taxonID	type	description	language	source
25AC9402D4FC554E85AF87CCFB03AA27.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
25AC9402D4FC554E85AF87CCFB03AA27.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ground color of body pale yellowish-brown in dorsal view, but head black. Body dorsally with a pair of belt-like dark brown markings that run slightly off from both of the rims of each segment of body. Antennal article VI has 3 thick basiconic sensilla, and article VII has 2 thick basiconic sensilla.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
25AC9402D4FC554E85AF87CCFB03AA27.taxon	description	Description. Female. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 3.4 mm, caudal bundle 0.5 mm. Head (Fig. 2 A): Eyes comprising 8 ommatidia. The posterior vertex possesses one pair of tufts each arranged in two rows; each anterior row consists of 13 trichomes, and the posterior row consists of 4 (Fig. 2 A). Trichomes are depicted in Fig. 2 J. Trichobothria are equal in size and arranged in an isosceles triangle formation (Fig. 2 A). The gnathochilarium’s lateral palps are twice the length of the medial palp. Lateral palps with 13 sensilla, medial palp with 20 sensilla (Fig. 2 F). The labrum’s anterior margin is granulated and armed with 3 + 3 lamellar teeth, and the clypeo-labrum with 6 + 6 setae (Fig. 2 E). Antennae: Long antennae with proportions of antennal articles as depicted in Fig. 2 G. Antennal article VIII with 4 sensory cones, while article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla (Fig. 2 I); article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (Fig. 2 H). Trunk: Collum with one pair of tufts, each consisting of 44 trichomes, lateral protuberance of collum with 5 trichomes in a row (Fig. 2 B). Tergite II, with one pair of tufts each consisting of 45 trichomes (Fig. 2 C) connected by a continuous posterior row of trichomes. Tergite III, with one pair of tufts each composed of 52 trichomes (Fig. 2 D) and connected by a continuous posterior row of trichomes. Tergites II – X have the same pattern of trichome insertions. Legs (Fig. 2 K): Trochanter, post-femur, tibia, and tarsus I lack setae. Prefemur and femur each with 1 seta (Fig. 2 L), coxa I with 1 seta, coxae II – XII with 3 – 4 setae, coxa XIII with 2 setae, small setiform hair on tarsus II shorter than telotarsus (Fig. 2 M). Telotarus is composed of a posterior process, almost as long as the claw, lamella process and a setiform process are present (Fig. 2 N). Telson: Dorso-medial trichomes on each side consist of 5 sockets of trichome a 1 – 5, a single trichome b, and three large protruding base sockets of trichome c 1 – 3 (Fig. 2 P). Beneath these, there are two bundles of caudal trichomes separated by a very narrow gap. The telson trichomes exist in two forms: those with hooks and those without hooks. The hooked trichomes most commonly with 2 – 4 hooks (Fig. 2 O). Male. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 3.2 mm, caudal bundle 0.47 mm. Lateral palps with 13 sensilla, medial palp with 21 sensilla. The anterior margin of the labrum is granulated; the clypeo-labrum with 6 + 6 setae. The collum features one pair of tufts consisting of 41 trichomes each. Tergites II and III with one pair of tufts comprised of 42 or 50 trichomes. Coxa I with 1 seta, coxae II – X with 3 – 4 setae, coxae XI – XII with 2 setae, and coxa XIII with 1 seta. The dorso-medial trichomes on each side are composed of trichomes a 1 – 4, b, and c 1 – 3.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
25AC9402D4FC554E85AF87CCFB03AA27.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Zhejiang), Japan.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
C25987067F565C1E8502EBB6260461EC.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Eudigraphis japonica Silvestri, 1948.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
BC1A1BB66BF654D39509FAC733832D70.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
BC1A1BB66BF654D39509FAC733832D70.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Anterior margin of the labrum is not granulated and is equipped with 3 + 3 lamellar teeth on the anterior margin. Oval bases of setae on coxa, prefemur, and femur of each leg with some long spines at apex. Antennal article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla, 1 setiform sensillum, and 1 conical sensillum; article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla, 1 setiform sensillum, and 1 conical sensillum.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
BC1A1BB66BF654D39509FAC733832D70.taxon	description	Description. Female. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 2.8 mm, caudal bundle 0.45 mm. Head (Fig. 3 A): Eyes comprising 8 ommatidia. The posterior vertex possesses one pair of tufts each arranged in two rows: each anterior row comprises 12 trichomes, while the posterior row contains 10 (Fig. 3 A). The trichomes are depicted in Fig. 3 J. The trichobothria are equal in size and arranged in an isosceles triangle configuration (Fig. 3 A). The gnathochilarium’s lateral palps are twice the length of the medial palp. Lateral palps with 13 sensilla, medial palp with 22 sensilla (Fig. 3 F). The anterior margin of the labrum is not granulated and is equipped with 3 + 3 lamellar teeth on the anterior margin. The clypeo-labrum with 6 + 6 setae (Fig. 3 E). Antennae: Long antennae with proportions of antennal articles as depicted in Fig. 3 G. Antennal article VIII with 4 sensory cones, antennal article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla (a, i, and p), 1 setiform sensillum (s) situated between a and i, and 1 conical sensillum (c) behind p (Fig. 3 I); article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla of a and p, 1 setiform sensillum (s) located between a and p, and 1 conical sensillum (c) behind p (Fig. 3 H). Trunk: Collum with one pair of tufts, each consisting of 35 trichomes, lateral protuberance of collum with 6 trichomes in a row (Fig. 3 B). Tergites II, with one pair of tufts each consisting of 45 trichomes (Fig. 3 C) connected by a continuous posterior row of trichomes. Tergites III, with one pair of tufts each composed of 40 trichomes (Fig. 3 D) and connected by a continuous posterior row of trichomes. Tergites II – X exhibit a consistent pattern of trichome insertions. Legs (Fig. 3 K): Trochanter, post-femur, tibia, and tarsus I lack setae. Prefemur and femur each with 1 seta, coxa I with 1 seta, coxa II with 2 or 3 setae, coxae III – XII with 3 setae, coxa XIII with 1 seta (Fig. 3 L), oval bases of setae on coxa, prefemur, and femur of each leg with some long spines at apex. Small setiform hair on tarsus II shorter than telotarsus (Fig. 3 M). Telotarsus is composed of an anterior process, with an enlarged base, almost as long as the claw. Lamella process and a posterior process are present (Fig. 3 N). Telson: Dorso-medial trichomes on each side consist of 10 sockets of trichome a 1 – 10, a single trichome b, and three large protruding base sockets of trichome c 1 – 3 (Fig. 3 P). Two bundles of caudal trichomes are located beneath with a very narrow gap. The telson trichomes are of two types: those with hooks and those without hooks. The hooked trichomes of the caudal bundles most commonly possess 1 – 5 hooks (Fig. 3 O). Male. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 2.5 mm, caudal bundle 0.4 mm. Lateral palps with 13 sensilla, medial palp with 21 sensilla. The anterior margin of the labrum is not granulated and is armed with 3 + 3 lamellar teeth on the anterior margin. Clypeo-labrum with 6 + 6 setae. Collum each with one pair of tufts consisting of 32 trichomes; tergites II and III with one pair of tufts comprised of 42 or 39 trichomes. Coxa I with 1 seta, coxa II with 2 or 3 setae, coxae III – X with 3 setae, coxae XI – XII with 2 setae, coxa XIII with 1 seta.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
BC1A1BB66BF654D39509FAC733832D70.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu).	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
46A86B97F43153A89AA3AD20F5421397.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
46A86B97F43153A89AA3AD20F5421397.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Number of trichomes: posterior vertex: 28 – 36, collum: 76 – 84, lateral protuberance of collum: 6, tergite II: 82 – 88, tergite III: 80 – 84. Antennal article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla and 1 conical sensillum; article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla. Dorso-medial trichomes on each side consist of 6 sockets of trichome a, a single trichome b, and two large protruding base sockets of trichome c: c 1 and c 3. No linguiform processes on the labrum.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
46A86B97F43153A89AA3AD20F5421397.taxon	description	Description. Female. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 2.0 mm, caudal bundle 0.38 mm. Head (Fig. 5 A): Ommatidia absent. The posterior vertex has one pair of tufts arranged in two rows, with the anterior row consisting of 14 trichomes and the posterior row of 4 (Fig. 5 A). Trichomes are depicted in Fig. 5 J. Three trichobothria are arranged in an isosceles triangle, trichobothria a and b have typically thin sensory hairs with narrow cylindrical funicles compared to trichobothrium c, with a claviform funicle (Fig. 5 A). The gnathochilarium is typical of Lophoproctidae, featuring a single medial palp with 18 sensilla (Fig. 5 F). The clypeo-labrum possesses 4 + 1 + 4 setae and lacks linguiform processes on each side of the median cleft of the labrum (Fig. 5 E). Antennae: Long antennae with proportions of antennal articles as depicted in Fig. 5 G. Antennal article VIII with 4 sensory cones; antennal article VI with 3 thick basiconic sensilla (a, i, and p) and 1 conical sensillum (c) (Fig. 5 I); article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (Fig. 5 H). Trunk: Collum, each with one pair of tufts consisting of 42 trichomes, lateral protuberance of collum with 6 trichomes in a row (Fig. 5 B). Tergite II, each with one pair of tufts consisting of 44 trichomes (Fig. 5 C). Tergite III, each with one pair of tufts consisting of 42 trichomes (Fig. 5 D). Tergites II – X exhibit consistent patterns of trichome insertions. Legs (Fig. 5 K): Trochanter, post-femur, tibia, and tarsus I lack setae. Prefemur and femur each with 1 seta, coxa I with 1 – 2 setae, coxae II – XIII with 3 – 4 setae (Fig. 5 L), spine on tarsus II slightly shorter than telotarsus (Fig. 5 M). The telotarsus with two latero-dorsal denticles, a claw, and a small denticle (Fig. 5 N). Telson: Dorso-medial trichomes on each side with 6 sockets of trichome a, a single trichome b, and two large protruding base sockets of trichome c: c 1 and c 3 (Fig. 5 P, the absence of c 2 is characteristic of Lophoproctidae species). Two bundles of caudal trichomes are unseparated. The telson trichomes are of two types, both exhibiting barbs (Fig. 5 O). Male. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 1.8 mm, caudal bundle 0.3 mm. The posterior vertex possesses one pair of tufts arranged in two rows, with the anterior row consisting of 12 trichomes and the posterior row containing 2 trichomes. The gnathochilarium features 32 sensilla. The collum exhibits one pair of tufts, each consisting of 38 trichomes. Tergites II and III each bear one pair of tufts comprising 41 or 40 trichomes, respectively. Coxa I with 2 setae, coxa II with 3 setae, coxae III – VII with 4 setae, coxae VIII – XII with 2 – 3 setae, coxa XIII with no seta.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
46A86B97F43153A89AA3AD20F5421397.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
46A86B97F43153A89AA3AD20F5421397.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the absence of linguiform processes on each side of the median cleft of the labrum, a distinctive characteristic of the species.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
E5A4E1BC703553B29916C0DEE0B2F0B2.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
E5A4E1BC703553B29916C0DEE0B2F0B2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Five ommatidia in each eye. Number of trichomes: posterior vertex, 47 – 48; collum, 54 – 55; collum’s lateral protuberance, 4 – 5; tergite II, 56 – 62; tergite III, 60 – 64. Four dorso-medial trichomes on the head, posterior vertex comprising 2 complete rows of trichomes with no medial gap. Antennal article VI with 2 thick basiconic sensilla, 1 setiform sensillum, and 6 thin basiconic sensilla. Antennal article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla, 1 setiform sensillum, 4 thin basiconic sensilla, and 1 conical sensillum.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
E5A4E1BC703553B29916C0DEE0B2F0B2.taxon	description	Description. Female. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: Body length 2.08 mm, caudal bundle 0.25 mm. Head (Fig. 4 A): Eye consisting of 5 ommatidia. Trichomes on the posterior vertex are arranged in 2 rows with no medial gap: the anterior row consists of 26 trichomes, and the posterior row comprises 20 trichomes. Additionally, 4 trichomes are arranged transversely in a dorso-medial position (Fig. 4 A). The head features two types of trichomes (Fig. 4 J). Three trichobothria are positioned in an equilateral triangle, with the trichobothrium furthest from the ommatidia being slightly smaller than the other two (Fig. 4 A). The gnathochilarium possesses lateral palps that are 2.2 times the length of the medial palp. Lateral palps with 9 sensilla, medial palp with 17 sensilla (Fig. 4 F). The anterior margin of the labrum is granulated and armed with 5 + 5 lamellar teeth. The clypeo-labrum is equipped with 8 setae (Fig. 4 E). Antennae: Long antennae with proportions of antennal articles as depicted in Fig. 4 G. Antennal article VIII with 4 sensory cones, antennal article VI with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (anterior, a, and posterior, p); 1 setiform sensillum (s) between a and p, 6 thin basiconic sensilla behind p (Fig. 4 I). Antennal article VII with 2 thick basiconic sensilla (a and p), 1 setiform sensillum (s) between a and p, 4 thin basiconic sensilla in front of p, and 1 conical sensillum (c) behind a (Fig. 4 H). Trunk: Tergal trichomes, including those on the collum, are arranged in a circular pattern. Collum with 54 trichomes, lateral protuberance of collum with 5 trichomes in a row (Fig. 4 B). Tergite II with 56 trichomes (Fig. 4 C). Tergite III with 60 trichomes (Fig. 4 D). Tergites II – X have the same pattern of trichome insertions. Legs (Fig. 4 K): Coxa I with no seta, coxa II with 2 setae, coxae III – XIII with no seta, prefemur and femur with one seta (Fig. 4 M), trochanter, post-femur, and tarsus I with no seta. The spine on tarsus II is far shorter than the setae on the prefemur and femur (Fig. 4 L). There is a very small seta on the tibia (Fig. 4 N). The telotarsus consists of an anterior process with an enlarged base, nearly equaling the length of the claw. Both a lamella process and a small posterior process are present (Fig. 4 O). Telson: The telson possesses 54 (27 + 27) dorso-medial trichomes in the caudal penicil (Fig. 4 Q), arranged in two bundles separated by a gap. The caudal bundles consist of two types of trichomes, with the hooked trichomes having an apical lobed hook typical of Polyxenus (Fig. 4 P). Male. With 13 pairs of legs. Measurements: body length 1.9 mm, caudal bundle 0.22 mm. Posterior vertex with 48 trichomes, Collum with 55 trichomes, and tergites II and III with 62 and 64 trichomes. Coxa I with 1 seta, coxa II with 2 setae, coxae III – XIII with no seta. The caudal penicil comprises 48 (24 + 24) dorso-medial trichomes.	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
E5A4E1BC703553B29916C0DEE0B2F0B2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Anhui).	en	Wang, Yadong, Jin, Ai, Gao, Shichen, Wang, Jiajia, Dong, Yan (2025): Descriptions of four species of Polyxenida Verhoeff, 1934 (Diplopoda, Penicillata) from China, including one new species and one new record. ZooKeys 1223: 149-167, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1223.135808
