identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.text	041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus africanus Crosnier & Forest 1965	<div><p>Synalpheus africanus Crosnier &amp; Forest, 1965 stat. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 1, 2)</p> <p>Synalpheus hululensis africanus Crosnier &amp; Forest 1965: 607, fig. 2; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: 292, fig. 29a–g; Ribeiro 1968: 37, fig. 9; Lagardère 1971: 82, figs 159–167; Miya 1972: 63; Türkay 1982: 104; García Raso &amp; Fernández Muñoz 1988: 306; González Pérez 1995: 77.</p> <p>Synalpheus tumidomanus africanus — d’Udekem d’Acoz 1999: 107; Quiles et al. 2001: 10; Bacci et al. 2010: 821.</p> <p>Synalpheus hululensis — Lewinsohn &amp; Holthuis 1964: 49, fig. 2a–h; Kattoulas &amp; Koukouras 1974: 374; García Raso 1988: 254, 257 (not S. hululensis Coutière, 1908).</p> <p>Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-089, Boca do Inferno, rocky shore, under consolidated volcanic rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 29.01.2006 [fcn 06-012*]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-092, same collection data [fcn 06-013*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-088, 200 m west of Lagoa Azul, rocky shore with coralline algae, crevices and under rocks, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 31.01.2006 [fcn 06-063A]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-091, same collection data [fcn 06-093*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54831, same collection data [fcn 06-094*]; 1 male, 1 female, RMNH D54835, same collection data [fcn 06-097*, 06-098]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54834, same collection data [fcn 06-099*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4103, same collection data, specimen infested by a microsporidean parasite [fcn 06- 100*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4104, 2 km west of Lagoa Azul, near ship wreck, rocky shore with coralline algae, in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 01.02.2006 [fcn 06-121]; 1 male, RMNH D54833, Lagoa Azul, shallow bay with rocky shore, coralline algae and rocks, 1–3 m, A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 03.02.2006 [fcn 06-146*]; 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4105, same collection data [fcn 06- 214*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4106, same collection data [fcn 06-215]; 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-086, Ilha Santana, rock crevices, 15–20 m, coll. N. Knowlton, F. Nunes, 09.02.2006 [fcn 06- 210*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-087, about 4 km west of Lagoa Azul, shallow subtidal, 0.5–2 m, under rocks, coll. A. Anker, 17.02.2006 [fcn 06-248]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-118, same collection data [fcn coll. N. Knowlton et al., 04.04.1998; 4 males, 2 ov. females, RMNH D54830, Santiago, Terrafal, coll. N. Knowlton et al., 03.04.1998; 2 males, 2 females, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4107, Santiago, Cidade Velha, coll. N. Knowlton et al., 02.04.1998.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Rostrum slender, much longer than wide at base, usually longer than orbital hoods, cylindrical in cross-section, abruptly delimited posteriorly, with base distinctly rising above adjacent area of orbital hoods; orbital teeth acute, directed somewhat mesially; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum broad and deep. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, with lateral margin slightly concave in posterior half; dorsal surface with two pairs of spiniform setae inserted at about half and 3/4 length of telson, respectively; posterior margin convex, distolateral angles blunt, with a pair of spiniform setae, mesial longer than lateral. Antennular peduncles with second article longer than wide; stylocerite sharp, its tip not reaching distal margin of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with sharp distodorsal tooth and stout, sharp ventrolateral tooth, latter barely reaching distal margin of first article of antennular peduncle; scaphocerite with narrow blade; distolateral tooth reaching end of antennular peduncle but not overreaching carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of five to seven spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm less than twice as long as fingers; distal tooth rather small, flattened, blunt or subacute distally, sometimes reduced to small tubercle. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articulated, first article longer than sum of all others. Third pereiopod moderately slender, with merus at least four times as long as maximum width; propodus with about eight-nine spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus about 1/4 length of propodus, biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter, more strongly curved than distal unguis. Uropodal exopod with one distolateal tooth adjacent to stout spiniform seta.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Crosnier &amp; Forest (1965, 1966), as S. hululensis africanus.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.9–5.9 mm cl; females, 4.8–6.7 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. General colour variable from pale greenish or greenish-pinkish to reddish and bluish-purplish, speckled tiny red chromatophores; chela distally much darker, with small white patch on distomesial portion of palm, near dactylo-propodal articulation; dactylus with a conspicuous, semicircular white patch adjacent to amberorange tip; ovaries and freshly laid eggs dark olive-green (Figs 1, 2).</p> <p>Type locality. São Tomé.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean Sea: from Gibraltar to Israel; Morocco; Canary Islands; Cape Verde; Gulf of Guinea: Guinea, São Tomé and Principe, Annobón (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966; d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999; Quiles et al. 2001; Bacci et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow hard and mixed bottoms from the intertidal to at least 20 m (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966; d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999; present study); in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, e.g., Mesophyllum lichenoides; also among solitary corals, Dendrophyllia cornigera, and black corals, Antipathes sp. (Lewinsohn &amp; Holthuis 1964; Türkay 1982; García Raso &amp; Fernández Muñoz 1988); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Crosnier &amp; Forest (1965, 1966) established two subspecies for what appears to be the eastern Atlantic representatives of the mainly Indo-West Pacific S. tumidomanus (Paulson, 1875) complex: S. hululensis africanus Crosnier &amp; Forest, 1965 and S. hululensis congoensis Crosnier &amp; Forest, 1965, which, because of the synonymy of S. hululensis Coutière, 1908 with S. tumidomanus later became S. tumidomanus africanus and S. tumidomanus congoensis, respectively. The differences between S. tumidomanus from the Red Sea (sensu Paulson 1875) and the two eastern Atlantic subspecies are subtle, but appear to be consistent (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966). For instance, S. tumidomanus differs from the two Atlantic species by the more slender antennular peduncles, with the second article almost twice as long as wide, the distinctly longer scaphocerite (reaching the end of the carpocerite), and the narrower notches between the rostrum and orbital teeth (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: fig. 30). These differences, combined with the geographic separation between the eastern Atlantic and Indo- West Pacific populations, suggest that S. tumidomanus africanus and S. tumidomanus congoensis most likely represent two valid species and should be treated as S. africanus and S. congoensis, respectively (see also under S. congoensis below).</p> <p>Most specimens of S. africanus from São Tomé agree well with the description of this species (as S. hululensis africanus) provided by Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966). However, two specimens from São Tomé as well as several specimens from the western Atlantic (Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil) appear to be different from the typical S. africanus and S. congoensis and are collectively treated below under S. cf. africanus.</p> <p>integument (Fig. 1B). Microsporideans are also known from other alpheid shrimps. For instance, a species of the genus Thelohania (s. lat.) Henneguy, 1892 was reported from Athanas nitescens Leach, 1814 by Nouvel &amp; Nouvel (1935). Several other microsporideans parasitise palaemonid shrimps, nephropid lobsters, parastacid crayfishes, and other decapods (e.g., Azevedo et al. 2000; Moodie et al. 2003a, 2003b; Stentiford et al. 2010).</p> <p>(OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-118); g, ovigerous female (not deposited); h, ovigerous female (OUMNH.ZC.2012.07-085). Photographs a–g, by A. Anker; h, courtesy of N. Knowlton.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.text	041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus africanus Crosnier & Forest 1965	<div><p>Synalpheus cf. africanus Crosnier &amp; Forest, 1965</p> <p>(Figs 3, 4)</p> <p>Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-090, 200 m west of Lagoa Azul, rocky shore with coralline algae, rock crevices, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 31.01.2006 [fcn 06-063B]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-130, Praia Lagarto, near Hospital, sand with Montastrea sp., zoanthids and rocks embedded in sand, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 30.01.2006 [fcn 06-029*]. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012- 07-119, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05- 060B*]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-117, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02- 03.01.2005 [fcn 05-037]. Aruba: 1 female, RMNH D54829, Pos Chiquito, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07- 08.12.2003 [fcn 03-005]. Brazil: 1 male (dissected), 1 ov. female, 1 juvenile, MNRJ 23326, Atol das Rocas, Piscina Mapas, coll. unknown, 01.01.2001; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23327, Atol das Rocas, E of Laguna Interna, calcareous algae, ~ 1 m, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 18.10.2000; 3 males, MNRJ 23328, Atol das Rocas, Piscina do Cemitério, calcareous algae, coll. unknown, 01.01.2001; 3 ov. females, MNRJ 23329, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. R8, calcareous algae, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000; 6 males, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-114, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. R8, calcareous algae, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000.</p> <p>Size range. São Tomé: male, 4.0 mm cl, female, 4.3 mm cl; Caribbean: males, 4.5–4.6 mm cl; 3.9–5.0 mm cl; Brazil: males, 3.6–5.2 mm cl; females, 4.8–6.0 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. (probably two or more taxa, see below); female from São Tomé: transparent bluish with reddish chromatophores; major chela distally darker olive-green; eggs dark green (Fig. 4a); female from Panama: semitransparent with some reddish chromatophores on abdomen and carapace; major chela fingers pale bluish with some white areas; eggs dark green (Fig. 4b); female from the Dominican Republic: pale yellow-brownish with some reddish chromatophores; chela darker olive-green distally; walking legs with reddish chromatophores (similar to some specimens of S. townsendi); eggs pale brownish; colour of specimens Aruba and Brazil (Atol das Rocas) not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution. (probably two or more taxa, see below) Eastern Atlantic: São Tomé. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Panama [Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], Aruba; Brazil: Atol das Rocas (present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow subtidal reef habitats; depth range: 0.5–2 m; in crevices of dead eroded corals or coralline algae (present study); apparently in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. The eastern and western Atlantic material here assigned to S. cf. africanus likely contains more than one species. In the male specimen from São Tomé (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-090), the major chela bears a prominent, distally blunt tubercle, which is much stronger than in the other specimens from São Tomé identified as S. africanus or in the specimen of S. africanus illustrated by Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966: fig. 29c). In the ovigerous female from São Tomé (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-130), the rostrum is very short and somewhat broadened at the base, approaching the configuration of S. congoensis (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: fig. 31a, f; see below); however, it is not really dorsally flattened as in S. congoensis. In the proportions of the merus and carpus of the third and second pereiopods, respectively, this individual appears to be closer to S. africanus than to S. congoensis. Preliminary DNA sequencing of both São Toméan specimens of S. cf. africanus showed that they are genetically distinct from each other and from a typical specimen of S. africanus. It is presently unknown if they are genetically related to any of the western Atlantic specimens of S. cf. africanus (see below).</p> <p>The western Atlantic material of S. cf. africanus was collected at four different localities: Panama, Aruba, Dominican Republic and Brazil (Atol das Rocas). This material was initially identified as S. cf. tenuispina Coutière, 1909, using the key in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007). Synalpheus tenuispina is a poorly known species originally described as S. latastei tenuispina Coutière, 1909 based on a single female from Desterro, Brazil (Coutière 1909). Subsequently, Holthuis (1952a) placed S. latastei Coutière, 1909 in the synonymy of S. spinifrons (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), an eastern Pacific species from southern Peru and Chile, but did not comment on the taxonomic status of Coutière’s subspecies tenuispina, except for a brief note on its occurrence in the western Atlantic. Crosnier &amp; Forest (1965, 1966), under the description of S. africanus (as S. hululensis africanus), suggested elevating S. latastei tenuispina to full species rank, listing it as S. tenuispina several times in the text (Crosnier &amp; directly dealing with S. tenuispina, Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007), listed it as a distict species in the key (idem., p. 78). Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966) noticed a great morphological similarity between S. tenuispina and S. africanus. The main differences between these two species lie in the length of the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite, which distinctly overreaches the end of the carpocerite in S. tenuispina vs. falling short of it in S. africanus, and in the shape of the rostrum, very slender, spiniform in S. tenuispina vs. wider, stouter in S. africanus (Coutière 1909: fig. 8a; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: fig. 29a). Therefore, the western Atlantic specimens initially identified as S. cf. tenuispina were re-examined and compared to S. africanus. The specimens from Atol das Rocas (Fig. 3), Aruba and Panama are indeed closer to S. africanus than to S. tenuispina in the length of the scaphocerite and shape of the rostrum. In the two specimens from the Dominican Republic, the length of the scaphocerite is more similar to that of S. tenuispina, whilst the rostrum approaches the typical configuration found in S. africanus. Importantly, all the Caribbean and Atol das Rocas specimens are adults (including several ovigerous females), yet they are significantly smaller than the presumably lost type of S. tenuispina, a very large female with 30 mm tl (Coutière 1909; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1965). Further, the female from Panama differs from the female from the Dominican Republic in the proportions of the scaphocerite relative to the carpocerite (see above), and also has a different colour pattern, suggesting that the western Atlantic material of S. cf. africanus includes more than one taxon.</p> <p>With rather limited material of S. cf. africanus and the poor taxonomic knowledge of S. tenuispina it is extremely difficult to determine the true identity of these specimens. A more detailed study of this species complex, including collection of fresh material at the type locality of S. tenuispina in Bahia, a careful morphological analysis, and sequencing of the barcoding gene (COI) in S. tenuispina, eastern and western Atlantic specimens of S. cf. africanus, and S. africanus from throughout its range (Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, West Africa), will be necessary to shed more light on the taxonomic identity of S. cf. africanus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.text	041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus agelas Pequegnat & Heard 1979	<div><p>Synalpheus agelas Pequegnat &amp; Heard, 1979</p> <p>(Figs 5, 6)</p> <p>Synalpheus agelas Pequegnat &amp; Heard 1979: 110, figs 1–4; Dardeau 1984: 12, figs 3-6; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; McClure 2005: 166, figs 30-32; Coelho Filho 2006: 8; Macdonald et al., 2009: 7, pl. 1A, B; Hultgren et al. 2010: 226, pl. 1A–C.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus agelas — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 7, pl. 1.</p> <p>Synalpheus sp. near. rathbunae — Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 250, figs 58, 59 (not S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909).</p> <p>Material examined. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32276, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13–17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM-1173], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1141*]. Brazil: 6 males, 3 ov. females (1 dissected), 3 juveniles, MNRJ 23330, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000; 2 males, 1 ov. female, MNRJ 17896, Atol das</p> <p>Rocas, LT 710, R 11, 3˚51'747S, 33˚49'497W, in unidentified sponge, 14 m, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 16.10.2000; 2 males, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-141, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000. frontal region, dorsal; b, third maxilliped, lateral; c, same, tip of ultimate article; d, major chela, lateral; e, major chela fingers, mesial; f, major cheliped, coxa to carpus, mesial; g, minor cheliped, lateral; h, second pereiopod, lateral; i, third pereiopod, lateral; j, telson and right uropod, dorsal. Scale bars = 1 mm.</p> <p>Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus agelas (?): 1 immature specimen (sex not determined), MZUSP 26392, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.89417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.614166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.89417/lat -20.614166)">Astro Garoupa</a>, off Espírito Santo, 20°36’51”S 34°53’39”W, 60 m, 11.11.1997.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Pequegnat &amp; Heard (1979) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. agelas are provided in Fig. 5.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 2.7–5.5 mm cl; females, 4.5–5.8 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent orange, speckled with reddish chromatophores dorsally on carapace, laterally on abdomen, and some also on pereiopods; ovaries and fresh eggs bright orange; major and minor chelae darker orange distally (Fig. 6; see also Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: pl. 1).</p> <p>Type locality. Sonnier Bank, off Texas, Gulf of Mexico.</p> <p>al. 1996; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); Brazil: Pará, Amapá, Atol das Rocas and North Chain off northeastern Brazil, possibly also off Espírito Santo (Coelho Filho 2006; Coelho et al. 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Coral reefs and similar subtidal habitats with abundance of sponges; known depth range 5–56 m (Coelho Filho 2006; present study); always associated with demosponges Agelas clathrodes and A. dispar, e.g. in the Flower Garden Banks and in Belize (Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); sponge hosts for the Atol das Rocas specimens remain undetermined; typically found in male-female pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. One of the most important diagnostic characters of S. agelas is the four-articulated carpus of the second pereiopod (P2) (Dardeau 1984). Interestingly, some young individuals of S. brooksi associated with sponges of the genus Agelas also have a four-articulated P2 carpus and using the species key in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007) would key out to S. agelas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.text	041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus anasimus Chace 1972	<div><p>Synalpheus anasimus Chace, 1972</p> <p>(Figs 7, 8)</p> <p>Synalpheus anasimus Chace 1972: 82, figs 25–28; Dardeau 1984: 17; Duffy 1992: 131; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; Morrison et al. 2004: 12 (Appendix A); McClure 2005: 168, fig. 33.</p> <p>? Synalpheus aff. anasimus — Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 35.</p> <p>Synalpheus anasimanus (lap. cal.)— Banner &amp; Banner 1975: 274.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus anasimus — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 79.</p> <p>Material examined. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 31975, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 28, Pinel Island, in crevices of coral rubble, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker [fcn BSTM-0493*].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Chace (1972); diagnostic features of the St. Martin specimen are illustrated in Fig. 7.</p> <p>Size range. Male from St. Martin cl 4.4 mm; male holotype, cl 2.2 mm; ovigerous females, cl 3.2 mm (Chace 1972).</p> <p>Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent, major chela amber-orange distally (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Type locality. Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: Mexico [Puerto Morelo]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico [Bahía de la Ascensión, Bahía del Espíritu Santo], Cuba, Panama, St. Martin (Chace 1972; Duffy 1992; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996; McClure 2005; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. The St. Martin specimen was found in crevices of coral rubble in very shallow water (less than 1 m). Some type specimens (females) came from the “upper portions of much eroded coral standing in 10 feet [~ 3 m] of water” (Chace 1972).</p> <p>Remarks. Chace (1972) noticed some morphological variation in the Yucatan material of S. anasimus. The non-type ovigerous females differ from the male holotype in the presence of five (instead of four) articles in the carpus of the second pereiopods, longer antennular peduncles, and a longer and somewhat differently shaped scaphocerite. The male holotype also has a distinctly more appressed stylocerite, which is distinctly separated from the lateral margin of the first article in females. These differences led Chace (1972) to report the two ovigerous females as “ Synalpheus anasimus ?”</p> <p>In the single male from St. Martin, the stylocerite surpasses the distal margin of the first peduncular article (Fig. 7a); the carpus of the second pereiopod has five articles (Fig. 7c, as in the ovigerous female from Yucatan); the rostrum is as wide as and slightly longer than the orbital teeth (Fig. 7a); the minor chela carpus is slightly longer than in the holotype or the ovigerous female and with the fingertips strongly bidentate; the scaphocerite blade is slender and reaching half-length of the scaphocerite (Fig. 7a, more like in the ovigerous female); the telson has four dorsal spiniform setae both situated in its anterior half (Fig. 7d), and the uropodal exopod has two distolateral teeth (Fig. 7e) vs. one tooth in the holotype and one or two teeth in the ovigerous female. The major cheliped of the St. Martin male (Fig. 7b) is remarkably similar in general shape and proportions to that of the holotype of S. anasimus. Thus, the St. Martin specimen clearly falls within the range of variation reported for S. anasimus by Chace (1972), extending its geographic range to the extreme northeastern Caribbean Sea. However, it remains unclear whether S. anasimus is a single, morphologically variable species (the 2.2 mm cl holotype may be an immature male) or comprises more than one taxon. More material from throughout its range is needed to investigate this problem both morphologically and genetically.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.text	041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus antillensis Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus antillensis Coutière, 1909 stat. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 9, 10a–c)</p> <p>Synalpheus minus form antillensis Coutière 1909: 46, fig. 27.</p> <p>Synalpheus minus antillensis — Chace 1956: 148; Ray 1974: 153.</p> <p>Synalpheus minus — Christoffersen 1979: 350 (partim), fig. 28 [not S. minus (Say, 1818)].</p> <p>? Synalpheus minus — Chace 1972: 95 (partim) [not S. minus (Say, 1818)].</p> <p>Material examined. US Virgin Islands: 2 males, syntypes, USNM 38397, off St. Thomas, sta. 6079, 20–23 fathoms, M. Steamer Fish Hawk, 06.02.1899. Dominican Republic: 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4108, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02- 03.01.2005 [fcn 05-036*]. Mexico: 1 male, UNAM-Sisal, Mahaual, shallow rubble field with seagrass, in crevices of coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 06.07.2010 [MAH-003]. Panama: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-038, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05-055*]; 1 male, 1 female, RMNH D54856, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07-222*]; 1 female, UP, Isla Grande, NE coast, 0.5–1 m, coralline algae and coral rocks, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 16.09.2007 [fcn 07- 246*]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-20-064, Utila, reef in front of Coral View Resort, 16º05.326’ N 086º54.652’ W, 10 m, in Ircinia sp., coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 28.06.2007 [fcn H4]; 2 males, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-20-058, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.90888&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.090967" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.90888/lat 16.090967)">Utila</a>, small bay between Utila town and Coral View Resort, 16º05.458’ N 086º54.533’ W, ~ 1 m, coral rubble, A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H80*, H91*, H98*]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 32399, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 54, Baie de l'Embouchure, Îlet de L'embouchure, in crevices of coral rubble and coralline algae, 0.5–1 m, coll. J.F. Maréchal, A. Anker, 22.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1422*]. Trinidad &amp; Tobago: 1 specimen (sex not determined), FLMNH UF 10944, Tobago, Canoe Bay, 11.1402° -60.7991°, coll. H.C. Liu, 03.02.2005. Brazil: 1 immature male, UFC 442, Ceará, locality not specified (“litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35–40 m, coll. “Barco SWJ”, 24.11.1972; 1 female (dissected), MNRJ 17893, Atol das Rocas, Canal da Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 1 male, MNRJ 23331, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. P8, calcareous algae, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-144, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in rubble crevices, 0.5–1 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 02.08.2012 [fcn 12-261]; 1 male, MZUSP 25337, Espírito Santo, Supel (?), coll. unknown, 05.09.1994; 1 immature male, MZUSP 25338, Rio de Janeiro, Baia de Sepetiba, sta. MBR, Q P3, 0.5 m, coll. J. Vianna da Silva, 12.2005; 1 male, MZUSP 22307, São Paulo, São Sebastião, Praia Boissucanga, coll. M.L. Christoffersen, 17.02.1977.</p> <p>Comparative material. Synalpheus minus (Say, 1818): USA: 1 male, FLMNH-UF 9350, off southern Florida, 25º38.15’N 81º58.74’W, grass bottom, 30’ otter trawl, ~ 9 m, coll. F. Michonneau et al., 15.03.2007 [fcn FRM-467, GHB-2007-15]; 1 male, USNM 41655, Florida, Marco, 1–2 fathoms, among sponges [specimen identified by H.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Rostrum subequal to orbital teeth in length and width at base, subtriangular, more slender distally, tip acute; orbital teeth triangular, acute or subacute distally; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum deep, Ushaped. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, anterior margin less than 1.5 times as long as posterior margin; dorsal surface with two pairs of small spiniform second article as long as to slightly longer than wide; stylocerite not reaching distal of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with small, subacute, distodorsal tooth and strong ventrolateral tooth, latter not reaching tip of stylocerite; scaphocerite with narrow blade, distolateral tooth reaching end of antennular peduncle, but not reaching end of carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of four to five spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm approximately 2.5–3.1 times as long as fingers; distal tooth projecting, not bulbous, with acute or subacute point; distolateral surface of palm with two blunt or subacute tubercles. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articulated, first article longer than remainig articles combined. Third pereiopod with merus slender, about 3.5–4 times as long as maximum width; propodus with about seven spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter and subparallel to distal unguis, both about equal in width. Uropodal exopod with one distolateral tooth adjacent to slender spiniform seta (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), as S. minus form antillensis; illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. antillensis are provided in Fig. 9.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.2–5.0 mm cl; females, 3.8–5.0 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semi-translucent pale greenish, with distinct dark red-purple bands between the eyes (possibly also on eyestalks); major chela distally very intense pink; minor chela also pink distally; walking legs with reddish or pinkish chromatophores; ovaries and freshly-laid eggs olive-green (Fig. 10a–c).</p> <p>Type locality. St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: off Texas [Flower Garden Banks]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula [Mahaual], Honduras [Utila], US Virgin Islands [St. Thomas], Panama [Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], Venezuela [Isla Margarita, Los Roques Archipelago], St. Martin, Trinidad &amp; Tobago; Brazil: Ceará, Atol das Rocas, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (Coutière 1909; Chace 1956; Ray 1974; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and similar hard-bottom habitats; depth range 1–42 m; in crevices of coral rocks lined with coralline algae, sponges, and other epibionts, rarely in or among sponges (e.g., Ircinia spp.); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus antillensis was originally described by Coutière (1909) as a “form” of S. minus (Say, 1818) and in all subsequent studies listed either as a subspecies of S. minus (Chace 1956) or as its junior synonym (Christoffersen 1979). However, very clear differences between S. minus and S. antillensis, especially in the proportions of the antennular peduncle and scaphocerite, colour pattern, and body size, leave no doubt that S. antillensis is a valid species.</p> <p>Synalpheus antillensis can be distinguished from S. minus by the second article of the antennular peduncles being only slightly longer than wide (vs. much longer than wide in S. minus); and the longer and sharper orbital teeth (shorter and blunter in S. minus) (cf. Coutière 1909, Figs 25a, 27a; see also Fig. 9a). In addition, the two species differ greatly in body size: S. minus is one of the largest species of Synalpheus in the western Atlantic, with the carapace length reaching 12–13 mm and tl over 30 mm in the largest specimens in the USNM and FLMNH material, whereas the maximum total length known for S. antillensis is about 15 mm (Coutière 1909; present material). Furthermore, S. antillensis can be distinguished from S. minus (and all other western Atlantic species of Synalpheus) by its diagnostic and very striking colour pattern (Fig. 10a–c). In fact, in both S. minus and S. antillensis, the major and minor chelae are distally pink, but only in S. antillensis is the colour a very intense, uniform, purplish pink (Fig. 7a–c), contrasting to an orange pink marbled with white pattern in S. minus (Fig. 10d, e).</p> <p>The taxonomic status of S. minus form bahiensis Coutière, 1909 from Brazil and S. minus var. somersi Verrill, 1922 from Bermuda will be re-examined elsewhere (see below), but both forms are morphologically clearly different from S. antillensis (cf. Coutière 1909; Verrill 1922). Christoffersen’s (1979) material of S. minus from Brazil contains at least two species, most likely S. minus (or S. m. bahiensis) and S. antillensis. Christoffersen’s figures of a specimen from Bahia (Christoffersen 1979: fig. 28) and his description of the colour pattern of some Brazilian specimens (sparsely dotted with green chromatophores, with bright pink tips of chelae, cf. Fig. 10a–c) clearly correspond to S. antillensis. In Brazil, S. antillensis appears to be relatively widespread, ranging from Atol das Rocas and Ceará to São Paulo.</p> <p>It is important to note that many of the previous records of S. minus from the western Atlantic, especially from the Caribbean Sea, may actually refer to the closely related S. brevicarpus s. lat. and vice versa. The complex</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.text	041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus apioceros Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus apioceros Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 11–13)</p> <p>Synalpheus apioceros Coutière 1909: 27, fig. 9; Schmitt 1935: 147; Schmitt 1936: 369; Holthuis, 1959: 103; Rouse 1970: 138; Chace 1972: 86; Coelho &amp; Ramos 1972: 151; Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 248, fig. 53a; Abele 1976: 273; Carvacho 1979: 463; Rodríguez 1980: 155; Felder 1982: 535; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 203, 226–227, figs i–k; Christoffersen 1998: 362; Almeida et al. 2012: 18.</p> <p>Synalpheus apiocerus (lap. cal.)— Lemaitre 1984: 426.</p> <p>? Synalpheus apioceros mayaguensis Coutière 1909: 30, fig. 11.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4109, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), coral rocks and sponges, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05-087B*]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D54889, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06-554*]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54890, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, near Bastimentos village, mangroves, in holes in sunken wood, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, J.A. Baeza, 18.11.2006 [fcn 06-608*]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-044, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08-235A]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54891, same collection data [fcn 08-225A]; 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2005-10-100, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, Boca Torito, Halimeda wash in Thalassia bed next to mangrove, 0.5 m, coll. S. Lecroy, 09.08.2005; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2005-10- 101, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, 09°20.016’ N, 082°13.133’ W, in Mycale laxissima, 15 m, coll. S. De Grave, M. Salazar, 08.08.2005; 3 males, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2005-10-103, Bocas del Toro, Hospital Bight, channel between Isla Bastimentos and Cayo Solarte, 09°18.269’ N, 082°10.339’ W, 0.5 m, fouling growth on mangrove roots, coll. S. Lecroy, 07.08.2005; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2005-10-102, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Big Bight entrance, in “red sponges” on mangrove roots, 0.5 m, coll. S. Lecroy, 06.08.2005. USA: 6 specimens (including males and ov. females), FLMNH UF 14865, 14867, 14870, 14888, 14898, 14899, western Florida, off Cedar Key, Seahorse Key, shallow bay north of University of Florida marine laboratory, dredge at 2–5 m, in unidentified demosponge, coll. A. Bemis, E. Boisson, C. Campbell, S. McPherson, J. Moore, 20.09.2008 [fcn BSHK-130*, 161*, 125*, 126*, 123*, 124*]. Brazil: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-107, Ceará, Pacheco, rocky intertidal at low tide, in rock crevices, coll. P. Pachelle, A. Anker, 04.06.2012 [fcn 12-109*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-108, same collection data [fcn 12-110*]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC 2012-07-109, same collection data [fcn 12-111*]; 1 male, 1 female, MZUSP 26393, Ceará, Pecém, among fouling growth, coll. UFC class, 25.05.2012 [fcn 12-046*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4110, Ceará, Paracuru, sponge-ascidian growth on jetty, coll. R. Ruy, 20.06.2011 [fcn 11-071]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-043, Ceará, Fortaleza, in front of Marina Park Hotel, fouling growth on jetties and buoys, 0–1 m, coll. T. Lotufo et al., 09.09.2011 [fcn 11-101]; 1 male, UFC 446, Ceará, Acaraú, Praia da Jijoca, coll. unknown, 12.08.1968; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-042, Rio Grande do Norte, near Areia Branca, Baixa Grande, rocky intertidal at low tide, under rocks, coll. P. Pachelle, 29.09.2011 [fcn 11-150]; 1 ov. female, MNHH-IU-2010-4111, same collection data [fcn 11-151]; 1 male, RMNH D54888, same collection data [fcn 11-152]; 1 female, RMNH D54887, same collection data [fcn 11-153].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909).</p> <p>Size range. Caribbean Sea: males, 3.4–4.6 mm cl; females 3.3–4.5 mm; Brazil: male, 4.3 mm cl; females, 3.9–5.7 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Usually semitransparent with pale yellow or pale greenish tinge, sometimes darker goldenyellow or pinkish; chelae distally darker, from greenish blue to pale brown or orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs from dark green to pale pink-orange (Figs 11–13; see discussion below).</p> <p>Type locality. Marco, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico; Florida; Bahamas; throughout Caribbean Sea (e.g., Panama, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela etc.); Suriname; Brazil: Amapá to Santa Catarina (Coutière 1909; Holthuis 1959; Chace 1972; Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974; Lemaitre 1984; Christoffersen 1998; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow hard-bottom habitats: coral reefs, rocky shores with abundance of sponge and ascidians, coral rubble beds; intertidal to 20 m (present material 0.5–3 m); in crevices of coral rocks, among sponge/ascidian/bryozoan growth on jetty piles or mangrove roots, inside sponges (see Table 1), in shipworm-perforated mangrove wood, and similar microhabitats (Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974, Rodríguez, 1980; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Coutière (1909) established three varieties (subspecies) of S. apioceros in addition to the nominal form, viz. S. apioceros mayaguensis Coutière, 1909 from Puerto Rico; S. apioceros leiopes Coutière, 1909 from Venezuela; and S. apioceros desterroensis Coutière, 1909 from Brazil. These varieties were separated from the typical S. apioceros by subtle differences in the relative lengths of the antennal scaphocerite vs. carpocerite, length of antennular articles, shape of the posterolateral angles of the telson, proportions of the merus of the third pereiopods, relative lengths of the rostrum vs. orbital teeth, shape of the distal tooth on the major chela, and length of the dorsal tooth of the antennal basicerite. The Brazilian S. apioceros desterroensis appears to be morphologically the most distinctive among them, for instance, in the proportionally shorter articles in the antennular peduncles and a straight forward directed, pointed distal tooth of the major chela. According to Chace (1972), S. apioceros desterroensis may be synonymous with the closely related S. townsendi Coutière, 1909. However, Coutière’s intimate knowledge of the genus Synalpheus makes such an identification error rather unlikely.</p> <p>The difference between S. apioceros leiopes and the typical S. apioceros lie mainly in the longer scaphocerite, in which the distolateral tooth “always slightly exceeds carpocerite” (Coutière 1909). However, in one male-female pair from Utila, the female exhibits the characters of S. apioceros leiopes, while the male appears to be a typical S. apioceros. Based on these observations, S. apioceros leiopes indeed appears to be a synonym of S. apioceros.</p> <p>The differences between S. apioceros mayaguensis and the typical S. apioceros appear to be more pronounced compared to those of S. apioceros leiopes, concerning the relative lengths of the antennal scaphocerite and carpocerite, the development of the dorsal tooth on the antennal basicerite, and the shape of the distal tooth of the major chela. In typical S. apioceros, the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite almost reaches the distal end of the carpocerite, the dorsal tooth of the basicerite is long and slender and the distal tooth of the major chela is directed slightly dorsally, while its distal point is directed slightly ventrally. In S. apioceros mayaguensis, the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite falls very short of the distal end of the carpocerite, the dorsal tooth of the basicerite is somewhat shorter and the distal tooth of the major chela is not directed dorsally, its distal point directed forwards, not ventrally. Importantly, some specimens from Panama (Bocas del Toro) correspond more closely to S. apioceros s. str. (OUMNH.ZC.2005-10-102, 2005-10-103), whereas others match S. apioceros mayaguensis more (OUMNH.ZC.2005-10-100, 2005-10-101). In northeastern Brazil (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte), most specimens match S. apioceros s. str. and not S. apioceros desterroensis, which was described based on material from southern Brazil (Desterro is an older name for Florianópolis, Santa Catarina). Differences were also observed in the general body colour (Figs 11–13), as well as in the colour of fresh eggs in ovigerous females: greenish or pale olive-yellow in some specimens (Figs 11c, e, 13) to pale pinkish orange in others (Fig. 12a, b).</p> <p>The above-reported morphological variation (with many specimens in the present material matching one or other of Coutière’s varieties) combined with colour differences indicate that S. apioceros may be a species complex. Therefore, the taxonomic status of S. apioceros desterroensis and S. apioceros mayaguensis needs a reinvestigation, at least one of them could represent a valid species. A thorough revision of S. apioceros s. lat. will obviously require examination of all Coutière’s type specimens and analysis of molecular data (COI) from fresh material collected throughout this taxon’s range (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Brazil).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.text	041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus bocas Anker & Toth 2008	<div><p>Synalpheus bocas Anker &amp; Tóth, 2008</p> <p>Synalpheus bocas Anker &amp; Tóth 2008: 17, figs 10, 11, 14E–H; Macdonald et al. 2009: 11, pls. 1D, 2A, B; Hultgren et al. 2010: 227, pl. 2A, B.</p> <p>Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-197, Utila, Jack Neil Cove, 16°04.590’N 086°56.318’W, 15 m, in Ailochroia crassa, coll. S. De Grave &amp; A. Anker, 02.07.2007 [fcn H-51B].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Anker &amp; Tóth (2008).</p> <p>Size range. The male and female from Utila, at 2.4 mm cl and 3.9 mm cl, respectively, are smaller than the type specimens from Panama, at 4.9 mm cl for the largest male and 5.8 mm cl for the largest female (Anker &amp; Tóth 2008).</p> <p>Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent, with faint red spotting, major chela distally pale orange; eggs green (Anker &amp; Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009).</p> <p>Type locality. Bocas del Toro, Panama.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande], Curaçao, Jamaica [Discovery Bay, Rio Bueno], Honduras [Utila] (Anker &amp; Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Coral reefs and adjacent coral rubble beds with abundance of sponges; depth range: 0.5–15 m; the Utila specimens were found in a sponge identified in the field as Aiolochroia crassa; however, this sponge identification remains questionable since in Panama, Curaçao and Jamaica, S. bocas is normally associated with sponges of the genus Xestospongia, e.g., X. rosariensis, X. proxima and X. subtriangularis (Anker &amp; Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009).</p> <p>Remarks. The Utila specimens appear to be relatively young individuals of S. bocas, but with all diagnostic characters of the species, including the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite. Both were infested with unidentified abdominal isopods (Bopyridae, Hemiarthrinae).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.text	041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus bousfieldi Chace 1972	<div><p>Synalpheus bousfieldi Chace, 1972</p> <p>(Fig. 14)</p> <p>Synalpheus bousfieldi Chace 1972: 86, figs 29-30 (partim); Dardeau 1984: 19, figs 7-10 (partim); Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 220-221, figs h–j; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; Coelho Filho 2006: 9; Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006: 15, figs 14, 15; Macdonald et al. 2009: 11, fig. 3; Hultgren et al. 2010: 227, pls. 2C–F, 3A–B; Hultgren et al. 2011: 5.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus bousfieldi — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 10, pl. 1.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, USNM 1187895, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Hyattella intestinalis, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 24.06.2009 [fcn P09-6003-1]. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 1 ov. female, MNRJ 23332, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Chace (1972), Dardeau (1984), and Macdonald &amp; Duffy (2006); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. bousfieldi are provided in Fig. 14.</p> <p>Size range. Brazilian specimens: males, 2.7, 3.5 mm cl; female, 4.1 mm cl; Panamanian specimens not measured but within the typical size range of S. bousfieldi, 2.9–4.1 mm cl (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Colour in life. The colour of the Panamanian and Atol das Rocas specimens was not recorded. The specimens from other localities were described as mostly semitransparent, with maturing ovaries and freshly laid eggs orangeyellow (Dardeau 1984; see also Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: pl. 1).</p> <p>Type locality. Vigin Gorda, British Virgin Islands.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas; Gulf of Mexico: West Flower Garden Banks off Texas, Alacranes Reef; throughout Caribbean Sea (e.g., Yucatan, Belize, Haiti, Cuba, Panama, Curaçao, British Virgin Islands, Barbados); Brazil: Amapá to Ceará and possibly Bahia, Atol das Rocas (e.g., Chace 1972; Christoffersen 1979,</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow hard-bottom habitats, e.g., coral reefs with abundance of sponges; typical depth range 5–20 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically associated with Hyattella intestinalis on the outer ridge of barrier reefs, occasionally also in Hymeniacidon caerulea, Hymeniacidon amphilecta, Lissodendoryx sp. (?), Aiolochroia crassa, Agelas cf. clathrodes, Xestospongia subtriangularis, X. proxima, and a “cryptic, unidentified white sponge growing among coral rubble (Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); reports of associations of S. bousfieldi with living corals, such as Madracis decactis (Dardeau 1984), require confirmation; abundant records of S. bousfieldi from Agelas spp. in Dardeau (1984) possibly refer to the closely related S. &amp; Duffy 2007). In the Atol das Rocas specimens, the rostrum and orbital teeth are very short (Fig. 14), as in some specimens of S. bousfieldi illustrated by Dardeau (1984: fig. 9), and in most other characters they are closer to S. bousfieldi (Fig. 14). Although the Brazilian material fits the description of S. bousfieldi, a genetic analysis of the Brazilian material is desirable to confirm its identity.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.text	041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus brooksi Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus brooksi Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 15–18)</p> <p>Synalpheus brooksi Coutière 1909: 69, fig. 41; Coutière 1910: 487; McClendon 1911: 57, pl. 1, fig. 1; Pearse 1932: 119; Pearse</p> <p>1950: 150; (?) Holthuis 1959: 104; Dobkin 1965: 450, figs 1-5; Chace 1972: 92 (partim); (?) Coelho &amp; Ramos 1972: 151;</p> <p>Christoffersen 1979: 335, figs 20-22 (partim); (?) Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981: 142; Dardeau 1984: 26, figs 11–14 (partim);</p> <p>Lemaitre 1984: 426; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 220–221, figs f, g; Erdman &amp; Blake 1987: 328; Duffy 1992: 130; Duffy</p> <p>1993: 459; Duffy 1996a: 360; (?) Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; (?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 36; Christoffersen</p> <p>1998: 362 (partim); McClure 2005: 171, figs 35-37; Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006: 18, fig. 16; Macdonald et al. 2009: 13. Synalpheus brooksi strepsiceros Coutière 1909: 72–73, fig. 42. Synalpheus brooksi eleutherae Coutière 1909: 73, fig. 43. Synalpheus ? brooksi — Fausto Filho &amp; Sampaio Neto 1976: 67. Zuzalpheus brooksi — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 14, pl. 1.? Synalpheus longicarpus — Corrêa 1972: 3 [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)]. For more exhaustive synonymy see Dardeau (1984).</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male-looking individual, RMNH D54847, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08- 233D]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-120, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 2–3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-143B*]; 1 ov. female, USNM 1187896, Bocas del Toro, Isla San Cristobal, in Calyx podatypa, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 30.10.2007 [fcn P07- 902-3]. USA: 3 ov. females, 4 male-looking individuals, 7 juveniles, MNHN-IU-2010-4164, Florida Keys, Marathon Key, ocean side, in large black sponge (Spheciospongia vesparium ?), 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04-001*]; 7 ov. females, 6 male-looking individuals, 14 juveniles, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-047, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, in unidentified sponge, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04-004]; 1 male-looking individual, RMNH D54846, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, in unidentified sponge, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04-008]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54850, same collection data [fcn 04-007]; 1 post-ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-046, Florida Keys, Seven Mile Bridge, Missouri-Ohio channel, in Spheciospongia vesparium, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker et al., 06.09.2008 [fcn 08-261*]; 1 male-looking individual, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-045, same collection data [fcn 08-263*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-048, same collection data [fcn 08-260*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4112, same collection data [fcn 08-266]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4113, same collection data [fcn 08-265]; 10 specimens, RMNH D54845, same collection data [fcn 08-273]; 1 male, RMNH D54849, same collection data [fcn 08-264]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4114, same collection data [fcn 08-259*]; 2 male-looking individuals, MNHN-IU-2010-4115, same collection data [fcn 08-262*]. Mexico: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-126, Quintana Roo, Isla Cozumel, 5 km north of Cozumel town, mixed soft-hard bottom flat with rubble, in S. vesparium, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.07.2010 [fcn COZ1-002]; 1 male-looking individual, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-122, same collection data [fcn COZ1-007]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4117, same collection data [fcn COZ1-008]; 1 male, RMNH D54848, same collection data [fcn COZ1-009]; 1 male-looking individual, UNAM-CNCR, same collection data [fcn COZ1-016]; 1 ov. female, UNAM-CNCR, Gulf of Mexico north of Yucatan, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan Peninsula, in orange sponge “with many cavities”, 10 m, coll. J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.08.2009 [fcn JD-029A];&gt; 30 specimens, UNAM-CNCR, same collection data [fcn JD-029B]. Belize: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4116, Carrie Bow Cay, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 18.07.2005 [fcn 05- 191]; 2 male-looking individuals, 4 juveniles, RMNH D54851, same collection data [fcn 05-193]. Honduras: 2 male-looking individuals, NHM, “British Honduras”, locality unknown, in velvet sponge, J.O. Borley Esq., no further data. Guyana: 3 male-looking individuals, NHM 1958: 11-12-8-9, 07°47’ N, 57°32’W, 33–35 fathoms</p> <p>(60–64 m), in unknown sponge, coll. McCormick 24.04.1938. Brazil: 1 male-looking individual, MZUSP 27616, Ceará, Icapuí, mud bank with seagrass (mainly Halodule sp) and algae, in unidentified sponge, coll. UFC class, 02.06.2012 [fcn 12-051*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-049, Ceará, Pecém, harbour jetty, in Ircinia sp., 0.5–1 m, coll. L.E.A. Bezerra, 10.09.2011 [fcn 11-110]; 8 male-looking individuals (4 with eggs), OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-051, same collection data [fcn 11-111]; 1 female, 17 male-looking individuals (7 with eggs), MZUSP 25253, same collection data [fcn 11-107]; 6 male-looking individuals with eggs, MNHN-IU-2010-4118, same collection data [fcn 11-109]; 16 male-looking individuals (3 with eggs), RMNH D54844, same collection data [fcn 11-108]; 5 specimens (not sexed), UFC 456, Ceará, near-shore area (“litoral”), locality not specified (“litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35–40 m, coll. “Barco SWJ”, 24.11.1972; 2 specimens (not sexed), UFC 465, Ceará, Fortaleza, Mucuripe, coll. M. Erones, 08.05.1968.</p> <p>Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus brooksi (?): Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-050, Isla Grande, between village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks in cryptic sponge, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-444*]. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 1 ov. female, 4 immature specimens (unsexed), MNRJ 23338, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-142 Atol das Rocas, sta. R10, in Ircinia sp., coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 11.10.2000; 1 immature male, MZUSP 25350, Ceará, Banco Canopus, in sponge, depth unknown, coll. J. Coltro, 11.2005.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), Christoffersen (1979), Dardeau (1984), Macdonald &amp; Duffy (2006), and Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); for illustrations of S. brooksi (?) from Atol das Rocas see Fig. 18 (also see remarks below).</p> <p>Size range. Males or male-looking individuals, 3.2–5.6 mm cl; females, 3.8–4.9 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent whitish, with pinkish tinge on distal portion of major chela; ovaries or freshly laid eggs usually pale reddish pink, sometimes dull green (Figs 15, 16; see under Remarks below); see also colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Sugar Loaf Key, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida; Bahamas; throughout Caribbean Sea (e.g., Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Panama, Yucatan etc.); Gulf of Mexico; Suriname; Brazil: Amapá to Bahia (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984; Chace 1972; Christoffersen 1998; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow subtidal near coral reefs and shallow flats with abundance of sponges, rubble and seagrass; depth range 0.5–73 m (Dardeau 1984), usually less than 10 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically the loggerhead sponge, Spheciospongia vesparium, for instance in Florida, Yucatan, Belize, Panama, Curaçao, Bonaire and the Bahamas (Coutière 1910; McClendon 1911; Pearse 1932; Dobkin 1965; Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981; Dardeau 1984; Duffy 1992; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); also in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, e.g., in Belize (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); Agelas dispar, e.g., in the Florida Middle Ground (Dardeau 1984) and in Panama (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); Agelas clathrodes, Hymeniacidon caerulea, and Calyx podatypa, for instance in Panama (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); record of association of S. brooksi with Ircinia spp. in Florida’s Dry Tortugas (Pearse 1932) possibly refers to another, closely related species; the record of S. brooksi from Agelas clathrodes in San Blas, Panama (Duffy 1992) may refer to the closely related S. carpenteri, according to Macdonald &amp; Duffy (2006). Typically found in “subsocial” groups ranging from 10 to over 1000 individuals, with only a few ovigerous females (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; A. Anker, pers. obs.; also see below); however, S. brooksi associated with Hymeniacidon caerulea in Panama, were found in heterosexual pairs (K. Hultgren, pers obs.).</p> <p>Remarks. Two “subspecies” of S. brooksi were described by Coutière (1909): S. brooksi strepciceros Coutière, 1909 from St. Thomas, and S. brooksi eleutherae Coutière, 1909 from Eleuthera, the Bahamas. These subspecies were based on the proportions of the carpus of the minor cheliped and the proportions of the carpocerite. Dardeau (1984) placed both of them in the synonymy of S. brooksi. Macdonald &amp; Duffy (2006), describing two species from the S. brooksi species complex, did not comment on their taxonomic status, presumably thus simply following Dardeau (1984).</p> <p>One ovigerous female from Panama (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-047) has four instead of the typical five articles of the carpus of the second pereiopod. In all other characters, including colour pattern (Fig. 15h), this female matches S. brooksi and has also been confirmed as S. brooksi in a DNA analysis (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.). These aberrant specimens can easily be confused with S. agelas or some other species with four articles in the carpus of the second pereiopod.</p> <p>Several specimens are here tentatively assigned to S. brooksi (?), awaiting collection of more fresh material followed by DNA analyses. These include an ovigerous female from Panama (Isla Grande: OUMNH.ZC.2012-07- 050) and several specimens from northeastern Brazil (Ceará: MZUSP 25350; Atol das Rocas: MNRJ 23338, OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-142). In all these specimens, the distal tooth of the major chela is projecting directly forward (i.e. more like in S. idios) and not obliquely upwards, as is typical for S. brooksi (Fig. 18d). In males of S. brooksi (?), the first pleuron has a small pointed tooth, whilst the third to fifth pleura each are produced ventrally into a small point, which is typical for S. brooksi and not found in S. idios (Fig. 18m). In most other characters, these specimens agree well with S. brooksi (Fig. 18). The female from Isla Grande was carrying dull greenish eggs (Fig. 15e, f), which contrasts with dull pinkish or pink-greyish eggs in most S. brooksi (Fig. 15c) or dark reddish eggs in S. idios (Fig. 38); the egg colour of the ovigerous female from Atol das Rocas remains unknown. In summary, the identity of all specimens of S. brooksi with a directly forward pointing distal tooth on the major chela and/or greenish eggs (another example illustrated in Fig. 15d) remain to be clarified genetically.</p> <p>Synalpheus brooksi usually lives in “subsocial” groups with “male”-biased sex ratio (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). This social structure was also observed in the material from Ircinia sp. collected in Ceará, Brazil. Only two ovigerous females were found among 40 or so specimens extracted from three sponges. All other specimens look externally like males, i.e. they have a relatively slender abdomen with sharp ventral angles on the pleurae and a massive major cheliped. Curiously, many of these “males” (or externally male-looking colony members known as “helpers”) carry eggs under the abdomen, and some of them have a small cluster of oviferous setae on the protopods of some pleopods. The number of eggs carried by the “males” varies from one to several dozen. Some eggs are small and whitish and are probably infertile, but others are larger, more yellow, and may be fertile, although none was close to hatching. The presence of infertile eggs in individuals with male secondary characters in S. brooksi, which was also observed by Coutière (1909), Chace (1972) and Dardeau (1984), remains incompletely explained (see Dardeau 1984 for discussion). In addition, there is a possibility that the “males” of S. brooksi may actually be intersex helper individuals, as reported in some populations of S. duffyi Anker &amp; Tóth, 2008 (Tóth &amp; Bauer 2008, as S. paraneptunus); this, however, remains to be confirmed by a SEM study of the gonopores (see Tóth &amp; Bauer 2007). In the Ceará material of S. brooksi, several “male”-looking colony members also have a very peculiarly shaped major chela, with an almost disproportionally swollen palm and very short fingers (Fig. 17b). In all other features, these specimens appear to be typical S. brooksi. Presently, we have no explanation for this unusual inflation of the major chela and the reduction of the fingers in these specimens, but similar observations were made by Banner (1957) for some individuals of S. charon (Heller, 1861) and interpreted as growth anomalies. These observations raise serious doubts about the validity of S. macromanus Edmondson, 1925 known from a single specimen from Hawaii with a greatly inflated major chela, but otherwise presenting all features of S. paraneomeris Coutière, 1905 (Edmondson 1925; Banner 1953).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.text	041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus carpenteri Macdonald & Duffy 2006	<div><p>Synalpheus carpenteri Macdonald &amp; Duffy, 2006</p> <p>(Figs 19, 20)</p> <p>Synalpheus carpenteri Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006: 2, figs 1–7; Macdonald et al. 2009: 15, pl. 2C.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus carpenteri — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 15, pl. 2.</p> <p>Material examined. Belize: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2009-01-117, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern patch reef, 1648.346’N 8804.928’W, in unidentified sponge, coll. S. De Grave et al., 21.02.2009 [fcn CBC-083A]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 31970, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 22, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral reef, coral rubble brushing, 13–15 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 12.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-0488*].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Macdonald &amp; Duffy (2006); some morphological features of the St. Martin specimen are illustrated in Fig. 19.</p> <p>Size range. The male from St. Martin was measured at 2.6 mm cl; the maximum cl recorded for this species is 3.17 mm for males and 3.78 mm for ovigerous females (Macdonald et al. 2009).</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale to bright orange tinge, more intense on major chela fingers, carapace and abdomen with a few scattered red chromatophores (Fig. 20); eggs bright yellow-orange; see colour photograph in Macdonald et al. (2009).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [San Blas Islands], Jamaica [Discovery Bay, Rio Bueno], St. Martin, Bahamas [Exuma] (Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Fore-reefs associated coral rubble bottoms with abundance of sponges, depth range around 10–20 m (Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study); obligate symbiont of demosponges Agelas clathrodes and A. dispar (Macdonald et al. 2009); usually in male-female pairs or in small subsocial groups.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus carpenteri is extremely difficult to separate from the closely related S. bousfieldi (see Macdonald &amp; Duffy 2006 for discussion).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.text	041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus chacei Duffy 1998	<div><p>Synalpheus chacei Duffy, 1998</p> <p>(Fig. 21)</p> <p>Synalpheus chacei Duffy 1998: 389, figs 1–5.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus chacei — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 16, pl. 2.</p> <p>Synalpheus bousfieldi Chace 1972: 86 (partim) (not S. bousfieldi Chace, 1972).</p> <p>Material examined. Belize: 3 colony members, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-068, Carrie Bow Cay, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 18.07.2005 [fcn 05-192]; 8 colony members, OUMNH. ZC.2009-01-118, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern patch reef, 1648.346’N 8804.928’W, in unidentified sponge, coll. S. De Grave et al., 21.02.2009 [fcn CBC-083]. Panama: 1 colony member, MNHN-IU-2010-4165, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, Ground Creek, sponges, 3–4 m, coll. J.A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06-586*]; 1 colony member, RMNH D54870, same collection data [fcn 06-587*]; 1 ov. female, 2 colony members, MNHN-IU-2010-4119, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-153B*]; 17 colony members, RMNH D54869, same collection data [fcn 07-145B].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Duffy (1998); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Colony members, 2.5–2.8 mm cl; female, 3.1 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale yellowish tinge; ovaries and fresh eggs pale yellowish-pinkish (Fig. 21); also see colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], British Virgin Islands [Virgin Gorda], Panama [Bocas del Toro, San Blas Islands] (Duffy 1998; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef-rubble and associated habitats rich in sponges, depth range 2–20 m (Duffy 1998); obligate symbiont of several demosponges: Agelas clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis, Hymeniacidon sp., Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, and Niphates amorpha (Duffy 1992, 1998; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); living in social groups of several dozen to more than 80 individuals (= colony members), with only one or a few ovigerous females (Duffy 1998; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Remarks. The most important distinguishing character of S. chacei is the presence of two rows of gambarelloid setae on the minor cheliped (Duffy 1998; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). This socially living species is presently not known from outside the Caribbean Sea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.text	041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus congoensis Crosnier & Forest 1965	<div><p>Synalpheus congoensis Crosnier &amp; Forest, 1965 stat. nov.</p> <p>Synalpheus hululensis congoensis Crosnier &amp; Forest 1965: 608, fig. 3; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: 301, fig. 31a–g.</p> <p>Material examined. Republic of the Congo: 1 male, holotype, MNHN-IU-2010-4120, Djeno rocks near Pointe Noire, intertidal zone, low tide, coll. A. Stauch, 1964; 5 specimens, paratypes, MNHN-IU-2010-4121, same collection data as for holotype; 2 males, 1 ov. female (out of 15 specimens), MNHN-IU-2010-4122 [formerly MNHN-Na 13779], Djeno near Pointe Noire, rocky intertidal, small tide pools among rocks, coll. A. Crosnier, 04.04.1965.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Rostrum subtriangular, longer than wide at base, only slightly longer than orbital hoods, flattened dorsally, base almost confluent with anterior margin of orbital hoods; orbital teeth acute, directed anteriorly; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum broad and deep. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, with lateral margins slightly convex anterior to mid-length; dorsal surface with two pairs of spiniform setae inserted at about half and 3/4 length of telson, respectively; posterior margin convex, distolateral angles blunt, with a pair of spiniform setae, mesial longer than lateral. Antennular peduncles with second article slightly longer than wide; stylocerite sharp, its tip not exceeding midlength of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with sharp distodorsal tooth and stout, sharp ventrolateral tooth, latter reaching distal margin of first article of antennular peduncle; scaphocerite with moderately broad blade; distolateral tooth overreaching end of antennular peduncle but not reaching end of carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of eight-nine spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm less than twice as long as fingers; distal tooth small, flattened, blunt or subacute, sometimes reduced to small tubercle. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articlated, first article at least equal to sum of all others. Third pereiopod moderately slender, with merus slightly more than three times as long as maximal width; propodus armed with about six-seven spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus about 1/4 length of propodus, biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter, more strongly curved than distal unguis. Uropodal exopod with one distolateal tooth adjacent to stout spiniform seta.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Crosnier &amp; Forest (1965, 1966), as S. hululensis congoensis.</p> <p>Size range. Examined material: males, 4.4–5.0 mm cl; female, 5.7 mm cl; range of type specimens: 9.5–11 mm tl (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966).</p> <p>Colour in life. Unknown.</p> <p>Type locality. Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: presently known only from Republic of the Congo (see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Rocky intertidal pools (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966); apparently free-living, not associated with sponges.</p> <p>Remarks. The main differences between S. africanus and S. congoensis lie in the shape of the rostrum, which is dorsally convex and narrow at the base in S. africanus and flat and wider at the base in S. congoensis (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: Figs 29a, 31a). Further, S. africanus differs from S. congoensis in the more slender second and third pereiopods (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: Figs 29e, f, 31e, f), and in the longer and more slender carpocerite of the antenna (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: Figs 29b, 31b). Slight differences were also found in the number of spiniform setae on the tip of the third maxilliped (8–9 in S. congoensis vs. 6–7 in S. africanus) and on the propodus of the third pereiopod (6–7 in S. congoensis vs. 8–9 in S. africanus); however, their consistency needs to be investigated further. In addition, S. africanus and S. congoensis may also be geographically separated, the former species being found from the tropical Gulf of Guinea northwards to the warm-temperate waters around the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the latter species is presently known only from the tropical continental waters of Congo.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.text	041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus dardeaui (Rios & Duffy 2007)	<div><p>Synalpheus dardeaui (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Figs 22, 23)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus dardeaui Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 18, figs 3–6, pl. 2.</p> <p>Synalpheus dardeaui — Hultgren et al. 2010: 229.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4123, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, sponges in coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05-061]; 4 males, 5 ov. females, 3 females, MNHN-IU-2010-4124, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05-083]; 1 male, RMNH D54880, same collection data [fcn 05-087A]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54885, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, in Spheciospongia vesparium, 3–4 m, coll. J.A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06-585*]; 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4125, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-134B*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54881, same collection data [fcn 07-136B*]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 07-148B]; 1 male, UP, same collection data [fcn 07-149B*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-074, same collection data [fcn 07- 151B*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-075, same collection data [fcn 07-152B*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4126, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 11.08.2008 [fcn 08-212*]; 2 males, MNHN-IU-2010-4127, Bocas del Toro, in various sponges (mostly L. colombiensis), coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [08-296, 08-297]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4128, same collection data [fcn 08-295]; 3 males, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54802, same collection data [fcn 08-303]; 12 males (some immature), 1 ov. female, RMNH D54879, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08-233A]; 1 male, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponges in coral rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06-468A]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in L. colombiensis, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-139B*]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54884, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2006 [fcn 06-470]; 1 ov. female (with hemiarthrine parasite), RMNH D54883, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08-230B*]. USA: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-125, Florida Keys, near Bahia Honda State Park, 0.5 m, in sponges, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04-003B].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Males, cl 3.8–8.7 mm cl; females, 5.5–11.5 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent pale brown to orange-brown, speckled with small reddish chromatophores, more concentrated in some areas of the carapace and tail fan; major chela darker reddish, more olive-brown distally; ovaries and freshly laid eggs orange-yellow (Figs 22, 23c, d); see also colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Curaçao; Florida [Florida Keys]; possibly also in North Carolina (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and associated habitats, such as rubble-seagrass flats and mangrove roots with abundance of sponges; depth range 1–65 m (Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), usually much shallower (0.5–10 m); obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically Spheciospongia vesparium and Lissodendoryx colombiensis (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), occasionally also in Xestospongia rosariensis (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); records from “ Spongia sp. ” are possibly incorrect identification of the hosts; typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Some specimens, for instance a very large ovigerous female parasitised by a hemiarthrine isopod (RMNH D54883), have a vestigial blade in the antennal scaphocerite. However, S. dardeaui can still be distinguished from other species, including S. yano (which has no blade at all), by the much more slender, sometimes mesially directed orbital teeth, and the more strongly bidentate fingertips of the minor cheliped (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). The ovigerous female from the Florida Keys (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-125) appears to be a typical specimen of S. dardeaui, perhaps corroborating a previous tentative record of this species from North Carolina (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.text	041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus dominicensis Armstrong 1949	<div><p>Synalpheus dominicensis Armstrong, 1949</p> <p>(Fig. 24)</p> <p>Synalpheus dominicensis Armstrong 1949: 23, fig. 8; Chace 1972: 92; Lemaitre 1984: 426, 437; Duffy 1992: 131; Martínez- Iglesias et al. 1996: 35.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-076, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, coral rubble, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-434*]. Jamaica: 1 ov. female, USNM 1187901, Discovery Bay, Columbus Park, in rubble with sponge Hyatella intestinalis, 2–4 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 25.01.2008 [fcn JAM08-707]. Belize: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2009-01-114, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern side, 0.5–1.0 m, coll S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [fcn CBC-068]. Aruba: 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54871, Pos Chiquito, eroded corals, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07- 08.12.2003 [fcn 03-006]. Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187902, Caracas Baai, in rubble with Hyattella intestinalis, 2–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.6.2008 [fcn CU08-4113]. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32478, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 60, Pinel Island, 1–3 m, coral rubble, coll. G. Paulay et al., 24.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1685*]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 32274, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13–17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM-1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1139*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-035, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 62, Caye Verte, coral rubble, 3–5 m, coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 25.04.2012 [fcn 12-001]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC 2012-07 - 036, Réserve Naturelle de</p> <p>Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral rubble, 13–17 m, coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn 12-002*]. Barbados: 1 male, USNM 1187905, Brandon’s Beach, coral rubble, 1–5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.10.2008 [fcn BR08-5712 - 2].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Armstrong (1949).</p> <p>Size range. Males from Panama and Aruba 3.2 mm cl and 4.0 mm cl, respectively; female from Aruba 4.2 mm cl; specimens from Jamaica, Belize and Barbados (not measured) similar in size; type specimens from the Dominican Republic in the same size range, at 2.8–3.3 mm cl (Armstrong 1949).</p> <p>Colour in life. Body, frontal appendages, walking legs and tailfan uniform wine-red; second pereiopods pale bluish, changing to pale orange distally; major and minor chelae dark red with brown or olive-greenish tinge (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Type locality. Barahona, Dominican Republic.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas [Damas and Anguilla Cays, Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Dominican Republic [Barahona], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Jamaica [Discovery Bay], Aruba, Curaçao, Panama [Isla Grande], St. Martin, Barbados (Armstrong 1949; Lemaitre 1984; Duffy 1992; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow areas of coral reefs, known depth range 0.5–14 m (present material in 0.5–1.5 m); in crevices of partly eroded corals; typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus dominicensis is the only western Atlantic species of the genus with a row of spiniform setae on the merus of the third and fourth pereiopods (Armstrong 1949). In the field, S. dominicensis can be easily recognised by its uniform, wine-red body colour, including on the ventral side (Fig. 24). The present records from Panama, St. Martin and Barbados expand the previously known range of S. dominicensis to the southwestern, northeastern and southeastern margins of the Caribbean Sea, respectively.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.text	041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus elizabethae (Rios & Duffy 2007)	<div><p>Synalpheus elizabethae (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Fig. 25)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus elizabethae Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 23, figs 7–10, pl. 2</p> <p>Synalpheus elizabethae — Macdonald et al. 2009: 23, fig. 10.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 colony member, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-069, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, in cryptic sponge, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05-062A]; 3 colony members (2 immature), UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponges in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06-469]; 2 colony members, RMNH D54876, Bocas del Toro, Isla Solarte, Gardens, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 05.02.2006 [fcn 06-738]; 1 ov. female, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05-089B*]; 2 colony members, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-071, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08-233E]; 3 colony members, USNM 1187897, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, in Hymeniacidon caerulea, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 29.01.2007 [fcn P07-4704-6]; 1 ov. female, 1 colony member, MNHN-IU-2010-4129, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta point, cryptic sponges in rubble, less than 2 m, coll. E. Tóth, 07.12.2006 [fcn 06-737*]. Costa Rica: 2 colony members, OUMNH. ZC.2012- 07-070, Cahuita, coral rocks and rubble, in cryptic sponge, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, I.S. Wehrtmann, L. Harris, 26.11.2005 [fcn 05-095]. Honduras: 4 ov. females, 8 colony members, 4 juv. colony members, OUMNH. ZC.2007- 20-0037, Utila, Jack Neil Cove, 16°04.590’N 086°56.318’W, in Aiolochroia crassa, 15 m, coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 02.07.2007 [fcn H-51]. Belize: 1 ov. female, 1 colony member, MNHN-IU-2010-4130, Carrie Bow Cay, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 08.02.2006 [fcn 06-736].</p> <p>Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); see Macdonald et al. (2009) for additional figures.</p> <p>Size range. Colony members, 2.6–4.6 mm cl; females, 2.8, 4.0 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent pale yellow-orange, ovaries and freshly laid eggs orange-yellow (Fig. 25); additional colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys]; Bahamas [Lee Stocking Island]; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Honduras [Utila], Costa Rica [Cahuita], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande, San Blas Islands]</p> <p>(Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51). well as Hymeniacidon caerulea and Aiolochroia crassa (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); in social colonies of “tens to hundreds” of individuals with only one or two reproductive females (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus elizabethae belongs to the S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909 species complex, which also includes S. rathbunae and S. regalis Duffy, 1996. At least two species in this complex, S. elizabethae and S. regalis, live in colony-like groups with a relatively complex social organisation (Duffy 1996b; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.text	041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus filidigitus Armstrong 1949	<div><p>Synalpheus filidigitus Armstrong, 1949</p> <p>Synalpheus filidigitus Armstrong 1949: 15, fig. 5; Chace 1972: 92; Dardeau 1984: 39; Duffy &amp; Macdonald 1999: 284.; (?) Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006: 701.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus filidigitus — Ríos and Duffy 2007: 29, figs 11, 12, pl. 3.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 colony member, USNM 1191704, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, in unidentified white sponge (Xestospongia sp. ?), 1–3 m depth, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.09.2008 [fcn P08-14601-1-2]; 5 colony members, USNM, same collection data [fcn P08-14601-1, 14601-3-6] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).</p> <p>Description. See Armstrong (1949) for original description and illustrations, with additional illustrations in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Colony members, 1.4–2.4 mm cl; females, 1.8–2.9 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Translucent with bright to pale yellow ovaries and developing embryos (Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Barahona, Dominican Republic.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Dominican Republic [Barahona], Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro] (Armstrong 1949; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study) (see map in Fig. 51); records from Brazil [Ceará] by Bezerra &amp; Coelho (2006) are doubtful (see below).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow coral reefs and associated habitats rich in sponges; depth range 0.5–15 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, primarily Xestospongia sp. and Oceanapia sp., with some records from Hyattella intestinalis (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); occurs in social groups of tens to several hundred individuals, with one or (rarely) a few reproductive females (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus filidigitus can be most easily recognised by the thread-like appearance of the fingers on the chela of the second pereiopod. This appearance is due to the presence of terminal tufts of setae on the fingertips, which are aligned along the finger’s long axis, thus “extending” the fingers and giving them a filiform appearance (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). Therefore, the drawings of the second pereiopod in Armstrong (1949) are incorrect.</p> <p>This species belongs to the morphologically challenging S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909 species complex, which includes three other social species viz. S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909, S. elizabethae (see above), and S. regalis (see below). The identification of the Panamanian specimens as S. filidigitus was confirmed by DNA barcoding. On the other hand, Bezerra &amp; Coelho's (2006) record of this species from Ceará, northeastern Brazil, is rather questionable. One of us (PP) examined a series of specimens reported by Bezerra &amp; Coelho (2006) and deposited in the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco in Recife, Brazil (UFPE). None of them was S. filidigitus. It is possible that Bezerra &amp; Coelho's record of S. filidigitus was actually based on specimens of S. brooksi (P. Pachelle, pers. obs.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.text	041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 26–28)</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmülleri Coutière 1909: 35, fig. 18; Zimmer 1913: 382.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri — Verrill 1922: 97; Schmitt 1924b: 66; Schmitt 1930: 343; Schmitt 1935: 148; Schmitt 1936: 369; Stephensen 1950: 97, fig. 33; Williams 1965: 69, fig. 56; Chace 1966: 629; Goldberg 1971: 318, fig. 1; Chace 1972: 92; Coelho &amp; Ramos 1972: 150; Ray 1974: 127, figs 105-110; Abele 1976: 273; Camp et al. 1977: 26; Gore et al. 1978: 225; Christoffersen 1979: 341; Carvacho 1979: 462; Holthuis et al. 1980: 30; Rodríguez 1980: 153; Felder 1982: 535; Williams 1984: 102, fig. 70a; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 203, 226–227, figs a–c; Manning &amp; Chace 1990: 22; Duffy 1992: 131; Martínez- Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; Coelho-Santos &amp; Coelho 1998: 76, fig. 17; Christoffersen 1998: 362; Frick et al. 2003: 9; McClure 2005: 175, fig. 38; Coelho et al. 2006: 52; Almeida et al. 2012: 18.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri fritzmuelleri — Chace 1956: 147.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmülleri elongatus Coutière 1909: 37, fig. 19; Schmitt 1924a: 79; Pearse &amp; Williams 1951: 143; Coelho &amp; Ramos 1972: 150; Ray 1974: 131, figs 111–113; Williams 1984: 103, fig. 70b.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri var. caribaea Verrill 1922: 98, fig. 8, pl. 39, fig. 3a–c.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri caribaea — Williams 1984: 103.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri var. carolinensis Verrill 1922: 99, pl. 22, fig. 6, pl. 39, fig. 1–1d.</p> <p>Synalpheus fritzmuelleri carolinensis — Williams 1984: 103.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4131, Isla Grande, coral rocks, 0.5–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 21.04.2006 [fcn 06-393*]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4132, Isla Grande, between village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-441]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4133, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, 1–3 m, coral rocks, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 15.09.2007 [fcn 07- 258*]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4134, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05-045A]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4135, same collection data [fcn 05-046A]; 1 male, RMNH D54843, same collection data [fcn 05-047]; 3 males, 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-093, same collection data [fcn 05-048]; 2 males, 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05-049]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05-050A]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2013-07-094, same collection data [fcn 05-051]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54840, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07-216*]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-101, same collection data [fcn 07-221*]; 2 ov. females, UP, Portobelo, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07-228]; 1 female, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-102, same collection data [fcn 07-233*]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Puss Head, coral rubble, less than 1 m, coll. A. Anker et al., 10.08.2008 [fcn 08-290]; 2 males, 2 females, UP, Bocas del Toro, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [fcn 11-080]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54841, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Puss Head, coral rubble, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 10.08.2008 [fcn 08-291*, 08-292*]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, between Big Creek and Playa Bluff, coral rubble, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 18.10.2005 [fcn 05-039A]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4136, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, near Playa Wizard, coral rocks, 0.5–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 21.10.2005 [fcn 05-045B]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-096, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05-059]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-095, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05-056]. Honduras: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-137, Utila, 1605.458’N 08654.533’W, rubble, coll. A.Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H095]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-136, Utila, 1605.458’N</p> <p>08654.533’W, rubble, coll. A.Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H092]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-135, Utila, 1605.458’N 08654.533’W, rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H097]. Mexico: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-121, Gulf of Mexico, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan Peninsula, coral rubble, coll. J.</p> <p>Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.2009 [fcn JD-038]. Aruba: 2 ov. females, 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-103/105, Baby Beach, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 06.12.2003 [fcn 03-002, 03-003, 03-004]. Venezuela: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-106, Morrocoy, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 09.12.2003 [fcn 03-010, major cheliped missing]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, 2 ov. females, MNHN-IU-2010-4139, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02- 03.01.2005 [fcn 05-034]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54838, same collection data [fcn 05-043*]; 3 males, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-113, same collection data [fcn 05-038]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 32379, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 50, Plage du Galion, under seagrass mats, less than 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 22.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1397*]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 32348, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 47, Grande Caye, 0–3 m, coll. J.F. Maréchal et al., 20.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1310*]; 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF m, coll. K. Hultgren, 21.10.2012 [fcn BR08-6605]. USA: 1 male, RMNH D54839, Florida Keys, near Marathon, ocean side, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04-005]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4137, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04-009]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-100, Fort Pierce, lagoon entrance, dock piles, coll. J.A. Baeza, coll. 10– 14.06.2007 [fcn 07-239]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54837, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda State Park, ocean side, 1–1.5 m, under rocks, coll. A. Anker, A. Rhyne, C. Hurt, 25.09.2007 [fcn 07-293*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012- 07-098, Florida, Fort Pierce, 5–10 m, coll. J.A. Baeza, 2009 [fcn 11-079]; 2 males, MNHN-IU-2010-4138, same collection data [fcn 11-073, 11-074]; 1 male, MZUSP 26394, Florida, Key Biscane, from orange sponge, ~ 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 07.09.2008 [fcn 08-275*]. Bermuda: 2 males, NHM, coll. R. Gurney, no further collection data. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 3 ov. females, 1 immature (not sexed), MNRJ 23333, Atol das Rocas, Piscina de Maré in front of Farol Velho, calcareous algae, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 21.12.2000; 2 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23334, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, calcareous alga, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 26.10.2000; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-099, Ceará, Fortaleza, Meireles beach, rocky intertidal, in rock crevices, low tide, coll. A. Anker, 28.08.2011 [fcn 11-083]; 1 female, MZUSP 26395, Ceará, Pecém, among fouling growth, coll. UFC class, 25.05.2012 [fcn 12-044*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-111, same collection data [12-045*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-133/134, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in rock crevices, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 01.08.2012 [fcn 12-248, 12-250]; 1 ov. female, MZUSP 25249, São Paulo, São Sebastião, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.422863&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.828001" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.422863/lat -23.828001)">Praia do Segredo</a>, 23°49’40.8”S 45°25’22.3”W, snorkelling off rocky coast, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 14.02.2012; 1 male, MZUSP 23442, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.50672&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.108913" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.50672/lat -27.108913)">Ponta da Ensenada</a>, 27°6’32.09”S 48°30’24.198”W, 2 m, coll. E. Thomsen, 04.05.2010. Ascension Island: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2008-11-0014, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.402367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.91025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.402367/lat -7.91025)">Comfortless Cove</a>, 07°54.615’S 014°24.142’W, in coralline algal concretions, 2 m, coll. S. De Grave, H. Wilkins, 13.04.2008; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2008-11- 0035, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-14.402367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.91025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -14.402367/lat -7.91025)">Comfortless Cove</a>, 07°54.615’S 014°24.142’W, Sabellaria reef, in crevices, 1 m, coll. S. De Grave, H. Wilkens, 10.04.2008.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Williams (1984); illustrations of a Brazilian (Atol das Rocas) specimen are provided in Fig. 26.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.0– 5.5 mm cl; females, 4.4–6.0 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Background semitransparent with bluish-greenish tinge; body and walking legs speckled with chromatophores, appearing pinkish when contracted, intense red when expanded; major and minor chelae usually olive-greenish, sometimes bluish or blue-green, much darker distally, reddish chromatophores may be present, but only on the most proximal portion of the palm, fingertips bright orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs pale brownish (Figs 27, 28).</p> <p>Type locality. Marco, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western and Central Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Mexico: Florida to Texas and Mexico; Bermuda; Bahamas; Caribbean Sea: e.g., Yucatan, Honduras, Belize, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, St. Martin, Barbados; Brazil: Ceará to Santa Catarina, Atol das Rocas and Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (St. Paul’s Rocks); Saint-Helena and Ascension Islands (Coutière 1909; Chace 1966, 1972; Holthuis et al. 1980; Williams 1984; Manning &amp; Chace 1990; Christoffersen 1998; present study; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; see map in Fig. 51); record from Thule, Greenland (Stephensen 1950) probably based on a mislabeled specimen.</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and rocky habitats, depth range 0–51 m (Williams 1984); in wide range of microhabitats on reefs and jetties, under rocks, in rock crevices, in clumps of coralline algae, amongst fouling mat, growth on mangrove roots, in wood perforated by shipworms (Teredo), in crevices of sabellariid reefs (Phragmatopoma lapidosa), zoanthids (Zoanthus sociatus), bryzoans (Schizoporella sp.), among colonies of Oculina arbuscula and Gorgonia ventalina; among epibiotic growth on carapaces of sea turtles (Frick et al. 2003); facultative symbiont of sponges, e.g., Ircinia campana (Schmitt 1936; Pearse &amp; Willians 1951; McCloskey 1970; Knowlton 1970; Goldberg 1971; Reed et al. 1982); records of S. fritzmuelleri from Callyspongia vaginalis (Wass 1955) require confirmation as they may refer to the closely related S. hemphilli, a specialist of tube sponges (see below); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus fritzmuelleri is presently believed to be a single, wide-ranging, morphologically either to typical S. frizmuelleri or to S. fritzmuelleri elongatus, the latter with a much longer scaphocerite (Coutière 1909). However, both forms are present sympatrically in Panama, Florida, and Brazil (Ceará), and in some specimens, the distinction between the two forms becomes rather blurred. We also noted that in many specimens, the slight projection of the ventral margin of the walking leg dactylus, being one of the most important diagnostic feature of S. fritzmuelleri (Coutière 1909), is rather faint and sometimes barely visible. A more thorough revision of S. fritzmuelleri, including analyses of the barcoding gene COI, is desirable to investigate the morphological and genetic variability of S. fritzmuelleri and confirm its status as a single species or not, as the case may be.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.text	041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus goodei Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus goodei Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 29, 30)</p> <p>Synalpheus goodei Coutière 1909: 58, fig. 33; Verrill 1922: 116, figs 5c, 6a, pl. 37, fig. 1, pl. 38, figs 1, 2, pl. 39, fig. 4, pl. 40, fig. 2; Schmitt 1924b: 68; Gurney 1949: 293-295, figs 1–9; Chace 1972: 93; Heck 1977: 338; Felder &amp; Chaney 1979: 25; Bourdon &amp; Markham 1980: 222; Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981: 142; Dardeau 1984: 40; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 224–225, figs a–c; Rodríguez 1986: 191, fig. 45; Duffy 1992: 131; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; Hultgren et al. 2010: 230, pl. 3D.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus goodei — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 33, pl. 3.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-053, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05-086*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-054, same collection data [fcn 05-089A]; 1 ov. female, 2 males (?), MNHN-IU-2010-4140, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, in cryptic sponge, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-440*, 06-446*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4141, same collection data [fcn 06-459*]; 1 female, RMNH D54867, Isla Grande, off Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, in cryptic sponges, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 15.09.2007 [fcn 07-257*]; 1 male, RMNH D54868, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08-009*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-052, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08-014]; 1 ov. female, 1 male, USNM 1187898, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Calyx podatypa, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 10.12.2007 [fcn P07-3202]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-196, Utila, in front of Coral View Hotel, under rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A Anker, 05.08.2007. Belize: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2009-01-116, Carrie Bow Cay, Twin Cays, 1649.424’N 8806.346’W, in unidentified yellow sponge, intertidal, coll. S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [CBC-045].</p> <p>Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus goodei (?): Panama: 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-123, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08-013*]. Brazil: 1 ov. female, MZUSP 25329, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. VV15, off Espírito Santo, 21°10’00”S 40°25’98”W, ~ 25.4 m, 26.02.1996; 1 male, MZUSP 25352, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-33.64278&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.856667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -33.64278/lat -20.856667)">Astro Garoupa</a> 44C, 20°51’24”S 33°38’34”W, ~ 65 m, 10.11.1997.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); Brazilian deep-water material is illustrated in Fig. 30.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 4.2–5.1 mm cl; females, 4.9–5.8 mm cl; females tentatively identified as S. goodei (?) at 4.0 mm cl (Panama) and 3.2 mm cl (Brazil).</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent, whitish, major chela fingers grey brownish, fingertips bright orange; ovaries or freshly laid eggs dull green (Fig. 29) to “pinkish brown” (Hultgren et al. 2010); see also photographs in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007) and Hultgren et al. (2010).</p> <p>Type locality. Bermuda.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bermuda; Florida [Tampa Bay]; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Honduras [Utila], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Colón, Isla Grande], Curaçao, Dominica, Tobago (Coutière 1909; Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); possibly also Brazil: seamounts off Espírito Santo (present study, see below; see also map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef environments, e.g., sand flats with abundant rubble, sponges, mangrove roots etc., depth range 1–20 m; obligate symbiont of sponges, for example Calyx podatypa and Xestospongia wiedenmayeri in Belize, Xestospongia proxima and Spheciospongia vesparium in Curaçao, and Calyx podatypa and Lissodendoryx colombiensis in Bocas del Toro, Panama (Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus goodei is closely related to S. williamsi Ríos &amp; Duffy, 1999, from which it differs by the number of teeth on the lateral margin of the uropodal exopod (6–10 in S. goodei, 3–6 in S. williamsi); the absence of a protuberance on the lateral side of the major chela pollex (present in S. williamsi); and the presence a tuft of setae posterior to the anus (Ríos &amp; Duffy 1999, 2007).</p> <p>tentatively identified as S. goodei (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-123), because it differs from the typical S. goodei in having only five teeth on the uropodal exopod and no post-anal setal tuft (in fact it has no setae at all in the anal area). At the same time, this female also lacks a lateral protuberance on the major chela pollex and therefore cannot be S. williamsi, which has such a protuberance (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). The true identity of this specimen may need to be confirmed genetically.</p> <p>Similarly, the identity of two specimens here tentatively assigned to S. goodei, a young male and an ovigerous female collected on seamounts off central-eastern Brazil (MZUSP 25352, 25329), needs verification, preferably by genetics. The female carries very large eggs, as do all the Caribbean females of S. goodei (Fig. 29). The uropodal exopod has seven (female) or five and six (male) teeth on the distolateral margin, which is the lowest number reported in Caribbean S. goodei. Other characters of S. goodei are the typical frontal margin (Fig. 30a); the major chela palm lacking a distomesial protuberance; the distal tooth of the major chela palm directed slightly downwards (Fig. 30b) and the fingertips of the minor chela inconspicuously bidentate (Fig. 30c). However, and most importantly, the scaphocerite has no trace of a blade in both specimens (Fig. 30a), thus contrasting with the Caribbean material (Coutière 1909; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). If confirmed to be conspecific with S. goodei by genetics, these specimens would represent the first record of this species for Brazilian offshore waters.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.text	041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus hemphilli Coutiere 1908	<div><p>Synalpheus hemphilli Coutière, 1908</p> <p>(Figs 31–33)</p> <p>Synalpheus Hemphilli oxyceros Coutière 1908: 711.</p> <p>Synalpheus hemphilli Coutière 1909: 38, fig. 20; Verrill 1922: 94, pl. 33, fig. 3–3a, pl. 39, fig. 2a, b, pl. 40, fig. 1–1e; Schmitt 1924b: 66; Hazlett 1962: 82; Rouse 1970: 138; Knowlton 1970: 382; Chace 1972: 93; Christoffersen 1979: 343; Rodríguez 1980: 155; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 203, 226–227, figs d, e; Duffy 1992: 131; Christoffersen 1998: 363; Martínez- Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 37; McClure 2005: 176, fig. 39; Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006: 701; Macdonald et al. 2006: 170.</p> <p>Synalpheus hemphilli longicornis Coutière 1909: 39, fig. 21.</p> <p>Synalpheus hemphilli hemphilli — Chace 1956: 147.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-116, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, tube sponges, Haliclona sp., 3–4 m, coll. J.A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06-579*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010-4142, same collection data [fcn 06-580*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4143, same collection data [fcn 06-583]; 1 male, RMNH D54865, same collection data [fcn 06-584*]; 1 male, RMNH D54864, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), tube sponges, Haliclona sp., 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2007 [fcn 07-182A]; 1 female, RMNH D54866, same collection data [07-183A*]. USA: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-080, Florida Keys, Little off western Florida, north of Florida <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.6693&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.245266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.6693/lat 25.245266)">Keys</a>, 82 40.158' W, 25 14.716' N, otter trawl, ~ 38 m, spongy bottom, in tube sponges, coll. A. Anker, S. Mcpherson, A. Bemis et al. (R / V <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.6693&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.245266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.6693/lat 25.245266)">Bellows</a>), 09.06.2009 [fcn Keys-288*]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 19640, same collection data [fcn Keys-287*]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 19647, same collection data, specimen infested with large bopyrid isopod (see <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.6693&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.245266" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.6693/lat 25.245266)">Fig.</a> 32c) [fcn Keys-295*].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Verrill (1922).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 4.4–6.4 mm cl; females, 5.6–9.4 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Background semitransparent with bluish-greenish tinge; body and walking legs speckled with small red chromatophores, pinkish when contracted, more intense red when expanded; major and minor chelae greenish blue, changing to bright orange-yellow towards the fingers, fingertips amber-orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs bright ultramarine blue (Figs 31–33).</p> <p>Type locality. Off western Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida; Bermuda; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Curaçao, Bonaire, Panama [Bocas del Toro], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Venezuela; Brazil: Ceará, Bahia (Coutière 1909; Verrill 1922; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; Rodríguez 1980; Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow subtidal reefs and nearby areas, most common on lagoon-type sand flats with abundant seagrass and tube sponges; depth range 1–51 m (Christoffersen 1979); typically associated with tube sponges Callyspongia vaginalis, Haliclona variabilis and Haliclona sp. (Chace 1956; Hazlett 1962; Knowlton 1970; Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006; present study; see also Figs 30b, 32); usually in heterosexual pairs. The finding of S. hemphilli in Lissodendoryx cf. colombiensis (Macdonald et al. 2006), a rather unusual sponge host for this species, requires confirmation.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus hemphilli is easy to distinguish from the other western Atlantic species by the very characteristic shape of the dactylus of the third to fifth pereiopods (Coutière 1909: Figs 20, 21) and by the diagnostic colour pattern, including the bright green-ultramarine colour of ovaries or fresh eggs in females (Figs 31–33).</p> <p>The status of S. hemphilli longicornis was reviewed by Verrill (1922), who did not consider this variety as valid and placed it in the synonymy of S. hemphilli. This synonymy was accepted by Chace (1972), who did not list S. h. longicornis in his report, and by Christoffersen (1979), who listed it as a synonym of S. hemphilli. A molecular study of S. hemphilli from throughout its range is desirable to confirm its current status as a single, morphologically slightly variable species.</p> <p>The date and indeed the paper in which Coutière described S. hemphilli has been variously quoted as 1908 or 1909 in previous literature. De Grave and Fransen (2011) attributed the name to Coutière (1909), as did Christoffersen (1979). In contrast, Chace (1972) referred the name to Coutière (1908), which consists of a brief note presented at the weekly meeting of the Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, on Monday 30 th March 1908. The “Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris” were published weekly on the Sunday following the meeting, the publication date thus becoming 4 th April 1908. Coutière’s much larger work on the American species of Synalpheus (Coutière, 1909) was published on 30 th January 1909. A formal illustrated description of S. hemphilli appeared in Coutière (1909: p. 38), including the designation of types. However, Coutière (1908: p. 771) stated that “Le S. Hemphilli oxyceros américain diffère du S. Nilandensis oxyceros des Maldives à peu près uniquement par l’absence des épines mérales” and in doing so made the name available from this date. Under Article 46.1 of the ICZN both species-group names, S. hemphilli Coutière, 1908 and S. oxyceros Coutière, 1908, were simultaneously established, therefore both being objective synonyms of each other. The species-group name S. oxyceros is however unavailable as this is a junior primary homonym of Synalpheus nilandensis var. oxyceros Coutière, 1905, which according to Art. 45.6.4.1 is to be treated as a subspecies. Synalpheus hemphilli Coutière, 1908 remains however available and has been used in at least 16 publications since 1908.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.text	041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus herricki Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus herricki Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 34–37)</p> <p>Synalpheus herricki Coutière 1909: 74, fig. 44; Chace 1972: 93; Peguegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 248 (partim); Dardeau 1984: 55, figs 27–30; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 222–223, figs a–c;</p> <p>Zuzalpheus herricki Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 34, pl. 3.</p> <p>Synalpheus herricki angusticeps Coutière 1909: 76, fig. 45.</p> <p>Synalpheus herricki dimidiatus Coutière 1909: 76, fig. 46.</p> <p>? Synalpheus tanneri Coutière 1909: 77, fig. 47; Chace 1972: 104.</p> <p>Synalpheus brooksi — Christoffersen 1979: 335 (partim) (not S. brooksi Coutière, 1909).</p> <p>For more exhaustive synonymy see Dardeau (1984).</p> <p>Material examined. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32411, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM-1418], coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1437*]; 1 male, FLMNH UF 32412, Réserve Naturelle de Saint- Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1418], coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1439*]; 2 males, FLMNH UF 32406, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM-1418], coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1430*]. Brazil: 2 males, 1 ov. female, 1 immature, MNRJ 23335, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23336, Atol das Rocas, LT 710, R11, 3 ˚51'747S, 33˚49'497W, in unidentified sponge, 14 m, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 16.10.2000; major chela, lateral; c, major chela fingers, mesial; d, major chela dactylus, mesial; e, major cheliped, ischium to carpus lateral; f, minor cheliped, lateral; g, minor chela and carpus, mesial; h, second pereiopod, lateral; i, third pereiopod, lateral. Scale bars = 1 mm.</p> <p>R10, in Ircinia sp., coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 11.08.2000; 1 male, 1 ov. female (dissected), MNRJ 16644, Atol das Rocas, Laguna, in Aiolochroia crassa, coll. G. Neves, 11.1999; 1 ov. female, UFC 474, Ceará, Fortaleza, coll. “Barco SWJ”, 24.11.1974.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material are provided in Figs 34–36.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.3–6.7 mm cl; females, 4.6–6.3 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale olive tinge; major chela brown-orange distally; eggs drab greenish (Fig. 37); specimens from Belize: translucent-whitish with brown-tinged distal palm and fingers of major chela, with pale green to drab olive ovaries and eggs (colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Anclote, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. (excluding S. tanneri) Western Atlantic: Florida; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], St. Martin; Brazil: Atol das Rocas, Ceará (Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); possibly also in the Bahamas (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007) (see map in Fig. 51).</p> <p>Ecology. Outer reef ridges, with abundance of sponges; known depth range 5–73 m (Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); obligate symbiont of demosponges: Hymeniacidon amphilecta, Hyattella intestinalis, Aiolochroia crassa, Agelas dispar, Ircinia sp. (Dardeau 1984; Rodríguez 1986; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); records from the ten-ray star coral, Madracis decactis (Dardeau 1984), probably refer to smaller sponges growing at the base of coral colonies; typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus herricki can be distinguished from all the other species of the genus present in the western Atlantic by the W-shaped ventral margins of the third and fourth pleura in males, and by the major chela dactylus ending in a distinctly ventrally directed tooth, separated from the rest of the dactylus by a more or less region, dorsal; b, same, lateral; c, third maxilliped, lateral; d, minor cheliped, lateral; e, minor chela, mesial; f, coxa and basis of minor cheliped, lateral; g, second pereiopod, lateral; h, third pereiopod, lateral; i, same, propodus and dactylus, lateral; j, abdomen, lateral; k, uropod, dorsal; l, telson, dorsal; m, same, distal half enlarged. Scale bars = 1 mm.</p> <p>The material from Atol das Rocas and Ceará represents the first record of S. herricki from Brazil, although it must noted that Christoffersen (1979) reported several closely related species under the name “ S. brooksi ” from various Brazilian localities; some of them appear to be S. bousfieldi and S. herricki (see also Christoffersen 1998). In one of the Atol das Rocas specimens, the frontal region of the carapace is abnormal in lacking a rostrum while possessing well-developed orbital teeth (Fig. 36; see also under remarks under S. ul below). The number of spiniform setae on the telson is variable from three to five, as is their position and the general shape of the telson (Figs 35a, c, d, 36m). In addition, some specimens have a triangular median process on the posterior margin of the sixth abdominal somite (Fig. 35c).</p> <p>The taxonomic status of S. tanneri Coutière, 1909, currently a junior synonym of S. herricki (Dardeau 1984) needs further investigation. Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007) briefly mentioned that S. tanneri may represent a valid species, but did not further comment on this issue. They did not include S. tanneri in the species key and also not listed in their tentative species list of the S. gambarelloides group (as Zuzalpheus Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.text	041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus hoetjesi Hultgren, Macdonald, & Duffy 2010	<div><p>Synalpheus hoetjesi Hultgren, Macdonald, &amp; Duffy 2010</p> <p>Synalpheus hoetjesi Hulgren, Macdonald, &amp; Duffy 2010: 231, figs 3–9, Pl. 4B–D; Hultgren et al. 2011: 6; Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2011: appendix 1.</p> <p>Material examined: Panama: 1 male, USNM 1187899, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P09-2003]; 22 males, 3 ov. females, USNM, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P09-1202, 1205, 1801-2, 1805, 1907] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).</p> <p>Description. For original description and illustrations see Hultgren et al. (2010).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 2.7–5.2 mm cl; females, 3.6–6.2 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with brown major chela; females with dull olive to orange ovaries and brownish-orange to yellowish-orange embryos (colour photograph in Hultgren et al. (2010).</p> <p>Type locality. Caracas Baai, Curaçao.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Curaçao, Panama [Bocas del Toro], Barbados (Hultgren et al. 2010, 2011; Hultgren and Duffy 2011; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow coral reefs; depth range 1–6 m; obligate associate of demosponges, including Hyattella intestinalis (in Barbados and Curacao), Agelas clathrodes (in Barbados), Xestospongia spp. (in Curacao), and Lissodendoryx colombiensis (in Panama); typically in male-female pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. In Bocas del Toro, Panama, S. hoetjesi co-occurs with the morphologically very similar and phylogenetically closely related S. dardeaui (see above), S. ul and S. yano (see below). These four species are sometimes found in the same host sponge (e.g., large Lissodendoryx colombiensis) and may not be easy to distinguish from each other by morphology alone. In addition, S. hoetjesi appears to be variable in the presence or absence of a blade on the scaphocerite, a feature important in the distinction of species in this species complex. In most cases, S. hoetjesi can be separated from S. dardeaui and S. yano by the rounded posterior corner of the male second pleura (acute in S. dardeaui and angular in S. yano); from S. dardeaui by the shorter orbital teeth and the minor chela dactylus ending in two unequal teeth, distal much stronger than subdistal (vs. ending in two subequal, rod-shaped teeth in S. dardeaui); and from S. ul by the relative width of stout spiniform setae on the posterior margin of the telson (lateral clearly stouter than mesial in S. hoetjesi, lateral and mesial subequal in thickness in S. ul).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.text	041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus idios (Rios & Duffy 2007)	<div><p>Synalpheus idios (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Fig. 38)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus idios Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 36, figs 13–17, pl. 3.</p> <p>Synalpheus idios —Hulgtren et al. 2011: 6.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4145, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, in Xestospongia rosariensis, 5–15 m, coll. E. Tóth, 21.08.2003 [fcn 03-034]; 2 males + 17 juveniles, MNHN-IU-2010-4146, same collection data [fcn 03-035]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D54874, same collection data [fcn 03-036]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54873, same collection data [fcn 03-037]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-041, same collection data as previous specimens [fcn 03-038]; 1 male, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-040, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05-085]; 3 ov. females, 3 males, MNHN-IU-2010-4147, same collection data [fcn 05-088]; 1 male, UP, same collection data [fcn 05-089C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 02.02.2006 [fcn 06-735]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4148, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08-012*]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D54875, Bocas del Toro, Isla Solarte, Gardens, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 05.02.2006 [fcn 06-739]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-127, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-142B*]; 1 ov. female, 2 males (?), 3 small 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13–17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM-1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1134*].</p> <p>Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 2.3–5.1 mm cl; females, 3.1–5.2 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale-orange tinge, darker yellow-orange on major chela fingers; ovaries and freshly laid eggs usually dark reddish orange or olive-greenish (Fig. 38); see also photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [San Blas Islands, Bocas del Toro], Curaçao, St. Martin, Barbados (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2011; present study); possibly also in the Florida Keys (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007) (see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent habitats rich in rubble and sponges; depth range 1–15 m; symbiont of demosponges, including Hymeniacidon amphilecta in Belize, Lissodendoryx colombiensis, Xestospongia rosariensis and X. proxima in Panama, and Hyrtios cf. proteus in Barbados (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2011; present study); usually in small subsocial groups of up to several dozens of specimens, including multiple ovigerous females and juveniles.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus idios differs from the closely related S. brooksi (see above) in the anteriorly projecting distal tooth on the palm of the major chela (vs. anterodorsally projecting in S. brooksi), and in the posterior pleura of the male abdomen being rounded (vs. with sharp angles in S. brooksi) (see Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.text	041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus kensleyi (Rios & Duffy 2007)	<div><p>Synalpheus kensleyi (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Fig. 39)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus kensleyi Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 41, figs 18–22, pl. 3.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4149, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, Punta Coco, coral rubble and cryptic sponges, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 29.10.2005 [fcn 05-066*]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, RMNH D54878, Bayahibe, coral rocks and cryptic sponges, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02- 03.01.2005 [fcn 05-044A*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-037, same collection data [fcn 05-044B].</p> <p>Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 4.2–4.9 cl mm.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent pale greenish or beige orange, major chela with darker fingers (Fig. 39); ovaries and freshly laid eggs dull green; see also photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe] (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef habitats with abundance of sponges; presently known depth range 1–2 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges Hyatella intestinalis, Hymeniacidon caerulea and an unidentified “cryptic yellow tube sponge” (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus kensleyi can be distinguished from several closely related species with five carpal articles in the second pereiopod (S. brooksi, S. idios etc.) by the dorsally projecting, acute tooth on the basicerite. This species appears to be restricted to the Caribbean Sea, where it is relatively uncommon. It was previously known only from Belize and Panama and is now recorded for the first time from the Dominican Republic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.text	041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus longicarpus (Herrick 1891)	<div><p>Synalpheus cf. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)</p> <p>(Fig. 40)</p> <p>Alpheus saulcyi var. longicarpus Herrick, 1891: 383, pl. 21, figs 5–7; pl. 22, figs 3, 11, 14?, 17; pl. 24, figs 2, 4–9? (partim). For more extensive synonymy of S. longicarpus (Herrick 1891) see Christoffersen (1979), Dardeau (1984), and Ríos &amp; Duffy</p> <p>(2007).</p> <p>Size. Single male, 6.0 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Not recorded.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys] (see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef flats with abundant rubble and large sponges; depth: about 0.5 m.</p> <p>Remarks. This male specimen from the Florida Keys presents features of both S. longicarpus and S. yano (see Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). It shares with S. longicarpus the general shape of the orbital hoods (Fig. 40a); the distal tooth of the major chela directed slightly upwards (Fig. 40b); and the ventrally acute angles of the pleura (Fig. 40c). It shares with S. yano the very robust spiniform setae on the dorsal surface of the telson (Fig. 40d); the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite (Fig. 40a); and the number and size of lateral teeth on the uropodal exopod (Fig. 40d). Within the S. longicarpus species complex, the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite is also typical for S. hoetjesi</p> <p>Hultgren, Macdonald &amp; Duffy, 2010, a species closely related to S. ul and S. longicarpus (Hultgren et al. 2010; Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2011). However, the Florida Keys specimen differs from S. hoetjesi in the distal tooth of the major chela being directed upwards, not downwards as in S. hoetjesi. The presence of at least two other undescribed taxa in the S. longicarpus species complex, viz. “ S. longicarpus small ” and S. “rufus” in Hultgren &amp; Duffy (2011) suggests that the Florida Keys specimen may represent an undescribed species. However, with only a single specimen available and without genetic data, the decision about its taxonomic identity has to be deferred to another study.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.text	041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus obtusifrons Chace 1972	<div><p>Synalpheus obtusifrons Chace, 1972</p> <p>Synalpheus obtusifrons Chace 1972: 99, figs 37, 38; Lemaitre 1984: 426; Rodríguez 1986: 203, fig. 48; McClure 2005: 82, figs 47, 48.</p> <p>Material examined. Aruba: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-067, Baby Beach, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 06.12.2003 [fcn 03-001]. Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187903, Caracas Baai, in unidentified yellow “webby” sponge, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.06.2008 [fcn CU08-4202]. Barbados: 1 ov. female, 1 male, USNM 1187907, Breach Reef, in unidentified yellow “webby” sponge, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 21.10.2008 [fcn BR08-6302 - 6303].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Chace (1972).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 1.8–3.3 mm cl; females, 3.6–3.75 (Chace 1972), female from Aruba slightly larger, at 3.9 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Field notes from Aruba indicated “semitransparent pale greenish body, green eggs” (A. Anker, pers. obs.).</p> <p>Type locality. Bahía de Espíritu Santo, Yucatan, Mexico.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas [Cay Sal Bank]; Gulf of Mexico: Mexico [Campeche]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula [Bahía de Espíritu Santo, Bahía de la Ascensión], Venezuela [Los Roques Archipelago], Aruba, Curaçao, Barbados (Chace 1972; Lemaitre 1984; Rodríguez 1986; McClure 2005; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent habitats; known depth range 1–14 m; in crevices of coral rocks and in an unidentified yellow webby sponge (Chace 1972; Lemaitre 1984; present study).</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus obtusifrons can be distinguished from all other species of Synalpheus by the combination of the following four features: (1) the minor cheliped without gambarelloid setae; (2) the stylocerite with a rounded tip overreaching the distal margin of the first article; (3) the frontal margin of the carapace with short, broadly rounded orbital hoods and a short triangular rostrum; and (4) the distal tooth on the major chela palm sharp and slightly descendent (Chace 1972). This species appears to be uncommon, being known only from a few localities, and is herewith recorded from the former Netherlands Antilles for the first time.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.text	041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus pandionis Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus pandionis Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Fig. 41)</p> <p>Synalpheus pandionis Coutière 1909: 67, fig. 39; (?) Zimmer 1913: 385, figs C–E; (?) Schmitt 1924a: 81; (?) Schmitt, 1924b:</p> <p>68; (?) Schmitt 1935: 149; Chace 1972: 102 (partim); (?) Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 248, figs 53e, 54; (?) Rodríguez 1980:</p> <p>161; (?) Gore 1981: 151; Lemaitre 1984: 426; Dardeau 1984: 78, figs 40–43 (partim); Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 222–223,</p> <p>figs d, e; (?) Rodríguez 1986: 207; (?) Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 36; (?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 38; McClure</p> <p>2005: 184, figs 149-152; Macdonald et al. 2009: 33, pls. 4C, D, 5A (partim, see Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2010); Hultgren et al.</p> <p>2010: 225; Hultgren et al. 2011: 12. Zuzalpheus pandionis — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 52, figs 24, 25, pl. 4. Synalpheus pandionis pandionis — Chace 1956: 149. Synalpheus pandionis extentus Coutière 1909: 69, fig. 40; Chace 1956: 149; Christoffersen 1979: 344. Not Synalpheus cf. pandionis — Almeida et al. 2007: 15, figs 3, 4 (= S. ul; see Almeida et al. 2012). Synalpheus grampusi Coutière 1909: 62, fig. 36. Synalpheus longicarpus — Christoffersen 1979: 344, figs 23–27 (partim) [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)].</p> <p>Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-104, Utila, Jack O'Neill Cove, 16º04.574'N 86º56.403'W, in orange sponge (possibly Lissodendoryx sp.), 15 m, coll. A. Anker &amp; S. De Grave,</p> <p>04.07.2007 [fcn H146*]. Brazil: 1 male, UFC 439, Ceará, locality not specified (“litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35–40 m, coll. “Barco SWJ”, 24.11.1972.</p> <p>Description. For full description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), Dardeau (1984), and Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Specimens from Honduras: male, 5.0 mm cl, female, 5.9 mm cl; male from Ceará (Brazil), 4.0 mm cl; specimens from Carrie Bow Cay ranged 4.3–6.6 mm cl for males and 6.0– 6.8 mm cl for females (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent or pale reddish-orange, uniformly speckled with small red chromatophores; major chela fingers darker brown-orange; ovaries or freshly laid eggs reddish (Fig. 41); see also colour photograph in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007: pl. 4).</p> <p>Type locality. St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico [West Flower Garden Bank, Isla de Lobos]; Florida [Key Largo, Tortugas, Bright Bank, Florida Middle Ground]; Bahamas [Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Cuba (Batabanó Gulf], Honduras [Utila], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands [St Thomas, St. John], British Virgin Islands [Tortola, Guana, Virgin Gorda], Venezuela [Los Roques Achipelago], Curaçao, Barbados; Brazil: Ceará (Coutière 1909; Zimmer 1913; Schmitt 1935; Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Rodríguez 1986; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; see map in Fig. 52); some of these records may refer to closely related species (see below).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent rubble and sand flats with abundance of sponges; typical depth range in the Caribbean-Florida area: 1–15 m, possibly deeper in Brazil: 35–40 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, e.g., Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, L. colombiensis, Agelas clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis and Hymeniacidon amphilecta (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Many records of S. pandionis prior to Ríos &amp; Duffy’s (2007) revision of the S. longicarpus species complex possibly refer to the closely related S. ul, S. yano and S. dardeaui. Synalpheus pandionis differs from these species by the presence of a relatively small but conspicuous bump on the mesial side (not lateral side, error in Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007) of the major chela pollex, best visible in ventral view of the major chela (see Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: fig. 24F). Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007) discussed the synonymy of S. grampusi Coutière, 1909 and S. pandionis extentus Coutière, 1909 with S. pandionis, which is followed herein.</p> <p>The single specimen from Ceará represents the first record of S. pandionis for Brazil, considerably extending the previously known range of this species, from Florida, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007) to northeastern Brazil (see map in Fig. 52). The Brazilian specimen corresponds closely to S. pandionis as illustrated by Coutière (1909), Dardeau (1984), and Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007), including the presence of the diagnostic mesial protuberance on the major chela.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.text	041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus parfaiti Coutiere 1898	<div><p>Synalpheus parfaiti Coutière, 1898</p> <p>(Fig. 42)</p> <p>Synalpheus laevimanus var. Parfaiti Coutière 1898: 191; Coutière 1899: 145, fig. 138.</p> <p>Synalpheus parfaiti — Coutière 1909: 64, fig. 37; Balss 1914: 101; Balss 1916: 19; Holthuis 1951: 88, fig. 18; Rossignol 1962: 131; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1965: 607; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: 287, fig. 27.</p> <p>Not Synalpheus laevimanus var. parfaiti — Rathbun 1901: 110 (partim).</p> <p>Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4150, Ilha das Cabras, off sandy beach near lighthouse, ~ 2 m, coarse sand and rubble, rock crevices with cryptic sponges, coll. A. Anker, 08.02.2006 [fcn 06- 182*, 06-183*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2011-07-065, Ilha Santana, rock crevices, 15–20 m, coll. N. Knowlton, F. Nunes, 09.02.2006 [fcn 06-211*].</p> <p>Description. For original description see Coutière (1898); for more detailed description and illustrations see Holthuis (1951) and Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.3, 3.6 mm cl; female, 4.3 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Pale yellow, semitransparent, chelae pale orange, darker distally; eggs greenish (Fig. 42).</p> <p>Type locality. Annobón, Equatorial Guinea.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal; Guinea; Ghana; Cameroon; Gabon; Equatorial Guinea [Annobón]; São Tomé and Principe (Holthuis 1951; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Rocky reefs and associated hard bottom habitats; depth range: lower intertidal to at least 75 m (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966); specimens are usually extracted from crevices of rocks, corals and coral rubble, and crusts of coralline algae (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966); however, they most probably associated with small cryptic sponges lining these crevices (A. Anker, pers. obs.); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus parfaiti is the only species of the S. gambarelloides species group presently known from the tropical eastern Atlantic (Senegal to Gulf of Guinea, see map in Fig. 53). The only other species of this group in the eastern Atlantic is S. gambarelloides (Nardo, 1847), which is distributed much further to the north, ranging from the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal to the eastern Mediterranean Sea (including Gibraltar, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Turkey, Israel, map in Fig. 53). Thus, there seem to be no geographic overlap between these two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.text	041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus pectiniger Coutiere 1907	<div><p>Synalpheus pectiniger Coutière, 1907</p> <p>Synalpheus pectiniger Coutière 1907: 611; Coutière 1909: 78, figs 48, 49; Schmitt 1935: 151; Pearse 1950: 150; Wass 1955: 144; Tabb &amp; Manning 1961: 596; Rouse 1970: 138; Lyons et al. 1971: 31; Chace 1972: 103; Rodríguez 1980: 159; Bourdon &amp; Markham 1980: 222; Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981: 142; Lemaitre 1984: 426; Dardeau 1984: 98, figs 51–53; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 201, 218-219, figs e–g; Erdman &amp; Blake 1987: 328; Duffy 1992: 131; Duffy 1993: 459; Martínez- Iglesias et al. 1996: 36; McClure 2005: 186, figs 53-55; Macdonald et al. 2009: 33.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus pectiniger — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 57, pl. 4.</p> <p>Alpheus praecox Herrick 1888: 34; De Grave &amp; Anker 2010: 53.</p> <p>Material examined. USA: 1 male, 4 ov. females, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-073, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, Seven Mile Bridge near Marathon, ocean side, in Spheciospongia vesparium (among other sponges, e.g., Ircinia sp.), 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A.L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04-002A]; 12 males, 7 ov. females, 3 juveniles, MNHN-IU-2010-4151, same collection data [fcn 04-002B].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.0– 4.4 mm cl; females, 3.6–4.5 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pinkish tinge; major chela fingers darker (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> <p>Type locality. Curaçao.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Alligator Harbor, Crystal River, Florida Bay, Florida Keys etc.]; Gulf of Mexico; Bahamas [Eleuthera, Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, Panama, etc. (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow reef flats or seagrass flats with rubble and sponges; depth range 1–20 m; obligate sponge symbiont and apparently a specialist of the loggerhead sponge Spheciospongia vesparium; usually in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus pectiniger can be distinguished from all other species of the S. gambarelloides group by the shape of the major chela, especially the very strong, sharp, anterodorsally directed distal tooth, and the pollex being much shorter than the dactylus (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984). The only other western Atlantic species with the pollex much shorter than the dactylus is S. disparodigitus Armstrong, 1949, in which, however, the distal tooth is a bulbous tubercle with a small, anteriorly directed point. The two species also differ in the shape of the orbital teeth and rostrum, as well as the armature of the fingertips of the minor cheliped and the number of lateral teeth on the uropodal exopod (Armstrong 1949). These important differences suggest that S. disparodigitus and S. pectinger are not closely related and that a similar configuration of the major chela fingers evolved at least twice in the S. gambarelloides group. This is also supported by the molecular data showing a distant relationship between S. pectiniger and S. occidentalis Coutière, 1909, an eastern Pacific species that appears to be morphologically close to S. disparodigitus (Morrison et al. 2004; Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2011).</p> <p>The taxonomic status of Alpheus praecox Herrick, 1888 was recently clarified by De Grave &amp; Anker (2010), who after a meticulous study of Herrick’s and Coutière’s descriptions and the associated collecting data (including description of host sponges) found it to be a senior synonym of S. pectiniger. However, for the sake of taxonomic stability, A. praecox was designated a nomen oblitum and placed in the synonymy of S. pectiniger.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.text	041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus rathbunae Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus rathbunae Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Fig. 43)</p> <p>Synalpheus rathbunae Coutière 1909: 84, fig. 51; (?) Schmitt 1935: 151; (?) Pearse 1950: 150; Chace 1972: 103 (partim);</p> <p>Dardeau 1984: 103; (?) Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 201, 218–219, figs h–j; Duffy 1992: 131 (partim); Duffy 1996: 308 (partim);</p> <p>(?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 39. Synalpheus Rathbunae — Monod 1939: 557, 558, figs 1, 2.? Synalpheus near rathbunae — Schmitt 1939: 28. Zuzalpheus rathbunae — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 59, fig. 26B.? Synalpheus laevimanus longicarpus — Rathbun 1901: 110 (partim). [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)].</p> <p>Material examined. St. Martin: 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32267, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on siltsand bottom, 13–17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM-1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1130*]; 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32269, same collection data [fcn BSTM- 1132*]; 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32268, same collection data [fcn BSTM-1131*]; 7 colony members = male-looking individuals, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-112, same collection data [fcn BSTM-1133].</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Coutière (1909); additional drawings in Monod (1939) and Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Most colony members under 3.0 mm cl; maximum cl 3.2 mm.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale orange tinge and some reddish chromatophores; major chela darker orange distally (Fig. 43).</p> <p>Type locality. St. Thomas.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, St. Martin, Panama; possibly also in Mexico and Florida (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Coutière 1909; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Coral reef with abundant coral rubble and cryptic sponges; depth range around 10–55 m (Coutière 1909; present study); living in small social groups in crytic sponges.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus rathbunae is closely related to another social species, S. regalis (see below), differing from it mainly in the shape of the pleura. In S. rathbunae, the pleurae are elongate and pointed and the proximal angle of the first pleuron is rounded (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: fig. 26B). In S. regalis, the pleurae are not elongate, only some are pointed, and the proximal angle of the first pleuron is acutely produced anteriorly (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: fig. 26A). Some “males” from St. Martin were carrying apparently infertile eggs (see under S. brooksi).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.text	041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus regalis Duffy 1996	<div><p>Synalpheus regalis Duffy 1996</p> <p>Synalpheus regalis Duffy 1996a: 564, figs 1–5; Macdonald et al. 2006: 172; 2009: 42, fig. 10, pl. 5B.</p> <p>Synalpheus " rathbunae C"— Duffy 1996b: 312.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus regalis — Ríos and Duffy 2007: 58, fig. 26, pl. 4.</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 2 colony members, USNM 1187900, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Xestospongia sp., 2–5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P09-7601-2]; 4 ov. females, 21 colony members, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Xestospongia sp., 2–5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn 6401-6403, 7001-7002, 7402, 7601-1] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Duffy (1996).</p> <p>Size range. Colony members, 1.2–3.2 mm cl, females, 2.1–4.2 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Translucent pale orange, with distal portion of major chela sometimes bright orange or yellow; embryos and ovaries typically pale green; see Ríos and Duffy (2007) and Macdonald et al. (2009) for colour photographs.</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay]; Jamaica [Discovery Bay]; Panama [Bocas del Toro] (Duffy 1996 a, Macdonald et al. 2006, 2009; Ríos and Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 52). present study), and occasionally also Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata and Hymeniacidon caerulea (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007); social species, typically found in groups of up to several hundred individuals, with one reproductive female or queen (Duffy 1996a, 1996b; Macdonald et al. 2006).</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus regalis was the first-described social species and is here recorded from Panama for the first time. In the Bocas del Toro archipelago, it co-occurs with the closely related S. elizabethae (see above), from which it can be distinguished by the more rounded ventral projections on the pleura (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.text	041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus sanctithomae Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus sanctithomae Coutière, 1909</p> <p>Synalpheus sanctithomae Coutière 1909: 61, fig. 35; Schmitt 1935: 151; Chace 1972: 104; Christoffersen 1979: 352, figs 29, 30; Gore 1981: 152; Westinga &amp; Hoetjes 1981: 142; Dardeau 1984: 104; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 202, 220–221, figs d, e; Rodríguez 1986: 208, fig. 49; Christoffersen 1998: 363; Coelho et al. 2006: 53; Macdonald et al. 2006: 170; Hultgren et al. 2010: 251, pl. 5F.</p> <p>Zuzalpheus sanctithomae — Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 62, pl. 5.</p> <p>Not Synalpheus sanctithomae — Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006: 701 (= S. townsendi Coutière, 1909).</p> <p>Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-083, Utila, Honda, Little Bus Seamount, 16°04.470' N 086°54.821' W, rubble, possibly inside cryptic sponge, 15 m, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 08.07.2007 [fcn H244*].</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. The single examined male is 3.0 mm cl; the largest known specimens of this species are 3.2 mm cl in “males” (non-ovigerous specimens) and 3.9 mm cl in ovigerous females (Hultgren et al. 2010).</p> <p>Colour in life. Orange, sometimes with orange-tipped chelae; ovaries in females green to greenish-brown (Hultgren et al. 2010).</p> <p>Type locality. St. Thomas.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys]; Caribbean Sea: St. Thomas, Curaçao, Venezuela [Los Roques], Honduras [Utila]; Brazil: Pernambuco, Bahia, Atol das Rocas (Coutière 1909; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; Dardeau 1984; Macdonald et al. 2006; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow coral reefs; depth range 1–20 m; obligate sponge symbiont found in a range of different hosts, e.g., Hymeniacidon caerulea (most common), Agelas cf. clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis, and Xestospongia subtriangularis (Macdonald et al. 2006; Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010); typically in heterosexual pairs. A single record (Rodríguez 1986) of S. sanctithomae from the coral Agaricia agaricites requires confirmation.</p> <p>Remarks. The Utila specimen represents the first record of this apparently widespead but relatively uncommon species from Honduras. Bezerra &amp; Coelho (2006) reported S. sanctithomae from off Ceará, but their material was re-examined and found to be S. townsendi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.text	041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus scaphoceris Coutiere 1910	<div><p>Synalpheus scaphoceris Coutière, 1910</p> <p>(Fig. 44)</p> <p>Synalpheus townsendi scaphoceris Coutière 1910: 486, fig. 2; Schmitt 1924b: 66; Schmitt 1930: 344; Schmitt 1935: 152; Chace 1956: 148; Christoffersen 1979: 355.</p> <p>Synalpheus scaphoceris — Dardeau 1984: 109, 111; Dardeau, 1986: 491, figs 1–3; Duffy 1992: 131; Christoffersen 1998: 363; McClure 2005: 189, fig. 57.</p> <p>? Synalpheus townsendi — Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 249, fig. 55 a, b (partim), not fig. 53 d (not S. townsendi Coutière, 1909).</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4152, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, near Bocas town, coral rocks, 0.5–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 17.10.2005 [fcn 05-033]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4153, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, between Big Creek and Playa Bluff, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 18.10.2005 [fcn 05-039B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54860, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05-057]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54861, same collection data [fcn 05-062C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06-471]; 1 male, 1 ov.</p> <p>female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-057, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06-547*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4154, same collection data [fcn 06-551*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4155, same collection data [fcn 06-552*]; 1 male, RMNH D54862, same collection data [fcn 06-553*]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54863, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, near Bastimentos village, mangroves, holes in sunken wood, ~ 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, J.A. Baeza, 18.11.2006 [fcn 06- 608*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-063, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza,</p> <p>04.08.2007 [fcn 07-219]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-055/2012-07-064, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08- 225B, 08-225C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05-046B]; 1 ov. female, 1 female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05-050B]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05-054]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-056, Portobelo, coral rocks, less than 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07-232*]. Honduras: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07- 139, Utila, in front of Coral View Hotel, 1605.326’N 08654.652’W, rubble flat, under rocks, 1 m, coll. A.Anker, S. De Grave, 08.07.2007 [fcn H228]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-140, Utila, 1605.458’N 08654.533’W, rubble, 1 m, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H114]. Aruba: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-061, Pos Chiquito, coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07- 08.12.2003 [fcn 03-007]. St. Martin: 1 female, FLMNH UF 32514, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 62, Caye Verte, coral rubble, 3–5 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 25.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-1726*]; 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32219, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 39, off Rocher Créole, 3–5 m, coral rubble, coll. A. Anker, J.F. Maréchal, 18.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-0998*]. USA: 1 male, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-058/060, Florida, Fort Pierce, 5–10 m, coll. J.A. Baeza, 2009 [fcn 11-075, 11-076, 11-077, 11-078]. Bermuda: 1 male, NHM, coll. R. Gurney, no further collection data.</p> <p>Diagnosis. For original description see Coutière (1910); for detailed redescription and illustrations see Dardeau (1986).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.5–5.7 mm cl; females, 3.6–8.0 mm cl; two ovigerous females from Fort Pierce, Florida, conspicuously larger than the Caribbean specimens.</p> <p>Colour in life. Body semitransparent speckled with numerous large, bright red chromatophores, more uniform red when chromatophores fully expanded; major chela almost entirely covered with red chromatophores, fingers greenish; ovaries or fresh eggs olive-green (Fig. 44).</p> <p>Type locality. Dry Tortugas, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Fort Pierce, Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas]; Bermuda; Gulf of Mexico: West Flower Garden Bank, Mexico; Caribbean Sea: e.g., Panama [Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro], Honduras [Utila], Aruba, Puerto Rico, St. Martin; Brazil: Pernambuco to São Paulo (Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974; Dardeau 1986; Duffy 1992; Christoffersen 1998; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow coral reef and adjacent rubble habitats; typical depth range 0.5–20 m (most of the Panamanian specimens collected in 0.5–2 m deep water); usually in crevices of dead and living hermatypic corals, e.g., Madracis decactis and Porites spp., occasionally also in rock crevices and shipworm-perforated mangrove wood (Schmitt 1924b; Dardeau 1986; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus scaphoceris is one of the most ubiquitous species of Synalpheus on shallow coral reefs of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent areas of the Gulf of Mexico and southern Florida, however, being less common in Bermuda (new record) and along the Brazilian coast. In the western Atlantic, S. scaphoceris can be distinguished from the other crevice-dwelling species of the genus by the lanceolate shape of the rostrum and the ventrally projecting ventro-rostral process (Dardeau 1986). In some specimens, such as one female from St. Martin (FLMNH UF 32514), the rostrum is longer and more slender than in typical specimens, approaching the condition found in S. fritzmuelleri. The overall red colour pattern of S. scaphoceris is generally similar to those of S. fritzmuelleri and S. dominicensis. However, S. fritzmuelleri has a mostly non-spotted, greenish-bluish major chela (figs 26, 27), whereas S. dominicensis has a more uniform, non-spotted deep wine-red colour (Fig. 23), both differing from the bright red spots, including on the major chela palm, of S. scaphoceris (Fig. 44).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.text	041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus senegambiensis Coutiere 1908	<div><p>Synalpheus senegambiensis Coutière, 1908</p> <p>Synalpheus Paulsoni Senegambiensis Coutière 1908: 202.</p> <p>Synalpheus paulsoni senegambiensis — Coutière 1909: 92; Balss 1916: 19.</p> <p>Synalpheus senegambiensis — Holthuis 1951: 90, fig. 19; Holthuis 1952b: 44; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1965: 362, fig. 5c; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: 290, fig. 28.</p> <p>Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-072, 2 km west of Lagoa Azul, near shipwreck, rocky shore with coralline algae, in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 01.02.2006 [fcn 06-122]. Nigeria: 1 male, 1 ov. female, 1 female, NHM, Port Harcourt, 142, raft N/ T frame, associated with sponges on oysters, coll. H.J. Stebbings, 20.08.1957 - 19.09.1957.</p> <p>Size range. Male from São Tomé at 4.2 mm cl; Nigerian specimens about the same size; previously reported specimens ranged 6–14 mm in total length (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966).</p> <p>Type locality. Cape Verde.</p> <p>Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde; Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Benin; Nigeria; São Tomé and Principe; Equatorial Guinea [Annobón]; Angola [Rio Cuanza; Mayumba] (Coutière 1909; Holthuis 1951; Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966; present study; A. Anker, pers. obs.; see also map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Soft and hard bottoms dominated by coralline algae; depth range: lower intertidal to 75 m (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966; present study); in crevices in coral rocks and clumps of coralline algae exposed at low tide, no associations recorded; most likely living in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. The single specimen from São Tomé agrees fairly well with the descriptions of S. senegambiensis in Holthuis (1951) and Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966). In the shape of the frontal margin of the carapace (length and width of the rostrum and orbital teeth), it is somewhat intermediate between the Guinean material (Holthuis 1951: fig. 19b) and the Principe material (Crosnier &amp; Forest 1966: fig. 28a). Interestingly, the shape and the proportions of the major chela are markedly different between the specimen of Holthuis (1951: fig. 19e) and that of Crosnier and Forest (1966: fig. 28b), the latter being much closer to our specimen from São Tomé. Holthuis (1951) noted that in all larger specimens he examined, the tubercle on the major chela was distally blunt and not pointed as is typical for S. senegambiensis, and Crosnier &amp; Forest (1966) suspected that some of Holthuis’ material may actually be S. africanus. Among the western Atlantic species, S. apioceros is morphologically closest to S. senegambiensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.text	041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus townsendi Coutiere 1909	<div><p>Synalpheus townsendi Coutière, 1909</p> <p>(Figs 45, 46)</p> <p>Synalpheus townsendi Coutière 1909: 32 (partim), fig. 14; Zimmer 1913: 381; Hay &amp; Shore 1918: 384, fig. 7, pl. 26, fig. 1; Verrill 1922: 100, pl. 47, fig. 3–3d; Schmitt 1935: 151; Pearse &amp; Williams 1951: 143; Williams 1965: 72, fig. 58; Rouse 1970: 138; Chace 1972: 104; Pequegnat &amp; Ray 1974: 249, 53d, 55; Abele 1976: 273; Gore et al. 1978: 225; Christoffersen 1979: 352; Rodríguez 1980: 156; Gore 1981: 138; Reed et al. 1982: 768; Williams 1984: 106, fig. 73; Criales 1984: 31; Abele &amp; Kim 1986: 203, 226-227, figs f–h; Sterrer 1986: 325, text-pl. 105; Duffy 1992: 131; Christoffersen 1998: 364; McClure 2005: 190, fig. 58; Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006: 701.</p> <p>Synalpheus townsendi townsendi — Chace 1956: 147; Coelho &amp; Ramos 1972: 150.</p> <p>Synalpheus townsendi productus Coutière 1909: 33, fig. 15.</p> <p>Synalpheus sanctithomae — Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006: 701 (not S. sanctithomae Coutière, 1909).</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4156, Panama, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06-548*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-077, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07-215*]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-062, Utila, in front of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.910866&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.088766" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.910866/lat 16.088766)">Coral View</a>, 16°05.326’N 086°54.652’W, coral reed, 10 m, in Ircinia sp., coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 28.06.2007 [fcn H4-1*]; 2 males, 2 females, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-063, Utila, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.89675&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.08415" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.89675/lat 16.08415)">Halibourton Wreck</a>, 16°05.049’N 086°53.805’W, 20 m, coral rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 05.07.2007 [H177*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-138, Utila, Halibourton Wreck, 20 m, encrustations on Spondylus americanus, 1605.049’N 08653.805’W, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 05.07.2007 [fcn H174]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC.2007-20-103, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-86.9974&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.088234" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -86.9974/lat 16.088234)">Utila</a>, 16°05.294’ N, 086°59.844’ W, 20 m, in Verongula rigida, coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 04.07.2007. Jamaica: 3 males, 1 ov. female, USNM, Discovery Bay, Columbus Park, coral rubble, 2–4 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 05.01.2008 [fcn JAM08-4720 - 23] (specimens currently used for molecular studies). Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187904, Westpunt, coral rubble, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 22.06.12 [fcn CU08- 6803]. Barbados: 1 male, USNM 1187908, Thunder Bay, coral rubble, 1–3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 23.10.2008 [fcn BR08 10202, 10205]. Brazil: 1 female (dissected), MNRJ 23339, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F.B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 2 ov. females and 1 immature specimen, MNRJ 23340, Atol das Rocas, sta. LT 711, in sponges and algae, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, 16.10.2000; 1 male, 3 ov. females, MNRJ 17903, Atol das Rocas, off sta. R-15, 20 m, in unidentified sponge, coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 23.10.2000; 1 male, 1 female and 1 immature specimen, MNRJ 17910, Atol das Rocas, sta. LT 697, Falsa Barreta, in corals Siderastrea sp. and Mussismilia sp., coll. P.S. Young, P.C. Paiva, A.A. Aguiar, 10.2000 [specimens missing major cheliped, identification tentative]; 5 males, 9 females (some ov.), MZUSP 25344, Rio de Janeiro, Bacia de Campos, Petrobras Platform P-65, fouling growth, 16 m, coll. J.B. Mendonça, 30.03.2010.</p> <p>Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Williams (1984); illustrations of a</p> <p>Size range. Males, 2.8–3.7 mm cl; females, 2.9–3.3 mm cl; specimens from a Brazilian offshore oil platform (MZUSP 25344) significantly larger: largest female at 4.8 mm cl, largest male at 4.3 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent with greenish tinge and scattered reddish chromatophores grouped into a more conspicuous red band between the eyes; major chela palm distally greenish, dactylus mostly colourless with greenish-yellow margin; eggs greenish (Fig. 46).</p> <p>Type locality. South of Cape San Blas, Florida.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Gulf of Mexico; Bermuda; Caribbean Sea (e.g., Honduras, Panama, Jamaica, Curaçao, Barbados); Brazil: Ceará, Atol das Rocas, Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (e.g., Chace 1972; Williams 1984; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; McClure 2005; Bezerra &amp; Coelho 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 52).</p> <p>Ecology. Lower intertidal to 102 m (Williams 1984); known from a variety of microhabitats, such as crevices of sabellariid reefs (Phragmatopoma), living and dead corals (e.g., Oculina, Porites, Siderastrea, Mussismilia), sunken wood perforated by shipworms, sponges, including Agelas clathrodes, Ircinia strobilina, Ircinia sp. (Rouse</p> <p>1970; Gore et al. 1978; Rodríguez 1980; Reed et al. 1982; Duffy 1992; present study); and colonial ascidians, Didemnidae (Fig. 35e); a single report of a very unusual association with the crinoid Davidaster rubiginosus by Criales (1984) requires confirmation; typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. The present material differs from the typical S. townsendi, as illustrated by Coutière (1909), only slightly, e.g., by the distal tooth on the major chela palm very slightly curving down and the third pereiopod propodus armed with only six spiniform setae on the ventral margin.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.text	041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus Paulsoni Senegambiensis Coutiere 1908	<div><p>Synalpheus ul (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Figs 47–49)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus ul Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 63, figs 27–30, pl. 3.</p> <p>Synalpheus ul — Macdonald et al. 2009: 50; Hultgren et al. 2010: 234, 251, fig. 9A–F, pl. 6A–D; Almeida et al. 2012: 19, figs 6–8.</p> <p>Synalpheus cf. pandionis — Almeida et al. 2007: 15, figs 3, 4 (not S. pandionis Coutière 1909, see Almeida et al. 2012).</p> <p>Synalpheus yano — Macdonald et al. 2009: 51, pl. 6A, B (not S. yano (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007), see Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2010: p. 3).</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-083, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 0.5–1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05-058]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-084, same collection data [fcn 05-064]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4157, Bocas del Toro, Isla San Cristóbal, Punta Coco, cryptic sponges in coral rubble, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 29.10.2005 [fcn 05-067]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, from sponge in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06-468B]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 06-472]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-081, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al., 04.08.2008 [fcn 08- 235B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54855, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08-010*]; 6 males, RMNH D54854, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08-233C]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54853, Isla Grande, between main village Playa de la Punta, coral rubble, in Calyx podatypa, 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 23.04.2006 [fcn 06-413*]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-128, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1–1.5 m, coll. E. Tóth, 05.09.2006 [fcn 06-741]. Brazil: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012-07-132, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in unidentified yellow-orange sponge, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 03.08.2012 [fcn 12-335]; 1 female, MZUSP 27619, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in unidentified yellow-orange sponge, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 02.08.2012 [fcn 12-268].</p> <p>Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus ul (?): Panama: 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4159, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, in cryptic sponge within coral rubble, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-443*]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU-2010-4158, same collection data [fcn 06-435*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-082, same collection data [fcn 06-438*]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-129, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, possibly in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-137B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D54852, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-436*]. Dominican Republic: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-131, Bayahibe, eroded corals and coral rocks with algal crusts, possibly in cryptic sponge, 1–2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02- 03.01.2005 [fcn 05-035*]. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 31934, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 9, Passe Espagnole, coral rubble brushing, coll. G. Paulay et al., 11.04.2012 [fcn BSTM-0351*]; 1 female (?), FLMNH UF 31963, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 22, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral reef, coral rubble brushing, 13–15 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 12.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 0481*, with hemiarthrine isopod]. Belize: 2 males, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2009-01-115, Carrie Bow Cay, Twin Cays, 1649.424’N 8806.346’W, seagrass sweep, coll. S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [fcn CBC-050]. Guyana: 1 ov. female, NHM 1958: 11-12-8-9, 07°47’ N, 57°32’W, 33–35 fathoms (60–64 m), in unknown sponge, coll. McCormick 24.04.1938.</p> <p>Size range. Males, 3.0– 5.9 mm cl; females, 4.5–6.2 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent pale beige with small reddish chromatophores; major chela fingers darker greenish; ovaries or fresh eggs pale green (Figs 47. 48a, b); some specimens with a more intense orange lateral view on black background (f). Photographs by A. Anker.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize (Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro, San Blas Islands, Porvenir, Aguadargana], Jamaica [Discovery Bay], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], St. Martin; Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; Almeida et al. 2012; present study; see map in Fig. 53).</p> <p>Ecology. Shallow subtidal reefs and associated rubble and seagrass flats with abundance of sponges; depth range: 1–3 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, e.g. Hymeniacidon caerulea, Hyattella intestinalis, Calyx podatypa, Lissodendoryx colombiensis, Lissodendoryx sp., Agelas cf. clathrodes, Xestospongia subtriangularis, Xestospongia sp. (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), in Brazil: in unidentified yellow-orange sponge lining reef crevices (present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Synalpheus ul belongs to the S. longicarpus species complex, which also includes S. longicarpus, S. hoetjesi, S. pandionis, S. dardeaui, and S. yano, and appears to be most closely related to the latter three species. Morphologically, S. ul can be distinguished from S. pandionis mainly by the absence of a blunt mesial protuberance on the pollex of the major chela, from S. dardeaui by the shorter and wider orbital teeth, and from S. yano by the presence of a small blade on the scaphocerite, which is always lacking in S. yano (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007). Based on a recent DNA analysis, S. ul was found to be phylogenetically closest to S. yano (Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2011).</p> <p>Some specimens from Panama (Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro), Dominican Republic (Bayahibe), St. Martin, Belize, and Guyana were tentatively identified as S. ul because of slight differences they present with the type specimens. In most of them, the antennal scaphocerite has a vestigial blade, and in some, the rostrum is much more slender than the orbital hoods. Some specimens from Panama (e.g., two from Isla Grande) and St. Martin appear to be more brightly red-coloured than the more typical S. ul (Figs 48c, d, 49). The large ovigerous female (7.2 mm cl) from 60–64 m off “British Guyana ” (NHM) is especially problematic for it has many features of S. ul, but differs from the type specimens from Belize by the distinctly shorter scaphocerite tooth (about 0.75 length of basicerite tooth), longer scaphocerite blade (more like in S. goodei), fewer teeth on the distolateral margin of the uropodal exopod (3–4 vs. typically 5 in S. ul), and slightly longer orbital teeth and carpus of the minor cheliped (more like in S. dardeaui). On the other hand, the material of S. ul from the Brazilian state of Alagoas corresponds closely to the description of Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007), corroborating a reidentification of the material from southern Bahia previously reported as S. cf. pandionis (Almeida et al. 2007), as S. ul (Almeida et al. (2012). A molecular analysis of the present material of S. ul is planned to investigate the genetic structure of Caribbean and Brazilian populations and the possible presence of yet another cryptic taxon in the Caribbean Sea.</p> <p>One female of S. ul (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-083) is aberrant in lacking a rostrum. Specimens of Synalpheus without a rostrum but with well-developed orbital teeth were also observed in other species, for instance, in S. herricki (see above, Fig. 35a) and in S. yano (A. Anker, pers. obs.). These observations put in question the validity of the eastern Pacific S. arostris Wicksten, 1989, which is known from a single, possibly aberrant specimen without a rostrum. The status of S. arostris, which is not closely related to S. ul, will be discussed elsewhere.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.text	041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synalpheus yano (Rios & Duffy 2007)	<div><p>Synalpheus yano (Ríos &amp; Duffy, 2007)</p> <p>(Fig. 50)</p> <p>Zuzalpheus yano Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007: 69, figs 31–34, pl. 5.</p> <p>Synalpheus yano — Hernáez et al. 2010: 692, fig. 2; Hultgren et al. 2010: 234.</p> <p>Not Synalpheus yano — Macdonald et al. 2009: 51, pl. 6A, B (= S. ul, see Hultgren &amp; Duffy 2010: p. 3)</p> <p>Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female (with hemiarthrine parasite), RMNH D54858, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08-230A*]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-079, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, 1–2 m, in various sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08-223*]; 1 female, MNHN-IU-2010-4160, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in sponge, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06- 467]; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNHN-IU-2010-4161, Bocas del Toro, sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [fcn 08-298, 08-299, 08-300, 08-301, 08-302]; ~ 50 specimens of both sexes, MNHN-IU- Colón, Punta Caracol, 1–3 m, in sponge (Lissodendoryx colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J.A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07-150B*]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D54859, same collection data [fcn 07-138B*]; 1 male, MNHN-IU-2010-4163, same collection data [fcn 07-148C]; 1 male, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponge in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06-466]; 1 ov. female, UP, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1–1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06-460*]. Mexico: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-115, Gulf of Mexico, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.68153&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.38342" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.68153/lat 22.38342)">Peninsula</a>, sta ALP20, 22.383420, -89.681530, sponge, coll. J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.08.2009 [fcn JD-066C*].</p> <p>Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus yano (?): Panama: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC.2012-07-078, Bocas del</p> <p>Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007).</p> <p>Size range. Males, 4.0– 6.3 mm cl; females, 3.5–6.1 mm cl.</p> <p>Colour in life. Semitransparent to pale orange, diffusely covered with reddish chromatophores, sometimes more intense orange; ovaries and fresh eggs red-orange (Fig. 50).</p> <p>Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: Alacranes Reef; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande], Jamaica [Discovery Bay] (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; present study; see map in Fig. 53).</p> <p>Ecology. Subtidal reef habitats and adjacent area with abundance of rubble and sponges, sometimes close to mangroves or seagrass beds; known depth range: 1–3 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, L. colombiensis, Hymeniacidon caerulea and Calyx podatypa (Ríos &amp; Duffy 2007; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.</p> <p>Remarks. Within the S. longicarpus species complex, S. yano is characterised mainly by the squarish to broadly rounded orbital teeth and by the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite. However, in some Panamanian specimens, especially males, the orbital teeth appear to be slightly more triangular.</p> <p>One specimen (OUMNH.ZC.2012-07-078) was tentatively identified as S. yano despite having four articles in the carpus of the second pereiopod. Using the key in Ríos &amp; Duffy (2007), this specimen would key out to S. barahonensis Armstrong, 1949, which, however, is different from S. yano in having a scaphocerite blade and single distolateral tooth on the uropodal exopod (Armstrong 1949). In Bocas del Toro, Panama, S. yano is often parasitised by an abdominal parasitic isopod from the bopyrid subfamily Hemiarthrinae (Hernáez et al. 2010), which remains to be identified.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anker, Arthur;Pachelle, Paulo P. G.;Grave, Sammy De;Hultgren, Kristin M.	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
