identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0515822AFF815C1AFF62B2395B30C6F2.text	0515822AFF815C1AFF62B2395B30C6F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enoclerus spinolae (LeConte 1853)	<div><p>Enoclerus spinolae (LeConte 1853), resurrected specific status</p> <p>Enoclerus spinolae (LeConte 1853: 230).</p> <p>This species, broadly distributed in the U.S. Southwest and extending into northern Mexico, was synonomyzed by Wolcott (1947: 78) under E. abdominalis (Chevrolat 1835: 52), a name that Barr (1976: 30) subsequently showed to be an invalid junior homonym. Barr (ibid.) established E. zonatus (Klug 1842: 297) as a replacement name, and treated E. spinolae as its junior synonym. Examination of the types of E. abdominalis, E. zonatus and E. spinolae, and dozens of specimens from a variety of locations, has led us to conclude that E. spinolae is a good species, separable from its species-group congeners based on its pattern of elytral markings and geographical distribution. The epithet spinolae, because it appeared to authors to represent a mistaken use of a feminine gender ending for a masculine patronymic, has been rendered in the literature most frequently as spinolai (or " spinolae (sic!)." However, as the ICZN makes clear in Article 31.1.1, a specific epithet may be formed from someone's name (irrespective of their gender) by accepting it as a Latin name, and then treating it in accordance with the rules of Latin grammar. This, it seems clear, is exactly what LeConte did when constructing his patronymic honoring entomologist Massimiliano Spinola. In any case, the ICZN states explicitly that incorrect latinization (Article 32.5.1) is not to be considered an "inadvertent error," and cannot be used to justify an exception to the rule of preservation of correct original spelling (Article 32.3). In short, LeConte's spelling must stand.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0515822AFF815C1AFF62B2395B30C6F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barr, William F.;Rifkind, Jacques	Barr, William F., Rifkind, Jacques (2009): Two new and one resurrected species of Enoclerus Gahan (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) from the western United States. Zootaxa 2168: 57-62
0515822AFF815C18FF62B51F5B8FC547.text	0515822AFF815C18FF62B51F5B8FC547.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enoclerus vernalis Barr & Rifkind	<div><p>Enoclerus vernalis Barr &amp; Rifkind, new species</p> <p>(Fig. 1)</p> <p>Type specimens. Holotype ♂: U.S.A., California, [Los Angeles County], Neenach, V-15-1926; label reads: "Pres. by J. O. Martin Collector. " Holotype deposited in CASC. Paratypes: 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, same data as holotype; 4 ♀♀ from type locality, V-17-1928, E. G. Linsley, collector. CALIFORNIA: Los Angeles County: 1 ♀, Mojave Desert, Llano, IV-13-1954, Wm. R. Lower, collector; 1 ♀, Mojave Desert, Llano, IV-4-1953, A. Ebeling, collector; 1 ♂, Palmdale, VI-1958, R. C. Willis, coll.; 1 ♀, Pearblossom, 4 May, 1975, David. E. Bixler; 1 ♀, 2 mi. S of Littlerock, May 18, 1988, G. Snelling, coll.; 1 ♂, Juniper Hills, May 6, 1973, S. Vesos, on Joshua; 1 female, Juniper Hills, VI-I-1975, A. V. Evans; 1 ♀, 1.5 mi SW Littlerock, 22 May, 1975, Adriean J. Mayor, collected on Yucca whipplei; 1 ♀, 17 mi. E. Gorman, IV-16-1962, G. W. Frankie, collector; 1 specimen, sex unknown, Valyermo, V-1-1968, J. Powell, collector; 1 ♀, Theo. Payne W. S., 20 May, 1976, P. H. Sullivan, coll.; Inyo County: 1 ♂, Argus Mts., V-22-1937; 1 specimen, sex unknown, Grapevine Canyon, Saline Valley, 5000', IV-20-1985, D. Giuiliani, anti-freeze pit trap; Kern County: 5 ♂♂, 5 ♀, 2 sex undetermined, Short Cyn., 7 mi. NW Inyokern, IV-13-1954, J. W. MacSwain, collector; 1 ♂, Red Rock Cyn. State Park, Red Cliffs Natural Preserve, 400 m, May 5, 1991, J. Rifkind, coll., 1 ♂, Indian Wells Canyon, 3750', IV-17-1962 (c-3711), collection of N. L. Rumpp; 1 ♂, Laurel Mt, El Paso Mts, 4500', 14 May, 1960, D. L. Tiemann, collector; 1 ♀, 1 sex unknown, 3 mi. NW Indian Wells, IV-12-1954, J. M. Linsley, coll., 1 ♀, 6.5 mi. NW Inyokern, IV-13-1954, J. W. MacSwain, collector; Tulare County: 1 ♀, Kane Brak Brid. [probably " Canebrake "] ♀ Hwy. 178, on flower, 1 June, 1973, Lon Kincannon; San Bernardino County: 1 male, Cajon Pass, V-19-1937, coll. and pres. by E. Guedet; 1 ♂ from Victoryville [sic], VI-6, J. N. Knull collection. Paratypes are deposited in CASC, EMEC, FMNH, UCR, LACM, CSCA, JNRC, WFBC, and WOPC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Distinguishable from its congeners by its unique elytral color pattern, and sub-lustrous elytral integument. It is most similar, and probably closest phyletically, to Enoclerus zonatus, and E. spinolae, but is disjunct both geographically and phenologically from these species (see Discussion below).</p> <p>Description (Holotype). Length: 9.0 mm. Color: black to reddish black; mouthparts, antennae, bases of femora, tarsomeres, in whole or in part, reddish brown; elytra (Fig. 1) with an irregular latitudinal antemedian red band, widest laterally, complete to lateral margins, slightly narrowed at suture posteriorly, somewhat extended along suture anteriorly; elytral apices broadly red; epipleuron reddish; abdomen uniformly red. Head: antennae robust, club compact, antennomere 11 sinuate internally, as long as antennomeres 9 &amp; 10 taken together; front feebly bi-impressed, rugulose; cranium finely, densely punctate, sparsely set with fine, pale, suberect setae and fewer longer, erect, robust black setae. Pronotum: broader than long (5:4); narrower than elytra at base; sides arcuate; anterior margin broadly, shallowly emarginate; transverse impression distinct, broadly "V" shaped; disk broadly subflattened; surface finely, irregularly punctate and transversely rugulose, moderately vested with erect, pale and infuscate setae of varying lengths. Elytra: robust (ratio of length to maximum width approximately 3:2), widest posterior to middle; anterior margin bisinuate; humeri pronounced; subbasal tumescences feebly indicated; disk broadly subflattened; surface feebly shining, finely and densely but shallowly punctate and indistinctly roughened, covered moderately but inconspicuously with short, suberect black setae, interspersed with fewer, longer erect black setae; epipleural fold broad, subexplanate posteriorly; posthumeral margin broadly deflexed dorsally behind middle; apical slope shallow; apices dehiscent. Metasternum: convex; surface shining, rugulose, feebly punctate. Abdomen: shining; surface shallowly roughened, with scattered punctures, sparsely vested with fine, pale setae; visible sternite 5 with hind margin broadly, shallowly emarginate, sternite 6 subtruncate, tergite 6 with lateral margins convergent, hind angles rounded, and apex shallowly, sinuately emarginate; abdominal apex without setal daggers. Legs: robust; all tarsi well developed.</p> <p>Variation. Size ranges from 7.5 mm to 11.0 mm. In the female, abdominal tergite and sternite six are conjointly subtruncate or conjointly rounded posteriorly, with a slight notch at apex. Integument color ranges from black to reddish black. Size and shape of the antemedian and apical elytral fasciae are variable, so that in some specimens, the reddish areas are more extensive than the black. Even in these cases, however, the black postmedian band is never incomplete internally for more than the width of the elytral suture. Two specimens from Lower Covington Flat, Joshua Tree National Park, collected in late May and early June, are problematical in this regard. Though taken in the Mojave Desert of California within the presumed flight period of this species, they exhibit a facies much more like that of E. spinolae from Arizona, with shining, somewhat more convex elytra, bearing reduced, internally interrupted postmedian black markings. At least one other broadly distributed member of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan desert clerid fauna (i.e. Aulicus edwardsii (Horn 1880)) has outlier populations in and near Joshua Tree National Park (Mojave and Colorado Desert), and the present case may prove to be similar. In light of our uncertainty about the identification of the Covington Flat specimens, we have chosen not to include them in the type series of the new species.</p> <p>Discussion. Enoclerus vernalis belongs to a group of similarly large, robust, black and red patterned Enoclerus species that are associated with various Yucca (Agavaceae) species in the American West and Mexico. The most widespread species, E. spinolae, is known from Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah and Kansas in the United States, as well as the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua, Durango and Sonora. It is characterized by its red elytral base, with black humeral maculae; its postmedian black elytral markings are often reduced to small spots and are only rarely complete at the suture. This species flies from late May through August, and appears to be most common in middle to late summer, at least in Arizona. It is usually seen running or flying about blooming yucca, where it is conspicuous against the cream-colored flowers and green stalks of the plant. Enoclerus zonatus is distinguishable by its broadly darkened elytral base, with the postmedian elytral black marking in the shape of a transverse band. It has a more southerly distribution, and occurs in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Zacatecas and Hidalgo, where it has been taken in July and August. A third species, E. agave Barr (1976: 19), known only from Chiapas in extreme southern Mexico, is readily identifiable by its black elytral posterior third. In comparison with the aforementioned species, E. vernalis is the only member of this group to commonly have more of its elytral surface black than red. Its flight period is primarily middle to late spring (with most records in April and May, and an occasional early June capture), and its distribution is restricted to the northern and western part of the Mojavean biogeographical province of California, where it seems to be associated with the Joshua Tree (Yucca brevifolia Engelmann 1871).</p> <p>Foster &amp; Barr (1972: 124) recorded the larvae of E. spinolae (as E. abdominalis (Chevrolat 1835: 52)) feeding upon the larvae of a weevil, Peltophorus polymitus Boheman 1845, which were boring in the stalks of Yucca thompsoniana Trelease in Texas. Based on this and other observations and collecting data, it seems likely that various Yucca species serve as the preferred, or perhaps even obligate, microhabitat for the larvae and adults of all Enoclerus species in this group.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet "vernalis" refers to the spring flight period of the new species.</p> <p>Distribution. Northern and western Mojave Desert of California.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0515822AFF815C18FF62B51F5B8FC547	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barr, William F.;Rifkind, Jacques	Barr, William F., Rifkind, Jacques (2009): Two new and one resurrected species of Enoclerus Gahan (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) from the western United States. Zootaxa 2168: 57-62
0515822AFF845C1EFF62B0B45A80C336.text	0515822AFF845C1EFF62B0B45A80C336.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Enoclerus valens Barr & Rifkind	<div><p>Enoclerus valens Barr &amp; Rifkind, new species</p> <p>(Fig. 2)</p> <p>Type specimens. Holotype ♂: U.S.A., Arizona, Coconino County, Oak Creek Canyon, 12-VII-1995, Jim Cope, collector. Holotype deposited in CSCA. Paratypes: ARIZONA: 2 ♂♂, Gila County, 0.5 mi S. of Workman Creek, 27-VII-2003, beating dead Acer, F. W. Skillman, Jr., coll.; 1 ♂, Gila County, Workman Cyn., 21 mi S. of Young, 28–29-VII-1981, W. B. Warner, coll.; 1 ♀, Coconino County, Oak Creek Canyon, ± 4 mi. N. of Sedona, Emerged: VII-1976, F. T. Hovore, coll.; 1 specimen, Coconino County, Oak Creek Canyon, VII-1-1975, Wappes collection; 1 specimen, Coconino County, Oak Creek Canyon, VII-7-1995, N. M. Downie, colln., 1992 Acc. Z-18343 Field Museum. Paratypes are deposited in FMNH, FSCA, FWSC, JNRC and WFBC.</p> <p>Diagnosis. The new species is distinguishable from its congeners based on a unique combination of color, elytral pattern, surface sculpturing and body proportions. In Arizona, it appears most similar to Enoclerus luscus (Klug 1842), with which it shares black coloration, reddish abdomen, eburneous elytral markings and cinereous apical elytral vestiture. Enoclerus luscus, however, has a somewhat more compact form and generally coarser elytral punctation, and its pale elytral markings are shaped not as transverse bands, but rather as irregular spots, emarginate posteriorly and narrowly produced internally. In addition, the two species seem to be allopatric: E. valens is apparently restricted to parts of central Arizona, whereas E. luscus is known only from mountain ranges in the southeastern part of the State. Finally, we note that the rarely collected species E. palmii (Schaeffer 1904) bears a resemblance to the new species, especially in dorsal habitus. Unlike E. valens, however, E. palmii possesses subrectangular humeral angles, and a black abdomen.</p> <p>Description (Holotype). Length: 11.7 mm. Color: black; mouthparts, antennae, distal margins of gena and metasternum, procoxae and tarsi in whole or in part reddish brown; abdomen reddish; each elytron with a broad, irregular, quadrangular, transverse eburneous fascia just before middle (Fig. 2), complete to lateral margins, narrowly interrupted at suture, where it is slightly, obliquely constricted anteriorly. Head: antennae elongate, club rather loose; eleventh antennomere distinctly elongate-acute at apex; front bi-impressed; dorsal surface densely, shallowly, sub-confluently punctate, densely but inconspicuously covered with short, whitish, suberect setae, interspersed with occasional longer, erect, pale setae. Pronotum: about as broad as long; narrower than elytra at base; transverse impression distinct, broadly V-shaped; disk subflattened; surface shining, finely, densely, rather uniformly punctate; vestiture on disk dense but inconspicuous, composed mostly of rather short, erect, black setae, ringed posteriorly, laterally, and anteriorly with short and long, suberect and erect, whitish setae. Elytra: elongate (ratio of length to maximum width approximately 9:5; widest posterior to middle; anterior margin bisinuate; humeri pronounced; subbasal tumescences feebly elevated, rounded above; disk flattened at middle; surface shining, densely and moderately coarsely and deeply punctate to posterior margin of eburneous fascia, thence uniformly, finely and shallowly punctate to apices; vestiture inconspicuous on anterior 3/4, moderately dense, arranged as follows: on black integumental area, comprised of mostly short, suberect and erect—and fewer longer, erect—black setae; on pale fascia, consisting of mostly short, suberect, and a few longer, erect stramineous setae; posterior 1/4 conspicuously vested with fine, reclinate, cinereous pubescence, interspersed with more robust suberect and erect black setae; sides subparallel, feebly deflexed at middle, then slightly expanded subapically; apices separately rounded, dehiscent. Mesosternum: posterior median process small, feebly elevated, apex not strongly notched. Metasternum: moderately convex; surface shining, densely, shallowly, finely punctate. Abdomen: shining, sparsely pubescent, obscurely punctate and roughened; visible tergite 6 with sides oblique, apex rather narrowly rounded; setal daggers absent; visible sternite 6 with sides oblique, posterior margin sinuate.</p> <p>Variation. Size of the few available specimens ranges from 10.00–12.90 mm. Pattern and setation are relatively uniform, although some specimens have darkened centers in the punctures covering the eburneous elytral bands. In the female, visible tergite 6 is rounded posteriorly and feebly notched at the middle; visible sternite 6 is nearly transverse at the apex, and also feebly notched at the middle.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet "valens," Latin for "strong," refers to the size and robustness of this species, which is among the largest of the Arizona Enoclerus fauna. The name also incidentally honors Ritchie Valens (born Richard Valenzuela), the first Mexican-American rock 'n' roll star. Distribution. Known from central Arizona.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0515822AFF845C1EFF62B0B45A80C336	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Barr, William F.;Rifkind, Jacques	Barr, William F., Rifkind, Jacques (2009): Two new and one resurrected species of Enoclerus Gahan (Coleoptera: Cleridae: Clerinae) from the western United States. Zootaxa 2168: 57-62
