taxonID	type	description	language	source
0574879BFFDF6C0947B35B4F6F59F935.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Nymphes myrmeleonoides Leach, 1814, by monotypy. Amended diagnosis for characters of the wing (based on New 1982). Separated from other nymphid genera by the following combination of character states of its wing venation [comparative character states of other genera in brackets]: M simple or forked distad origin of Rs 1 in forewing [shared by Austronymphes Esben-Petersen, 1914, but forked much proximad origin of Rs 1 in other genera]; large enclosed cell between 2 A, 3 A in forewing absent [present in Austronymphes]; CuA space in forewing, MP space in hind wing large, of characteristic ‘ myrmeleontid’ triangular shape, enclosed by distal portion of MP, basalmost branch of MP [shared by Austronymphes, but absent or reduced in all fossil genera]; crossveins between branches of CuP in forewing, CuA in hind wing present (except N. nigrescens) [this combination absent in other genera].	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0947B35B4F6F59F935.taxon	description	Included species. Nymphes georgei sp. nov. from the Ypresian of North America (Republic, Washington, U. S. A.); five extant species from Australia and Tasmania: N. myrmeleonoides, N. modesta Gerstaecker, 1885 b; N. paramyrmeleonides New, 1982; N. nigrescens New, 1982; N. aperta New, 1982.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0947B35B4F6F59F935.taxon	discussion	Comments. The diagnosis provided here augments that of New (1982), which distinguishes general characters of the insect; here, we revise this with regards to wing characters.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0C47B359836896FE37.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is formed from the surname of Steven George, collector of the holotype, in recognition of his generous contribution to science in the donation of this specimen.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0C47B359836896FE37.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Specimen SR 09 - 07 - 08 (part only), collected by Steven George, and deposited in SRIC. A wellpreserved, incomplete hind wing. Type locality and horizon. Tom Thumb Tuff Member of the Klondike Mountain Formation, exposure A 0307, Republic, Washington, U. S. A.; Ypresian.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0C47B359836896FE37.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hind wing separable from those of N. myrmeleonoides, N. modesta, N. paramyrmeleonides by absence of tornus, subcostal crossveins; from those of N. aperta by branches of MP originated at more obtuse angle, area between distal portion of CuA, MP, then MP 1 broader; from those of N. nigrescens by distal origin of Rs 1, slightly distal to termination of CuA [Rs 1 originated much proximal to termination of CuA in N. nigrescens].	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0C47B359836896FE37.taxon	description	Description. Hind wing elongate, without tornus, with apex shifted posteriad; preserved portion 27 mm long (estimated complete length about 34 – 35 mm), 8.2 mm wide. Trichosors prominent along entire preserved margin: one between each vein tip apically along posterior margin, many (up to about five) between veinlet tips along anterior margin, posterior margin in mid- and basal wing. Each vein / veinlet tip thickened like trichosors. Macrotrichia along veins rather short. Costal space narrow. Subcostal veinlets simple, perpendicular to Sc basally, bent apically. Sc + R 1 entering margin far beyond apex; veinlets of Sc + R 1 deeply forked, each branch with shallow marginal fork; two crossveins preserved between veinlets of Sc + R 1. Subcostal space narrow, without crossveins. R 1 space broad, with numerous crossveins arranged rather regularly. Rs probably originated near wing base, with 10 branches dichotomously branched distally. Rs 1 originated far distant from wing base, rather profusely branched distally. MA slightly concave, somewhat arced, only few branched distally. MP slightly convex, markedly arced distal to its proximal branch, with seven branches, partly dichotomously branched. MP space triangular, enclosed by distal portion of MP, basalmost branch of MP. Radial, medial crossveins numerous, arranged irregularly. MP, CuA approach to each other toward wing base; several crossveins between them. CuA probably slightly concave (poorly preserved), pectinately branched (two branches preserved); each branch connecting by crossvein to other (three crossveins preserved). CuP, anal veins not preserved. Membrane hyaline.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDF6C0C47B359836896FE37.taxon	discussion	Comments. The extant genera of Nymphidae are divided into the morphologically distinct Nymphesgroup (Nymphes, Nesydrion Gerstaecker, 1885 a, Austronymphes) and Myiodactylus- group (Myiodactylus Brauer, 1866, Osmylops Banks, 1913, Nymphydrion Banks, 1913, Norfolius Navás, 1922) (New 1984). Formerly, the Myiodactylus- group was considered to constitute a separate family, the Myiodactylidae (Handlirsch 1906 – 1908; Withycombe 1925; Tillyard 1926), and has subsequently been treated as a subfamily of Nymphidae (Henry 1982; Makarkin 1990). Nymphes georgei belongs confidently to the Nymphes - group by the following hind wing features: the MP space has a characteristic triangular area enclosed by the distal portion of MP and the basal-most branch of MP [absent in Myiodactylus- group]; Rs 1 is originated distant from wing base [relatively close to wing base, much proximal to termination of CuA in Myiodactylus- group]; costal space is narrow [broad in Myiodactylusgroup]. Fortunately, the venation of hind wings of all species of Nymphidae (both fossil and extant, except the Early Cretaceous Olindanymphes makarkini Martins-Neto, 2005) is well known, allowing some confidence in its generic affinity. All preserved character states indicate that the hind wing venation of this species is indistinguishable from that of Nymphes species. Indeed, the hind wing venation of Nymphes possesses a distinctive combination of the long stem of Rs (i. e., Rs 1 is originated distally) and the presence of crossveins between branches of CuA. The venation of N. nigrescens differs greatly from that of other species of the genus. For example, Rs originates much more distally in its hind wing, costal crossveins are present in the apical portions of both wings, and there are no crossveins connecting branches of CuP in the forewing. New (1982) mentioned that this species “ may eventually be separated into a new genus ” (p. 718). The genus Nymphes is also heterogeneous for the presence / absence of subcostal crossveins in both wings and M is either deeply forked or simple in the forewing. While understanding that further examination might then indicate that Nymphes should be broken into smaller genera, this is outside of the scope of this study, and here, we assign N. georgei to this genus as currently defined. However, the Nymphes affinity of this new species should be considered formally tentative, as the specimen is represented by only an incomplete hind wing; we should not exclude a venational convergence between this fossil species and species of Nymphes. The venation of N. georgei is most similar to that of N. aperta in wing shape, size and many venational details, including the absence of the subcostal crossveins (cf. Figs. 1 B and 1 C). Other extant genera have somewhat different venation. For example, all species of Nesydrion have numerous subcostal crossveins and do not possess any crossveins between the branches of CuA [contrary in N. georgei]; the single species of Austronymphes has these crossveins, but the stem of Rs is short. Also, the hind wings of these two genera are broader than that of N. georgei in association with the rather distinct tornus in most species. The venation of all known fossil genera is considerably different from that of N. georgei.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0C47B35E826926FB8A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Nymphes mengeanus Hagen in Pictet-Baraban & Hagen, 1856, by original designation.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0C47B35E826926FB8A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Separated from other nymphid genera by the following combination of character states of its wing venation: subcostal crossveins absent, except one basal [numerous crossveins present in Nesydrion]; only one crossvein between each branch of CuA in forewing, MP in hind wing [more than one in all extant genera; absent in Liminympha Ren & Engel, 2007]; CuP in forewing long, pectinate [short, with only one to two branches in Mesonymphes Carpenter, 1929, Olindanymphes Martins-Neto, 2005]; CuP short, with only terminal fork in hind wing [very long, pectinate in Cretonymphes Ponomarenko, 1992, Santananymphes Martins-Neto, 2005]; R 1 space moderately broad [very narrow in Elenchonymphes Engel & Grimaldi, 2008]. Included species. Two species, Pronymphes mengeana, and P. hoffeinsorum sp. nov. from Priabonian Baltic amber.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0C47B35E826926FB8A.taxon	discussion	Comments. A diagnosis has not been previously provided for this genus. The gender of Pronymphes is feminine, as is the Latin noun nymphes from which it is derived, meaning brides, young women (ICZN 1999: Article 31.1.1), see also Oswald (2007).	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0F47B35BF06A17F98C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet is formed from the surname of Christel and Hans-Werner Hoffeins, in recognition of their contributions to amber research.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0F47B35BF06A17F98C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Specimen BaB 1544 - 2, collected by Christel and Hans-Werner Hoffeins, deposited in SDEI. An incomplete, crumpled insect in a yellow, translucent piece of amber: distal portion of abdomen; distal two third of left forewing, covered by a partial left hind wing; fragmentary right fore- and hind wings overlapping. Syninclusions include stellate hairs and nemathelminthes. Type locality and horizon. Baltic amber (Yantarny [= Palmnicken], Kaliningradskaya Oblast’, Russia); Priabonian.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0F47B35BF06A17F98C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing separable from that of P. mengeana by fork of M located much distally, only slightly proximal to origin of Rs 1 [far proximal to origin of Rs 1 in P. mengeana].	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0F47B35BF06A17F98C.taxon	description	Description. Distal portion of abdomen (preserved portion 4 mm long); terminal, genitalic segments obscured, probably female judging from prolonged laterally 8 th tergite (Fig. 4). Forewing. Maximal preserved length of left forewing 12.1 mm (estimated length about 19 mm), 5.5 mm wide. Wing margin with distinct trichosors: one between tips of each two veins along apical margin; three to four between tips of veinlets / veins (one between branches of shallow marginal forks) along costal, hind margin. Each vein / veinlet tip thickened like trichosors. Macrotrichia along veins rather long. Costal space relatively narrow, dilated towards base. Subcostal veinlets bent, simple medially, shallowly forked distally. Sc + R 1 entering margin nearly at apex; proximal four veinlets of Sc + R 1 shallowly forked, next three veinlets deeply dichotomously branched; no crossveins preserved between veinlets of Sc + R 1. Subcostal space rather broad, no crossveins. R 1 space broaden towards base, with eight crossveins arranged rather regularly between origin of Rs 1, fusion of Sc; R 1, long hypostigmal cell, three crossveins distal to it. Rs with eight branches, not or few branched distally. Rs 1 origin far distant from wing base, with only very shallow marginal fork. M forked slightly proximal to origin of Rs 1. MA with two distal branches, shallowly forked. MP with three branches: proximal-most deeply forked, two next shallowly branched; between these branches one crossvein. MP space small, triangular, enclosed by distal portion of MP, basal-most branch of MP. Radial, medial crossveins numerous; crossveins in distal portion of radial space forming outer gradate series. Between MP, CuA several crossveins. CuA occupying relatively small space, with five irregular branches, shallowly to deeply branched; each branch connecting by crossvein to other (four crossveins in total, one in left forewing anomally incomplete). CuP pectinately branched, with simple branches, not connecting by crossveins. Membrane hyaline, without pattern. Hind wing without distinct tornus; 8.1 mm long as preserved (estimated length about 18 mm), 4 mm wide as preserved (estimated length about 4.5 mm). One to four distinct trichosors between each two veins along preserved apical, hind margins. Venation of apical-most portion of hind wing similar to that of forewing. R 1 space rather broad in middle portion, with crossveins arranged rather regularly. Rs with three preserved branches. Rs 1 origin far distant from wing base, slightly proximal to end of CuA. Preserved MA straight, with one or two branches distally. MP with five branches, one simple, other forked; between some branches one crossvein (three crossveins preserved totally). MP space triangular, small, enclosed by distal portion of MP, basalmost branch of MP. Radial, medial crossveins numerous. Between MP, CuA several crossveins. CuA pentinately branched (seven branches preserved), not connected by crossveins. CuP, anal veins not preserved. Membrane hyaline, without pattern.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
0574879BFFDA6C0F47B35BF06A17F98C.taxon	discussion	Comments. Judging from Pictet-Baraban and Hagen’s original description and figure (1856: Pl. 8, Fig. 15) and the redescription of Krüger (1923), Pronymphes mengeana is represented by a possibly incomplete body and the basal half of both right wings. Its type seems to be lost. Unfortunately, mainly the proximal parts of the wings of P. mengeana and the distal parts of P. hoffeinsorum are preserved. In spite of this, there is enough available comparative venation to strongly associate these as congeners and to confidently distinguish them as separate species. Given the incomplete nature of these specimens, placement of the new species in Pronymphes remains tentative. The forewing of P. mengeana was estimated by Krüger (1923) as 27 mm long under the assumption that the 9 mm of preserved portion was a third of its complete length. However, comparing this with wings of modern species we find it more reasonable to assume that the preserved portion actually represents about half its complete length, in which case the wing would have not exceeded 20 mm long. We conclude from analysis of P. hoffeinsorum and published figures of P. mengeana that the genus is valid, and that Pronymphes belongs to Nymphes- group (see above). MacLeod (1971) argued in favor of a close affinity between Pronymphes and Nesydrion. The venation of these genera is indeed similar, but not identical (see diagnosis of the genus Pronymphes, note comparisons of crossveins in the subcostal space and between branches of CuA in the forewing and branches of MP is the hind wing). Moreover, Pronymphes is smaller than any species of Nesydrion: the minimal forewing length in Nesydrion (i. e., N. diaphanus Gerstaecker, 1885) is 23 mm (New 1982). FIGURE 4. Apex of abdomen of Pronymphes hoffeinsorum sp. nov., holotype specimen BaB 1544 - 2. 8 T, 8 th tergite. Scale bar = 1 mm.	en	Archibald, Bruce, Makarkin, Vladimir N., Ansorge, Jörg (2009): New fossil species of Nymphidae (Neuroptera) from the Eocene of North America and Europe. Zootaxa 2157: 59-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.188875
