution, the Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel lives on edges of birch (Betula, Betulaceae) and European aspen (Populus tremula, Saliaceae) forests; in the south, itis found in foothills and mountains at elevations up to ¢. 2100 m. It can live in modestly degraded rangelands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly grass and forb seeds, including some cereals and other grains. It will occasionally eat insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born. Males appear to emerge slightly before females in spring. Litter sizes are large, reportedly 7 - 9 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel is diurnal and is active aboveground in late spring and summer; it hibernates from late August until late March-April in simple but deep burrows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives in loose but often large colonies. High-pitched vocalizations are frequently heard at colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF16FC0CFAC7FC90.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Redcheeked Ground Squirrel is typically common throughout its distribution and has large populations. Population trend is stable, but challenges to conservation are likely due to habitat fragmentation, poisoning, and range degradation. Conservation and management on natural landscapes are hindered by lack of information on its natural history and basic ecology. It seems to tolerate modest levels of range degradation and overgrazing and is considered a pest in some areas where it feeds on crops. It can host a number of diseases, including encephalitis and tularemia, for which it is sometimes persecuted. It is hunted for pelts and food in some local areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	materials_examined	“ 5 km east of a village Zhaikou, altitude 1500 m, ” Nileke District, Xin- Jiang, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	discussion	Spermophilus nilkaensis was long considered a subspecies of S. relictus, but recent ge- netic evidence caused it to be elevated to the species level. Commonly referred to as S. ralli, named by B. A. Kuznetsov in 1948, but this name is preoccupied by Citellus pygmaeus ralli, named by V. G. Heptner in 1948, so the name nilkaensis has been proposed to replace ralli. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Tian Shan Mts of SE Kazakhstan, NE Kyrgyzstan, and W China (W Xinjiang).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 200 - 240 mm, tail 60 - 75 mm; weight 290 - 405 g. Dorsal pelage of the Tian Shan Ground Squirrel ranges from grayish brown to grayish yellow; sides are lighter, grading to straw gray on venter. Faint spots on dorsum can be hard to detect. Tail is yellow to light rust, with dark brown-to-black band and white-to-yellow tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Meadows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Tian Shan Ground Squirrel consists of grasses, forbs, and insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Mating occurs after emergence in late winter or spring. Litters of 3 - 7 young are born in burrows after gestation of 25 - 27 days.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Tian Shan Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They hibernate in burrows from late summer (August-September) until late winter (February-March).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Many burrow openings are clustered together, with a hibernation chamber 1 - 2 m belowground. Tian Shan Ground Squirrels can be seen calling at burrow entrances, and call is described as quiet squeak.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFA1CF9A6F588FB48.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Tian Shan Ground Squirrel is unknown. It is present in Xueling Yunshan Nature Reserve in China and might be present in other protected areas. Major threats have not been identified, but it is harvested for food. Additional studies are warranted to better understand its abundance and natural history.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kara-Bura Gorge and Kumysh-Tagh Gorge in the Talus Ala Tau, Talassk. Obl., Kyrgyzstan. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Tian Shan Mts in SE Kazakhstan, E Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW Tajikistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 230 - 270 mm, tail 58 - 76 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Dorsal pelage of the Relict Ground Squirrelis a mix of gray, cinnamon, and straw yellow, with indistinct speckles. Head is slightly paler than dorsum, gray suffused with straw. Sides and venter are light gray to straw yellow. Tailis frosted with white to cream, dorsally cinnamon grayish yellow at base and darkening to grizzled appearance near tip; ventrally, it is cinnamon to rust.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mountain and piedmont steppes and meadows of mixed grasses with good drainage at elevations of 600 - 2800 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Diet of the Relict Ground Squirrel consists of roots, bulbs, grasses, forbs, and flowers. When available, insects are consumed in substantial amounts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Relict Ground Squirrels give birth in burrows; litters have 3 - 6 young; number of young is greater at lower elevations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Relict Ground Squirrel is diurnal and hibernates in burrows from late summer (August-September) until late winter or spring (February to early May).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow structure is relatively simple, usually with single tunnel and one nest chamber, 1 - 2 m belowground in hibernation burrows. During summer, burrows are used primarily for escape and have c. 1 m depth. The Relict Ground Squirrelis relatively shy and quickly seeks cover of burrows after detecting a potential threat. It is able to climb trees, and vocalizations are described as quiet and low squeaks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5AFF13F42FF9ACF118.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Relict Ground Squirrel is unknown. It is harvested for food and pelts, but this is probably not currently occurring at levels high enough to be a major threat, and annual number of pelts in trade is decreasing. In the 1950 s up to 45,000 skins / year were collected, but by the 1990 s, this decreased to 10,000 skins / year. Indications are that trade in pelts has continued to decrease. The Relict Ground Squirrel occurs in protected areas in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan. Further research is warranted to understand population trends, but it is unlikely to be at great risk.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	materials_examined	“ Habitat, ut videtur, in provinciis Altaicis australioribus versus lacum Balchasch. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Kazakhstan, N Kyrgyzstan, extreme W Mongolia, and NW China (N Xinjiang).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 284 - 5 mm, tail mean 50 - 8 mm; weight 143 - 436 g. Brandt's Ground Squirrel is small-bodied and has yellow-brown dorsum, with light buff spots. Eye rings are faint, buff, and usually visible. Venter is light tan to buff. Tail is short, varying from yellow to orange.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semi-desert vegetation in dry steppes and low sparse brush.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Brandt's Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on shoots, bulbs, grass, and forb seeds. It can climb or dig for food. It will occasionally take insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Brandt's Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows near vegetation in which young are born.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Brandt's Ground Squirrels are diurnal. They are active aboveground in late spring and summer and hibernate from late summer; they might estivate during extreme summer heat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Brandt's Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives in loose and patchy colonies. High-pitched vocalizations can be heard at colonies, but it does not appear to be as vocal as other small ground squirrels.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA7ED5BFA19F368FA89F290.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Brandt's Ground Squirrel is unknown. Conservation and management on natural landscapes are hindered due to a near complete lack of information on natural history and basic ecology. Its relatively broad distribution suggests that it remains in reasonable abundance, but few data are available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	materials_examined	“ Southern Ala Shan, ” Desert, China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SC Mongolia and NC China (Inner Mongolia = Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, and Shanxi).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 222.7 mm, tail mean 71 - 6 mm; weight 192 - 224 ¢ g. The Alashan Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and reddish brown or rust in summer, with more pale and yellow winter pelage; top of head is darker than cheek and neck. Distinct white stripe extends from nose to ears and forms white eye rings. Venter is buff to tan. Top of short tail 1 s darker, and ventral surface of tail has reddish tone.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open grasslands and meadows of steppe, montane, and alpine terrain up to an elevation of ¢. 3200 m. The Alashan Ground Squirrel is found in areas with grasses, shrubs, and forbs, but it also occurs in dry sandy grasslands and deserts in central China.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Alashan Ground Squirrel is herbivorous, feeding on herbs, plants, seeds, and cereal crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Alashan Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows. Young are born in June; litters have 1 - 9 young, typically 3 - 5.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Alashan Ground Squirrel is diurnal and active aboveground in late spring and summer. It hibernates in winter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Alashan Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives in loose colonies. High-pitched vocalizations are frequently heard at colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFDAF40AFA3AF290.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Alashan Ground Squirrel is declining due to habitat fragmentation, poisoning, and range degradation. Lack of ecological and natural history knowledge challenges conservation and management efforts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	materials_examined	“ circa Tarei lacum exsiccatum Davuriae et ad Onon - Bursa rivum, ” Torei-Nor, Chitinskaya Oblast, Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	discussion	Strong genetic differentiation exists between S. dauricus and three other species of eastern Palearctic ground squirrels (S. relictus, Urocitellus parryi, and U. undulatus) suggesting substantial divergence. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Transbaikal in SE Russia, E Mongolia, and NE China (from Inner Mongolia = Nei Mongol and Heilongjiang S to Shaanxi and Henan).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 191 - 4 mm (males) and 190 - 2 mm (females), tail mean 63 - 2 mm (males) and 55 - 3 mm (females); weight mean 223 - 8 g. The Daurian Ground Squirrel is medium-sized and has cinnamon-buff dorsum, suffused with yellow with no stripes or spots. Tail is short, buff above and below, with black ring near distal end and light yellow tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open grasslands, plains, steppes, and deserts. Daurian Ground Squirrels inhabit sandy grasslands but usually not sand dunes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Daurian Ground Squirrel is an herbivore, feeding mostly on plant material and seeds, including some grains and other crops. It will occasionally eat insects or scavenge animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Daurian Ground Squirrel inhabits burrows with a vegetation-lined nest chamber in which young are born, but it also uses shallow escape burrows or more substantial hibernacula. Males typically emerge slightly before females in spring. Breeding can begin soon after emergence. One litter is produced annually in spring after gestation of c ¢. 30 days; litters have 2 - 9 young. Theoretical life-table analyses of Daurian Ground Squirrels from north-eastern China and the Columbian Ground Squirrel (Urocitellus columbianus) show that the two species have similar life-history traits; further, these analyses suggest a tradeoff between fecundity and survival in both species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Daurian Ground Squirrel is diurnal and active aboveground in late spring and summer and hibernates in simple underground burrows that are usually just a few meters in length, with nests that are less than 1 m underground. Itis an efficient hibernator, dropping its body temperature to 4 - 8 ° C and using non-shivering thermogenesis. It has become an excellent model for studying hibernation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Daurian Ground Squirrel appears to be solitary and lives in loose colonies. High-pitched vocalizations are frequently heard at colonies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFAC3FA21F7C4FA92.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Daurian Ground Squirrel is unknown, but challenges to conservation are likely due to habitat fragmentation, poisoning, and range degradation. It is widespread, which suggests it may still be abundant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	materials_examined	“ Vicinity of Lake Khulu-Nur, ” Ullyn Bulyk, Baidarak River, Mongolian Atlai, Mongolia, Gobi Altai.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	discussion	Spermophilus pallidicauda has recently been elevated to full species from its formerstatus as a subspecies of S. erythrogenys. Monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S Mongolia and N China (extreme E Xinjiang, N Gansu, and Inner Mongolia = Nei Mongol).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 198 - 233 mm, tail 35 - 53 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. The Pallid Ground Squirrel has dorsal pelage ranging from pale pinkish buff to straw. Reddish brown spot occurs below eyes and is connected to russet snout and back of neck by faint white-to-buff line. Eyelids are white; feet, limbs, and venter are white to buff. Tail is white to straw yellow, with rusty core through distal end.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Steppes and grasslands of the Gobi Desert.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Pallid Ground Squirrel hybridizes with the Alashan Ground Squirrel (S. alaschanicus) in southern and Inner Mongolia, China, in the small area where their distributions overlap.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Pallid Ground Squirrels are diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Pallid Ground Squirrelslive in large colonies of varying densities. They are extremely shy and quickly return to burrows when threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA6ED5BFFC4FA20FB12FCAB.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of the Pallid Ground Squirrel is unknown. The Mongolian Red List of Mammals lists unsustainable harvesting, degradation of habitat, and increasing aridity as sources of threat to the Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (S. erythrogenys), which included the Pallid Ground Squirrel at the time of assessment. The Pallid Ground Squirrel has been regionally Red Listed in China as least concern. Greatest conservation challenge is likely overgrazing on the semiarid to arid grasslands they inhabit. They are also occasionally hunted for food and pelts. Lack of basic information on natural history and ecology is a detriment to effective conservation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Poland. ” Restricted by S. I. Ognev in 1963 to “ right [W] bank of the Dnepr [River], ” Ukraine.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. b. bobakP. L .. S. Muller, 1776 — EUkraineandacrossSRussiatotheVolgaRiver. M. b. kozloviFokanov, 1966 — CpartofthedistributionEoftheVolgaRiver, nearUlyanovsk (Russia) withuncertainEboundary. M. b. tschaganensis Bazhanov, 1930 — E part of the distribution in Kazakhstan with uncertain W boundary. Introduced into the Caucasus Mts (Dagestan, Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 490 - 575 mm, tail 106 - 130 m; weight mean 5 - 7 kg. Dorsum of the Bobak Marmot has uniform straw yellow to rust pelage, with snout and cheeks sometimes dark brown. Venteris slightly more pale than dorsum but with same color. Tail can have rust-colored core and is tipped in brown or black. Nominate bobak is darkest, and tschaganensis is the lightest; subspecies are geographically separated.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Grassland and shrub steppe habitats from lowland and mixed-grass to arid and wormwood (Artemisia, Asteraceae) steppes. Bobak Marmots can thrive in continuous rolling plains and grasslands and when associated with cultivated fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Bobak Marmot is herbivorous and eats grasses, forbs, and sedges including their leaves, stems, flowers, and bulbs. It will feed on agricultural crops, particularly cereal crops where available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Bobak Marmot inhabits burrows that contain a nest chamber in which young are born. Mating occurs in burrows soon after emergence from hibernation in late March or April. About 60 % of adult females producelitters of 4 - 7 young in late spring or early summer; young delay dispersal until their third year when sexually mature.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Bobak Marmotis diurnal and active primarily around their complex burrows that may extend to 5 m deep and have conspicuous mounds at entrances. It hibernates in social groups in burrows for 6 - 7 months, emerging in March-April.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow systems are extensive and complex — likely a reflection of the large communal social groups. The Bobak Marmot forms colonies of several families, with dominant male, adult female, two-year-old and one-year-old offspring, and young-of-the-year as the fundamental unit. Density of family groups in the Ukraine was 2 - 2 families / ha, and family groups consist of 4 - 5 individuals. Communication is primarily by vocalization and chemical or visual cues. Scent marking with oral and cheek secretions on structures and burrows appears to be used to mark territories. Individuals practice vigilance while standing on their haunches and emit a sharp piercing alarm call that elicits awareness and vigilance by group members.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFAC9FD82F8E8FC0B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Bobak Marmotis stable. Historically, they were hunted for food and pelts, and they have been a staple food for humans during periods of famine; some hunting continues. Major conservation challenge has been conversion of steppe into arable croplands. The Bobak Marmot has recovered from habitat loss and overexploitation during the past century partially through reintroductions including into the Caucasus Mountains. Attempts to re-establish it on the western part of its former range failed at least ten times; however, a reintroduction was recently successful in the Mykolaive Region of Ukraine.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	vernacular_names	242. Alpine Marmot	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	vernacular_names	French: Marmotte des Alpes / German: Alpen-Murmeltier / Spanish: Marmota alpina Other common names: Common Marmot	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	materials_examined	“ in alpibus Helveticis. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to “ Swiss Alps. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. marmota Linnaeus, 1758 — Alps in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, and Italy. M. m. latirostris Kratochvil, 1961 — High Tatra Mts of Slovakia and Poland. Nominate subspecies reintroduced to Romania (Carpathian Mts) and Slovenia (Julian Alps), and introduced into the Black Forest (Germany), the Massif Central, Jura, and Vosgues (France), the Pyrenees (France, Spain, and Andorra), E Austria, Apennine Mts (Italy), N Serbia, Montenegro.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 500 - 600 mm, tail 140 - 168 mm; weight 2.5 - 5 kg. The Alpine Marmotis large and highly variable in color. Dorsum ranges from rust to brown to grizzled tan. Head is tan to dark brown, which extends to shoulders. Chin and snout have patch of white to buff. Venter is white to yellow to orange that can extend in suffusion up sides to form saddle on mid-back. Tail is paler at base, with slate-gray tip. Subspecies are virtually indistinguishable in hand.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Alpine meadows and high-elevation pastures usually on south-facing slopes at elevations of 1200 - 3000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Alpine Marmotis herbivorous and eats grasses, forbs, and sedges, including their leaves, stems, flowers, and bulbs. It also eats select mosses and lichens and scavenges insects and animal matter. It feeds on agricultural crops, particularly cereal crops.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Alpine Marmot inhabits burrows that contain a nest chamber in which young are born. Mating occurs in burrows soon after emergence from hibernation in late April or early May. The Alpine Marmotis socially monogamous; however, c. 33 % oflitters are the product of extra-pair mating that results in litters of mixed paternities with sires from outside the social group. Extra-pair mating is usually from unrelated males and results in increased reproductive success and fitness. Dispersal by Alpine Marmots has a high cost due to increased mortality and difficulty of finding a place to settle in naturally fragmented habitats. Juveniles delay reproduction until at least their third year. Dominant adult resident female suppresses reproduction of other females in the family group, reducing genetic diversity of the group. Litters of 2 — 4 young are born after 33 - 34 day gestation. Adult females rarely reproduce in successive years and prevalence of reproduction among females is only c. 50 % each year. Female reproductive success is positively correlated with body condition and experience; older and heavier females are most productive.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Alpine Marmot is diurnal and active primarily in midday unless challenged by summer heat. Communal or social hibernation occurs among social family groups for 6 - 7 months in burrows, with mid-spring emergence and immergence into plugged burrows by late September.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow systems are extensive and complex — a reflection likely of the large communal social groups. Burrows can be 3 - 10 m in length, with multiple entrances that lead to terminal nest chamber 1 - 2 m belowground. Due to frequency of use by group members, network of conspicuous trails connects burrow entrances. Short simple escape burrows for cover from predators are also common within the territory. The Alpine Marmot lives in family groups that consist of adult male, adult female, and young less than three years of age that share a territory and burrows. Juveniles overwinter in natal areas, and older male offspring serve as helpers to assist younger siblings with social thermoregulation, which has been suggested to explain male-biased sex ratio in some populations. Females born into male-biased litters are more likely to be of high dominance because of increased in utero testosterone exposure. Males and many females disperse in their third year; however, inbreeding of sons with their mothers is known to occur if dispersal is delayed. Amicable behaviors such as greeting, allogrooming, and other physical contact are common among social-group members, and non-group members are aggressively chased. Immigrant adult males that assume control of a social group kill juveniles. Communication is primarily by vocalization and chemical and visual cues. Scent marking on structures and burrows is used to mark territories. Individuals practice vigilance while standing on their haunches and produce two alarm calls (common whistle and descending whistle) thatelicit awareness and vigilance by group members. Common whistle becomes more frequent as perceived risk increases.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5DFFCDFE46F9F7F536.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Alpine Marmotis stable. Historically, it was hunted for meat, fur, and fat Hunting levels are sustainable in most areas. Major conservation challenge is abandonment of cattle grazing in high-elevation meadowsthat results in woody encroachment and tall vegetation. Hybridization with introduced nominate marmota is a potential threat to remaining small purebred populations of latirostris in the High Tatras.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	materials_examined	“ Tomskaa obl., okr. g. Tomska, s. Lazgino ” (= village Lazgino, vicinity of Tomsk, Tomsk Region, western Siberia, Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, and Tomsk in S Siberia (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 495 - 640 mm, tail 124 - 200 m; weight 3.6 - 3 kg (spring) and 4.6 - 9 kg (autumn). Forest Steppe Marmots have dark brown dorsal pelage. Snout is brown, with patches of buff or tawny near nose and patch of white below chin. Venter is paler than dorsum from tan suffused with yellow to rufous. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 36 and FN- = @ s.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Slopes in open forest steppes and meadows. The Forest Steppe Marmot might be the only forest marmot. It is known to use abandoned buildings and cemeteries.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Forest Steppe Marmotis herbivorous and eats primarily young grasses, shoots of forbs, and herbaceous material growing in open forest steppe. It is occasionally a garden nuisance, eating vegetables such as beans and peas, but it is not considered to be a significant pest.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Forest Steppe Marmot inhabits burrows in which females produce a single litter of only two young once each summer. Maturation is slow and reproductive maturity may not be achieved until the age ofthree years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Forest Steppe Marmot is diurnal and active for 4 - 5 months each summer; it hibernates in burrows for the remaining 7 - 8 months each year. Heavy human activity may result in some nocturnal foraging.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Forest Steppe Marmot is social and lives in multiburrow colonies usually in family groups of dominant male, 2 - 3 adult females, and 4 - 8 immature individuals (younger than three years old). Family groups are territorial and defend areas of c. 1 ha. Forest Steppe Marmots nest in complex burrow systems with multiple openings that include winter hibernacula. Burrow entrances are often on slopes and are identified by small mounds of soil that serve as promontories. They also use less developed burrows on periphery of a colony for escape. Males disperse as three-year-olds and can travel distances up to 15 km / day; they often settle on periphery of a colony. Individuals frequently sit on burrow mounds and remain vigilant; alarm calls are short highpitched whistles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA0ED5EFAD8F4ABFAF3F021.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Not yet been assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Forest Steppe Marmot is listed as declining rapidly in the Red Books of Tomsk and Kuzbass, Russia. Hunting for food appears to be a significant threat in some localities because it is declining within its distribution, which is restricted and problematic for conservation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	materials_examined	Multa River, near Nizhne-Uimon in the Altai Mountains. Interpreted by S. I. Ognev in 1963 as “ Altaisk. Krai, Russia. ” Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. b. baibacinaKastschenko, 1899 — EAltaiandTianShanMts. M. b. centralis Thomas, 1909 — W & C Altai Mts and likely include populations extending to EC Kazakhstan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 460 - 650 mm, tail 130 - 154 mm; weight 4.2 - 6.5 kg. Gray Marmots have lightly grizzled brown to charcoal dorsal pelage, with conspicuous suffusion of tan to buff to yellow, such that an individual appears gray. Face is dark brown to cinnamon to black, with white-to-buff patches around nose and chin. Venteris tan to bright rust. Tail is light brown to pale gray at base, with black tip. Subspecies centralis has rusty to orange venter. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Gently sloping open or boulder strewn mountain steppes, meadows, and rocky outcroppings at elevations up to ¢. 4000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Gray Marmot is herbivorous and feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, and herbaceous material growing in open grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Gray Marmot lives in multiburrow colonies. After emerging in May, mating occurs later in May and early June. Single litters of 2 - 6 young are born after gestation of 40 days. Young do not mature until three years old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Gray Marmot is diurnal and only active for 4 - 5 months each summer; it hibernates in burrows for the remaining 7 - 8 months of the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Gray Marmotis social and lives in multiburrow colonies usually in groups of up to ten individuals that may communally hibernate. Dispersal occurs as three-year-olds begin to explore and move away from natal areas. They frequently sit on burrow mounds and remains vigilant; alarm calls are short high-pitched whistles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFF6CF873F8FCF68F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. Population trend of the Gray Marmot is unknown. Lack of knowledge about natural history impedes conservation and management. Hunting for food and medicine appears to be a significant threat in some localities. Gray Marmots have been successfully introduced in the Caucasus.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	materials_examined	“ la vallée du Gom- bour, élevée de 3500 metres. ” Interpret ed by S. I. Ognev in 1963 as “ Hombur [Ghombur] area, upper reaches of the Indus in Kashmir, [India]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	discussion	Widely used subspecific name dichrous has been changed for gender agreement. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. c ¢. caudata 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1844 — N India (Kashmir). M. c. aureaBlanford, 1875 — SEKazakhstan, EUzbekistan, WChina (WXinjiang), Kyrgyzstan, andTajikistan. M. c. dichroa Anderson, 1875 — Afghanistan and N Pakistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 500 mm, tail mean 182 mm; weight 3 - 5 kg. The Long-tailed Marmot has long coarse dorsal pelage that is golden orange suffused with black; dorsal black midline or saddle is often apparent. Head typically has dark brown to black cap that extends from snout to back of skull and includes eyes and cheeks. Tail is relatively long and bushy, with solid black tip. Venter is rusty orange. Bare eye patches are larger on males than females. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Nominate caudata has darkest dorsum of subspecies; dichroa is more grayish; and aurea has brilliant yellow-to-orange venter and suffusion ofthis color over some of its dorsum.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High elevation, low productivity alpine flats and meadows, often associated with glacial and terminal moraines. Alpine scrub with some dwarfjuniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae) is also selected.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Long-tailed Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, legumes, and small shrubs in open grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Long-tailed Marmotlives in complex burrows where young are born. Mating occurs about the time of spring emergence, and ¢. 17 % of females breed. Litters of 2 - 6 young are born after gestation of 30 - 33 days. Weaning is related to food availability, and ¢. 60 % ofjuveniles die during the first year. Infanticide by immigrating males occurs to avoid providing resources for another male’s progeny. Juveniles delay dispersal and remain in their natal group for at least three years. Most dispersal appears to occurafter sexual maturity when males move to groups with fewer individuals than their natal group. Non-juvenile survival increases in years when food is abundant.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Long-tailed Marmots are diurnal. They are only aboveground for 4 - 5 months, emerging from burrows in late spring or early summer. Individuals often bask on rocks or at burrow entrances.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Long-tailed Marmotis social and lives in large colonies often consisting of many monogamous pairs, but groups of seven adults plus their young and yearlings are also reported. Densities are typically less than 0 - 5 ind / ha. Home ranges are large and average 3 ha. Group members nest communally and most often are amicable. Both sexes scent-mark near their burrows using orbital glands; males are more responsive to novel scents than females. In some parts of the distribution, Long-tailed Marmots are hunted and trapped for food, pelts, and medicinal purposes; they are not considered pests, except where they are believed to compete with livestock for forage. The Long-tailed Marmot frequently is vigilant, standing on its haunches. Complex alarm calls warn conspecifics about relative risk of predation, and they use a variety of less apparent vocalizations in other social contexts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5EFA6CFE2BF7C7FC8C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Long-tailed Marmot is unknown. Lack of knowledge about the natural history of this species impedes conservation and management. Hunting of Long-tailed Marmots for food and medicine appears to be a significant threat in somelocalities. Overgrazing and rangeland degradation can be an issue.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Arctomys menzbieri Kashkarov, 1925, “ Chigyr-Tash, in the headwaters of the Ugam River, Talass Ala Tau ” [Yuzhno-Kazakhstansk. Obl., Kazakhstan].	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. menzbieriKashkarov, 1925 — WTianShanMtsinKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, andUzbekistan. M. m. zachidovi Petrov, 1963 — N Tian Shan Mts in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 490 mm, tail mean 120 mm; weight 3 — 4 kg. Menzbier’s Marmot has straw-to-tan dorsal pelage, frosted with dark brown to black. Head is browner, sometimes with buff on chin and snout; front limbs are cream to tan. During summer, pelage has rufous suffusion. Venter is cream to tan. Tail is straw to light brown, with dark brown to black tip. Chromosomal complementis 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Subspecies are separated by 100 km.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open high-elevation alpine and subalpine meadows. Menzbier’s Marmot can tolerate some encroachment ofjuniper (Juniperus, Cupressaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Menzbier’s Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, and herbaceous material growing in open grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Menzbier’s Marmotlives in multi-burrow colonies and appears to mate in burrows or soon after spring emergence. Litters of 2 - 3 young in the south or 4 - 5 young in the north are born in burrows. Some two-year-olds may be able to breed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Menzbier’s Marmots are diurnal. They are only active for 4 - 5 months each summer and hibernate in burrows for the remaining 7 - 8 months of the year. They hibernate in social groups.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively complex with multiple entrances and extend up to 3 m underground. Menzbier’s Marmots overwinter in communal groups and are highly social. Group member interactions are highly amicable, and new individuals face considerable aggression and chases. Territories are frequently scent-marked using oral gland secretions. Natal dispersal occurs, and social groups typically consist of a monogamous pair (single dominant adult male and adult female), two-year-olds, one-year-olds, and young-of-the-year. Alarm call is a relatively simple, high-pitched whistle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA3ED5FFA17F417FC54F01A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Menzbier’s Marmots is declining it is listed on the Red List of Uzbekistan. Lack of knowledge about natural history impedes conservation and management. Hunting for food and poisoning them as pests appears to be significant threats in some localities. Habitat degradation due to direct anthropogenic actions and climate change within the severely limited distribution is likely the major challenge.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	materials_examined	Taxonomy. Arctomys baibak camtschatica Pallas, 1811, “ Kamchatka [Kamchatka Oblast, Russia]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. camtschaticaPallas, 1811 — EoftherangeinChukotkaandKamchatkaPeninsula (Russia). M. c. bungeiKastschenko, 1901 — YakutiaandEtoSeaofOkhotsk (Russia). M. c. doppelmayri Birula, 1922 — W of the range from Lake Baikal E to Buryatia, Zabaykalsk, Amur, and perhaps extreme S Yakutia (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 460 - 530 mm, tail mean 165 - 1 mm; weight 2.9 - 5 kg. The Black-capped Marmotis large-sized and ground-dwelling; it has grizzled buff, yellow, or gray dorsal pelage. Black cap on head encompassing eyes and extending from snout to back ofskull is most conspicuous. After skull, cap narrows to midline that extends to mid-back. Front legs and shoulders are paler and may appear buff to olive. Venter is cinnamon to russet. Tail is generally dark, ranging from chocolate and charcoal to black. Nominate camtschatica is largest with the most prominent black on head, bungei is intermediate in size and color, and doppelmayri is the smallest and most pale.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open alpine meadows, often surrounded by low montane forests, and welldrained sites ofsilt, talus, and boulders in montane dryad-green moss tundra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Black-capped Marmot is an herbivore that feeds on a diverse array of plant material to include grasses, herbs, and moss. It also eats insects and scavenges animal matter if available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Black-capped Marmot inhabits burrows with a nest chamber in which young are born. It mates in these burrows before emerging from hibernation in May. Average litter size is five young (range 3 - 11). Offspring remain in their natal group for at least three years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Black-capped Marmots are diurnal. They are active primarily in midday and maintain daily rhythm even during long days of sunlight in summer. They hibernate for as long as eight months and emerge in May. Winter burrows must be located below permafrost and contain large amounts of vegetation for bedding and may incorporate rocks and stones in chamber walls. They begin hibernation in September in large groups, perhaps multifamily groups, and arouse periodically, independent of their hibernation conditions. Age and sex differences exist in duration of hibernation and arousal bouts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Black-capped Marmots live in colonies with multi-complex burrows. Groups consist of reproductive pair and their young from previous litters, sometimes 20 - 30 individuals, during hibernation. Home ranges are 10 - 15 ha. Natal dispersal is delayed until individuals are three years old.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFACAFD26F7D3FC39.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Black-capped Marmot is unknown. They are hunted for meat, fur, and fat, and although laws now regulate hunting, levels may be sustainable and must be monitored. Subspecies doppelmayri in the Baikal is rare and protected by Russian law.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	materials_examined	“ Himalaya ... and sandy plains of Tibet. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. h. himalayanaHodgson, 1841 — SETajikistan, NPakistan, NIndia, andWChina (WTibet = XizangandXinjiang). M. h. robusta Milne-Edwards, 1871 — Tibet- an Plateau in SW China, Nepal, and Bhutan although boundaries of the subspecies are not well defined.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 460 - 650 mm, tail 125 - 150 mm; weight 4.9 - 2 kg. The Himalayan Marmotis large-bodied and ground-dwelling; it has dorsal pelage that is cream to buff to yellowish, with variable patches of charcoal to black. Nose and cheeks are often dark brown to black that occasionally extends to forehead. Venter is buff to tan to light brown. Tail is tan to light brown at base, with black tip. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Nominate himalayana is lighter than subspecies robusta, without rust to orange.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Alpine meadows, upland grasslands, and high-elevation deserts. Himalayan Marmots exist at elevations of up to 5670 m, and they are perhaps the southernmostoccurring species of marmot.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Himalayan Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, mosses, lichens, and herbaceous material growing in open cold dry grasslands and deserts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Himalayan Marmotlives in multi-burrow colonies in which young are born after gestation of ¢. 30 days; litter size averages 4 - 8 young in high-density populations and seven young at low densities (range 2 - 11). Females can reproduce in their second year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Himalayan Marmots are diurnal and social hibernators. They are only active for 5 - 6 months each summer and hibernate in burrows for the remaining 6 - 7 months of the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Himalayan Marmot is social and lives in multi-burrow colonies, usually in groups of up to ten individuals. Natal dispersal is delayed, and social groups typically consist of single dominant adult male, adult female, two-year-olds, one-year-olds, and young-of-the-year. Group members are highly sociable and display affiliative behavior. Non-group members are targets of aggressive displays, tooth chatters, and chases. Alarm call is a high-pitched complex call with two distinct sounds when threatened.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED5FFFC1F8BAF93BF597.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix III (India). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Himalayan Marmotis unknown. Itis included in the Schedule II (Part II) of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Lack of knowledge about natural history impedes conservation and management. Hunting of Himalayan Marmotfor food and medicine appearsto be a significant threat in some localities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kulusutai, near [Lake Torei-Nor, southeast Transbaikal, ” Chitinskaya Oblast, Russia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	discussion	Widely used subspecific name caliginosus has been changed for gender agreement. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. s. sibiricaRadde, 1862 — EpartofthedistributioninEMongolia, NEChina (InnerMongolia = NeiMongolandHeilongjiang), andadjacentSSiberia (Russia). M. s. caliginosa Bannikov & Skalon, 1949 — W Mongolia and S Siberia (Russia).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 360 - 495 mm, tail 112 - 121 mm; weight 5 - 8 kg. The Tarbagan Marmot has dorsal pelage oflight grizzled buff to pale cream. Head is brown to black from snout to behind eyes; feet are tan, rust, or dark brown. Tail increases in darkness toward dark brown to black tip. Venter, front legs, and hindflanks are often white or pale cream but can be suffused with rust. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 70. Nominate sibirica 1 s pale straw to yellow in autumn, suffused with rust on legs and venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open habitats in semi-desert, steppe, foreststeppe, and grass-covered montane slopes and valleys.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Tarbagan Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, woody shrubs, and herbaceous material growing in open grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Tarbagan Marmot lives in multi-burrow colonies. Mating occurs in March-April immediately after emergence from hibernation. Litters of 3 - 8 young are born in burrows after gestation of 40 - 42 days. Young emerge in June and remain with their natal group for at least three years. First-year survival is 70 - 80 % if females are not removed by trapping and hunting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Tarbagan Marmots are diurnal and social hibernators. They are only active for 5 - 6 months each summer and hibernate in burrows for the remaining 6 - 7 months of the year; spring emergenceis in April-May.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows of Tarbagan Marmots are relatively complex with multiple entrances and are recognizable by a small pile of soil and barren ring around the entrance. Colonies are extensive; densities are 1 - 7 ind / ha. They overwinter in communal groups of as many as 20 individuals and are highly social species. Group member interactions are highly amicable, and unfamiliar individuals face considerable aggression and chases. Family groups are composed of reproductive pair and their young from previouslitters, young under or equalto three years of age. Alarm call is a simple high-pitched whistle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFA2ED40FAC3F498FC27FF14.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Tarbagan Marmotis declining. Lack of knowledge about natural history impedes conservation and management. Hunting of Tarbagan Marmots for food, pelts, and oil is a problem in cases of overharvest. Hunting seasons have been established in autumn before hibernation to regulate harvest. Habitat degradation from direct anthropogenic actions and climate change is a major challenge. The Tarbagan Marmot appears to be an important keystone species in steppe because large colonies have high levels of diversity and receive more attention from predators than might otherwise be expected; plant diversity increases as plants recolonize bare soil around newly excavated burrows. Large colonies can suffer near complete losses due to sylvatic plague.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	materials_examined	“ Point Lay, Arctic Coast of Alaska, ” USA. This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Alaska, in the Brooks Range from Chukchi Sea coast to the Alaska-Yukon border in Canada.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 580 - 650 mm (males) and 540 - 600 mm (females), tail 150 - 180 mm (males) and 130 - 160 mm (females); 3 - 4 kg (males) and 2.5 - 3.5 kg (females). The Alaska Marmot has gray to charcoal dorsal pelage, suffused with cinnamon, especially at hips. Head is uniform dark brown or charcoal; tail is brown to gray. Venter is gray to charcoal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open alpine tundra associated with talus slopes and rocky outcroppings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Alaska Marmotis an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, lichens, mosses, and other herbaceous material in alpine tundra.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Alaska Marmotslive in burrows where young are born. They mate soon after spring emergence. Litters of 4 - 5 are born in late spring or early summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Alaska Marmots are diurnal. They are only active for 4 - 6 months each summer and hibernate within burrows for the remaining 6 - 8 months of the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows appear to be relatively simple with multiple entrances. Alaska Marmots live in interactive family groups. They are highly amicable, and new individuals face considerable aggression and chases. Highpitched whistle is produced in response to potential predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FF6CF7AFFB36FA8D.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Alaska Marmotis stable. Lack of knowledge about natural history might impede conservation and management.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	materials_examined	“ im nordlichsten Theile der West- kuiste Amerika’s, haufig an der Bristolbai [= northern areas of the west coast of America, frequently on Bristol Bay]. ” Restricted by J. A. Allen in 1877 to near Bristol Bay, Alaska, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. c ¢. caligata Eschscholtz, 1829 — Alaska and W Yukon (Canada). M. c. cascadensisA. H. Howell, 1914 — SWBritishColumbia (Canada) andWWashington (USA). M. c. okanagana King, 1836 — S Yukon, W Northwest Territories, E British Columbia, W Alberta (Canada) to NE Idaho and W Montana (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 450 - 600 mm, tail 170 - 250 mm; weight 3.6 - 9 kg. The Hoary Marmot has light-colored pale cream to white anterior dorsal pelage and yellow to tan posterior dorsum, rump, and tail. Head is cream to buff, with dark brown to black on snout, crown, and chin. Feet are often dark brown to black. Venteris pale cream to white. Subspecies okanagana is pale; cascadensis has dark feet and venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open rocky talus slopes and alpine tundra naturally fragmented and disjunct.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Hoary Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, and other herbaceous material growing in open alpine meadows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Hoary Marmot lives in multi-burrow colonies and appears to mate in burrows or soon after spring emergence. Every two years, females give birth to litters of 4 - 5 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Hoary Marmots are diurnal. They are only active for 4 - 5 months each summer and hibernate in burrows for the remaining 7 - 8 months ofthe year. It hibernates as family groups beginning in September — October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively complex with multiple entrances and extend up to 3 m underground. Hoary Marmots overwinter in communal groups and are highly social. They typically live in family groups of dominant male, adult female (s), yearlings, young-of-the-year, and subordinate males that live on periphery of dominant male’s home range. Dominant females suppress reproductive activity of other females in colonies. Monogamy and polygyny can occur in a single colony, suggesting facultative mating system. Communication occurs by scent marking and vocalizations. High-pitched vocalizations convey risk of predation and also differ for terrestrial and aerial predators. Alarm call is a relatively simple, high-pitched whistle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED40FA62FEEEF899FF43.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Hoary Marmot is stable. Historically, it was hunted for food and pelts, rarely today. Widespread distribution suggests little need for conservation concern.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	materials_examined	“ in America septentrionalis. ” Restricted by O. Thomas in 1911 to Maryland, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	discussion	Nine subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. m. monaxLinnaeus, 1758 — SpartofthedistributioninE & SEUSAStoNWLouisiana, Alabama, andGeorgia. M. m. bunker: Black, 1935 — CUSA (KansasandNebraska). M. m. canadensisErxleben, 1777 — NWtoSECanadaandNEUSA (Maine, NNewHampshireandNVermont). M. m. ignavaBangs, 1899 — NECanada (NQuebecandELabrador). M. m. johnsoniR. M. Anderson, 1943 — restrictedtoextremeSQuebecinSECanada. M. m. ochraceaSwarth, 1911 — EAlaskaandNWCanada. M. m. preblorumA. H. Howell, 1914 — NEUSA (SNewEngland). M. m. pretensisA. H. Howell, 1915 — WCanada (SWBritishColumbia) andNWUSA (extremeEWashington, NIdaho, andNWMontana). M. m. rufescens A. H. Howell, 1914 — SC Canada (SE Ontario) and NC & NE tier of states from E North Dakota and E South Dakota to New Hampshire S to Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Jersey in USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 418 - 665 mm, tail 100 - 155 mm; weight 3 - 4 — 4 - 1 kg. The Woodchuck has dorsal pelage that is grizzled gray to dark brown, often appearing frosted because of light-colored tips of guard hairs. White-to-tan patches surround snout and chin. Front legs can be suffused with rufous to cinnamon. Venter is highly variable and can be gray to tan to rufous and dark brown. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 66. Subspecies rufescens is pale straw to yellow in autumn, suffused with rust on legs and venter. Subspecies preblorum is medium-sized, with pale reddish hue on dorsum and pinkish cinnamon on venter. Subspecies pretensis is strong reddish above and below; hairs on back are vinaceous cinnamon, turning to orange-cinnamon on shoulders and flanks of johnsoni. Subspecies ochracea is strong reddish brown on dorsum, with lighter venter and pinkish cinnamon tail. Subspecies bunkeri is large-bodied pale gray. Subspecies ignava is large and dark orange-cinnamon, frosted with buff.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Old fields, meadows, meadow-forest ecotones, orchards, croplands, roadsides, and urban parklands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Woodchuck is an herbivore that feeds on a diversity of forbs, grasses, sedges, flowers, fruits, and buds. It climbs trees to consume leaves, fruits, or soft seeds and has also been known to eat insects and scavenge small vertebrates. It causes agricultural damage to cereal crops, hayfields, and orchards.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Woodchuck lives alone in modestly complex burrows. Males often emerge from hibernation before females; mating occurs soon after females arouse and emerge. Mating system is polygynous. Yearling females can reproduce, and majority of adult females reproduce each year. Gestation lasts 31 - 32 days; females give birth to as many as nine young in burrows after gestations of. Young emerge from burrows after 5 - 6 weeks in early summer to mid-summer. Mostjuveniles disperse from natal areas at the end oftheir first growing season; however, some young, especially females, remain near natal areas. Although independentafter dispersal, woodchucks continue to grow for 2 - 3 years before achieving adult body size.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Woodchucks are diurnal and might be crepuscular and even nocturnal in urban areas. Woodchucks hibernate alone in burrows beginning in October-November and emerge after 2 - 6 months in mid-spring.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively simple and can be located in open fields, adjacent deciduous or mixed forests, or under human structures, (e. g. buildings or bridges). Adults are solitary and territorial. Male home ranges are 0 - 5 — 4 ha; female home ranges are significantly smaller. Overlap of female home ranges is minimal; overlap is more significant between males and females. Because individuals are relatively asocial, interactions among adults are typically agonistic. Kinship is influential, and close relatives are slightly more amicable and less aggressive toward each other. Olfactory communication appears important, and Woodchucks scent-mark on structures and plants using well-developed glands on upper lips and corner of mouths. Alarm calls are high-pitched, short duration vocalizations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBDED41FA6AF75BFDC6F06E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Woodchuck is stable. They are hunted for food and sport and considered a nuisance on golf courses and in urban areas, where they dig under structures. In orchards and croplands, they can cause considerable crop losses in local settings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mountains between Tex- as and California. ” Restricted by A. H. How- ell in 1915 to Mt. Hood, Oregon, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	discussion	Widely used specific and subspecific name [flaviventris has been changed, as in the original combination the final component venter is a latin noun and thus the name remains an invariable epithet in apposition. Eleven subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flaviventerAudubon & Bachman, 1841 — NWUSA (CascadeRangeandNCSierraNevadaofOregonandCalifornia). M. f. avaraBangs, 1899 — SWCanada (BritishColumbia) andWUSA (Washington, EOregon, WIdahoandNNevada). M. f. dacotaMerriam, 1889 — NCUSA (endemictotheBlackHillsofSouthDakota). M. f. engelhardtiJ. A. Allen, 1905 - WUSA (CtoSWUtah). M. f. fortirostrisGrinnell, 1921 — WUSA (WhiteMtsofCaliforniaandNevada). M. f. luteolaA. H. Howell, 1914 — WUSA (SCRockyMts, fromSWyomingtoNewMexico). M. f. nosophoraA. H. Howell, 1914 — CSCanada (SEAlbertaandSWSaskatchewan) andWUSA (Montana, NWWyoming, EIdaho, NUtah, andNENevada). M. f. notiorosWarren, 1934 — WCUSA (WetMtsinSCColorado). M. f. obscuraA. H. Howell, 1914 — SangredeCristoMtsinSCColoradoandNCNewMexico, SCUSA. M. f. sierrae A. H. Howell, 1915 — S Sierra Nevada, California in SWUSA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 470 - 700 mm, tail 130 - 220 mm; weight 1.6 - 5.2 kg. Dorsal pelage of the Yellow-bellied Marmot is grizzled gray to brown. Head is brown to black, usually with white patches around eyes, snout, and muzzle and on chin. Side of neck is buff, yellow, or orange. Feet are buff to brown. Venter is buff to yellow. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 42 and FN = 62. Subspecies sierrae is reddish. Subspecies parvula, fortirostris, avara, and engelhardti are diminutive forms. Subspecies obscura lacks light colored facial markings. Subspecies notioros is large and dark. Nominate flaviventer, nosophora, and luteola have light colored mantles on upper backs. Subspecies dacota has a red venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane grassand forb-dominated meadows with loose talus, in flat grassland meadows within inland valleys and on margins of irrigated hayfields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Yellow-bellied Marmot is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, sedges, mosses, and other herbaceous material growing in open grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Yellow-bellied Marmots emerge before females and tunnel through snow to mate with females as they arouse from hibernation. Male testes regress in size just two weeks after emergence, which ends the breeding season. Gestation is ¢. 30 days, after which litters of 4 - 5 young are born in burrows. Adult females rarely reproduce in successive years. Mating system is polygynous. Juveniles overwinter in natal areas; males and many females disperse as yearlings. Mothers and daughters form matrilines when some females remain philopatric, and these lineages can persist over several generations. Amicable, kin-biased behavior is most common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Yellow-bellied Marmots are diurnal. They are only active for 4 - 5 months each summer and hibernate as individuals in separate burrows for extended periods beginning in September — October.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow systems are modestly complex, frequently with several entrances leading to a terminal nest chamber 1 - 2 m belowground. Conspicuous trails often connect burrow entrances because colony members frequently move among entrances. Escape burrows that provide only short-term cover are less complex, with just a single entrance and short length. Behaviors are predominantly amicable between social-group members; non-group members are aggressively chased. Survival ofjuveniles can be highly variable (15 - 90 %) annual adult survival is typically 65 - 80 %. Female survival is greater than that of males. Majority of losses occurs during hibernation. Communication is most often visual and auditory, but the Yellow-bellied Marmot also scent-marks on structures and burrows. Individuals make moderately complex calls when surveying their surroundings and standing on their haunches. “ Chirps ” are by far the most common calls, increasing in frequency as perceived risk increases and with important ground predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FFCEF84EF698F147.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Yellow-bellied Marmotis stable. Habitat degradation due to direct anthropogenic actions and climate change in high-elevation meadows is a major challenge. It can be considered a pest in agricultural fields.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mt. Douglas (altitude 4,200 feet [1280 m]), twenty miles [32 km] south of Alberni, Vancouver Island, British Colum-: bia ” [Canada].	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to Vancouver I (SW Canada).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 695 mm (males) and 661 mm (females), tail mean 220 mm (males) and 193 mm (females); weight 3 - 7 kg. The Vancouver Island Marmot has dark brown to sepia dorsum; old pelage fades to tawny or olive brown. A white patch surrounds snout and chin. Flecks or small patches of white can also be found on forehead and venter; white patches are sometimes aggregated a as line along midline of venter, which tends to be same color as dorsum. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 42 and FN = 60.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open alpine meadows, avalanche bowls, or clear cuts at elevations of 1000 - 1500 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Vancouver Island Marmotis an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, bulbs, woody shrubs, fruits, fern fronds, and other herbaceous material.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Vancouver Island Marmotlives in multi-burrow colonies. Litter sizes are 3 - 5 young; females can producelitters in consecutive years but often skip 1 - 2 years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Vancouver Island Marmots are diurnal and have bimodal daily activity. They hibernate in family groups in winter that can last up to eight months.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively complex with multiple entrances. Vancouver Island Marmots live in restricted family groups that include an adult male, 1 - 3 adult females, yearlings, and a single litter produced by one of the female group members. Two-year-olds disperse from natal areas. The Vancouver Island Marmot has a diverse selection of calls of descending, ascending, and flat single-notes that increase in length with level of alarm. Trills are given when marmots are highly alarmed. A fifth call type, “ kee-aw, ” seems to maintain vigilance levels among other Vancouver Island Marmots.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBCED41FAF4F95CF925FA8B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red Last. Population trend of the Vancouver Island Marmot is declining. Lack of knowledge about natural history impedes conservation and management. Fewer than 300 individuals persist in the wild, supplemented by a successful captive breeding program. Predation levels are high and may be responsible for this species’ decline in recent years. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), and Pumas (Puma concolor) are the most significant predators of Vancouver Island Marmots.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	materials_examined	“ From Timberline at head of Sole- duc River, Olympic Mountains, [Olympic Nat. Park] Washington [USA]. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to the Olympic Mts of W Washington (NW USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 720 - 750 mm (males) and 670 - 690 mm (females), tail 210 - 237 mm (males) and 180 - 192 mm (females); weight 8.5 - 11 kg (males), 4.1 - 4.3 kg after hibernation and 6.7 - 7.5 kg (females), 2.7 - 3.5 kg after hibernation. The Olympic Marmot has dorsal pelage of straw yellow-brown to light brown that fades to yellow during summer. Snout is white often, extending to eyes. Venter is usually more rufous or gray than dorsal pelage. Tail is relatively long and densely haired, straw yellow to tan. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 44 and FN = 66.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open grass, sedge, and forb subalpine and alpine meadows and talus slopes near and above timberline (most habitat is in the Olympic National Park, USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Olympic Marmotis an herbivore that feeds on sedges, herbs, roots, grasses and sometimes conifer bark and cambium. Dry grasses may be collected underground for either food or bedding. Foraging by the Olympic Marmot can remove ¢. 30 % of the biomass and promotes a high level of plant diversity. They will eat animal material when available; cannibalism has been observed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Olympic Marmotlives in multi-burrow colonies where most breeding occurs. Females typically reproduce in alternating years. Litters are 3 - 5 young, and young remain in natal areas until at least their third year when they disperse.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Olympic Marmot is diurnal and is only active for 4 - 5 months each summer and hibernates within burrows for the remaining 7 - 8 months of the year; spring emergence is in April-May.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows, often with small mounds at the entrance, are common in colonies and are used for maternal nests, sleeping dens, and escape. Sleeping chambers are often lined with dry plant material. Polygynous colonial groups commonly consisting of a single dominate adult male, less than three adult females and numerous two-year olds, one-year-olds, and young-of-the-year. The Olympic Marmot is among the most social of marmots. Colonial territories are 2 - 8 - 7 ha. Subordinate males may live on peripheries of colonies but are treated as non-residents. Mortality occurs mostly in winter, especially in years with little insulating snowpack. Scent marking of rocks and plants with oral and cheek glands is common. Four distinct alarm calls are produced in response to potential threats and number of whistles, tooth chatters, growls, “ yips, ” and “ chucks ” are used in a variety of contexts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED42FF63FEF9FCB4FFBF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Olympic Marmot is declining. Habitat degradation due to climate change and unusually heavy predation by Coyotes (Canis latrans) and other predators in their highly isolated habitat are major challenges.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	materials_examined	“ vicinity of the Missouri. ” Restricted by N. Hollister in 1916 to “ Upper Missouri River, ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. l. ludovicianus Ord, 1815 — extreme S Canada (S Saskatchewan) through most of C USA to C Texas. C. [l. arizonensis Mearns, 1890 — SW USA (SE Arizona and S New Mexico) and NW Mexico (extreme NE Sonora and NW Chihuahua).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 373 - 5 mm, tail mean 87 mm (males) and 84 mm (females); weight mean 905 g (males) and 819 g (females). The Black-tailed Prairie Dog has dorsal pelage of buff to brown to cinnamon; face around eyes and snout can be paler. Tail is dark brown to black at tip. Venteris pale buff to white. Diploid number is 2 n = 50. Subspecies arizonensis does not differ much from ludovicianus and may not truly represent a different form.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open flat to gently sloping grasslands with low and relatively sparse vegetation, in areas with fineto medium-textured soils. In the east, tall grass prairies where vegetation height is maintained by mowing or grazing are commonly used; in the west, short-grass and mixed-grass prairies are primary habitats. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog can use overgrazed livestock range, airports, and vacant grasslands at edges of urban areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, cacti, bulbs, emergent woody shrubs, and other herbaceous material growing in open grasslands. Individuals often clip vegetation without ingestion to maintain lines of sight and reduce woody encroachment on grasslands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog lives in multi-burrow colonies. Mating season lasts 2 - 3 weeks when females enter a single day of estrus and copulate in burrows. Multiple paternities occur and a first-male advantage exists for sires. Reproductive maturity is reached at c. 2 years old; however, a few females and males produce as yearlings. Young are born in burrows after 34 - 35 days of gestation. Females can wean onelitter per year; although most adult females mate, c. 90 % wean a litter, and ¢. 50 % ofyearling females are successful. Litters of 1 - 6 young appear aboveground at c. 6 weeks after birth and are weaned soon afterward. Natal dispersal is male-biased, with most males dispersing in late spring or early summer of their yearling year; breeding dispersal by older adult malesis also common. Mean lifetime reproductive successis higher in males (c. 7 weaned offspring) than females (c. 4 weaned offspring), but it is more variable for males. Female reproductive success is positively impacted by previous year’s rainfall and by breeding early in the season. Heavy long-lived individuals have the highest lifetime reproductive success.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Black-tailed Prairie Dogs are diurnal and can be active throughout the year, except during periods of prolonged cold when individuals can enter torpor and remain underground. Adults are readily active aboveground by March or early April and may begin to reduce aboveground activity in July-August in some areas; juveniles remain active until October-November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black-tailed Prairie Dog is highly social and lives in large complexes called “ towns ” or colonies. Burrows are relatively complex with multiple entrances and are recognizable by a small mound ofsoil and barren ring around entrances. A nest is found at the end of burrows that exceed 10 - 15 m long and penetrate 2 - 3 m deep. Black-tailed Prairie Dog colonies vary considerably in size and density, but some are known to extend for many kilometers, sometimes 35 km in length or longer especially prior to western European settlement and persecution. Colonies consist of territorial family groups called coteries. Coterie size can be as small as two or as large as 26 individuals, but the typical coterie contains one adult male, 2 - 3 adult females, and 1 - 2 yearlings of both sexes. Coterie territories average c. 0 - 3 ha, and their boundaries remain remarkably stable over time. A typical coterie has c ¢. 70 burrows, and all members of a coterie can use any of these entrances, with one exception: pregnant and lactating females vigorously defend nursery burrows. Females in a coterie are almost always close kin (mothers, daughters, sisters, nieces, etc.). Coterie structure reduces effective population size due to matrilineal relationships, and fine-scale genetic differentiation is detectable. Playing, analand oral-gland sniffing, kissing, and allogrooming are affiliative behaviors shared among group members (except when females are nursing their young), but aggression, including physical combat, is directed at individuals from outside a coterie. Territorial two-syllable “ jumpyip ” call is given as an individual stands on hindfeet and throws its front legs and head upward, and this call commonly elicits similar responses from members of its own and adjacent coteries. Infanticide is the primary source of juvenile mortality, accounting for the loss of c. 40 % ofjuveniles. Sources of infanticide are marauding females that actively seek and kill offspring of other coterie members, female abandonment of their own offspring, immigrant male takeovers of coteries, and immigrant females. Blacktailed Prairie Dogs benefit from large colony size by their ability to detect predators early and spend more time feeding and less time being vigilant. Individuals sit on their haunches or stand upright on two feet to scan for predators. Vigilance functions mostly to improve probability of detecting a predator, but it also monitors activities of nearby conspecifics. Alarm calls are given in response to the large-bodied mammalian predators, snakes, and raptors that function as this species’ principal predators. Vocal repertoire is robust with twelve known sounds, but only “ jump-yips ” and alarm calls are common.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBFED43FF6CF658FCEBF6FE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Black-tailed Prairie is declining. Although maintaining a wide distribution, area of occupancy has been reduced from c. 40 million ha historically to ¢. 766,400 ha, a decline of 98 %. Habitat loss is considered a major threat because significant amounts of grassland (perhaps 40 %) are being converted to agriculture. Urbanization also continues to remove sizeable amounts of habitat. Large and recently isolated fragments near other prairie-dog colonies, flat areas, and those with substantial grass cover are most likely to support prairie-dog populations in urban areas. Historically, the Blacktailed Prairie Dog was hunted occasionally for food, often for target practice or sport, and for pest removal; shooting remains popular in some parts of the distribution. It is often viewed as a significant competitor for forage or as a threat to livestock because their open burrows were thought to be a potential hazard to grazing animals — both of these concerns have been exaggerated. As a potential pest, the Black-tailed Prairie Dog was often poisoned in the 1900 s in an attempt to extirpate them, resulting in massive declines; poisoning continues in some areas. Some researchers, however, consider species of Cynomys to be important for soil quality, as a vital contributor to other wildlife habitats, and as an indicator of ecosystem health. Evidence that the Black-tailed Prairie Dog is an ecosystem engineer and a keystone species is strong. It is also highly susceptible to outbreaks of sylvatic (bubonic) plague, a bacterial disease introduced to North America in the early 1900 s and common in ground-dwelling squirrels in the western USA. These outbreaks rapidly eliminate local populations, due in part to the high densities of the Black-tailed Prairie Dog. It was recently reintroduced into New Mexico and Arizona in the south-western USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fort Bridger, [Uinta Co.] Wyo- ming ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SC Montana, W & C Wyoming, NE Utah, and W Colorado (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 371 mm (males) and 353 mm (females), tail mean 57 mm (males) and 55 mm (females); weight mean 1 - 1 kg (males) and 0 - 92 kg (females). The White-tailed Prairie Dog has dorsal pelage of yellowish buff, frosted with black, and paler venter, which is pale cream to buff. Dark brown or black stripe is apparent above each eye and typically extends below each eye. Tail is cream to buff at base, suffused with cinnamon, and white at tip. Diploid number is 2 n = 50.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Xeric high-biomass mixed stands of grasses, forbs, and shrubs in high-elevation meadows, flats, and gently rolling hillsides.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The White-tailed Prairie Dog is an herbivore that feeds primarily on young grasses, shoots of forbs, grass seeds, cacti, bulbs, emergent woody shrubs, and other herbaceous material growing in open grasslands. It is rarely seen drinking, suggesting needs are met water from its food.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The White-tailed Prairie Dog lives in modest burrows in which they hibernate and give birth. Mating takes place within days of emergence. Females produce one litter per year, beginning at one year of age. Males also usually mature at one year but may not breed until their second year. Young are born after gestation of 28 - 30 days and remain underground for c. 5 - 5 weeks. Litters when young first appear aboveground are 1 - 8. Weaning is nearly complete when the juveniles first emerge from the nursery burrow, and communal nursing following their first emergence is rare. Juvenile females are philopatric and remain on or near natal areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. White-tailed Prairie Dogs are diurnal and hibernate in burrows for c. 7 months. They spend spring, summer, and fall feeding in preparation for their dormancy in winter. Adults usually enter hibernation in late summer or early autumn, but juveniles remain active until October-November. Adult males usually emerge in February, with females coming aboveground 2 - 3 weeks later.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of White-tailed Prairie Dogs live in burrows. Burrows are complex, with multiple entrances but are less conspicuous than those of other species of Cynomys and lack mounds of soil around entrances. Burrows contain up to ten entrances and occasionally as many as 30; nests are 2 - 3 m deep. Colonies vary considerably in size and density. Clans are small, and individuals forage in overlapping ranges within the colony. Females within clans are usually close relatives. Larger colonies detect predators more quickly than smaller colonies, suggesting an important benefit to group living. Adult home ranges are c. 1 - 2 ha. Amicable interactions among adults and juveniles include kissing, analand oral-sniffing, and playing. Hostile interactions among adults include fights, chases, and territorial disputes. Individuals sit on their haunches or stand upright to scan for predators. High-pitched alarm calls are given in response predators. Mustelids such as Black-footed Ferrets (Mustela nigripes) and American Badgers (Taxidea taxus), felids such as Bobcats (Lynx rufus), canids such as Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and Coyotes (Canis latrans), and raptors such as Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), are principal predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFC3FDD2FC01FB31.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the White-tailed Prairie Dog is declining. Habitat loss is considered a major threat because significant amounts of grassland and sagebrush steppe are being converted to agriculture. Urbanization destroys sizeable amounts of habitat. It is hunted occasionally for food, often for target practice or sport, and for pest removal because their open burrows were thought to be potential hazards to grazing animals — both of these concerns are exaggerated. It is highly susceptible to outbreaks of sylvatic (bubonic) plague, a bacterial disease introduced to North America in the early 1900 s and common in ground-dwelling squirrels in the western USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	materials_examined	“ Buckskin Valley, Iron County, Utah. ” USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SC Utah (USA).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 299 - 370 mm (males) and 290 - 368 mm (females), tail 49 - 62 mm (males) and 47 - 56 mm (females); weight mean 1 - 1 kg (males) and 0 - 78 kg (females). The Utah Prairie Dog is the smallest species of Cynomys. It has dorsal pelage that is clay, cinnamon, or buff, with pale buff to white chin and upper cheek. Dark brown or black stripe is found above each eye, with some dark brown or black below each eye. Venter is light cinnamon to pale buff. Tail grades from buff base to distal white. Diploid numberis 2 n = 50.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open grasslands and sagebrush flats. The Utah Prairie Dog avoidssites with a slope and abandons areas where vegetation obstructs view of surroundings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Utah Prairie Dog is an herbivore that feeds on a variety of grasses, forbs, flowers, shrubs, and seeds. It also feeds on insects when available and often gleans them from cattle feces. It can thrive in pastures grazed by livestock because they have only modest dietary overlap; irrigated fields are particular attractive.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Utah Prairie Dog lives in multi-burrow colonies. Females usually mate within several days of their emergence from hibernacula. Multiple paternities of litters are common. Females attain sexual maturity and mate as yearlings. Most males delay reproduction until two years old. Young are born after gestation of 28 - 30 days and remain in the burrow for c. 5 - 5 weeks. Litters at emergence are 1 - 7 young, and young are weaned soon afterward. A female produces one litter per year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Utah Prairie Dogs are diurnal and hibernate in burrows for lengthy winters that last up to ¢. 7 months. Adults typically emerge in February and enter hibernation in late summer or early autumn; juveniles remain active until October-November.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively complex with multiple entrances and are recognizable by small piles of soil and barren rings around entrances. Utah Prairie Dogs live in colonies known as “ towns. ” Burrows can be complex, with up to ten entrances and 1 - 3 nests. Burrows typically do not exceed 6 m in length and perhaps 3 m in depth. Colonies vary considerably in their size and density. Utah Prairie Dogs are highly social, and typical social units (“ clans ”) are composed of an adult male, several adult females, and immature young less than two years of age. Amicable interactions among adults and juveniles include kissing, analand oralgland sniffing, and playing. Hostile interactions among adults of both sexes consist of fights, chases, and territorial disputes. Adult females within a clan are always close kin. Following first emergence ofjuveniles from nursery burrows, females commonly nurse offspring of other females until weaning is complete (in another 1 - 3 weeks); beneficiaries of such communal nursing are usually close kin, such as grand offspring, nieces, and nephews. Young are much more likely to disperse from natal areas if other relatives persist. Infanticide by adult males is known to occur. Alarm calls are given in response to large-bodied mustelids, felids, canids, and raptors that are principal predators. Predators may have more impact on new colonies and expanding colonies than established colonies because burrow systems are less developed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED43FFDAF380F700FDBD.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Utah Prairie Dog is declining. Historically, they were hunted occasionally for food and frequently for target practice or sport. Sometimes inaccurately viewed as significant competitor for forage or as a threat to livestock because their open burrows were thought to be potential hazards to grazing animals. Some researchers consider species of Cynomys to be keystone species for ecosystem health. As a potential pest, Utah Prairie Dogs were often poisoned in the 1900 s in an attempt to extirpate them, resulting in massive declines from populations estimated to have been perhaps 95,000 individuals in 1800 km? The Utah Prairie Dog is also susceptible to outbreaks of sylvatic plague that rapidly eliminate local populations. It now occurs in substantial populations in only three areas: Awapa Plateau, along the east fork of the Sevier River, and in eastern Iron County. Reintroduction and population augmentation attempts show great promise as conservation and management tools.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Cochitope [Cochetopa] Pass of Rocky Mountains, ” Saguache Co., Colorado, USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. C. g. gunnisoniBaird, 1855 — EpartofthedistributioninColorado, andNNewMexicoinSCUSA. C. g. zuniensis Hollister, 1916 — W part of the distribution in SE Utah, NW Arizona, and NW New Mexico in SC USA.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 317 - 390 mm (males) and 309 - 338 mm (females), tail 40 - 60 mm (males) and 46 - 61 mm (females); weight 0 - 46.1 - 3 kg (males) and 0 - 46 — 0 - 75 kg (females). Gunnison’s Prairie Dog has dorsal pelage that is buff to pale yellow, grizzled with small amounts of black. Head is paler, with cream to white suffused with buff. Faint black patch occurs between eyes and sides of the snout. Venter is cream to white, blending gradually with darker dorsum. Tail fades to pale buff or white tip. Diploid number is 2 n = 40. Subspecies zuniensis is a slightly larger, darker, and more cinnamon-colored grassland form.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. High-elevation open montane valleys and plateaus, but thrives in modest shrub and open pinyon-juniper (Pinus, Pinaceae-Juniperus, Cupressaceae) savannas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Gunnison’s Prairie Dog is an herbivore that feeds on a variety of grasses, forbs, flowers, shrubs, and seeds. In pastures, it has only modest dietary overlap with livestock.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Gunnison’s Prairie Dog lives in multi-burrow colonies. Females mate as yearlings and produce a single litter per year. Males sometimes mate as yearlings but more often reproduction is delayed until two years old. Females usually mate within several days of their emergence from hibernation. Young are born in burrows after gestation of 28 - 30 days. Multiple paternities oflitters are frequent and may approach 80 %. Young remain belowground for c ¢. 5 - 6: 5 weeks when 1 - 7 young emerge from nursery burrow. Weaning usually is not complete until 1 - 3 weeks after juveniles first emerge from nursery burrow, and communal nursing is common following their first emergence.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Gunnison’s Prairie Dogs are diurnal and hibernate in burrows for up to five months in late October-February.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrows are relatively complex, with multiple entrances. They are generally 2 - 3 m deep and as much as 13 m long, with 3 - 6 entrances. Gunnison’s Prairie Dog is highly social. Social groups (“ clans ”) are organized into territories that generally contain one adult male, one or more adult females, yearlings, and young-of-the-year. Neighboring groups do not overlap. Home range overlap among group membersis nearly complete. In most populations, females are philopatric, and clans are composed of close female kin that have settled. Amicable interactions among adults and juveniles include kissing, analand oral-gland sniffing, and playing. Hostile interactions among adults include fights, chases, and territorial disputes. Gunnison’s Prairie Dogs can distinguish potential threats and even identify specific characteristics of potential predators and encode this information into their elaborate high-pitched alarm calls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBEED44FAC3F51BFB61FFD3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of Gunnison’s Prairie Dog is declining. Loss of habitat, due to conversion to agriculture and livestock grazing, threatens persistence. Outbreaks of sylvatic plague can cause rapid reductions to local populations. Gunnison’s Prairie Dogs are hunted for recreation in much of their distribution. They are also sometimes considered as competitors for forage in cattle country or as a threatto livestock because their open burrows are thought to be potential hazards to grazing animals — both of these concerns are exaggerated, Gunnison’s Prairie Dogs have been poisoned and shot for pest removal in many areas. Some researchers consider species of Cynomys to be keystone species for ecosystem health. Burrows increase habitat heterogeneity and plant communities associated with these burrows. Gunnison’s Prairie Dog is also critical to recovery of the Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes), a specialist on prairie dogs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	materials_examined	“ La Ventura, Coahuila, Mexico. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Coahuila, SW Nuevo Leon, and N San Luis Potosi in NC Mexico.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 380 - 440 mm, tail mean 105 mm (males) and 100 mm (females); weight mean 1 - 1 kg (males) and 0 - 93 kg (females). The Mexican Prairie Dog has grizzled pinkish buff on dorsum; head is often slightly darker, with lower muzzle showing patches of buff. Venteris yellow to buff, suffused with dark brown to black. Tail is long relative to other prairie dogs and tipped in black. Ears are small and pressed against head. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 50, FN = 74.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open plains and plateaus with well-drained soil and dense grasses and herbs, sometimes with livestock (goats, cattle, horses).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Mexican Prairie Dog is an herbivore that feeds on a variety of grasses, forbs, flowers, and seeds. In pastures, it has only modest dietary overlap with livestock.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Mexican Prairie Dog lives in multi-burrow colonies. Breeding occurs from January to late April. Males are reproductively active in December — July. Estrus peaks in February — March. After 30 - 35 day gestation, females produce single litters of 2 - 8 young in burrows. Young nurse for 21 - 23 days and are weaned by late April or early May. Infanticide is not known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Mexican Prairie Dogs are diurnal and do not hibernate. Nights are spent in burrows that are often provisioned with clipped vegetation for bedding.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Burrow entrances have small mounds of excavated soil in circles with radii of 1 - 2 m at entrances. Mexican Prairie Dogs are highly social and form coteries of 1 - 2 adult males, 1 - 4 adult females, yearlings, and young-of-the-year of each sex. Natal dispersal occurs during the second year. Group members are amicable and greet each other by investigating one another’s cheeks. Amicable interactions include kissing, analand oral-gland sniffing, playing, and allogrooming. Hostile interactions among adults include fights, chases, and territorial disputes. The Mexican Prairie Dog has two vocalizations: an alarm call to intruders and predators and an elation call emitted as an apparent affiliative behavior.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB9ED44FA17FEEFF5FFFFCE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Population trend of the Mexican Prairie Dog is declining. It is listed as endangered in Mexico. Lack of knowledge about natural history hinders conservation and management. Outbreaks of sylvatic plague can cause rapid reductions to local populations. Loss of habitat, due to conversion to agriculture and livestock grazing, threatens persistence. Mexican Prairie Dogs are sometimes erroneously considered as competitors with livestock for forage, and have been the target of intensive and widespread poisoning, which led to extirpation of the Zacatecas population and reduced their distribution by 65 % overthe last 150 years.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Gambia. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	discussion	Sixteen subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. g. gambianusOgilby, 1835 — GambiatoWNigeria. H. g. abassensisNeumann, 1902 — SenegaltoSudan, NUgandaandEKenya, SthroughCCameroonandDRCongotoAngolaandNZambia. H. g. bongensisHeuglin, 1877 — CentralAfricanRepublictoSudan. H. g. canasterThomas & Hinton, 1923 — foothillsofMarraMts, WSudan. H. g. dysoniSt. Leger, 1937 — WofLakeTurkanainKenya. H. g. elegansThomas, 1909 — MtElgon, WKenya, andNUganda. H. g. hoogstraaliSetzer, 1954 — Torit, Ikotos, andObbo, SouthSudan. H. g. kaffensisNeumann, 1902 — Andracha, SWEthiopia. H. g. laterisThomas, 1909 — WhiteNile, Sudan. H. g. limbatusSchwarz, 1915 — CentralAfricanRepublicandCameroon. H. g. loandicusThomas, 1923 — NAngolaandSDRCongo. H. g. madogaeHeller, 1911 — SouthSudanandUganda. H. g. multicolorRiippell, 1835 — Eritrea, WEthiopia, andKenya (WofLakeTurkana). H. g. omensisThomas, 1909 — lowerOmoRiver, Kenya. H. g. rhodesiaeWroughton, 1907 — NEAngola, Zambia, andextremeSWTanzania (UfipaMts). H. g. senescens Thomas, 1909 — coastal S Senegal and Guinea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 217 - 7 mm (males) and 204 mm (females), tail mean 239 - 9 mm (males) and 230 - 3 mm (females); weight mean 245 g (males) and 328 - 6 g (females). The Gambian Sun Squirrel is highly variable in pelage color among populationsin its disjunct distribution. Dorsal pelage is buff or honey-yellow, speckled with black to appear grizzled due to gray, gray-brown, or tan and black banding patterns on hairs. White to cream eye ring varies from faint to conspicuous. Underside is white or light gray, and feet are white to buff. Tail is impressive and longer than body and ringed black and buff to black tip with white to cream frosting. Subspecies are poorly defined and in need of revision, with most assigned based upon few specimens and minor color variations related mostly on locality.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense forests with tall trees, mature woodland savannas, rainforests, and dense thickets and woodlands near permanent water sources. The Gambian Sun Squirrel is able to persist in areas with modest disturbance including forested farmlands, palm plantations, and fire adapted savannas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Gambian Sun Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore that feeds heavily on fruits, seeds, and acacia pods but will also eat insects, beetles, eggs, nestling birds, and lizards.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Breeding of the Gambian Sun Squirrel likely occurs in July-August and December — January. Litters have 1 - 5 young, born in cavity nests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Gambian Sun Squirrel is diurnal and emerges from tree cavity nests early each day and remains active until dusk. Nests are lined with shredded bark and leaves. It forages high in the canopy and is quite agile in its arboreal habitat, especially for a large squirrel. It is equally adept foraging and feeding on the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gambian Sun Squirrels are solitary except for females with young. Several vocalizations are emitted; a series of long “ ker ... ker ” sounds are used when alarmed, but a halfssecond trill and chatter are also used.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFDAF621F8F7F0AC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gambian Ground Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. No data are available on population trends, but no particular threats have been identified. It is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	materials_examined	“ the head waters of the Ovenga River, ” Ga- bon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cameroon S through Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko I), Gabon, and NW Republic of the Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 72 - 1 mm (males) and 74 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 55: 3 mm (males) and 50 mm (females); weight mean 16 - 1 g. The African Pygmy Squirrelis the smallest squirrel in Africa and is the size of a mouse for which it is often mistaken. Dorsal pelage of body and head are brown, suffused with rust, and speckled with buff. Eye ring is buff to tan, and inner linings of pinnae are buff. Venter is light brown. Feet are relatively elongate and narrow likely as an adaptation tolife on trunks of large trees. Tail is dark brown to black, with suffusion ofrust, and it is rarely held upright.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland tropical primary forests. The African Pygmy Squirrel occasionally can be found in second growth forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The African Pygmy Squirrel is primarily bark-gleaning specialist and forages on surfaces of large live and dead tree trunks and branches. Pieces of bark are removed and then scraped with incisors to extract the edible material. Diet includes bark and associated bacterial and fungal film, fruits and seeds, ants, and termites. They can be mistaken for lizards, and they move in similar fashion with legs splayed and body flattened against tree surfaces. Small body size and elongated toes and vestigial thumbs on forefeet enable this specialized feeding technique.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. It has been suggested that breeding of African Pygmy Squirrels occurs early in the year, and females may produce two young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. African Pygmy Squirrels are diurnal and arboreal. They spend much of their ime foraging in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. African Pygmy Squirrels move energetically through all canopy layers and on the ground but primarily 0 - 5 m aboveground. They appear to nest in tree holes or termite nests. Individuals are usually solitary but occasionally occur in pairs. A simple but distinctive alarm call composed of repeated sequences of slow low-amplitude pulses, forming an overall piping sound is common. Calling individuals hold their tail straight behind their body with basal twitches in an alarm display.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED46FFC1FE09FCC8FFD6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Pygmy Squirrelis widely distributed, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. No information is available on its population trends. Deforestation is a threat in some parts ofits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fernando Po, ” Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	discussion	Twenty-one subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. r. rufobrachiumWaterhouse, 1842 - — BiokoI. H. r. arrheniiLonnberg, 1917 — NorthKivuProvince, DRCongo. H. r. aubryiMilne-Edwards, 1867 — Gabon, N & CRepublicoftheCongo, SWCentralAfricanRepublic, andDRCongo, betweentheTshuapaandKasairivers. H. r. bengaCabrera. 1917 — EquatorialGuinea. H. r. caurinusThomas, 1923 - Guinea-Bissau. H. r. coenosusThomas, 1909 - DRCongo. H. r: emissusThomas, 1923 - Nigeria. H. nhardyiTlıomas, 1923 - IvoryCoast. H. r. isabellinusGray, 1867 - TogotoENigeria. H. r. keniaeNeumann, 1902 - WslopeofMtKenya (Kenya). H. r. leakyiToschi, 1946 - EKenya, aroundCarissa. H. nleonensisThomas. 1923 - SienaLeone. H. r. lualabaeThomas, 1923 — DRCongo. H. rmaculatusTemminck, 1853 - ESienaLeonetoGhana. H. r. medjianusJ. A. Allen, 1922 - DRCongo. H. r. nyansaeNeumann, 1902 - NyandoRiverValley (WKenya), Rwanda, Burundi, and WTanzania, perhapsextendingintoUganda. H. r. obfuscatus Thomas, 1923 — SE Nigeria and Mt Cameroon (Cameroon). H. r. occidentalisMonard, 1941 — Cutia (Guinea-Bissau) andlikelysurroundingareastoSenegalandGuinea. H. r. pashaSchwann, 1904 — DRCongo. H. r. rubricatusJ. A. Allen, 1922 — DRCongo. H. r. semlikii Thomas, 1907 — Semliki River (DR Congo). Precise distributions of subspecies coenosus, lualabae, medjianus, pasha, and rubricatus are unknown, and there may be some degree of distributional overlap.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 228 - 4 mm (males) and 219 - 1 mm (females), tail 245 - 8 mm (males) and 240 - 1 mm (females); weight mean 379 - 8 g (males) and 360 - 6 g (females). The Red-legged Sun Squirrel is medium-sized and has dark brown to grayish dorsum, with variable suffusion of red or orange; pale buff eye ring is usually present. Venter is highly variable from pale brown, orange, or red that result in confusion at the subspecific level. Inner and outersides of limbs are bright rusty red, brown, or gray. Tail is noticeably long and thin, with faint rings of buff and black; it is usually held straight out behind rather than curled against back when moving orsitting. Ventral pelage of nominate rufobrachium is perhaps most characteristic, with light rust grading to gray up along sides, but variation among forms is not well defined. Subspecies benga is small, with reddish color extending through tail rather than ending at base. Subspecies caurinus exhibits tannish brown chest, white ventral pelage, and red forearms and inner thighs. Subspecies hardyiis paler than the others, with dull whitish ventral pelage and buff feet. Subspecies isabellinus is very faintly red, and areas that are normally red in other subspecies are replaced with darker color; tail is heavily ringed with black. Subspecies maculatus is dark, with deep red on forearms and inner surfaces of thighs. Subspecies medjianus is uniformly dark, with conspicuous white chest area.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Woodlands and forests including mesic lowland evergreen tropical forests, mangrove swamps, and xeric savanna and gallery forest areas. The Red-legged Sun Squirrel tolerates human disturbance and can be found in secondary forests, forested gardens, and cocoa and palm plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-legged Sun Squirrel is heavily herbivorous and eats seeds, flowers, fruits, and green vegetation. It also actively forages in crevices among tree branches, roots, and lianas for ants, termites, and caterpillars and explores dead wood to capture insects; large insects are captured with forepaws and then eaten. It follows mixed flocks of insectivorous birds, potentially to increase foraging efficiency and receive increased protection against predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Red-legged Sun Squirrels give birth once or twice a yearto litters of 1 - 2 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red-legged Sun Squirrels are diurnal and forage heavily in midand upper canopy. They leave cavity nests and perhaps abandoned termite nests after dawn and return in late afternoon before sunset.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nests are centers of daily activities and are built inside narrow hollows in trees or large branches and lined with leaves, twigs, or bark. Males and females appear to most frequently nest alone in the wild; however, singles, pairs, and trios are observed during daily activity, and play and allogrooming have been documented. The Red-legged Sun Squirrel is not highly vocal but have a diverse repertoire of calls. Low-intensity alarm call soundslike single or double bark and is repeated 1 - 3 times. Whine of low-amplitude descending frequency followed by a short quick trill of low-frequency notes is uttered when highly alarmed. Both alarm vocalizations are accompanied by rapid circular tail movements while feet are stamped.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBBED47FAC3F80CFE2CFE8E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No data are available on population trends. The Red-legged Sun Squirrel is widely distributed and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. There are no major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	materials_examined	“ les foréets de la Guiné, ” Guinea coast of Africa.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. p. punctatus Temminck, 1853 — Sierra Leone and extreme SW Guinea through Liberia to S Ghana W of Volta River. H. p. savannius Thomas, 1923 — inland savanna regions of Ivory Coast.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 182 - 3 mm (males) and 184 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 201 - 4 mm (males) and 207 mm (females); weight mean 165 - 9 g (males) and 168 - 6 g (females). The Small Sun Squirrel has dark dorsum, suffused with buff on haunches and limbs; buff eye ring is apparent. Venter is gray. Long slendertail is ringed with alternating dark and buff bands, fainter on underside. Nominate punctatus is darker than paler savannius.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland primary and secondary rainforests, habitat fragments, and open savannas and shrublands. The Small Sun Squirrel tolerates some disturbance from farming and plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Small Sun Squirrel is considered to be a generalist herbivore.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Small Sun Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FF10F62CF611F5D0.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. No data are available on population trends of the Small Sun Squirrel. Information on the extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements is scarce. It may be threatened, but degree of threat is impossible to estimate without more information on its adaptability to habitat change and remaining area of occupancy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	materials_examined	“ Wimi Valley, Ruwenzori, ” eastern DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. p. ruwenzoriiSchwann, 1904 — WUgandaandEDRCongo (RwenzoriMts). H. p. ituriensisPrigogone, 1954 — EDRCongoinMtsWofLakeAlbert. H. p. schoutedeniPrigogine, 1954 - EDRCongo (MtsW & NWofLakeEdward, WLakeKivu, andKahuzi-BiégaNationalPark), SWUganda, andNWRwanda (VolcanoesNationalPark). H. p. vulcanius Thomas, 1909 — E DR Congo (NW of Lake Tanganyka), SW Rwanda (Nyungwe Forest National Park), and NW Burundi (Kibira National Park).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 224 - 5 mm (males) and 209 mm (females), tail mean 252 - 6 mm (males) and 249 - 3 mm (females); weight ¢. 300 g. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel is medium-sized and has medium-gray dorsal pelage, with white chin, throat, chest, and ventral pelage. Tail is impressively long and slender, with heavy annulations of gray and white to cream. Subspecies ituriensis has darker ventral pelage and tail than nominate ruwenzorii, with paler brown hair on hindfeet. Subspecies schoutedeniis brown on lower face and feet. Ventral pelago is light buff to tan. Subspecies vulcanius is characterized by brown black dorsal pelage, speckled with buff and reddish tinge to feet and sides of venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forested alpine habitats at elevations of 1600 - 2700 m. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel tolerates modest disturbance and exists in cultivated plantations and secondary forest. Subspecies vulcanius appears most commonly in sparsely forested and cultivated areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel is herbivorous and eats seeds, fruits, flowers, and green vegetation of trees, shrubs, and herbs; it occasionally eats insects and lichens. It can be a pest in farmlands and plantations and eats guavas, papayas, bananas, and palm nuts.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	breeding	Breeding. One pregnant Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel had three large young in March, indicating that females may come into estrus and mate again before previouslitters are weaned and independent.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel is diurnal and tends to forage low in the canopy, although it occasionally explores the upper canopy. Nests of grass and leaves are constructed in crooks of branches or tall shrubs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel appears to be asocial, with only occasional reports of interactions between two individuals. Individuals usually hold tails horizontal to body surface but move it rapidly when alarmed. Vocalizations are loud chatter calls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED47FA13FCD6F598FDD1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ruwenzori Sun Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. No information is available on population trends, but it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mount Kilima-Njaro [= Mt. Kilimanja- ro], ” Tanzania.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Kenya and NE Tanzania, as well as on Zanzibar and Mafia Is.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 241 - 1 mm (males) and 235 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 261 - 9 mm (males) and 270 mm (females); weight mean 315 g. The Zanj Sun Squirrel is medium-sized and has brown gray dorsum, with wash of light gray to orange-ocher on cheeks and feet. Venter ranges from light gray to ocher. Long thin annulated tail has 10 - 14 alternating black and buff bands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coastal and riparian forests, lowland and montane forests and thickets, and secondary growth forests up to elevations of 2000 m on Mt. Kilimanjaro.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Zanj Sun Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore that feeds heavily on fruits, seeds, palm dates, leaves, and buds; it also eats insects when available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Zanj Sun Squirrels are diurnal and nest in hollows of tree trunks and branches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFBAED48FA1EF4EEFEFAF470.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Information on extent of occurrence, status, population trends, and ecological requirements of the Zanj Sun Squirrels is scarce. Habitat is threatened by heavy resource extraction and conversion to agricultural lands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Africa orientalis, Boror, 17 ° Lat. Austr., ” Mozambique.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	discussion	Five subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. H. m. mutabilisPeters, 1852 — SMalawiandadjacentMozambique. H. m. beiraeRoberts, 1913 — STanzaniaandcoastalMozambique. H. m. chirindensisRoberts, 1913 — ChirindaForest (EZimbabwe). H. m. shirensisGray, 1867 — S & EZambia, NMalawi, SWTanzania, Mozambique, andSEZimbabwe. H. m. vumbae Roberts, 1937 — SE Zimbabwe and Mozambique highlands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 225 - 7 mm (males) and 231 mm (females), tail mean 235 - 2 mm (males) and 274 mm (females); weight mean 332 - 9 g (males) and 382 - 5 g (females). The Mutable Sun Squirrel has dramatic variation of pelage color between molts in October and May. It generally has paler brown to gray pelage, distinct tail rings, and clear demarcation between grizzled dorsal and pale sparse ventral pelage. Nominate mutabilis has dark brown dorsal pelage and whitish to yellow to grayish ventral pelage. Tail rings are light. Some individuals have dark midline stripe along dorsum from forehead to tail or dark patch on back. Subspecies beirae has distinct light tail rings and white ventral pelage. Venter of chirindensis is buffy white, with ocher tinge, to deep ocher or gray-brown with distinct tail rings. Subspecies shirensis is paler, with white to buff venter, and lacks dorsal black patch; tail has 16 light tail rings. Subspecies vumbae has dark pelage, with uniform ventral and dorsal color; dorsal band is dark and subtler than on other subspecies.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Diverse lowland or montane evergreen forests, riparian forests, and thickets in Brachystegia and Julbernardia (both Fabaceae) woodlands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Mutable Sun Squirrels are known to eat fruit of Kigelia (Bignoniaceae) and ivy leaves; they also eat insects and other vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. A female Mutable Sun Squirrel from eastern Zimbabwe was pregnant with four young in August.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Mutable Sun Squirrel is diurnal and runs quickly among denser branches and canopy. It nests in cavities in trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Mutable Sun Squirrel is asocial and is rarely reported in sight of another individual. It nests in tree cavities or thick tangles of vines on high branches.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFDAFC40FED4FDE9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Mutable Sun Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. No data are available on population trends. No particular threats have been identified although locally populations may be vulnerable to land-use changes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fernando Po, ” Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	discussion	Twelve subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. s. stangeriWaterhouse, 1842 — BiokoI. P. s. beaHeller, 1912 — KakamegaForest (WKenya). P. s. centricolaThomas, 1906 — betweenCongoandUbangirivers (DRCongo), forestrelicsinUganda, MtNkungwe (Tanzania), andextremeSSouthSudan. P. s. cooperiKingdon, 1971 — SangoBayForest (Uganda). P. s. eborivorusDuChaillu, 1860 — ENigeriaStoGabon, andEtoUbangiRiverinDRCongo. P. s. kaboboVerheyen, 1960 — MtKabobo (DRCongo). P. s. kwangoVerheyen, 1960 — nearKasongaLunda, BandunduProvince (SWDRCongo). P. s. loandaeThomas, 1906 — NAngola. P. s. nigeriaeThomas, 1906 — betweenVoltaRiverinGhanaandNigerRiverinNigeria. P. s. personatusKershaw, 1923 — betweenOgoouéRiver (Gabon) andCongoRiver (DRCongo). P. s. signatusThomas, 1910 — betweentheCongoandKasairivers (SDRCongo). P. s. temminckiiJ. Anderson, 1879 — Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia E through Ivory Coast to Ghana (E to Volta River).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body ¢. 276 - 305 mm, tail ¢. 298 - 308 mm; weight c. 538 - 761 g. The Forest Giant Squirrel is large-bodied and has agouti-brown dorsal pelage and limbs, grayish head, and pale buff eye ring. Venter is sparsely haired and typically white or yellowish. Some individuals have dark or black spot above sides of neck. Subspecies are highly variable and are described primarily based upon geographical location and minor pelage variation. Subspecies eborivorus has black and red dorsal pelage, rufous and whitish head, gray throat and chest, brown abdomen, and red feet. Tail is black at base, changing to rufous and then black-and-white rings in middle sections, with black distal tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Large seed-producing forests including lowland evergreen rainforests, open woodlands, swamp forests, and montane forests. The Forest Giant Squirrel can tolerate disturbance and is found in secondary and edge forests, plantations, and forested gardens.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Forest Giant Squirrel is strongly herbivorous, preferring seeds from tree and liana species such as Panda oleosa (Pandaceae), Coula edulis (Olacaceae), and various species of Klainedoxa and Irvingia, both Irvingiaceae; Elaeis (Arecaceae); Pseudospondias (Anacardiaceae); Musanga (Urticaceae); Parinari (Chrysobalanaceae) and Chrysophyllum (Sapotaceae); Carapa (Meliaceae), Caloncoba (Achariaceae), Cordia (Boraginaceae), Urera (Urticaceae), and Phoenix (Arecaceae). When encountered, arthropods and nesting birds are eaten. Subspecies eborivorus eats animal matter on freshly fallen tusks of recently deceased elephants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Forest Giant Squirrels chase estrous females before mating. Females appear to reproduce 1 - 2 times annually and produce 1 - 2 young in each litter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Forest Giant Squirrel is diurnal and active from dawn to midto late afternoon. It is arboreal and lives and forages almost exclusively in the upper canopy. When moving, it holds its tail straight out behind its body.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Forest Giant Squirrel nests in cavities in tree trunks and forks of branches lined with fresh leaves and twigs; nests are commonly reused for many seasons. Individuals are solitary and chase or avoid conspecifics except to mate. Female home ranges are 3 - 2 - 5 ha. Communication is common with two calls; mild sense of alarm is conveyed with repeated sniffs or sneezes alternated with tooth chatters and heightened alarm results in series of pulses of descending frequency, resembling short whinnies repeated every 5 - 20 seconds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED48FFD9F3F2F8ECFD2C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Forest Giant Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and tolerates some degree of habitat modification. No information is available on population trends. It is sometimes hunted for bushmeat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fantee [= Fanti], ” Ashanti Province, Ghana.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. a. aubinniiGray, 1873 — IvoryCoastandGhana. P. a. salaeJentink, 1881 — S Guinea, SW Sierra Leone, and Liberia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c ¢. 240 - 255 mm, tail ¢. 300 - 305 mm; weight c. 415 — 525 g. The Slender-tailed Squirrel is large-bodied; its dorsum is dark brown with suffusion of yellow or buff; legs and head are similarly colored; and buff eye rings are often present. Venteris tan. Impressive tail is long, full, and black, frosted with yellow or buff toward tip. Nominate aubinnii is pale and lack bands on tip oftail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lower canopy and dense shrub-level vegetation of lowland tropical moist forests, including raffia palm (Raphia, Arecaceae) swamps.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Slender-tailed Squirrel forages on husks of raffia palms and appears to be highly herbivorous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Zanj Sun Squirrel is considered diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB5ED49FAC7F573FB07F41E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Information on population trends, extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements of the Slender-tailed Squirrel is scarce. Extensive logging in forests of Upper Guinea may cause habitat loss.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	materials_examined	Ghana.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. e. ebiiTemminck, 1853 — IvoryCoastandGhana. E. e. jones: Hayman, 1954 — SierraLeoneandLiberiaintoextremeSGuinea. E. e. wilson: Du Chaillu, 1860 — SW Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, W Gabon, and NW Republic of the Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 288 - 3 mm (males) and 278 - 3 mm (females), tail mean 277 mm (males) and 284 - 3 mm (females); weight mean 652 g (males) and 388 g (females). The Western Palm Squirrel is long, lean, and mid-sized; it has dull red dorsal pelage, grizzled with yellow and black on sides. Ventral pelage is paler, with white near chest. Chevron-shaped banding of red, black, and gray on underside of long thick gray-tipped tail is the most striking feature. Ears are nearly hairless. Nominate ebii has rufous head and brown, not red, dorsum relative to jones: and wilson.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Evergreen raffia palm (Raphia, Arecaceae) infused rainforest but also semideciduous and montane forests to elevations of ¢. 1000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Western Palm Squirrels are primarily herbivores, with strong preference for granivory. They frequently forage on the ground to collect thickly shelled nuts, such as Panda oleosa (Pandaceae) and then climb to a low perch to gnaw through the hull or split shells. Seeds are sometimes stored in midden piles below favored perches. Insects are also eaten when discovered during foraging activities.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Onelitter of Western Palm Squirrels had two nestlings.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Western Palm Squirrel is diurnal. Individuals leave tree hollow nests at sunrise and return in the afternoon after intensive foraging in understories. It is highly wary while foraging and frequentlyjumps to low branches to look for predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Western Palm Squirrel is solitary and moves warily through dense understories. Home ranges are large; a subadult female occupied 13 - 9 ha, and two males used an average of 21: 6 ha. When mildly alarmed, it emits staccato calls by quietly tooth chattering. If more seriously alarmed, it broadcasts high-pitched, broad-frequency calls.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BFBFDFDD8FDAF.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No information is available on population trends of the Western Palm Squirrel. Logging and other habitat degrading activities such as land conversion to agriculture may be threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	materials_examined	Gabon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	discussion	Nine subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. Ep. pyrropus EF. Cuvier, 1833 — S Cameroon to Mayombe Forest in S Gabon and SW Republic of the Congo. E p. akka de Winton, 1895 — E DR Congo, Uganda, and W Rwanda. FE p. leonis Thomas, 1905 — Liberia and Sierra Leone. E p. leucostigma Temminck, 1853 — S Ghana. Ep. mandingo Thomas, 1903 — Gambia and S Senegal. F. p. nigrensis Thomas, 1909 — S Nigeria, between the Niger and Cross rivers. Ep. niveatus Thomas, 1923 — Ivory Coast. Ep. pembertoni Thomas, 1904 — N Angola and extreme S DR Congo. E p. talboti Thomas, 1909 — Cameroon (Mt Cameroon) and SE Nigeria. Subspecific affiliations in Guinea Bissau and Guinea are not defined but are likely leonis, mandingo, or both. Subspecific affiliations in other areas (e. g. SW Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, and NW Republic of the Congo) are not known.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 193 - 1 mm (males) and 191 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 145 - 3 mm (males) and 150 - 9 mm (females); weight mean 225 g (males) and 240 - 3 g (females). The Fire-footed Rope Squirrel is medium-sized and ground-dwelling; it has gray-to-black dorsal pelage, with faint white eye ring and elongated snout. Ventral pelage is pure white or ivory. Long bushytail is grizzled black and white, with red highlights and frosted white. Subspecies akkalacks any red on face, and limbs and muzzle are tinged with orange. Subspecies leonis has deep rufous color and red sides. Subspecies leucostigma lacks red crown and has duller sienna-red shading and red lines below lateral stripes. Subspecies mandingois tan and black on dorsal surface, and limbs and ears are orange. Subspecies nigrensis has brown head. Subspecies niveatus has grizzled dorsal pelage. Subspecies pembertoni is most brightly colored, and talboti has grizzled red and olive-brown flanks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rainforests, evergreen forests, and mature secondary forests from sea level to elevations of 1650 m. The Fire-footed Rope Squirrel is moderately tolerantly of disturbance and can occur in forest fragments.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Fire-footed Rope Squirrel is an opportunistic omnivore that feeds primarily on fruit and seeds that compose 80 % of the diet; other food items are ants and termites for which the elongated snout is believe to permit probing crevices for these rich foods.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Several male Fire-footed Rope Squirrels pursue a single female in a mating chase. Litters have 1 - 2 young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Fire-footed Rope Squirrel is diurnal and forages widely on the ground from soon after sunrise until late afternoon. Whensitting upright, it curlsits tail over its back. When moving across the ground, tail is held vertically with tip curled backward.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Fire-footed Rope Squirrel is largely solitary but occasionally forages pairs. Home range of a male was 5 - 2 ha, a female more than 1 ha, and a subadult female more than 2 - 3 ha. It forages slowly on the ground and fallen logs and in vegetation below 1 - 5 m. Males move 61 m / h and females 35 m / h. When mildly alarmed, individuals emit chucks that resonate through the forest and rhythmically moveits tail up and down. High-intensity alarm is a quickpaced series of staccato rapid chucks that lasts 20 - 40 seconds. Although they occasionally build nests in hollows offallen logs, they prefer burrows and sometimes use those excavated by other mammals.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED49FF6BF448F5F9FE36.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Firefooted Rope Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. Population trends are stable, there are no major threads, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	materials_examined	“ Kintampo, hinterland of the Gold Coast, ” Ghana.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Burkina Faso, extreme S Niger, Ghana, Togo, and Benin; possibly also in extreme W Nigeria.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 165 mm (males) and 161 mm (females), tail mean 155 mm (males and females); weight mean 186 - 1 g. The Kintampo Rope Squirrel is medium-sized and ground-dwelling, with greenish yellow to ocher dorsum and one faint pale longitudinalstripe along each side. Venter, cheeks, and bases of ears are pale ocher or brown. Lateralstripes are whitish, bordered by bands of darker hairs. Long, robust tail is dark ocher, with conspicuous black and buff annulations frosted with buff to cream.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Guinea savanna habitat and drier patches of gallery forests but also rocky habitats and riparian forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Kintampo Rope Squirrel is believed to be a generalist herbivore that also eats insects.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Kintampo Rope Squirrel is diurnal and can lose its tail when stressed, likely a defensive mechanism against predators.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB4ED4AFA16F685FF79F541.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. No information is available on population trends of the Kintampo Rope Squirrel. Information on its extent of occurrence, status, and ecological is scarce. No particular conservation threats have been identified.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	materials_examined	“ Buguera, S of Lake Albert, Uganda. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. FE a. anerythrus Thomas, 1890 — W Uganda S through the DR Congo to NW Angola (Cabinda). FE a. bandarum Thomas, 1915 — Central Af- rican Republic into extreme S Chad. FE a. mystax de Winton, 1898 — S Cameroon to Gabon and NW Republic of the Congo. FE a. raptorum Thomas, 1903 — S Benin and SW Nigeria.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 176 - 7 mm (males) and 172 mm (females), tail mean 166 - 3 mm (males) and 167 - 5 mm (females); weight mean 217 - 8 g. Thomas's Rope Squirrel is medium-sized and has brown dorsum, suffused by beige. Eye rings are buff, and longitudinal buff stripes extend from shoulder to hip. Venter ranges from white to gray to orangish. Underside of short tail is primarily red and is banded black to white toward tip when viewed from below, but it appears dark with white tip when viewed from above. Thomas’s Rope Squirrel reflects its tail vertically against its back when at rest and holdsit vertically, but with the tip curling backward, when moving. Snoutis pronounced, likely to assist in accessing ants and termites. Dorsal pelage is reddish brown, and venter varies from yellow to red. Subspecies bandarum has brown dorsum, tinged with beige hairs, and underbelly is light gray to orange. Subspecies mystax has orange venter. Subspecies raptorum has whitish belly. Chromosomal complement is 2 n = 38 and FN = 62.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Near permanent or seasonal water including raffia (Raphia, Arecaceae) palm swamps, gallery forests, and riparian forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Thomas's Rope Squirrel is primarily herbivorous consuming fruits, seeds, and green vegetation (80 % ofthe diet), but it eats considerable amounts of arthropods (20 %) and mushrooms and green plants (3 %). Orange pericarps of raffia palms are cached in aboveground crevices.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Thomas's Rope Squirrel builds a leaf nest ¢. 20 - 24 cm in diameter and lined with fibers or palm leaflets. Litter sizes average 1 - 2 - 1 - 5 young. Young are raised in partially exposed nests situated among vegetation of tree branches or the rachises of palm leaves that overhang water.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Thomas's Rope Squirrel is diurnal and spends much of the day foraging on the ground and in the low canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Thomas's Rope Squirrel lives in dense populations that reflect high levels of sociality. Evidence suggests that pairs form monogamous bonds because individuals moved in pairs 28 % of the time, grooming each other, and laid on one another. Groups of up to six individuals have been reported foraging together. Vocalizations are frequent and distinctive. Tooth chatter-like chucks are emitted in early stages of distress, while the individual rhythmically moves its tail vertically and stampsits feet. High-intensity alarm call is unique and consists of 2 — 4 periodic pulses, followed by 1 - 2 long low-frequency whistles, with only final whistles audible from a distance.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC3F640F8EAF17E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Thomas's Rope Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations, although no data are available on population trends. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. There are no known range-wide major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	materials_examined	“ Camaroon Mountains, 7000 feet [2100 m | above the level of the sea, ” Cameroon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to WC Africa, patchily distributed from W Cameroon Highlands to W Central African Republic and S through W Republic of the Congo to C Gabon, isolated record in S Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 161 - 3 (males) and 165 - 3 mm (females), tail 148 - 8 mm (males) and 161 - 3 mm (females); weight mean 107 - 1 g. Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrel is small-bodied and has grizzled golden brown dorsum, with four black longitudinalstripes that extend from crown of head to base of tail. Fourstripes are separated by brown stripes that are paler in color; cream-to-buff eye ring is usually present. Venteris pale gray. Tail is thin and long with cream base to black near distal end, frosted with buff.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rainforests with thick brush lower than 10 m and mature rainforests up to elevations of ¢. 2100 m. Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrels are occupy dense secondary growth, forested gardens, and cultivated areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. [Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrels are opportunistic omnivores and feed predominantly on fruits, seeds, and green vegetation (90 % of the dry mass from stomach contents); however, fungi and arthropods, especially ants, termites, and lepidopteran larvae, are frequently eaten.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Litter size appears to be small, with only a single young reported.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrel is diurnal and forages in different canopy layers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. [Lady Burton's Rope Squirrel forages alone (69 %) or in small groups (31 %). Nests are found in the canopy and are formed of dry leaves and fibers. Vocalizations inform on the location of individuals in dense habitat. When mildly alarmed, it emits a progression of chucks; elevated levels of threat result in sustained warbling that consists of 2 - 10 connected frequency-modulated pulses of sound preceded by repetitive shorter warbles.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFACEF95DF96AFA52.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. There are no major threats and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Fernando Po, ” Bioko, Equatorial Guinea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. FE 1. leucogenys Waterhouse, 1842 — Bioko I. E |. auriculatus Matschie, 1891 — from SE Ghana to Cameroon and N Equatorial Guinea. FE 1. oliviae Dollman, 1911 — disjunct patch- es in SE Nigeria, Cameroon, and SW Central African Republic (upper Sanga River).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 204 - 4 mm (males) and 206 - 7 mm (females), tail mean 148 - 8 mm (males) and 147 - 2 mm (females); weight mean 271 - 4 g (males) and 251 - 9 g (females). The Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel is medium-sized and ground-dwelling; it is brightly colored. Dorsum is red with grizzled black and yellowish tinge across shoulders. Pale cream eye ring is often present. Venter is pure white from tip of nose to base of tail. Sides feature light orange-brown longitudinal stripes. Individuals vary highly in color between localities. Nominate leucogenys has white belly and pale lateral stripes. Subspecies auriculatus has unique whitish gray on neck and shoulders; venter is partially or entirely orange. Subspecies oliviae has red crown and neck pelage, dark patch of hair behind each ear, and orange belly.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Valleys of westward-draining rivers among primary and secondary lowland and montane tropical rainforests. The Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel tolerates mild disturbance and lives in plantations greater than 2 ha and dense forest fringes.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Red-cheeked Rope Squirrel is an herbivore that forages on fruits and grains.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Red-cheeked Rope Squirrels cycle through frequent estrus and can give birth every 2 - 3 months. The only record oflitter size is onelitter of a single embryo in December.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Red-cheeked Rope Squirrels are diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Red-cheeked Rope Squirrels nest in den cavities and likely leaf nests lined with grass and dry leaves. They are mobile and appearto forage effectively across a diversity of different habitat types.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB7ED4AFFC0FD5EFF5BFE6C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Redcheeked Rope Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations, although no data are available on population trends. There are no known major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	materials_examined	“ Congo, ” Angola.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. DR Congo (S of Congo River), W Angola, and NW Namibia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 173 - 6 mm (males) and 160 - 5 mm (females), tail mean 160 - 6 mm (males) and 162 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 111 - 2 g. The Congo Rope Squirrel is small-bodied and has golden brown dorsal pelage, peppered with dark banded hairs and darker brownish crown; white eye ring is clearly visible. Most conspicuous are distinct pairs ofstripes that run longitudinally from shoulders to base of tail. A wide cream-colored stripe and narrow dark brown stripe above underscore conspicuous pale band. Venter pelage, cheeks, and margins of pinnae are white, but head is crested with brown fur. Tail is robust and bushy black, frosted with buff on upper surface; underside is white, with alternating rings of black and buff. It often moves with tail reflected on back and distal 25 % curls upward. Pelage color varies with location; pale colors are common in arid areas, and coats are darker in humid areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense vegetation in coastal palm groves, mopane forests (Colophospermum mopane, Fabaceae), and riparian gallery forests trees.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Congo Rope Squirrel is primarily herbivorous and feeds heavily on seeds, fruits, stems, and shoots including mopane, velvet commiphora (Commiphora mollis, Burseraceae), and Grewia bicolor (Malvaceae). They occasionally eat mopane moth caterpillars (Gonimbrasia belina) when seasonally available.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Congo Rope Squirrelis diurnal. Individuals emerge in morning to exit nests in branches or cavities and forage in all structural levels of their habitat. They are noticeably affected by temperature. Activity is highest on cold mornings, whereas on hot days, they use theirtails to shield backs from the sun and orient white side of tail upward to reflect heat. They are extremely agile when moving through the canopy. Tail is held in an Ssshape above their backs while moving.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Nests are made of small pieces of vegetation, such as twigs, leaves, and grass. Congo Rope Squirrels spend their days foraging in the lower canopy and on the ground in home ranges of 0 - 4 - 0 - 5 ha. Densities can reach 12 - 18 ind / ha in optimal habitat. They live in groups of up to four adults that have strong bonds. Repeated high-pitched chirps are constantly emitted by foraging group members and are believed to maintain group allegiance. Scent permits individual identification and allogrooming appears to be common. Individuals emit alarm calls to which group members respond. Raptorselicit series of high-pitched whistles causing group members to freeze and survey the area. In the case of a ground predator, they chirp and flick theirtails. After a predatoris detected and all group members are alerted, individuals chatter loudly from an elevated position while flicking tails.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFC3F651F786F2E9.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Congo Rope Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occursin protected areas. Population trends are stable, there are no major range-wide threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify forlisting in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	materials_examined	“ Western Africa, ” Rio Muni, Equato- rial Guinea.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E I lemniscatus Le Conte, 1857 — from S Cameroon to N Gabon (N of Ogooué River). E I. mayumbicus Kershaw, 1923 — S Gabon (S of Ogooué River), SW Republic of the Congo, extreme SW DR Congo, and NW Angola (Cabinda).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 170 - 7 mm (males) and 167 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 135 - 4 mm (males) and 135 - 8 mm (females); weight mean 140 - 9 g. The Ribboned Rope Squirrel is small and has four black stripes stretching along back from base of neck to rump. Muted brown band separates two middle stripes; outer stripes are separated from inner stripes by light yellow lines. Dorsal pelage is brown, with hairs banded black and buff; ventral pelage is white or cream, depending on the individual’s geographical location. Nominate lemniscatus has white ventral pelage; mayumbicus has cream ventral pelage. Dorsal surface of long bushy tail is mixed black and buff, and ventral surface is pale yellow color. When atrest, it curls its tail overits back. Feet are narrow and elongated, probably enhancing terrestrial mobility. The Ribboned Rope Squirrel resembles Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrel (F isabella), but the latter can be distinguished by its smaller size, distinct alarm calls, and different striping pattern, in which two middle black stripes of Lady Burton’s Rope Squirrel begin between ears and all four black stripes are separated by pale yellow bands.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland evergreen humid rainforests and rarely disturbed vegetation.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Ribboned Rope Squirrels forage primarily on the ground, and they are rarely seen in vegetation above 5 m. A highly extendable tongue is used to access narrow spaces for arthropods. This specialized feeding behavior enables them to eat mostly termites and ants. They also feed on a large quantity offruits and seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Ribboned Rope Squirrels produce an average of 1 - 7 embryos.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Ribboned Rope Squirrels are diurnal and scansorial and forage at all hours of the day.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ribboned Rope Squirrels appear to be relatively asocial, but occasionally up to four individuals will feed in a fruiting tree. Two adult males traversed 1 ha and 1 - 2 ha at a mean rate of 51 m / h; a female moved over 1 - 6 ha at a rate of 43 m / hour. Aggression is common and helps maintain structured social hierarchy to defend food and space resources. When observed in the wild, Ribboned Rope Squirrels typically give alarm calls or foraging in pairs or small groups, with individuals spaced 5 - 20 m apart. Vocalizations convey alarm, with series of repeated chucks indicating moderate alarm, and escalated to high-pitched whines if the threatis serious. Ribboned Rope Squirrels construct a system ofleaf and den nests and use these repeatedly throughout the year. Leaf nests of dried leaves lined with fine plant fiber are c. 20 cm in diameter, often with multiple entrances, at heights to 10 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4CFFCBFEF4FEA3FE43.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ribboned Rope Squirrel presumably has a large overall population, although no data are available on population trends, and it occurs in protected areas. Habitat loss threatens parts ofits distribution.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ruwenzori East, ” Uganda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. Ec. carruthersi Thomas, 1906 — Rwenzori Mts, E DR Congo and W Uganda. Ec. birungensis Gyldenstolpe, 1927 - SW Uganda, Rwanda, and NW Burundi. E c. chrysippus Thomas, 1923 — NW of Lake Tanganyika (DR Congo). FE c. tanganyikae Thomas, 1909 — Mts N of Lake Tanganyika (W Burundi); potentially extending into DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body mean 208 - 7 mm (males) and 224 mm (females), tail 189 - 9 mm (males) and 191 - 7 mm (females); weight mean 268 g. Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel is medium-sized, with unique dark green dorsal pelage and bright buff eye ring. Venteris light gray countershading. Tail is full and yellow-and-black striped with black tip. Subspecies birungensis has yellowish green sides, and ears have grayish white hairs. Tail is mixed white, black, and ocherous. Subspecies chrysippus has yellowish ventral pelage. Subspecies tanganyikae is darker, and limbs are brighter ocherous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense moist montane forests at elevations above 1500 m. Carruther’s Mountain Squirrels prefer primary forests and struggle to persist in cultivated areas; however, they can live in the high-elevation African redwood tree (Hagenia, Rosaceae) that colonizes naturally disturbed or harvested areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel is primarily herbivorous and feeds heavily on seeds, gourds, and fruits of Bridelia (Phyllanthaceae), Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae), Carapa grandiflora (Meliaceae), and Strombosia scheffler: (Olacaceae). Insects are occasionally eaten when encountered.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Lactating female Carruther’s Mountain Squirrels were observed in May. Large nests lined with shredded bark are constructed in woody vines.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel is diurnal and is active from dawn to dusk. It forages in all levels of the canopy and appears to be equally effective moving on ground and in canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Carruther’s Mountain Squirrel appears to be relatively asocial but is occasionally seen in pairs. Alert individuals emit a hoarse-sounding quack.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB1ED4DFACAF9CCFE84F647.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No data are available on population trends. Habitat loss and extraction of forest resources do not yet seem to be having a significant impact at present and therefore are not major threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	materials_examined	“ du Duque de Braganca, ” northern An- gola.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Africa, from S DR Congo to NE Angola.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 184 - 2 mm (males) and 250 - 5 mm (females), tail mean 201 - 1 mm (males) and 199 mm (females); weight mean 135 g. The Lunda Rope Squirrel is medium-sized and has olive tinged dorsum, with small black spots and faint buff longitudinal stripe from shoulder to hips and buff eye ring. Venteris light gray, suffused with tan; tail is slightly longer than body and subtly ringed with dark black and gold.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Might prefer forest-savanna mosaics, sandy woodlands, and lowto mediumelevation moist forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Lunda Rope Squirrelis diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F97BFE25FC44.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Lunda Rope Squirrel is very poorly known, with little information available on its distribution, ecological requirements, and population size. Sightings have not been reported since the mid- 1900 s, and it is probably uncommon orrare.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	materials_examined	“ provient de Poingi (altitude 2.700 pieds [= 2,700 feet]), a 40 milles a I'Est de Mimongo [= 40 miles east of Mimongo], dans les Monts Du Chaillu, Gabon, Afrique Equatoriale Francaise. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	discussion	This Speciesis monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	distribution	Distribution. C Gabon between the Ogooué and Ngounié rivers.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 185 - 212 mm, tail 190 - 230 mm; weight 195 — 205 g. Du Chaillu’s Rope Squirrel has olive-brown dorsum, with gray frosted with white along limbs, feet, ventral side, and flanks. Four dark brown longitudinal dorsal stripes extend from head to base oftail. Hairs are banded with greenish yellow and have black tips. Tail is bright red and brown, with black tip.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dense moist rainforests, especially where trees in the Cesalpiniaceae and Burseraceae families dominate.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Du Chaillu’s Rope Squirrel is herbivorous and eats fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) and Dialium (Fabaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Du Chaillu’s Rope Squirrels are diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no specific information available for this species, but Du Chaillu’s Rope Squirrel is rarely seen in pairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF66FE54FB53F159.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is a lack of recent or detailed information on extent of occurrence, status, and ecological requirements of Du Chaillu’s Rope Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	materials_examined	“ Rumpi Hills, Kumba Division, Cam- eroon. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Forested montane areas N of the Sanaga River in SE Nigeria, and W Cameroon.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c ¢. 195 - 200 mm, tail ¢. 190 mm; weight ¢. 250 g. Dorsal pelage of Cooper's Mountain Squirrel is dark brown, grizzled with buff, grading to olive-green and golden distally. Under parts are medium gray, with yellow highlights. Forelimbs, dorsal surfaces of forefeet, and hindfeet are light rufous; thighs are deep rufous. Overall pelage is long and soft. Head is darker, butlips and cheeks are golden. Ears are sparsely covered with yellow-tipped hairs, which are darkly pigmented against the skin. Long tail is a dark golden green.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane tropical moist forest fragments and fringes at elevations above 1400 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Cooper’s Mountain Squirrels have been reported to consume flowers from the tree (Pentadesma butyracea, Clusiaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Cooper’s Mountain Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal, and it might prefer to forage in the lower canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFA6CF8F4F9BCFB59.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Cooper’s Mountain Squirrel is poorly known, with little information available on its distribution, ecological requirements, and population size.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	materials_examined	“ Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Discontinuous distribution in three disjunct areas, from Sierra Leone to E Ghana (W of the Volta Basin), from SE Nigeria (E of the Niger River) to E Republic of the Congo and S to NW Angola (Cabinda), and in N DR Congo (Bata, Medje, and Niapu), also in Bioko I.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 155 mm (males) and 154 - 2 mm (females), tail mean 166 - 1 mm (males) and 159 - 1 mm (females); weight 125 - 144 - 5 g. The Green Bush Squirrel has olive-green dorsal coat and yellow under parts. Body hair is luxurious. Eye rings are yellow. Tail is long, thin, and dark olive. It has short limbs, small broad feet, and thick curved claws.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. [Lowland tropical moist forests, brush, and secondary forests around villages and agricultural areas. In Sierra Leone, the Green Bush Squirrel has been recorded at elevations as high as 1600 m. It is considered a pest in cocoa plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Green Bush Squirrel forages in tree branches for fruits, seeds, and arthropods; it eats flying insects and bird eggs in captivity.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	breeding	Breeding. The Green Bush Squirrel might be monogamous. It uses open leaf nests or tree hollows lined with leaves or fibers. Females give birth to 1 - 2 young / litter. Males and females reside together in the nest while raising their litter, and both appear to care for young.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but the Green Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Green Bush Squirrels live alone or in pairs. They have a single alarm call that is accompanied by complex visual display. While emitting a single buzz, an individual freezes motionless while holding its tail stiffly behind its body with tip curved upward. Between repeats of the sound, it quickly jerks its tail upward to nearly a vertical position. While moving its tail, an individual hops or stamps its feet. A buzz with subsequent movements are then repeated 100 or more times.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4DFF60F393F70CF1A3.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Green Bush Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. Overall, there are no major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	materials_examined	“ Marungu, ” DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	distribution	Subspecies vulcanorum may be a separate species. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. b. boehmiReichenow, 1886 — lowlandforestsWofAlbertineRiftValleyinSDRCongo. Pb. emini: Stuhlman, 1894 — N & EDRCongo, Uganda, NWTanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, andNZambia. P. b. gazellaeThomas, 1918 — EasternEquatoria, SouthSudan. P. b. vulcanorum Thomas, 1918 — Rwenzori Mts and mountains between Lake Tan- ganyika and Lake Edward in the border area between DR Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 129 - 8 mm (males) and 129 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 138 - 1 mm (males) and 146 mm (females); weight mean 70 - 5 g (males) and 74 - 8 g (females). Boehm’s Bush Squirrel has four black stripes on back; middle two are divided by mid-dorsal yellowish to greenish russet stripe and are separated from lateral stripes by white to yellowish stripes on reddish to yellowish background. Back of ears is dark. Eye rings are brownish gold. There is black stripe from nose through eye to ear, bordered by pale brownish gold. Tail is greenish yellow-brown, grizzled with black. Long hairs oftail tip are black with small golden brown rings. Boehm’s Bush Squirrelis similar in size and color to the Congo Rope Squirrel (Funisciurus congicus). Nominate boehmi is olive, intermixed with black on upper side. Of three light stripes along length of back, two outer ones are whitish, and mid-stripeis olive-gold-brown; all three are bordered by black stripes. Venter and insides of forelimbs and thighs are yellowish white. Throat is pale yellow, and chin is rusty yellow. On subspecies emini, space between dorsal stripes is more olive-green to white. Background color is more olivegreen. Subspecies gazellaeis paler and gray on body, with shorter dorsalstripes and with outer stripes c. 2 - 5 cm long. Under parts are grayish. Subspecies vulcanorum has dense long pelage that is dark olive-russet; upper black stripe is wider than the lower. White stripe is between two black stripes but is narrow and not conspicuous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Forests dominated by Cynometra (Fabaceae) trees and lowland, swamp, and montane forests at elevations up to 2300 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Boechm’s Bush Squirrel feeds predominantly on insects such as ants and caterpillars; it also eats mushrooms, fruits, and resin.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Courtship of Boehm’s Bush Squirrel involves mating chase, and breeding may occur throughout the year.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Boechm’s Bush Squirrel is mainly arboreal, occasionally descending to the ground. It most often remains low down on tree trunks and branches. Nests are found in tangles of vines, built of twigs and leaves, and lined with shredded bark.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB0ED4EFA6EF37BFF37FF61.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Boehm’s Bush Squirrel is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. No data are available on population trends. There are no major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify forlisting in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Gudima, R. [= River] Iri, Upper Welle, ” DR Congo.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NE DR Congo and W & S Uganda.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 150 mm (males) and 103 mm (females), tail mean 103 - 3 mm (males) and 110 - 4 mm (females); weight mean 45 g (males) and 40 - 2 g (females). Background dorsal color of Alexander’s Bush Squirrel is olive or dark yellowish. It has two black stripes on back, separated by mid-dorsal tawny yellowish stripe, and bordered by dorsolateral white stripe. It has white on back and edges of ears.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature lowland tropical moist forests at elevations below 1500 m. Alexander’s Bush Squirrel is also occasionally found in fallow plantations.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Alexander’s Bush Squirrel eats insects, vegetable matter, and occasionally resin.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Alexander’s Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal, and it forages in multiple levels of the canopy.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Alexander’s Bush Squirrel forages singly or in pairs, principally on tree trunks.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFFF1F73FFF0AFA8C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There is no information available on population trends of Alexander’s Bush Squirrel. It may be threatened in parts ofits distribution by habitat loss and land-use conversion.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Bagamoyo, Tanzania. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	discussion	Eight subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. o. ochraceusHuet, 1880 — C & ETanzania. P. o. affinisTrouessart, 1897 — onlyknownfromthetypelocalityinMarsabit, NCKenya; currentrangeunknown. P. o. animosusDollman, 1911 — MtNyiro, NKenya. P. o. aruscensisPagenstecher, 1885 — NETanzaniaandSEKenya. P. o. electusThomas, 1909 — WKenya. P. o. gananaRhoads, 1896 — SEKenya (TanaRiverarea), andNETanzania. P. o. jacksonideWinton, 1897 — SKenya, andmostmountainforeststhroughoutthecountry. P. o. kahariHeller, 1911 — CKenya, aroundMeru. P. o. extending to South Sudan and S Ethiopia, but this needs to be confirmed.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 164 - 7 mm (males) and 160 - 1 mm (females), tail mean 164 - 4 mm (males) and 166 - 1 mm (females); weight mean 124 - 8 g (males) and 137 - 5 g (females). Under parts of the Ochre Bush Squirrel are pure ivory to yellow. Dorsal pelage is grizzled and varies in color geographically, ranging from pale yellow or ocher to dark olive. Single pale stripe occurs above and below eyes. Long tail is marked with irregularly scattered black and pale bars and patches, and it is typically held horizontally behind body. Nominate ochraceus has medium-sized body and distinct lateral stripe. Dorsal pelage is grizzled sandy ocher, and ventral pelageis ivory. No descriptive information is available for affinis. Subspecies animosus is palest of the subspecies. Dorsal pelage is light gray-olive, with black and yellow white speckles, changing to an olive-gray on flanks. Sides of face and tops of feet are ivory. Subspecies aruscensis has dorsal richer pelage than ochraceus, and ventral coat is yellow; it lacks lateral stripes. Subspecies electus is paler on dorsum, with white under parts. Subspecies ganana is small, pale, and yellow-tan, with no lateral stripes. Subspecies jacksoni is the largest and darkest form, with greenish pelage; some individuals have pale side stripe stretching back from shoulder. Subspecies kahari has buffy olive dorsal pelage, with dark middle line bordered by lighter stripe toward rump. Ventral pelage is cream buff, and tops of the feet are ocherous.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savanna woodlands, semiarid riverine forests, and thickets from sea level to elevations of ¢. 2500 m. The Ochre Bush Squirrel is tolerant of human disturbance and has been found in coffee, Grevillea (Proteaceae), and eucalyptus plantations and suburban gardens in Nairobi, Kenya.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Ochre Bush Squirrel is primarily vegetarian and has a diverse diet of fruits, seeds, buds, flowers, roots, bulbs, acacia gum, and some animal matter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Before mating, male and female Ochre Bush Squirrels engage in extensive courtship activities, including chasing and grooming one another and arching tails over their bodies as signals of reproductive interest. Breeding probably occurs almost year-round. Females produce 2 - 3 young, and they may nest in pairs with other females to raise their litters jointly. Young emerge from the nest at 2 - 3 weeks of age.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Ochre Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal. Individuals are most active in early morning and late afternoon when temperatures are coolest, and they usually rest through the hottest period of the day.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ochre Bush Squirrels are social and live either in pairs or small groups. Vocal communication is used; when threatened, an individual emits a high-pitched “ burr ” while flicking its tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4EFAF2FEEFF739FDB6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Ochre Bush Squirrel is widespread and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. Population trends are stable, there are no major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	materials_examined	“ Africa orientalis, Quitangonha, 15 °. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	discussion	Seven subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. palliatusPeters, 1852 — coastofETanzaniaandNMozambique. P. p. bridgemaniDollman, 1914 — Mozambiquecoast, SoftheSaveRiver. P. p. frereiGray, 1873 — MafiaandZanzibarIs, Tanzania. P. p. ornatusGray, 1864 — NESouthAfrica (NgoyeForestoftheEshoweDistrict, KwaZulu-Natal). P. p. sponsus Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Mozambique coast, S of the Save River, same range and perhaps indistinguishable from bridgemani. P. p. swynnertoniWroughton, 1908 — ChirindaForest (SEZimbabwe). P. p. tanae Neumann, 1902 — S Somalia through E Kenya S to N Tanzania (Pangani River). Records for this species from Malawi are not identified to the subspecies level. The distribution in the interior of Tanzania and Mozambique, which occurs mainly along riverine forests, is also not determined to the subspecies level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 212 - 2 mm (males) and 206 - 9 mm (females), tail mean 206 - 8 mm (males) and 201 - 4 mm; weight mean 312 g (males) and 307 - 4 g (females). The Red Bush Squirrel varies geographically in color and size. Dorsum and cheeks are brown grizzled with buff. Under parts, limbs, and feet are bright red or yellow. Proximal base of long bushy tail is grizzled brown, and remaining distal twothirds is rufous. Climate and habitat appear to be associated with differences in body size and color, with larger darker individuals living in humid forests and smaller paler squirrels living in dry forests. Nominate palliatus has rufous feet. Subspecies bridgemani has brown, grizzled dorsal pelage and orange ventral pelage that is typically paler and more yellowish than other subspecies. Subspecies frerei has black feet. Subspecies ornatus is large and has brownish black dorsal pelage, grizzled with buff. Its ventral pelage is rufous orange. Tail is dark brownish black, tinged with rufous throughout. Subspecies sponsus resembles palliatus in appearance, but it is spatially separated. Subspecies swynnertoni has cinnamon rufous belly and cheeks and grizzled black and buff dorsal pelage and face; it resembles palliatus and ornatus in color but is smaller. Subspecies tanae has completely rufous orange tail.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry and moist evergreen forests, woodlands, dune forests, riverine forests, and thickets. The Red Bush Squirrel is associated with riparian areas, but it is also found on islands and in mountainous regions at elevations as high as 2000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Red Bush Squirrels eat seeds, fleshy fruits, nuts, and invertebrates. They scratch underneath tree bark to find insects, and stalk prey and display other hunting behaviors in captivity. They scatterhoard large seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Male Red Bush Squirrels vocalize while chasing females, possibly serving to stimulate estrus. Females produce 1 - 2 litters of 1 - 2 young / year. In southern Africa gestation lasts 60 - 65 days, and young are born during the wet season in August-March. A female separates from other individuals before giving birth and builds a natal nest, lined with leaves, in a tree hole. While young are small, females prevents other adults from entering and aggressively respond to other individuals, including males. When young are old enough, females permit males to join the family group. After reaching subadulthood, young are forced to leave nests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Red Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal, but individuals also spend significant amounts of time on the ground.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Red Bush Squirrels most commonly live alone or in pairs, but they also nest in groups of up to four individuals. Nests are built in the holes of baobabs (Adansonia, Malvaceae) and Kigelia (Bignoniaceae) trees. Home ranges vary in size by habitat. In evergreen moist forests, nominate palliatus maintains a mean home range of 3 - 2 ha for males and 2 - 2 ha for females; in coastal forests and thickets, mean home range size is 4 - 2 ha for males and 0 - 73 ha for females. Red Bush Squirrels communicate with vocalizations, visual cues, and olfactory signals. They commonly flick their tails and fluff their fur, particularly when in thick vegetation. Individuals emit a number of sounds, including murmurs, hisses, growls, clicks, twitters, and barks. Red Bush Squirrels also engage in urine dribbling and anal dragging to scent-mark areas.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB3ED4FFAFFF502FB99FE74.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Red Bush Squirrel is widespread and tolerates various habitats. No information is available on population trends. It might be threatened by local habitat loss.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	materials_examined	Coast of Mocimboa, NE Mozambique.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. f. flavovittisPeters, 1852 — EMozambique (Cabaceiraregion). P. f. exgeanusHinton, 1920 — SETanzania. P. f. ibeanusHinton, 1920 — SEKenyaandNETanzania. P. f. mossambicus Thomas, 1919 — NE Mo- zambique (Mocimboa to at least Lumbo). Records for this species from SE Malawi are not identified to the subspecies level.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 167 - 8 mm (males) and 170 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 157 - 4 mm (males) and 163 mm (females). No specific data are available for body weight. The Striped Bush Squirrel is notable forits larger size and pale and dark lateral stripes. There is a 10 mm yellow-to-white stripe and more ventral dark stripe on sides. Dorsal pelage and head vary in color, individually or seasonally due to molting, from red-brown to olive-brown, particularly in populations through northern Mozambique. Pelage on forelimbs, shoulders, (occasionally) crown, and lumbar area is highlighted with ocher. Feet and ventral pelage are whitish, and there are two white stripes running from nose to bottom of ears surrounding eyes. Long tail increases in thickness and is faintly ringed black and white toward distal tip. Subspecies exgeanus has shorter and narrower (5 mm wide) lateral stripe. Subspecies beanus has fainter facial stripes and shorter and broaderside stripes. Subspecies mossambicus has lateral white or ivory stripes, framed by uniformly dark pelage; crown and back of head are pure dark gray; dorsal pelage is dark olive-brown.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savannas, forests, thickets, cultivated land, and groves of sugar plum (Uapaca, Phyllanthaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The Striped Bush Squirrel is omnivorous and forages on the ground and in the tree canopy for fruits, seeds, buds, leaves, roots, and some animal matter. It is a crop pest on millet and other cultivated grains.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Young are born in March-September. Females raise young independently in nests of fibers and grass in tree hollows.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Striped Bush Squirrels are diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Striped Bush Squirrels are thought to socialize mostly in pairs.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFF79F644F696F331.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. No data are available on population trends. The Striped Bush Squirrel is widely distributed and presumably has large populations. It occurs in protected areas and is tolerant of some habitat modification. Overall, there are no major threats, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	materials_examined	“ Wilhelmsthal, Lushoto, Usambara, Tanzania. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P. v. vexillariusKershaw, 1923 — EasternArc Mts (Usambara, Uluguru, andUdzungwa) inETanzania. P. v. byatti Kershaw, 1923 — Mt Kilimanjaro (Tanzania).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 228 - 1 mm (males) and 226 - 6 mm (females), tail mean 180 - 5 mm (males) and 183 - 7 mm (females); weight 243 g. Dorsal pelage of Swynnerton’s Bush Squirrel is olive-green to brown, and under parts are gray. Face is rufous on nose and mouth, and wide stripe extends from ear to eye. Limbs and feet are more orange than face. Brown tail is long with pale rings at base, buff to olive-brown in middle, and orange at distal tip. Swynnerton’s Bush Squirrel can be distinguished from other members of the genus by having a rufous color only on limbs and tail, rather than on belly as in the Red Bush Squirrel (P. palliatus) or majority of body as in the Black-and-red Bush Squirrel (P. lucifer). Subspecies byatt: has no orange on tip of tail, more ocherous buff dorsal pelage, and darker belly than nominate vexillarius.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane forests.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Swynnerton’s Bush Squirrel forages on fruits and seeds.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Swynnerton’s Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2ED4FFA65FB83F8C9FD63.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. No data are available on population trends. Major threats include large-scale loss of primary forest habitat. Small patchy distribution (not much larger than 20,000 km?) and restricted habitat have generated concern over conservation of Swynnerton’s Bush Squirrel.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	materials_examined	“ Marico River, Rustenberg District, NW Province, South Africa. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	discussion	Ten subspecies are recognized.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. c. cepapiA. Smith, 1836 — SBotswana, Zimbabwe, andNESouthAfrica (TransvaalProvince). P. c. bororensisRoberts, 1946 — Mozambique, near “ Namabieda, ” Boror, NoftheZambeziRiver. P. c. carpiLundholm, 1955 — confluenceoftheMessenguéziandZambezirivers (Mozambique). P. c. cepapoidesRoberts, 1946 — Mozambique (Zimbiti, Beira). P. c. chobiensis Roberts, 1932 — S Angola, N Namibia, and N Botswana. P. c. phalaenaThomas, 1926 — Namibia (C & NWOvamboland). P. c. quotusWroughton, 1909 — SDRCongo (SEKatanga). P. c. sindiThomas & Wroughton, 1908 — SMalawiandZambeziRiverinTeteProvince (Mozambique). P. c. soccatusWroughton, 1909 — NoftheZambeziRiver, nearVwazaattheHeweRiverinMalawi. P. c. yulei Thomas, 1902 — NE Zambia, W Tanzania, and N Malawi. Subspeciesaffiliation of remaining regionsis unclear.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 228 mm (males) and 226 mm (females), tail 180 mm (males) and 183 mm (females); weight mean 186 g (males) and 180 - 2 g (females). Dorsal color of Smith’s Bush Squirrel is brown, yellow-brown, or gray; ventral pelage is gray-white, with a yellow or buff on chest. Limbs are short and match dorsum. Pelage color varies geographically. Cheeks are light yellow-brown. Faint white stripes are visible above and below eyes. Long bushy tail is grizzled black and yellowish brown. Subspecies bororensis is darker and warmer brown than cepapoides, with grayer color on sides of body and lower part of hindlimbs. Subspecies carpi is much smaller and paler than cepapi and displays white or white-yellow feet and orange-yellow on thighs and underside of tail. Subspecies cepapoides is rustier than cepapi, with tawny highlights on dorsal and thigh pelage. Ventral pelage and toes of chobiensis are whiter than on cepapu. Subspecies phalaena is distinguished by gray pelage on back, crown of head, shoulders, hips, and legs. Feet are paler buffy white than those of cepapi. Subspecies quotus is a darker form. Midline of underside of tail of sindi is ocherous, and ventral pelage is white. Subspecies soccatus has grayish white feet but lacks yellow highlights visible in cepapi, particularly on limbs and flanks. Subspecies yulei is larger and has grayer shoulders, with light tan gray sides. Ventral coloris white, with gray highlights on belly, and dorsal pelage is paler, grizzled with tan. Feet are gray-white to white-yellow.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Savanna woodlands, especially in mopane (Colophospermum mopane, Fabaceae), and acacia woodlands or mixed associations such as Acacia (Fabaceae) / Terminalia (Combretaceae) and Acacia / Combretum (Combretaceae). Smith’s Bush Squirrel is less common in combined Brachystegia / Julbernardia (both Fabaceae) woodlands and Bazkiaea (Fabaceae) woodlands, possibly due to lack of ideal tree cavities for nesting.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. Smith’s Bush Squirrelis primarily herbivorous but also consumes some arthropods. In South Africa, individuals forage on more than 30 species of plants, eating seeds, berries, flowers, stems, and leaves. They also feed on termites. In East Africa, diet consists of bulbs, nuts, seeds, insects, bird eggs, aloe and euphorbia leaves, and fruits of Sclerocarya (Anacardiaceae), Pterocarpus (Fabaceae), and Kigelia (Bignoniaceae).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Female Smith’s Bush Squirrels initiate mating sequence in the morning hours by emitting rattle-like calls. Males respond with their own mating calls and chase females, during which time both sexes make clicking noises and flick their tails. The male allogrooms the female while mating, and both autogroom post-copulation. Gestation is 56 days. One litter per year is common in the wild, but up to three annual litters are reported in captivity, with interbirth intervals of 60 - 63 days. Period of reproduction varies regionally. Females in Botswana tend to give birth during warm wet months rather than cold dry months and do not reproduce in May-September. In South Africa, they reproduce in October-January. Young are born precocious, with eyes open by day eight. Young emerge from the nest by day 19, consume solid foods by day 21, and are weaned between days 29 and 42. Subadults reach sexual maturity within 6 - 10 months and are evicted from the group after that. Males and females provide parental care. Males can commit infanticide to mate again more quickly.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. Smith’s Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal. It thermoregulates by moving between sun and shade at different times of day. It is mainly arboreal but also descends to the ground occasionally to feed on fallen fruits.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. Smith’s Bush Squirrels are social and live in groups composed of 1 - 2 adults and several juveniles. Groups nest in trees, rocky crevices, house roofs, or holes underground lined with grass and leaves. Individuals clean out and reline their nests often, which may act to reduce numbers of parasites. Social hierarchy is important within groups, particularly during feeding and interactions with conspecifics. Scent marking is important to social organization. They are highly territorial; scent marking over areas 0 - 3 - 1 - 3 ha in size by mouth wiping, urinating, and anal dragging. Territories are defended with vocalization, chases, and fights, except during mating season when foreign individuals are permitted to enter. Fights may occasionally result in death of the loser. Most vocalizations consist ofclick, rattle, or whistle of decreasing intensity and descending pitch and combinations thereof. When disturbed in their nests, they emit grunts and growls. Courting individuals and females communicate with “ clicks, ” and males give a low-pitched nasal murmur during mating. They have low-intensity alarm call ofseries of three “ chir ” or click sounds spaced over several seconds, which indicates alertness, warning, or aggression forterritorial defense. Their high-intensity alarm call consists of 6 - 7 high-pitched notes emitted at one-second intervals, and it resembles a call of a bird or whistle.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FFB2EDB0FA67F530F649F653.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Smith’s Bush Squirrels is widespread, presumably has large populations, and occurs in protected areas. Population trends are stable, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Misuku Mts, Kombe Forest, Malawi. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SW Tanzania and N Malawi. It may occur in NE Zambia.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body mean 228.7 mm (males) and 230 - 8 mm (females), tail mean 198 mm (males) and 197 - 2 mm (females); weight c. 680 - 685 g. Dorsal pelage of the Black-and-red Bush Squirrel is bright rufous or russet; some individuals have prominent reddish black patch in center of back. Fur is long and dense. Flanks, sides, forelimbs, hindlimbs, feet, crown of head, cheeks, and chin are also bright rufous. Tail is rufous, grizzled with black. Underparts, including throat and chest, are light gray.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Montane tropical moist forests above elevations of 2000 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. The omnivorous Black-and-red Bush Squirrel forages on the ground and eats fruits, nuts, vegetable matter, termites, and ants.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. Females appearto reproduce seasonally and become pregnant again shortly after parturition. One female caught in September was pregnant and lactating, while eight females examined in March-April were not reproductively active, suggesting that reproductive period may occur during spring and summer.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. The Black-and-red Bush Squirrel is diurnal and arboreal. Individuals vocalize frequently and loudly.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAF6FE60FA70F01C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Little is known about distribution, ecological requirements, and population size of the Blackand-red Bush Squirrel. Habitat loss in its restricted distribution might be a major threat.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	materials_examined	“ Namuli Mountain, N of the Zambezi River, Mozambique. ”	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Restricted to Mt Namuli in C Mozambique (15 - 21 ° S, 37 - 04 ° E).	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body ¢. 208 - 215 mm, tail ¢. 206 - 214 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Grizzled black pelage adorns dorsum, limbs, and tops of feet of Vincent’s Bush Squirrel. Under parts, nose, and area surrounding eyes are deep rufous. Crown of head and cheeks are dark brown. Long tail is black-brown grading to rufous distally. Vincent's Bush Squirrel strongly resembles the Red Bush Squirrel (P. palliatus), but it has much darker fur on venter.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Moist evergreen forests at elevations of 1200 - 1850 m.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	food_feeding	Food and Feeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	breeding	Breeding. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	activity	Activity patterns. There is no specific information available for this species, but Vincent’s Bush Squirrel is diurnal.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	biology_ecology	Movements, Home range and Social organization. There is no information available for this species.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
064D0660FF4DEDB0FAC9F8BEF6F0FB7C.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Current population trend of Vincent's Bush Squirrelis decreasing. Forests on Mount Namuli are under threat from fires, cultivation, and harvesting for fuel wood. It might be hunted for bushmeat. Few dedicated surveys have been carried out in its distribution, and it is unknown whether it is present in surrounding mountains or if there are any other specific threats.	en	Don E. Wilson, Thomas E. Lacher, Jr, Russell A. Mittermeier (2016): Sciuridae. In: Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 6 Lagomorphs and Rodents I. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 648-837, ISBN: 978-84-941892-3-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6840226
