taxonID	type	description	language	source
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 2)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 089, Boca do Inferno, rocky shore, under consolidated volcanic rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 29.01.2006 [fcn 06 - 012 *]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 092, same collection data [fcn 06 - 013 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 088, 200 m west of Lagoa Azul, rocky shore with coralline algae, crevices and under rocks, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 31.01.2006 [fcn 06 - 063 A]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 091, same collection data [fcn 06 - 093 *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54831, same collection data [fcn 06 - 094 *]; 1 male, 1 female, RMNH D 54835, same collection data [fcn 06 - 097 *, 06 - 098]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54834, same collection data [fcn 06 - 099 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4103, same collection data, specimen infested by a microsporidean parasite [fcn 06 - 100 *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4104, 2 km west of Lagoa Azul, near ship wreck, rocky shore with coralline algae, in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 01.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 121]; 1 male, RMNH D 54833, Lagoa Azul, shallow bay with rocky shore, coralline algae and rocks, 1 – 3 m, A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 03.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 146 *]; 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4105, same collection data [fcn 06 - 214 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4106, same collection data [fcn 06 - 215]; 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 086, Ilha Santana, rock crevices, 15 – 20 m, coll. N. Knowlton, F. Nunes, 09.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 210 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 087, about 4 km west of Lagoa Azul, shallow subtidal, 0.5 – 2 m, under rocks, coll. A. Anker, 17.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 248]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 118, same collection data [fcn coll. N. Knowlton et al., 04.04.1998; 4 males, 2 ov. females, RMNH D 54830, Santiago, Terrafal, coll. N. Knowlton et al., 03.04.1998; 2 males, 2 females, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4107, Santiago, Cidade Velha, coll. N. Knowlton et al., 02.04.1998.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum slender, much longer than wide at base, usually longer than orbital hoods, cylindrical in cross-section, abruptly delimited posteriorly, with base distinctly rising above adjacent area of orbital hoods; orbital teeth acute, directed somewhat mesially; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum broad and deep. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, with lateral margin slightly concave in posterior half; dorsal surface with two pairs of spiniform setae inserted at about half and 3 / 4 length of telson, respectively; posterior margin convex, distolateral angles blunt, with a pair of spiniform setae, mesial longer than lateral. Antennular peduncles with second article longer than wide; stylocerite sharp, its tip not reaching distal margin of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with sharp distodorsal tooth and stout, sharp ventrolateral tooth, latter barely reaching distal margin of first article of antennular peduncle; scaphocerite with narrow blade; distolateral tooth reaching end of antennular peduncle but not overreaching carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of five to seven spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm less than twice as long as fingers; distal tooth rather small, flattened, blunt or subacute distally, sometimes reduced to small tubercle. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articulated, first article longer than sum of all others. Third pereiopod moderately slender, with merus at least four times as long as maximum width; propodus with about eight-nine spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus about 1 / 4 length of propodus, biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter, more strongly curved than distal unguis. Uropodal exopod with one distolateal tooth adjacent to stout spiniform seta.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Crosnier & Forest (1965, 1966), as S. hululensis africanus. Size range. Males, 3.9 – 5.9 mm cl; females, 4.8 – 6.7 mm cl. Colour in life. General colour variable from pale greenish or greenish-pinkish to reddish and bluish-purplish, speckled tiny red chromatophores; chela distally much darker, with small white patch on distomesial portion of palm, near dactylo-propodal articulation; dactylus with a conspicuous, semicircular white patch adjacent to amberorange tip; ovaries and freshly laid eggs dark olive-green (Figs 1, 2).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. São Tomé.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Mediterranean Sea: from Gibraltar to Israel; Morocco; Canary Islands; Cape Verde; Gulf of Guinea: Guinea, São Tomé and Principe, Annobón (Crosnier & Forest 1966; d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999; Quiles et al. 2001; Bacci et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow hard and mixed bottoms from the intertidal to at least 20 m (Crosnier & Forest 1966; d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999; present study); in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, e. g., Mesophyllum lichenoides; also among solitary corals, Dendrophyllia cornigera, and black corals, Antipathes sp. (Lewinsohn & Holthuis 1964; Türkay 1982; García Raso & Fernández Muñoz 1988); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99713FFBBFF7C5B73FD37F862.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Crosnier & Forest (1965, 1966) established two subspecies for what appears to be the eastern Atlantic representatives of the mainly Indo-West Pacific S. tumidomanus (Paulson, 1875) complex: S. hululensis africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1965 and S. hululensis congoensis Crosnier & Forest, 1965, which, because of the synonymy of S. hululensis Coutière, 1908 with S. tumidomanus later became S. tumidomanus africanus and S. tumidomanus congoensis, respectively. The differences between S. tumidomanus from the Red Sea (sensu Paulson 1875) and the two eastern Atlantic subspecies are subtle, but appear to be consistent (Crosnier & Forest 1966). For instance, S. tumidomanus differs from the two Atlantic species by the more slender antennular peduncles, with the second article almost twice as long as wide, the distinctly longer scaphocerite (reaching the end of the carpocerite), and the narrower notches between the rostrum and orbital teeth (Crosnier & Forest 1966: fig. 30). These differences, combined with the geographic separation between the eastern Atlantic and Indo- West Pacific populations, suggest that S. tumidomanus africanus and S. tumidomanus congoensis most likely represent two valid species and should be treated as S. africanus and S. congoensis, respectively (see also under S. congoensis below). Most specimens of S. africanus from São Tomé agree well with the description of this species (as S. hululensis africanus) provided by Crosnier & Forest (1966). However, two specimens from São Tomé as well as several specimens from the western Atlantic (Caribbean Sea and northeastern Brazil) appear to be different from the typical S. africanus and S. congoensis and are collectively treated below under S. cf. africanus. integument (Fig. 1 B). Microsporideans are also known from other alpheid shrimps. For instance, a species of the genus Thelohania (s. lat.) Henneguy, 1892 was reported from Athanas nitescens Leach, 1814 by Nouvel & Nouvel (1935). Several other microsporideans parasitise palaemonid shrimps, nephropid lobsters, parastacid crayfishes, and other decapods (e. g., Azevedo et al. 2000; Moodie et al. 2003 a, 2003 b; Stentiford et al. 2010). (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 118); g, ovigerous female (not deposited); h, ovigerous female (OUMNH. ZC. 2012.07 - 085). Photographs a – g, by A. Anker; h, courtesy of N. Knowlton.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	description	(Figs 3, 4)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 090, 200 m west of Lagoa Azul, rocky shore with coralline algae, rock crevices, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 31.01.2006 [fcn 06 - 063 B]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 130, Praia Lagarto, near Hospital, sand with Montastrea sp., zoanthids and rocks embedded in sand, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 30.01.2006 [fcn 06 - 029 *]. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 119, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 060 B *]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 117, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02 - 03.01.2005 [fcn 05 - 037]. Aruba: 1 female, RMNH D 54829, Pos Chiquito, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07 - 08.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 005]. Brazil: 1 male (dissected), 1 ov. female, 1 juvenile, MNRJ 23326, Atol das Rocas, Piscina Mapas, coll. unknown, 01.01.2001; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23327, Atol das Rocas, E of Laguna Interna, calcareous algae, ~ 1 m, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 18.10.2000; 3 males, MNRJ 23328, Atol das Rocas, Piscina do Cemitério, calcareous algae, coll. unknown, 01.01.2001; 3 ov. females, MNRJ 23329, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. R 8, calcareous algae, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000; 6 males, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 114, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. R 8, calcareous algae, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000. Size range. São Tomé: male, 4.0 mm cl, female, 4.3 mm cl; Caribbean: males, 4.5 – 4.6 mm cl; 3.9 – 5.0 mm cl; Brazil: males, 3.6 – 5.2 mm cl; females, 4.8 – 6.0 mm cl. Colour in life. (probably two or more taxa, see below); female from São Tomé: transparent bluish with reddish chromatophores; major chela distally darker olive-green; eggs dark green (Fig. 4 a); female from Panama: semitransparent with some reddish chromatophores on abdomen and carapace; major chela fingers pale bluish with some white areas; eggs dark green (Fig. 4 b); female from the Dominican Republic: pale yellow-brownish with some reddish chromatophores; chela darker olive-green distally; walking legs with reddish chromatophores (similar to some specimens of S. townsendi); eggs pale brownish; colour of specimens Aruba and Brazil (Atol das Rocas) not recorded.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (probably two or more taxa, see below) Eastern Atlantic: São Tomé. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Panama [Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], Aruba; Brazil: Atol das Rocas (present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow subtidal reef habitats; depth range: 0.5 – 2 m; in crevices of dead eroded corals or coralline algae (present study); apparently in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971FFFB6FF7C5FF3FB47FCD5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The eastern and western Atlantic material here assigned to S. cf. africanus likely contains more than one species. In the male specimen from São Tomé (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 090), the major chela bears a prominent, distally blunt tubercle, which is much stronger than in the other specimens from São Tomé identified as S. africanus or in the specimen of S. africanus illustrated by Crosnier & Forest (1966: fig. 29 c). In the ovigerous female from São Tomé (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 130), the rostrum is very short and somewhat broadened at the base, approaching the configuration of S. congoensis (Crosnier & Forest 1966: fig. 31 a, f; see below); however, it is not really dorsally flattened as in S. congoensis. In the proportions of the merus and carpus of the third and second pereiopods, respectively, this individual appears to be closer to S. africanus than to S. congoensis. Preliminary DNA sequencing of both São Toméan specimens of S. cf. africanus showed that they are genetically distinct from each other and from a typical specimen of S. africanus. It is presently unknown if they are genetically related to any of the western Atlantic specimens of S. cf. africanus (see below). The western Atlantic material of S. cf. africanus was collected at four different localities: Panama, Aruba, Dominican Republic and Brazil (Atol das Rocas). This material was initially identified as S. cf. tenuispina Coutière, 1909, using the key in Ríos & Duffy (2007). Synalpheus tenuispina is a poorly known species originally described as S. latastei tenuispina Coutière, 1909 based on a single female from Desterro, Brazil (Coutière 1909). Subsequently, Holthuis (1952 a) placed S. latastei Coutière, 1909 in the synonymy of S. spinifrons (H. Milne Edwards, 1837), an eastern Pacific species from southern Peru and Chile, but did not comment on the taxonomic status of Coutière’s subspecies tenuispina, except for a brief note on its occurrence in the western Atlantic. Crosnier & Forest (1965, 1966), under the description of S. africanus (as S. hululensis africanus), suggested elevating S. latastei tenuispina to full species rank, listing it as S. tenuispina several times in the text (Crosnier & directly dealing with S. tenuispina, Ríos & Duffy (2007), listed it as a distict species in the key (idem., p. 78). Crosnier & Forest (1966) noticed a great morphological similarity between S. tenuispina and S. africanus. The main differences between these two species lie in the length of the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite, which distinctly overreaches the end of the carpocerite in S. tenuispina vs. falling short of it in S. africanus, and in the shape of the rostrum, very slender, spiniform in S. tenuispina vs. wider, stouter in S. africanus (Coutière 1909: fig. 8 a; Crosnier & Forest 1966: fig. 29 a). Therefore, the western Atlantic specimens initially identified as S. cf. tenuispina were re-examined and compared to S. africanus. The specimens from Atol das Rocas (Fig. 3), Aruba and Panama are indeed closer to S. africanus than to S. tenuispina in the length of the scaphocerite and shape of the rostrum. In the two specimens from the Dominican Republic, the length of the scaphocerite is more similar to that of S. tenuispina, whilst the rostrum approaches the typical configuration found in S. africanus. Importantly, all the Caribbean and Atol das Rocas specimens are adults (including several ovigerous females), yet they are significantly smaller than the presumably lost type of S. tenuispina, a very large female with 30 mm tl (Coutière 1909; Crosnier & Forest 1965). Further, the female from Panama differs from the female from the Dominican Republic in the proportions of the scaphocerite relative to the carpocerite (see above), and also has a different colour pattern, suggesting that the western Atlantic material of S. cf. africanus includes more than one taxon. With rather limited material of S. cf. africanus and the poor taxonomic knowledge of S. tenuispina it is extremely difficult to determine the true identity of these specimens. A more detailed study of this species complex, including collection of fresh material at the type locality of S. tenuispina in Bahia, a careful morphological analysis, and sequencing of the barcoding gene (COI) in S. tenuispina, eastern and western Atlantic specimens of S. cf. africanus, and S. africanus from throughout its range (Mediterranean Sea, Canary Islands, West Africa), will be necessary to shed more light on the taxonomic identity of S. cf. africanus.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	description	(Figs 5, 6)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32276, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13 – 17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1173], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1141 *]. Brazil: 6 males, 3 ov. females (1 dissected), 3 juveniles, MNRJ 23330, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000; 2 males, 1 ov. female, MNRJ 17896, Atol das Rocas, LT 710, R 11, 3 ˚ 51 ' 747 S, 33 ˚ 49 ' 497 W, in unidentified sponge, 14 m, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 16.10.2000; 2 males, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 141, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000. frontal region, dorsal; b, third maxilliped, lateral; c, same, tip of ultimate article; d, major chela, lateral; e, major chela fingers, mesial; f, major cheliped, coxa to carpus, mesial; g, minor cheliped, lateral; h, second pereiopod, lateral; i, third pereiopod, lateral; j, telson and right uropod, dorsal. Scale bars = 1 mm. Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus agelas (?): 1 immature specimen (sex not determined), MZUSP 26392, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. Astro Garoupa, off Espírito Santo, 20 ° 36 ’ 51 ” S 34 ° 53 ’ 39 ” W, 60 m, 11.11.1997.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Pequegnat & Heard (1979) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. agelas are provided in Fig. 5. Size range. Males, 2.7 – 5.5 mm cl; females, 4.5 – 5.8 mm cl. Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent orange, speckled with reddish chromatophores dorsally on carapace, laterally on abdomen, and some also on pereiopods; ovaries and fresh eggs bright orange; major and minor chelae darker orange distally (Fig. 6; see also Ríos & Duffy 2007: pl. 1).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Sonnier Bank, off Texas, Gulf of Mexico. al. 1996; Ríos & Duffy 2007); Brazil: Pará, Amapá, Atol das Rocas and North Chain off northeastern Brazil, possibly also off Espírito Santo (Coelho Filho 2006; Coelho et al. 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Coral reefs and similar subtidal habitats with abundance of sponges; known depth range 5 – 56 m (Coelho Filho 2006; present study); always associated with demosponges Agelas clathrodes and A. dispar, e. g. in the Flower Garden Banks and in Belize (Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007); sponge hosts for the Atol das Rocas specimens remain undetermined; typically found in male-female pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971DFFB1FF7C5AB7FDDBFE59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. One of the most important diagnostic characters of S. agelas is the four-articulated carpus of the second pereiopod (P 2) (Dardeau 1984). Interestingly, some young individuals of S. brooksi associated with sponges of the genus Agelas also have a four-articulated P 2 carpus and using the species key in Ríos & Duffy (2007) would key out to S. agelas.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 31975, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 28, Pinel Island, in crevices of coral rubble, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker [fcn BSTM- 0493 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Chace (1972); diagnostic features of the St. Martin specimen are illustrated in Fig. 7. Size range. Male from St. Martin cl 4.4 mm; male holotype, cl 2.2 mm; ovigerous females, cl 3.2 mm (Chace 1972). Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent, major chela amber-orange distally (Fig. 8).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bahía de la Ascensión, Mexico.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: Mexico [Puerto Morelo]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico [Bahía de la Ascensión, Bahía del Espíritu Santo], Cuba, Panama, St. Martin (Chace 1972; Duffy 1992; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996; McClure 2005; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. The St. Martin specimen was found in crevices of coral rubble in very shallow water (less than 1 m). Some type specimens (females) came from the “ upper portions of much eroded coral standing in 10 feet [~ 3 m] of water ” (Chace 1972).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9971AFFB3FF7C5D26FDC4FDF5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Chace (1972) noticed some morphological variation in the Yucatan material of S. anasimus. The non-type ovigerous females differ from the male holotype in the presence of five (instead of four) articles in the carpus of the second pereiopods, longer antennular peduncles, and a longer and somewhat differently shaped scaphocerite. The male holotype also has a distinctly more appressed stylocerite, which is distinctly separated from the lateral margin of the first article in females. These differences led Chace (1972) to report the two ovigerous females as “ Synalpheus anasimus? ” In the single male from St. Martin, the stylocerite surpasses the distal margin of the first peduncular article (Fig. 7 a); the carpus of the second pereiopod has five articles (Fig. 7 c, as in the ovigerous female from Yucatan); the rostrum is as wide as and slightly longer than the orbital teeth (Fig. 7 a); the minor chela carpus is slightly longer than in the holotype or the ovigerous female and with the fingertips strongly bidentate; the scaphocerite blade is slender and reaching half-length of the scaphocerite (Fig. 7 a, more like in the ovigerous female); the telson has four dorsal spiniform setae both situated in its anterior half (Fig. 7 d), and the uropodal exopod has two distolateral teeth (Fig. 7 e) vs. one tooth in the holotype and one or two teeth in the ovigerous female. The major cheliped of the St. Martin male (Fig. 7 b) is remarkably similar in general shape and proportions to that of the holotype of S. anasimus. Thus, the St. Martin specimen clearly falls within the range of variation reported for S. anasimus by Chace (1972), extending its geographic range to the extreme northeastern Caribbean Sea. However, it remains unclear whether S. anasimus is a single, morphologically variable species (the 2.2 mm cl holotype may be an immature male) or comprises more than one taxon. More material from throughout its range is needed to investigate this problem both morphologically and genetically.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 10 a – c)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. US Virgin Islands: 2 males, syntypes, USNM 38397, off St. Thomas, sta. 6079, 20 – 23 fathoms, M. Steamer Fish Hawk, 06.02.1899. Dominican Republic: 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4108, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02 - 03.01.2005 [fcn 05 - 036 *]. Mexico: 1 male, UNAM-Sisal, Mahaual, shallow rubble field with seagrass, in crevices of coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 06.07.2010 [MAH- 003]. Panama: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 038, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 055 *]; 1 male, 1 female, RMNH D 54856, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 222 *]; 1 female, UP, Isla Grande, NE coast, 0.5 – 1 m, coralline algae and coral rocks, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 16.09.2007 [fcn 07 - 246 *]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 20 - 064, Utila, reef in front of Coral View Resort, 16 º 05.326 ’ N 086 º 54.652 ’ W, 10 m, in Ircinia sp., coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 28.06.2007 [fcn H 4]; 2 males, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 20 - 058, Utila, small bay between Utila town and Coral View Resort, 16 º 05.458 ’ N 086 º 54.533 ’ W, ~ 1 m, coral rubble, A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H 80 *, H 91 *, H 98 *]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 32399, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 54, Baie de l'Embouchure, Îlet de L'embouchure, in crevices of coral rubble and coralline algae, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. J. F. Maréchal, A. Anker, 22.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1422 *]. Trinidad & Tobago: 1 specimen (sex not determined), FLMNH UF 10944, Tobago, Canoe Bay, 11.1402 ° - 60.7991 °, coll. H. C. Liu, 03.02.2005. Brazil: 1 immature male, UFC 442, Ceará, locality not specified (“ litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35 – 40 m, coll. “ Barco SWJ ”, 24.11.1972; 1 female (dissected), MNRJ 17893, Atol das Rocas, Canal da Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 1 male, MNRJ 23331, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, sta. P 8, calcareous algae, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 07.10.2000; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 144, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in rubble crevices, 0.5 – 1 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 02.08.2012 [fcn 12 - 261]; 1 male, MZUSP 25337, Espírito Santo, Supel (?), coll. unknown, 05.09.1994; 1 immature male, MZUSP 25338, Rio de Janeiro, Baia de Sepetiba, sta. MBR, Q P 3, 0.5 m, coll. J. Vianna da Silva, 12.2005; 1 male, MZUSP 22307, São Paulo, São Sebastião, Praia Boissucanga, coll. M. L. Christoffersen, 17.02.1977. Comparative material. Synalpheus minus (Say, 1818): USA: 1 male, FLMNH-UF 9350, off southern Florida, 25 º 38.15 ’ N 81 º 58.74 ’ W, grass bottom, 30 ’ otter trawl, ~ 9 m, coll. F. Michonneau et al., 15.03.2007 [fcn FRM- 467, GHB- 2007 - 15]; 1 male, USNM 41655, Florida, Marco, 1 – 2 fathoms, among sponges [specimen identified by H.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum subequal to orbital teeth in length and width at base, subtriangular, more slender distally, tip acute; orbital teeth triangular, acute or subacute distally; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum deep, Ushaped. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, anterior margin less than 1.5 times as long as posterior margin; dorsal surface with two pairs of small spiniform second article as long as to slightly longer than wide; stylocerite not reaching distal of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with small, subacute, distodorsal tooth and strong ventrolateral tooth, latter not reaching tip of stylocerite; scaphocerite with narrow blade, distolateral tooth reaching end of antennular peduncle, but not reaching end of carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of four to five spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm approximately 2.5 – 3.1 times as long as fingers; distal tooth projecting, not bulbous, with acute or subacute point; distolateral surface of palm with two blunt or subacute tubercles. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articulated, first article longer than remainig articles combined. Third pereiopod with merus slender, about 3.5 – 4 times as long as maximum width; propodus with about seven spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter and subparallel to distal unguis, both about equal in width. Uropodal exopod with one distolateral tooth adjacent to slender spiniform seta (Fig. 6).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), as S. minus form antillensis; illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. antillensis are provided in Fig. 9. Size range. Males, 3.2 – 5.0 mm cl; females, 3.8 – 5.0 mm cl. Colour in life. Semi-translucent pale greenish, with distinct dark red-purple bands between the eyes (possibly also on eyestalks); major chela distally very intense pink; minor chela also pink distally; walking legs with reddish or pinkish chromatophores; ovaries and freshly-laid eggs olive-green (Fig. 10 a – c).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: off Texas [Flower Garden Banks]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula [Mahaual], Honduras [Utila], US Virgin Islands [St. Thomas], Panama [Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], Venezuela [Isla Margarita, Los Roques Archipelago], St. Martin, Trinidad & Tobago; Brazil: Ceará, Atol das Rocas, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (Coutière 1909; Chace 1956; Ray 1974; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and similar hard-bottom habitats; depth range 1 – 42 m; in crevices of coral rocks lined with coralline algae, sponges, and other epibionts, rarely in or among sponges (e. g., Ircinia spp.); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99718FFADFF7C5DD0FA5FF83E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus antillensis was originally described by Coutière (1909) as a “ form ” of S. minus (Say, 1818) and in all subsequent studies listed either as a subspecies of S. minus (Chace 1956) or as its junior synonym (Christoffersen 1979). However, very clear differences between S. minus and S. antillensis, especially in the proportions of the antennular peduncle and scaphocerite, colour pattern, and body size, leave no doubt that S. antillensis is a valid species. Synalpheus antillensis can be distinguished from S. minus by the second article of the antennular peduncles being only slightly longer than wide (vs. much longer than wide in S. minus); and the longer and sharper orbital teeth (shorter and blunter in S. minus) (cf. Coutière 1909, Figs 25 a, 27 a; see also Fig. 9 a). In addition, the two species differ greatly in body size: S. minus is one of the largest species of Synalpheus in the western Atlantic, with the carapace length reaching 12 – 13 mm and tl over 30 mm in the largest specimens in the USNM and FLMNH material, whereas the maximum total length known for S. antillensis is about 15 mm (Coutière 1909; present material). Furthermore, S. antillensis can be distinguished from S. minus (and all other western Atlantic species of Synalpheus) by its diagnostic and very striking colour pattern (Fig. 10 a – c). In fact, in both S. minus and S. antillensis, the major and minor chelae are distally pink, but only in S. antillensis is the colour a very intense, uniform, purplish pink (Fig. 7 a – c), contrasting to an orange pink marbled with white pattern in S. minus (Fig. 10 d, e). The taxonomic status of S. minus form bahiensis Coutière, 1909 from Brazil and S. minus var. somersi Verrill, 1922 from Bermuda will be re-examined elsewhere (see below), but both forms are morphologically clearly different from S. antillensis (cf. Coutière 1909; Verrill 1922). Christoffersen’s (1979) material of S. minus from Brazil contains at least two species, most likely S. minus (or S. m. bahiensis) and S. antillensis. Christoffersen’s figures of a specimen from Bahia (Christoffersen 1979: fig. 28) and his description of the colour pattern of some Brazilian specimens (sparsely dotted with green chromatophores, with bright pink tips of chelae, cf. Fig. 10 a – c) clearly correspond to S. antillensis. In Brazil, S. antillensis appears to be relatively widespread, ranging from Atol das Rocas and Ceará to São Paulo. It is important to note that many of the previous records of S. minus from the western Atlantic, especially from the Caribbean Sea, may actually refer to the closely related S. brevicarpus s. lat. and vice versa. The complex	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	description	(Figs 11 – 13)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4109, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), coral rocks and sponges, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 087 B *]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D 54889, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 554 *]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54890, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, near Bastimentos village, mangroves, in holes in sunken wood, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, J. A. Baeza, 18.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 608 *]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 044, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 235 A]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54891, same collection data [fcn 08 - 225 A]; 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 100, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, Boca Torito, Halimeda wash in Thalassia bed next to mangrove, 0.5 m, coll. S. Lecroy, 09.08.2005; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 101, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, 09 ° 20.016 ’ N, 082 ° 13.133 ’ W, in Mycale laxissima, 15 m, coll. S. De Grave, M. Salazar, 08.08.2005; 3 males, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 103, Bocas del Toro, Hospital Bight, channel between Isla Bastimentos and Cayo Solarte, 09 ° 18.269 ’ N, 082 ° 10.339 ’ W, 0.5 m, fouling growth on mangrove roots, coll. S. Lecroy, 07.08.2005; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 102, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Big Bight entrance, in “ red sponges ” on mangrove roots, 0.5 m, coll. S. Lecroy, 06.08.2005. USA: 6 specimens (including males and ov. females), FLMNH UF 14865, 14867, 14870, 14888, 14898, 14899, western Florida, off Cedar Key, Seahorse Key, shallow bay north of University of Florida marine laboratory, dredge at 2 – 5 m, in unidentified demosponge, coll. A. Bemis, E. Boisson, C. Campbell, S. McPherson, J. Moore, 20.09.2008 [fcn BSHK- 130 *, 161 *, 125 *, 126 *, 123 *, 124 *]. Brazil: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 107, Ceará, Pacheco, rocky intertidal at low tide, in rock crevices, coll. P. Pachelle, A. Anker, 04.06.2012 [fcn 12 - 109 *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 108, same collection data [fcn 12 - 110 *]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC 2012 - 07 - 109, same collection data [fcn 12 - 111 *]; 1 male, 1 female, MZUSP 26393, Ceará, Pecém, among fouling growth, coll. UFC class, 25.05.2012 [fcn 12 - 046 *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4110, Ceará, Paracuru, sponge-ascidian growth on jetty, coll. R. Ruy, 20.06.2011 [fcn 11 - 071]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 043, Ceará, Fortaleza, in front of Marina Park Hotel, fouling growth on jetties and buoys, 0 – 1 m, coll. T. Lotufo et al., 09.09.2011 [fcn 11 - 101]; 1 male, UFC 446, Ceará, Acaraú, Praia da Jijoca, coll. unknown, 12.08.1968; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 042, Rio Grande do Norte, near Areia Branca, Baixa Grande, rocky intertidal at low tide, under rocks, coll. P. Pachelle, 29.09.2011 [fcn 11 - 150]; 1 ov. female, MNHH-IU- 2010 - 4111, same collection data [fcn 11 - 151]; 1 male, RMNH D 54888, same collection data [fcn 11 - 152]; 1 female, RMNH D 54887, same collection data [fcn 11 - 153].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909). Size range. Caribbean Sea: males, 3.4 – 4.6 mm cl; females 3.3 – 4.5 mm; Brazil: male, 4.3 mm cl; females, 3.9 – 5.7 mm cl. Colour in life. Usually semitransparent with pale yellow or pale greenish tinge, sometimes darker goldenyellow or pinkish; chelae distally darker, from greenish blue to pale brown or orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs from dark green to pale pink-orange (Figs 11 – 13; see discussion below).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Marco, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico; Florida; Bahamas; throughout Caribbean Sea (e. g., Panama, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela etc.); Suriname; Brazil: Amapá to Santa Catarina (Coutière 1909; Holthuis 1959; Chace 1972; Pequegnat & Ray 1974; Lemaitre 1984; Christoffersen 1998; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow hard-bottom habitats: coral reefs, rocky shores with abundance of sponge and ascidians, coral rubble beds; intertidal to 20 m (present material 0.5 – 3 m); in crevices of coral rocks, among sponge / ascidian / bryozoan growth on jetty piles or mangrove roots, inside sponges (see Table 1), in shipworm-perforated mangrove wood, and similar microhabitats (Pequegnat & Ray 1974, Rodríguez, 1980; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99704FFAAFF7C591EFB6DFBA5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Coutière (1909) established three varieties (subspecies) of S. apioceros in addition to the nominal form, viz. S. apioceros mayaguensis Coutière, 1909 from Puerto Rico; S. apioceros leiopes Coutière, 1909 from Venezuela; and S. apioceros desterroensis Coutière, 1909 from Brazil. These varieties were separated from the typical S. apioceros by subtle differences in the relative lengths of the antennal scaphocerite vs. carpocerite, length of antennular articles, shape of the posterolateral angles of the telson, proportions of the merus of the third pereiopods, relative lengths of the rostrum vs. orbital teeth, shape of the distal tooth on the major chela, and length of the dorsal tooth of the antennal basicerite. The Brazilian S. apioceros desterroensis appears to be morphologically the most distinctive among them, for instance, in the proportionally shorter articles in the antennular peduncles and a straight forward directed, pointed distal tooth of the major chela. According to Chace (1972), S. apioceros desterroensis may be synonymous with the closely related S. townsendi Coutière, 1909. However, Coutière’s intimate knowledge of the genus Synalpheus makes such an identification error rather unlikely. The difference between S. apioceros leiopes and the typical S. apioceros lie mainly in the longer scaphocerite, in which the distolateral tooth “ always slightly exceeds carpocerite ” (Coutière 1909). However, in one male-female pair from Utila, the female exhibits the characters of S. apioceros leiopes, while the male appears to be a typical S. apioceros. Based on these observations, S. apioceros leiopes indeed appears to be a synonym of S. apioceros. The differences between S. apioceros mayaguensis and the typical S. apioceros appear to be more pronounced compared to those of S. apioceros leiopes, concerning the relative lengths of the antennal scaphocerite and carpocerite, the development of the dorsal tooth on the antennal basicerite, and the shape of the distal tooth of the major chela. In typical S. apioceros, the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite almost reaches the distal end of the carpocerite, the dorsal tooth of the basicerite is long and slender and the distal tooth of the major chela is directed slightly dorsally, while its distal point is directed slightly ventrally. In S. apioceros mayaguensis, the distolateral tooth of the scaphocerite falls very short of the distal end of the carpocerite, the dorsal tooth of the basicerite is somewhat shorter and the distal tooth of the major chela is not directed dorsally, its distal point directed forwards, not ventrally. Importantly, some specimens from Panama (Bocas del Toro) correspond more closely to S. apioceros s. str. (OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 102, 2005 - 10 - 103), whereas others match S. apioceros mayaguensis more (OUMNH. ZC. 2005 - 10 - 100, 2005 - 10 - 101). In northeastern Brazil (Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte), most specimens match S. apioceros s. str. and not S. apioceros desterroensis, which was described based on material from southern Brazil (Desterro is an older name for Florianópolis, Santa Catarina). Differences were also observed in the general body colour (Figs 11 – 13), as well as in the colour of fresh eggs in ovigerous females: greenish or pale olive-yellow in some specimens (Figs 11 c, e, 13) to pale pinkish orange in others (Fig. 12 a, b). The above-reported morphological variation (with many specimens in the present material matching one or other of Coutière’s varieties) combined with colour differences indicate that S. apioceros may be a species complex. Therefore, the taxonomic status of S. apioceros desterroensis and S. apioceros mayaguensis needs a reinvestigation, at least one of them could represent a valid species. A thorough revision of S. apioceros s. lat. will obviously require examination of all Coutière’s type specimens and analysis of molecular data (COI) from fresh material collected throughout this taxon’s range (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Brazil).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 197, Utila, Jack Neil Cove, 16 ° 04.590 ’ N 086 ° 56.318 ’ W, 15 m, in Ailochroia crassa, coll. S. De Grave & A. Anker, 02.07.2007 [fcn H- 51 B].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Anker & Tóth (2008). Size range. The male and female from Utila, at 2.4 mm cl and 3.9 mm cl, respectively, are smaller than the type specimens from Panama, at 4.9 mm cl for the largest male and 5.8 mm cl for the largest female (Anker & Tóth 2008). Colour in life. Mostly semitransparent, with faint red spotting, major chela distally pale orange; eggs green (Anker & Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bocas del Toro, Panama.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande], Curaçao, Jamaica [Discovery Bay, Rio Bueno], Honduras [Utila] (Anker & Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Coral reefs and adjacent coral rubble beds with abundance of sponges; depth range: 0.5 – 15 m; the Utila specimens were found in a sponge identified in the field as Aiolochroia crassa; however, this sponge identification remains questionable since in Panama, Curaçao and Jamaica, S. bocas is normally associated with sponges of the genus Xestospongia, e. g., X. rosariensis, X. proxima and X. subtriangularis (Anker & Tóth 2008; Macdonald et al. 2009).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFABFF7C5FF3FD6CFBAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Utila specimens appear to be relatively young individuals of S. bocas, but with all diagnostic characters of the species, including the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite. Both were infested with unidentified abdominal isopods (Bopyridae, Hemiarthrinae).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	description	(Fig. 14)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, USNM 1187895, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Hyattella intestinalis, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 24.06.2009 [fcn P 09 - 6003 - 1]. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 1 ov. female, MNRJ 23332, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Chace (1972), Dardeau (1984), and Macdonald & Duffy (2006); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material of S. bousfieldi are provided in Fig. 14. Size range. Brazilian specimens: males, 2.7, 3.5 mm cl; female, 4.1 mm cl; Panamanian specimens not measured but within the typical size range of S. bousfieldi, 2.9 – 4.1 mm cl (Ríos & Duffy 2007). Colour in life. The colour of the Panamanian and Atol das Rocas specimens was not recorded. The specimens from other localities were described as mostly semitransparent, with maturing ovaries and freshly laid eggs orangeyellow (Dardeau 1984; see also Ríos & Duffy 2007: pl. 1).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Vigin Gorda, British Virgin Islands.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas; Gulf of Mexico: West Flower Garden Banks off Texas, Alacranes Reef; throughout Caribbean Sea (e. g., Yucatan, Belize, Haiti, Cuba, Panama, Curaçao, British Virgin Islands, Barbados); Brazil: Amapá to Ceará and possibly Bahia, Atol das Rocas (e. g., Chace 1972; Christoffersen 1979,	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99700FFA5FF7C5B31FD25FEBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow hard-bottom habitats, e. g., coral reefs with abundance of sponges; typical depth range 5 – 20 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically associated with Hyattella intestinalis on the outer ridge of barrier reefs, occasionally also in Hymeniacidon caerulea, Hymeniacidon amphilecta, Lissodendoryx sp. (?), Aiolochroia crassa, Agelas cf. clathrodes, Xestospongia subtriangularis, X. proxima, and a “ cryptic, unidentified white sponge growing among coral rubble (Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); reports of associations of S. bousfieldi with living corals, such as Madracis decactis (Dardeau 1984), require confirmation; abundant records of S. bousfieldi from Agelas spp. in Dardeau (1984) possibly refer to the closely related S. & Duffy 2007). In the Atol das Rocas specimens, the rostrum and orbital teeth are very short (Fig. 14), as in some specimens of S. bousfieldi illustrated by Dardeau (1984: fig. 9), and in most other characters they are closer to S. bousfieldi (Fig. 14). Although the Brazilian material fits the description of S. bousfieldi, a genetic analysis of the Brazilian material is desirable to confirm its identity.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	description	(Figs 15 – 18)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	description	Christoffersen 1979: 335, figs 20 - 22 (partim); (?) Westinga & Hoetjes 1981: 142; Dardeau 1984: 26, figs 11 – 14 (partim); Lemaitre 1984: 426; Abele & Kim 1986: 202, 220 – 221, figs f, g; Erdman & Blake 1987: 328; Duffy 1992: 130; Duffy 1993: 459; Duffy 1996 a: 360; (?) Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 35; (?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 36; Christoffersen 1998: 362 (partim); McClure 2005: 171, figs 35 - 37; Macdonald & Duffy 2006: 18, fig. 16; Macdonald et al. 2009: 13. Synalpheus brooksi strepsiceros Coutière 1909: 72 – 73, fig. 42. Synalpheus brooksi eleutherae Coutière 1909: 73, fig. 43. Synalpheus? brooksi — Fausto Filho & Sampaio Neto 1976: 67. Zuzalpheus brooksi — Ríos & Duffy 2007: 14, pl. 1.? Synalpheus longicarpus — Corrêa 1972: 3 [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)]. For more exhaustive synonymy see Dardeau (1984).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male-looking individual, RMNH D 54847, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 233 D]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 120, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 2 – 3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 143 B *]; 1 ov. female, USNM 1187896, Bocas del Toro, Isla San Cristobal, in Calyx podatypa, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 30.10.2007 [fcn P 07 - 902 - 3]. USA: 3 ov. females, 4 male-looking individuals, 7 juveniles, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4164, Florida Keys, Marathon Key, ocean side, in large black sponge (Spheciospongia vesparium?), 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 001 *]; 7 ov. females, 6 male-looking individuals, 14 juveniles, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 047, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, in unidentified sponge, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 004]; 1 male-looking individual, RMNH D 54846, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, in unidentified sponge, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 008]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54850, same collection data [fcn 04 - 007]; 1 post-ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 046, Florida Keys, Seven Mile Bridge, Missouri-Ohio channel, in Spheciospongia vesparium, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker et al., 06.09.2008 [fcn 08 - 261 *]; 1 male-looking individual, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 045, same collection data [fcn 08 - 263 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 048, same collection data [fcn 08 - 260 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4112, same collection data [fcn 08 - 266]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4113, same collection data [fcn 08 - 265]; 10 specimens, RMNH D 54845, same collection data [fcn 08 - 273]; 1 male, RMNH D 54849, same collection data [fcn 08 - 264]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4114, same collection data [fcn 08 - 259 *]; 2 male-looking individuals, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4115, same collection data [fcn 08 - 262 *]. Mexico: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 126, Quintana Roo, Isla Cozumel, 5 km north of Cozumel town, mixed soft-hard bottom flat with rubble, in S. vesparium, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.07.2010 [fcn COZ 1 - 002]; 1 male-looking individual, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 122, same collection data [fcn COZ 1 - 007]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4117, same collection data [fcn COZ 1 - 008]; 1 male, RMNH D 54848, same collection data [fcn COZ 1 - 009]; 1 male-looking individual, UNAM-CNCR, same collection data [fcn COZ 1 - 016]; 1 ov. female, UNAM-CNCR, Gulf of Mexico north of Yucatan, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan Peninsula, in orange sponge “ with many cavities ”, 10 m, coll. J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.08.2009 [fcn JD- 029 A];> 30 specimens, UNAM-CNCR, same collection data [fcn JD- 029 B]. Belize: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4116, Carrie Bow Cay, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 18.07.2005 [fcn 05 - 191]; 2 male-looking individuals, 4 juveniles, RMNH D 54851, same collection data [fcn 05 - 193]. Honduras: 2 male-looking individuals, NHM, “ British Honduras ”, locality unknown, in velvet sponge, J. O. Borley Esq., no further data. Guyana: 3 male-looking individuals, NHM 1958: 11 - 12 - 8 - 9, 07 ° 47 ’ N, 57 ° 32 ’ W, 33 – 35 fathoms (60 – 64 m), in unknown sponge, coll. McCormick 24.04.1938. Brazil: 1 male-looking individual, MZUSP 27616, Ceará, Icapuí, mud bank with seagrass (mainly Halodule sp) and algae, in unidentified sponge, coll. UFC class, 02.06.2012 [fcn 12 - 051 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 049, Ceará, Pecém, harbour jetty, in Ircinia sp., 0.5 – 1 m, coll. L. E. A. Bezerra, 10.09.2011 [fcn 11 - 110]; 8 male-looking individuals (4 with eggs), OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 051, same collection data [fcn 11 - 111]; 1 female, 17 male-looking individuals (7 with eggs), MZUSP 25253, same collection data [fcn 11 - 107]; 6 male-looking individuals with eggs, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4118, same collection data [fcn 11 - 109]; 16 male-looking individuals (3 with eggs), RMNH D 54844, same collection data [fcn 11 - 108]; 5 specimens (not sexed), UFC 456, Ceará, near-shore area (“ litoral ”), locality not specified (“ litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35 – 40 m, coll. “ Barco SWJ ”, 24.11.1972; 2 specimens (not sexed), UFC 465, Ceará, Fortaleza, Mucuripe, coll. M. Erones, 08.05.1968. Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus brooksi (?): Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 050, Isla Grande, between village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks in cryptic sponge, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 444 *]. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 1 ov. female, 4 immature specimens (unsexed), MNRJ 23338, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 142 Atol das Rocas, sta. R 10, in Ircinia sp., coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 11.10.2000; 1 immature male, MZUSP 25350, Ceará, Banco Canopus, in sponge, depth unknown, coll. J. Coltro, 11.2005.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), Christoffersen (1979), Dardeau (1984), Macdonald & Duffy (2006), and Ríos & Duffy (2007); for illustrations of S. brooksi (?) from Atol das Rocas see Fig. 18 (also see remarks below). Size range. Males or male-looking individuals, 3.2 – 5.6 mm cl; females, 3.8 – 4.9 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent whitish, with pinkish tinge on distal portion of major chela; ovaries or freshly laid eggs usually pale reddish pink, sometimes dull green (Figs 15, 16; see under Remarks below); see also colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Sugar Loaf Key, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida; Bahamas; throughout Caribbean Sea (e. g., Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Panama, Yucatan etc.); Gulf of Mexico; Suriname; Brazil: Amapá to Bahia (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984; Chace 1972; Christoffersen 1998; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow subtidal near coral reefs and shallow flats with abundance of sponges, rubble and seagrass; depth range 0.5 – 73 m (Dardeau 1984), usually less than 10 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically the loggerhead sponge, Spheciospongia vesparium, for instance in Florida, Yucatan, Belize, Panama, Curaçao, Bonaire and the Bahamas (Coutière 1910; McClendon 1911; Pearse 1932; Dobkin 1965; Westinga & Hoetjes 1981; Dardeau 1984; Duffy 1992; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); also in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, e. g., in Belize (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); Agelas dispar, e. g., in the Florida Middle Ground (Dardeau 1984) and in Panama (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); Agelas clathrodes, Hymeniacidon caerulea, and Calyx podatypa, for instance in Panama (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); record of association of S. brooksi with Ircinia spp. in Florida’s Dry Tortugas (Pearse 1932) possibly refers to another, closely related species; the record of S. brooksi from Agelas clathrodes in San Blas, Panama (Duffy 1992) may refer to the closely related S. carpenteri, according to Macdonald & Duffy (2006). Typically found in “ subsocial ” groups ranging from 10 to over 1000 individuals, with only a few ovigerous females (Ríos & Duffy 2007; A. Anker, pers. obs.; also see below); however, S. brooksi associated with Hymeniacidon caerulea in Panama, were found in heterosexual pairs (K. Hultgren, pers obs.).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9970EFFA2FF7C5E39FDD7FCD5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two “ subspecies ” of S. brooksi were described by Coutière (1909): S. brooksi strepciceros Coutière, 1909 from St. Thomas, and S. brooksi eleutherae Coutière, 1909 from Eleuthera, the Bahamas. These subspecies were based on the proportions of the carpus of the minor cheliped and the proportions of the carpocerite. Dardeau (1984) placed both of them in the synonymy of S. brooksi. Macdonald & Duffy (2006), describing two species from the S. brooksi species complex, did not comment on their taxonomic status, presumably thus simply following Dardeau (1984). One ovigerous female from Panama (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 047) has four instead of the typical five articles of the carpus of the second pereiopod. In all other characters, including colour pattern (Fig. 15 h), this female matches S. brooksi and has also been confirmed as S. brooksi in a DNA analysis (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.). These aberrant specimens can easily be confused with S. agelas or some other species with four articles in the carpus of the second pereiopod. Several specimens are here tentatively assigned to S. brooksi (?), awaiting collection of more fresh material followed by DNA analyses. These include an ovigerous female from Panama (Isla Grande: OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 050) and several specimens from northeastern Brazil (Ceará: MZUSP 25350; Atol das Rocas: MNRJ 23338, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 142). In all these specimens, the distal tooth of the major chela is projecting directly forward (i. e. more like in S. idios) and not obliquely upwards, as is typical for S. brooksi (Fig. 18 d). In males of S. brooksi (?), the first pleuron has a small pointed tooth, whilst the third to fifth pleura each are produced ventrally into a small point, which is typical for S. brooksi and not found in S. idios (Fig. 18 m). In most other characters, these specimens agree well with S. brooksi (Fig. 18). The female from Isla Grande was carrying dull greenish eggs (Fig. 15 e, f), which contrasts with dull pinkish or pink-greyish eggs in most S. brooksi (Fig. 15 c) or dark reddish eggs in S. idios (Fig. 38); the egg colour of the ovigerous female from Atol das Rocas remains unknown. In summary, the identity of all specimens of S. brooksi with a directly forward pointing distal tooth on the major chela and / or greenish eggs (another example illustrated in Fig. 15 d) remain to be clarified genetically. Synalpheus brooksi usually lives in “ subsocial ” groups with “ male ” - biased sex ratio (Ríos & Duffy 2007). This social structure was also observed in the material from Ircinia sp. collected in Ceará, Brazil. Only two ovigerous females were found among 40 or so specimens extracted from three sponges. All other specimens look externally like males, i. e. they have a relatively slender abdomen with sharp ventral angles on the pleurae and a massive major cheliped. Curiously, many of these “ males ” (or externally male-looking colony members known as “ helpers ”) carry eggs under the abdomen, and some of them have a small cluster of oviferous setae on the protopods of some pleopods. The number of eggs carried by the “ males ” varies from one to several dozen. Some eggs are small and whitish and are probably infertile, but others are larger, more yellow, and may be fertile, although none was close to hatching. The presence of infertile eggs in individuals with male secondary characters in S. brooksi, which was also observed by Coutière (1909), Chace (1972) and Dardeau (1984), remains incompletely explained (see Dardeau 1984 for discussion). In addition, there is a possibility that the “ males ” of S. brooksi may actually be intersex helper individuals, as reported in some populations of S. duffyi Anker & Tóth, 2008 (Tóth & Bauer 2008, as S. paraneptunus); this, however, remains to be confirmed by a SEM study of the gonopores (see Tóth & Bauer 2007). In the Ceará material of S. brooksi, several “ male ” - looking colony members also have a very peculiarly shaped major chela, with an almost disproportionally swollen palm and very short fingers (Fig. 17 b). In all other features, these specimens appear to be typical S. brooksi. Presently, we have no explanation for this unusual inflation of the major chela and the reduction of the fingers in these specimens, but similar observations were made by Banner (1957) for some individuals of S. charon (Heller, 1861) and interpreted as growth anomalies. These observations raise serious doubts about the validity of S. macromanus Edmondson, 1925 known from a single specimen from Hawaii with a greatly inflated major chela, but otherwise presenting all features of S. paraneomeris Coutière, 1905 (Edmondson 1925; Banner 1953).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	description	(Figs 19, 20)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Belize: 1 male, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2009 - 01 - 117, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern patch reef, 1648.346 ’ N 8804.928 ’ W, in unidentified sponge, coll. S. De Grave et al., 21.02.2009 [fcn CBC- 083 A]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 31970, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 22, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral reef, coral rubble brushing, 13 – 15 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 12.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 0488 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Macdonald & Duffy (2006); some morphological features of the St. Martin specimen are illustrated in Fig. 19. Size range. The male from St. Martin was measured at 2.6 mm cl; the maximum cl recorded for this species is 3.17 mm for males and 3.78 mm for ovigerous females (Macdonald et al. 2009). Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale to bright orange tinge, more intense on major chela fingers, carapace and abdomen with a few scattered red chromatophores (Fig. 20); eggs bright yellow-orange; see colour photograph in Macdonald et al. (2009).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [San Blas Islands], Jamaica [Discovery Bay, Rio Bueno], St. Martin, Bahamas [Exuma] (Macdonald & Duffy 2006; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Fore-reefs associated coral rubble bottoms with abundance of sponges, depth range around 10 – 20 m (Macdonald & Duffy 2006; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study); obligate symbiont of demosponges Agelas clathrodes and A. dispar (Macdonald et al. 2009); usually in male-female pairs or in small subsocial groups.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99709FFA2FF7C5CB0FDADF8CE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus carpenteri is extremely difficult to separate from the closely related S. bousfieldi (see Macdonald & Duffy 2006 for discussion).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	description	(Fig. 21)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Belize: 3 colony members, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 068, Carrie Bow Cay, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 18.07.2005 [fcn 05 - 192]; 8 colony members, OUMNH. ZC. 2009 - 01 - 118, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern patch reef, 1648.346 ’ N 8804.928 ’ W, in unidentified sponge, coll. S. De Grave et al., 21.02.2009 [fcn CBC- 083]. Panama: 1 colony member, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4165, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, Ground Creek, sponges, 3 – 4 m, coll. J. A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 586 *]; 1 colony member, RMNH D 54870, same collection data [fcn 06 - 587 *]; 1 ov. female, 2 colony members, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4119, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 153 B *]; 17 colony members, RMNH D 54869, same collection data [fcn 07 - 145 B].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Duffy (1998); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Colony members, 2.5 – 2.8 mm cl; female, 3.1 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale yellowish tinge; ovaries and fresh eggs pale yellowish-pinkish (Fig. 21); also see colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], British Virgin Islands [Virgin Gorda], Panama [Bocas del Toro, San Blas Islands] (Duffy 1998; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef-rubble and associated habitats rich in sponges, depth range 2 – 20 m (Duffy 1998); obligate symbiont of several demosponges: Agelas clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis, Hymeniacidon sp., Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, and Niphates amorpha (Duffy 1992, 1998; Ríos & Duffy 2007); living in social groups of several dozen to more than 80 individuals (= colony members), with only one or a few ovigerous females (Duffy 1998; Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99737FF9CFF7C5FF3FD28FB18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The most important distinguishing character of S. chacei is the presence of two rows of gambarelloid setae on the minor cheliped (Duffy 1998; Ríos & Duffy 2007). This socially living species is presently not known from outside the Caribbean Sea.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Republic of the Congo: 1 male, holotype, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4120, Djeno rocks near Pointe Noire, intertidal zone, low tide, coll. A. Stauch, 1964; 5 specimens, paratypes, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4121, same collection data as for holotype; 2 males, 1 ov. female (out of 15 specimens), MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4122 [formerly MNHN-Na 13779], Djeno near Pointe Noire, rocky intertidal, small tide pools among rocks, coll. A. Crosnier, 04.04.1965.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Rostrum subtriangular, longer than wide at base, only slightly longer than orbital hoods, flattened dorsally, base almost confluent with anterior margin of orbital hoods; orbital teeth acute, directed anteriorly; notches between orbital teeth and rostrum broad and deep. First abdominal somite in males acutely produced posteroventrally. Telson broad, tapering posteriorly, with lateral margins slightly convex anterior to mid-length; dorsal surface with two pairs of spiniform setae inserted at about half and 3 / 4 length of telson, respectively; posterior margin convex, distolateral angles blunt, with a pair of spiniform setae, mesial longer than lateral. Antennular peduncles with second article slightly longer than wide; stylocerite sharp, its tip not exceeding midlength of second article. Antenna with basicerite armed with sharp distodorsal tooth and stout, sharp ventrolateral tooth, latter reaching distal margin of first article of antennular peduncle; scaphocerite with moderately broad blade; distolateral tooth overreaching end of antennular peduncle but not reaching end of carpocerite. Third maxilliped with crown of eight-nine spiniform setae on tip of ultimate article. Major chela with palm less than twice as long as fingers; distal tooth small, flattened, blunt or subacute, sometimes reduced to small tubercle. Second pereiopod with carpus five-articlated, first article at least equal to sum of all others. Third pereiopod moderately slender, with merus slightly more than three times as long as maximal width; propodus armed with about six-seven spiniform setae on ventral margin (including distal pair); dactylus about 1 / 4 length of propodus, biunguiculate, proximal unguis shorter, more strongly curved than distal unguis. Uropodal exopod with one distolateal tooth adjacent to stout spiniform seta.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Crosnier & Forest (1965, 1966), as S. hululensis congoensis. Size range. Examined material: males, 4.4 – 5.0 mm cl; female, 5.7 mm cl; range of type specimens: 9.5 – 11 mm tl (Crosnier & Forest 1966). Colour in life. Unknown.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: presently known only from Republic of the Congo (see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Rocky intertidal pools (Crosnier & Forest 1966); apparently free-living, not associated with sponges.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF9DFF7C5FF3FB78F9C7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The main differences between S. africanus and S. congoensis lie in the shape of the rostrum, which is dorsally convex and narrow at the base in S. africanus and flat and wider at the base in S. congoensis (Crosnier & Forest 1966: Figs 29 a, 31 a). Further, S. africanus differs from S. congoensis in the more slender second and third pereiopods (Crosnier & Forest 1966: Figs 29 e, f, 31 e, f), and in the longer and more slender carpocerite of the antenna (Crosnier & Forest 1966: Figs 29 b, 31 b). Slight differences were also found in the number of spiniform setae on the tip of the third maxilliped (8 – 9 in S. congoensis vs. 6 – 7 in S. africanus) and on the propodus of the third pereiopod (6 – 7 in S. congoensis vs. 8 – 9 in S. africanus); however, their consistency needs to be investigated further. In addition, S. africanus and S. congoensis may also be geographically separated, the former species being found from the tropical Gulf of Guinea northwards to the warm-temperate waters around the Canary Islands and the Mediterranean Sea, whereas the latter species is presently known only from the tropical continental waters of Congo.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4123, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, sponges in coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 061]; 4 males, 5 ov. females, 3 females, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4124, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 083]; 1 male, RMNH D 54880, same collection data [fcn 05 - 087 A]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54885, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, in Spheciospongia vesparium, 3 – 4 m, coll. J. A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 585 *]; 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4125, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 134 B *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54881, same collection data [fcn 07 - 136 B *]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 07 - 148 B]; 1 male, UP, same collection data [fcn 07 - 149 B *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 074, same collection data [fcn 07 - 151 B *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 075, same collection data [fcn 07 - 152 B *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4126, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 11.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 212 *]; 2 males, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4127, Bocas del Toro, in various sponges (mostly L. colombiensis), coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [08 - 296, 08 - 297]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4128, same collection data [fcn 08 - 295]; 3 males, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54802, same collection data [fcn 08 - 303]; 12 males (some immature), 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54879, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 233 A]; 1 male, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponges in coral rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 468 A]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in L. colombiensis, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 139 B *]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54884, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2006 [fcn 06 - 470]; 1 ov. female (with hemiarthrine parasite), RMNH D 54883, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 230 B *]. USA: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 125, Florida Keys, near Bahia Honda State Park, 0.5 m, in sponges, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 003 B].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Males, cl 3.8 – 8.7 mm cl; females, 5.5 – 11.5 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent pale brown to orange-brown, speckled with small reddish chromatophores, more concentrated in some areas of the carapace and tail fan; major chela darker reddish, more olive-brown distally; ovaries and freshly laid eggs orange-yellow (Figs 22, 23 c, d); see also colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Curaçao; Florida [Florida Keys]; possibly also in North Carolina (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and associated habitats, such as rubble-seagrass flats and mangrove roots with abundance of sponges; depth range 1 – 65 m (Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), usually much shallower (0.5 – 10 m); obligate symbiont of demosponges, typically Spheciospongia vesparium and Lissodendoryx colombiensis (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), occasionally also in Xestospongia rosariensis (K. Hultgren, pers. obs.); records from “ Spongia sp. ” are possibly incorrect identification of the hosts; typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99736FF98FF7C59A5FE4AFB16.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Some specimens, for instance a very large ovigerous female parasitised by a hemiarthrine isopod (RMNH D 54883), have a vestigial blade in the antennal scaphocerite. However, S. dardeaui can still be distinguished from other species, including S. yano (which has no blade at all), by the much more slender, sometimes mesially directed orbital teeth, and the more strongly bidentate fingertips of the minor cheliped (Ríos & Duffy 2007). The ovigerous female from the Florida Keys (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 125) appears to be a typical specimen of S. dardeaui, perhaps corroborating a previous tentative record of this species from North Carolina (Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	description	(Fig. 24)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 076, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, coral rubble, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 434 *]. Jamaica: 1 ov. female, USNM 1187901, Discovery Bay, Columbus Park, in rubble with sponge Hyatella intestinalis, 2 – 4 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 25.01.2008 [fcn JAM 08 - 707]. Belize: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2009 - 01 - 114, Carrie Bow Cay, north-eastern side, 0.5 – 1.0 m, coll S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [fcn CBC- 068]. Aruba: 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54871, Pos Chiquito, eroded corals, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07 - 08.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 006]. Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187902, Caracas Baai, in rubble with Hyattella intestinalis, 2 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.6.2008 [fcn CU 08 - 4113]. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32478, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 60, Pinel Island, 1 – 3 m, coral rubble, coll. G. Paulay et al., 24.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1685 *]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 32274, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13 – 17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1139 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 035, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 62, Caye Verte, coral rubble, 3 – 5 m, coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 25.04.2012 [fcn 12 - 001]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC 2012 - 07 - 036, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral rubble, 13 – 17 m, coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn 12 - 002 *]. Barbados: 1 male, USNM 1187905, Brandon’s Beach, coral rubble, 1 – 5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.10.2008 [fcn BR 08 - 5712 - 2].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Armstrong (1949). Size range. Males from Panama and Aruba 3.2 mm cl and 4.0 mm cl, respectively; female from Aruba 4.2 mm cl; specimens from Jamaica, Belize and Barbados (not measured) similar in size; type specimens from the Dominican Republic in the same size range, at 2.8 – 3.3 mm cl (Armstrong 1949). Colour in life. Body, frontal appendages, walking legs and tailfan uniform wine-red; second pereiopods pale bluish, changing to pale orange distally; major and minor chelae dark red with brown or olive-greenish tinge (Fig. 24).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Barahona, Dominican Republic.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas [Damas and Anguilla Cays, Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Dominican Republic [Barahona], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Jamaica [Discovery Bay], Aruba, Curaçao, Panama [Isla Grande], St. Martin, Barbados (Armstrong 1949; Lemaitre 1984; Duffy 1992; Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow areas of coral reefs, known depth range 0.5 – 14 m (present material in 0.5 – 1.5 m); in crevices of partly eroded corals; typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99733FF9AFF7C5A66FC12FCBE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus dominicensis is the only western Atlantic species of the genus with a row of spiniform setae on the merus of the third and fourth pereiopods (Armstrong 1949). In the field, S. dominicensis can be easily recognised by its uniform, wine-red body colour, including on the ventral side (Fig. 24). The present records from Panama, St. Martin and Barbados expand the previously known range of S. dominicensis to the southwestern, northeastern and southeastern margins of the Caribbean Sea, respectively.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	description	(Fig. 25)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 colony member, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 069, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, in cryptic sponge, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 062 A]; 3 colony members (2 immature), UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponges in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 469]; 2 colony members, RMNH D 54876, Bocas del Toro, Isla Solarte, Gardens, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 05.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 738]; 1 ov. female, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 089 B *]; 2 colony members, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 071, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in L. colombiensis, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 233 E]; 3 colony members, USNM 1187897, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, in Hymeniacidon caerulea, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 29.01.2007 [fcn P 07 - 4704 - 6]; 1 ov. female, 1 colony member, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4129, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta point, cryptic sponges in rubble, less than 2 m, coll. E. Tóth, 07.12.2006 [fcn 06 - 737 *]. Costa Rica: 2 colony members, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 070, Cahuita, coral rocks and rubble, in cryptic sponge, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, I. S. Wehrtmann, L. Harris, 26.11.2005 [fcn 05 - 095]. Honduras: 4 ov. females, 8 colony members, 4 juv. colony members, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 0037, Utila, Jack Neil Cove, 16 ° 04.590 ’ N 086 ° 56.318 ’ W, in Aiolochroia crassa, 15 m, coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 02.07.2007 [fcn H- 51]. Belize: 1 ov. female, 1 colony member, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4130, Carrie Bow Cay, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 08.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 736].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	description	Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos & Duffy (2007); see Macdonald et al. (2009) for additional figures. Size range. Colony members, 2.6 – 4.6 mm cl; females, 2.8, 4.0 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent pale yellow-orange, ovaries and freshly laid eggs orange-yellow (Fig. 25); additional colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys]; Bahamas [Lee Stocking Island]; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Honduras [Utila], Costa Rica [Cahuita], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande, San Blas Islands] (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 51). well as Hymeniacidon caerulea and Aiolochroia crassa (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); in social colonies of “ tens to hundreds ” of individuals with only one or two reproductive females (Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99731FF9BFF7C5C03FA8FFE95.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus elizabethae belongs to the S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909 species complex, which also includes S. rathbunae and S. regalis Duffy, 1996. At least two species in this complex, S. elizabethae and S. regalis, live in colony-like groups with a relatively complex social organisation (Duffy 1996 b; Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 colony member, USNM 1191704, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, in unidentified white sponge (Xestospongia sp.?), 1 – 3 m depth, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.09.2008 [fcn P 08 - 14601 - 1 - 2]; 5 colony members, USNM, same collection data [fcn P 08 - 14601 - 1, 14601 - 3 - 6] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	description	Description. See Armstrong (1949) for original description and illustrations, with additional illustrations in Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Colony members, 1.4 – 2.4 mm cl; females, 1.8 – 2.9 mm cl. Colour in life. Translucent with bright to pale yellow ovaries and developing embryos (Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Barahona, Dominican Republic.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Dominican Republic [Barahona], Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro] (Armstrong 1949; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study) (see map in Fig. 51); records from Brazil [Ceará] by Bezerra & Coelho (2006) are doubtful (see below).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow coral reefs and associated habitats rich in sponges; depth range 0.5 – 15 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, primarily Xestospongia sp. and Oceanapia sp., with some records from Hyattella intestinalis (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); occurs in social groups of tens to several hundred individuals, with one or (rarely) a few reproductive females (Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99730FF94FF7C5B03FF16FE06.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus filidigitus can be most easily recognised by the thread-like appearance of the fingers on the chela of the second pereiopod. This appearance is due to the presence of terminal tufts of setae on the fingertips, which are aligned along the finger’s long axis, thus “ extending ” the fingers and giving them a filiform appearance (Ríos & Duffy 2007). Therefore, the drawings of the second pereiopod in Armstrong (1949) are incorrect. This species belongs to the morphologically challenging S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909 species complex, which includes three other social species viz. S. rathbunae Coutière, 1909, S. elizabethae (see above), and S. regalis (see below). The identification of the Panamanian specimens as S. filidigitus was confirmed by DNA barcoding. On the other hand, Bezerra & Coelho's (2006) record of this species from Ceará, northeastern Brazil, is rather questionable. One of us (PP) examined a series of specimens reported by Bezerra & Coelho (2006) and deposited in the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco in Recife, Brazil (UFPE). None of them was S. filidigitus. It is possible that Bezerra & Coelho's record of S. filidigitus was actually based on specimens of S. brooksi (P. Pachelle, pers. obs.).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	description	(Figs 26 – 28)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4131, Isla Grande, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 21.04.2006 [fcn 06 - 393 *]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4132, Isla Grande, between village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 441]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4133, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, 1 – 3 m, coral rocks, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 15.09.2007 [fcn 07 - 258 *]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4134, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 045 A]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4135, same collection data [fcn 05 - 046 A]; 1 male, RMNH D 54843, same collection data [fcn 05 - 047]; 3 males, 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 093, same collection data [fcn 05 - 048]; 2 males, 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05 - 049]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05 - 050 A]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2013 - 07 - 094, same collection data [fcn 05 - 051]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54840, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 216 *]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 101, same collection data [fcn 07 - 221 *]; 2 ov. females, UP, Portobelo, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 228]; 1 female, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 102, same collection data [fcn 07 - 233 *]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Puss Head, coral rubble, less than 1 m, coll. A. Anker et al., 10.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 290]; 2 males, 2 females, UP, Bocas del Toro, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [fcn 11 - 080]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54841, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Puss Head, coral rubble, 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 10.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 291 *, 08 - 292 *]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, between Big Creek and Playa Bluff, coral rubble, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 18.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 039 A]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4136, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, near Playa Wizard, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 21.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 045 B]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 096, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 059]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 095, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 056]. Honduras: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 137, Utila, 1605.458 ’ N 08654.533 ’ W, rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H 095]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 136, Utila, 1605.458 ’ N 08654.533 ’ W, rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H 092]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 135, Utila, 1605.458 ’ N 08654.533 ’ W, rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H 097]. Mexico: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 121, Gulf of Mexico, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan Peninsula, coral rubble, coll. J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.2009 [fcn JD- 038]. Aruba: 2 ov. females, 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 103 / 105, Baby Beach, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 06.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 002, 03 - 003, 03 - 004]. Venezuela: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 106, Morrocoy, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 09.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 010, major cheliped missing]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, 2 ov. females, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4139, Bayahibe, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02 - 03.01.2005 [fcn 05 - 034]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54838, same collection data [fcn 05 - 043 *]; 3 males, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 113, same collection data [fcn 05 - 038]. St. Martin: 1 male, FLMNH UF 32379, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 50, Plage du Galion, under seagrass mats, less than 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 22.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1397 *]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 32348, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 47, Grande Caye, 0 – 3 m, coll. J. F. Maréchal et al., 20.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1310 *]; 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF m, coll. K. Hultgren, 21.10.2012 [fcn BR 08 - 6605]. USA: 1 male, RMNH D 54839, Florida Keys, near Marathon, ocean side, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 005]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4137, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, ocean side, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 18.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 009]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 100, Fort Pierce, lagoon entrance, dock piles, coll. J. A. Baeza, coll. 10 – 14.06.2007 [fcn 07 - 239]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54837, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda State Park, ocean side, 1 – 1.5 m, under rocks, coll. A. Anker, A. Rhyne, C. Hurt, 25.09.2007 [fcn 07 - 293 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 098, Florida, Fort Pierce, 5 – 10 m, coll. J. A. Baeza, 2009 [fcn 11 - 079]; 2 males, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4138, same collection data [fcn 11 - 073, 11 - 074]; 1 male, MZUSP 26394, Florida, Key Biscane, from orange sponge, ~ 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 07.09.2008 [fcn 08 - 275 *]. Bermuda: 2 males, NHM, coll. R. Gurney, no further collection data. Brazil: 2 males (1 dissected), 3 ov. females, 1 immature (not sexed), MNRJ 23333, Atol das Rocas, Piscina de Maré in front of Farol Velho, calcareous algae, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 21.12.2000; 2 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23334, Atol das Rocas, Piscina das Rocas, calcareous alga, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 26.10.2000; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 099, Ceará, Fortaleza, Meireles beach, rocky intertidal, in rock crevices, low tide, coll. A. Anker, 28.08.2011 [fcn 11 - 083]; 1 female, MZUSP 26395, Ceará, Pecém, among fouling growth, coll. UFC class, 25.05.2012 [fcn 12 - 044 *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 111, same collection data [12 - 045 *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 133 / 134, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in rock crevices, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 01.08.2012 [fcn 12 - 248, 12 - 250]; 1 ov. female, MZUSP 25249, São Paulo, São Sebastião, Praia do Segredo, 23 ° 49 ’ 40.8 ” S 45 ° 25 ’ 22.3 ” W, snorkelling off rocky coast, coll. J. B. Mendonça, 14.02.2012; 1 male, MZUSP 23442, Santa Catarina, Porto Belo, Ponta da Ensenada, 27 ° 6 ’ 32.09 ” S 48 ° 30 ’ 24.198 ” W, 2 m, coll. E. Thomsen, 04.05.2010. Ascension Island: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2008 - 11 - 0014, Comfortless Cove, 07 ° 54.615 ’ S 014 ° 24.142 ’ W, in coralline algal concretions, 2 m, coll. S. De Grave, H. Wilkins, 13.04.2008; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2008 - 11 - 0035, Comfortless Cove, 07 ° 54.615 ’ S 014 ° 24.142 ’ W, Sabellaria reef, in crevices, 1 m, coll. S. De Grave, H. Wilkens, 10.04.2008.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Williams (1984); illustrations of a Brazilian (Atol das Rocas) specimen are provided in Fig. 26. Size range. Males, 3.0 – 5.5 mm cl; females, 4.4 – 6.0 mm cl. Colour in life. Background semitransparent with bluish-greenish tinge; body and walking legs speckled with chromatophores, appearing pinkish when contracted, intense red when expanded; major and minor chelae usually olive-greenish, sometimes bluish or blue-green, much darker distally, reddish chromatophores may be present, but only on the most proximal portion of the palm, fingertips bright orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs pale brownish (Figs 27, 28).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Marco, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western and Central Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida; Gulf of Mexico: Florida to Texas and Mexico; Bermuda; Bahamas; Caribbean Sea: e. g., Yucatan, Honduras, Belize, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, St. Martin, Barbados; Brazil: Ceará to Santa Catarina, Atol das Rocas and Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (St. Paul’s Rocks); Saint-Helena and Ascension Islands (Coutière 1909; Chace 1966, 1972; Holthuis et al. 1980; Williams 1984; Manning & Chace 1990; Christoffersen 1998; present study; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; see map in Fig. 51); record from Thule, Greenland (Stephensen 1950) probably based on a mislabeled specimen.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and rocky habitats, depth range 0 – 51 m (Williams 1984); in wide range of microhabitats on reefs and jetties, under rocks, in rock crevices, in clumps of coralline algae, amongst fouling mat, growth on mangrove roots, in wood perforated by shipworms (Teredo), in crevices of sabellariid reefs (Phragmatopoma lapidosa), zoanthids (Zoanthus sociatus), bryzoans (Schizoporella sp.), among colonies of Oculina arbuscula and Gorgonia ventalina; among epibiotic growth on carapaces of sea turtles (Frick et al. 2003); facultative symbiont of sponges, e. g., Ircinia campana (Schmitt 1936; Pearse & Willians 1951; McCloskey 1970; Knowlton 1970; Goldberg 1971; Reed et al. 1982); records of S. fritzmuelleri from Callyspongia vaginalis (Wass 1955) require confirmation as they may refer to the closely related S. hemphilli, a specialist of tube sponges (see below); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973FFF90FF7C5E9EFAE4FE2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus fritzmuelleri is presently believed to be a single, wide-ranging, morphologically either to typical S. frizmuelleri or to S. fritzmuelleri elongatus, the latter with a much longer scaphocerite (Coutière 1909). However, both forms are present sympatrically in Panama, Florida, and Brazil (Ceará), and in some specimens, the distinction between the two forms becomes rather blurred. We also noted that in many specimens, the slight projection of the ventral margin of the walking leg dactylus, being one of the most important diagnostic feature of S. fritzmuelleri (Coutière 1909), is rather faint and sometimes barely visible. A more thorough revision of S. fritzmuelleri, including analyses of the barcoding gene COI, is desirable to investigate the morphological and genetic variability of S. fritzmuelleri and confirm its status as a single species or not, as the case may be.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	description	(Figs 29, 30)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 2 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 053, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 086 *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 054, same collection data [fcn 05 - 089 A]; 1 ov. female, 2 males (?), MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4140, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, in cryptic sponge, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 440 *, 06 - 446 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4141, same collection data [fcn 06 - 459 *]; 1 female, RMNH D 54867, Isla Grande, off Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, in cryptic sponges, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, J. Luque, 15.09.2007 [fcn 07 - 257 *]; 1 male, RMNH D 54868, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08 - 009 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 052, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08 - 014]; 1 ov. female, 1 male, USNM 1187898, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Calyx podatypa, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 10.12.2007 [fcn P 07 - 3202]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 196, Utila, in front of Coral View Hotel, under rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A Anker, 05.08.2007. Belize: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2009 - 01 - 116, Carrie Bow Cay, Twin Cays, 1649.424 ’ N 8806.346 ’ W, in unidentified yellow sponge, intertidal, coll. S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [CBC- 045]. Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus goodei (?): Panama: 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 123, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08 - 013 *]. Brazil: 1 ov. female, MZUSP 25329, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. VV 15, off Espírito Santo, 21 ° 10 ’ 00 ” S 40 ° 25 ’ 98 ” W, ~ 25.4 m, 26.02.1996; 1 male, MZUSP 25352, REVIZEE Comissão Central 2, sta. Astro Garoupa 44 C, 20 ° 51 ’ 24 ” S 33 ° 38 ’ 34 ” W, ~ 65 m, 10.11.1997.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007); Brazilian deep-water material is illustrated in Fig. 30. Size range. Males, 4.2 – 5.1 mm cl; females, 4.9 – 5.8 mm cl; females tentatively identified as S. goodei (?) at 4.0 mm cl (Panama) and 3.2 mm cl (Brazil). Colour in life. Semitransparent, whitish, major chela fingers grey brownish, fingertips bright orange; ovaries or freshly laid eggs dull green (Fig. 29) to “ pinkish brown ” (Hultgren et al. 2010); see also photographs in Ríos & Duffy (2007) and Hultgren et al. (2010).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bermuda.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bermuda; Florida [Tampa Bay]; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Honduras [Utila], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Colón, Isla Grande], Curaçao, Dominica, Tobago (Coutière 1909; Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); possibly also Brazil: seamounts off Espírito Santo (present study, see below; see also map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef environments, e. g., sand flats with abundant rubble, sponges, mangrove roots etc., depth range 1 – 20 m; obligate symbiont of sponges, for example Calyx podatypa and Xestospongia wiedenmayeri in Belize, Xestospongia proxima and Spheciospongia vesparium in Curaçao, and Calyx podatypa and Lissodendoryx colombiensis in Bocas del Toro, Panama (Westinga & Hoetjes 1981; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9973AFF93FF7C5FF3FB6AFE95.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus goodei is closely related to S. williamsi Ríos & Duffy, 1999, from which it differs by the number of teeth on the lateral margin of the uropodal exopod (6 – 10 in S. goodei, 3 – 6 in S. williamsi); the absence of a protuberance on the lateral side of the major chela pollex (present in S. williamsi); and the presence a tuft of setae posterior to the anus (Ríos & Duffy 1999, 2007). tentatively identified as S. goodei (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 123), because it differs from the typical S. goodei in having only five teeth on the uropodal exopod and no post-anal setal tuft (in fact it has no setae at all in the anal area). At the same time, this female also lacks a lateral protuberance on the major chela pollex and therefore cannot be S. williamsi, which has such a protuberance (Ríos & Duffy 2007). The true identity of this specimen may need to be confirmed genetically. Similarly, the identity of two specimens here tentatively assigned to S. goodei, a young male and an ovigerous female collected on seamounts off central-eastern Brazil (MZUSP 25352, 25329), needs verification, preferably by genetics. The female carries very large eggs, as do all the Caribbean females of S. goodei (Fig. 29). The uropodal exopod has seven (female) or five and six (male) teeth on the distolateral margin, which is the lowest number reported in Caribbean S. goodei. Other characters of S. goodei are the typical frontal margin (Fig. 30 a); the major chela palm lacking a distomesial protuberance; the distal tooth of the major chela palm directed slightly downwards (Fig. 30 b) and the fingertips of the minor chela inconspicuously bidentate (Fig. 30 c). However, and most importantly, the scaphocerite has no trace of a blade in both specimens (Fig. 30 a), thus contrasting with the Caribbean material (Coutière 1909; Ríos & Duffy 2007). If confirmed to be conspecific with S. goodei by genetics, these specimens would represent the first record of this species for Brazilian offshore waters.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	description	(Figs 31 – 33)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 116, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Mono, tube sponges, Haliclona sp., 3 – 4 m, coll. J. A. Vera Caripe, 15.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 579 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4142, same collection data [fcn 06 - 580 *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4143, same collection data [fcn 06 - 583]; 1 male, RMNH D 54865, same collection data [fcn 06 - 584 *]; 1 male, RMNH D 54864, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), tube sponges, Haliclona sp., 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2007 [fcn 07 - 182 A]; 1 female, RMNH D 54866, same collection data [07 - 183 A *]. USA: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 080, Florida Keys, Little off western Florida, north of Florida Keys, 82 40.158 ' W, 25 14.716 ' N, otter trawl, ~ 38 m, spongy bottom, in tube sponges, coll. A. Anker, S. Mcpherson, A. Bemis et al. (R / V Bellows), 09.06.2009 [fcn Keys- 288 *]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 19640, same collection data [fcn Keys- 287 *]; 1 female, FLMNH UF 19647, same collection data, specimen infested with large bopyrid isopod (see Fig. 32 c) [fcn Keys- 295 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Verrill (1922). Size range. Males, 4.4 – 6.4 mm cl; females, 5.6 – 9.4 mm cl. Colour in life. Background semitransparent with bluish-greenish tinge; body and walking legs speckled with small red chromatophores, pinkish when contracted, more intense red when expanded; major and minor chelae greenish blue, changing to bright orange-yellow towards the fingers, fingertips amber-orange; ovaries and freshly laid eggs bright ultramarine blue (Figs 31 – 33).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Off western Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida; Bermuda; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Curaçao, Bonaire, Panama [Bocas del Toro], Cuba [Batabanó Gulf], Venezuela; Brazil: Ceará, Bahia (Coutière 1909; Verrill 1922; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; Rodríguez 1980; Bezerra & Coelho 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow subtidal reefs and nearby areas, most common on lagoon-type sand flats with abundant seagrass and tube sponges; depth range 1 – 51 m (Christoffersen 1979); typically associated with tube sponges Callyspongia vaginalis, Haliclona variabilis and Haliclona sp. (Chace 1956; Hazlett 1962; Knowlton 1970; Bezerra & Coelho 2006; present study; see also Figs 30 b, 32); usually in heterosexual pairs. The finding of S. hemphilli in Lissodendoryx cf. colombiensis (Macdonald et al. 2006), a rather unusual sponge host for this species, requires confirmation.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99738FF8FFF7C592FFF15FBCA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus hemphilli is easy to distinguish from the other western Atlantic species by the very characteristic shape of the dactylus of the third to fifth pereiopods (Coutière 1909: Figs 20, 21) and by the diagnostic colour pattern, including the bright green-ultramarine colour of ovaries or fresh eggs in females (Figs 31 – 33). The status of S. hemphilli longicornis was reviewed by Verrill (1922), who did not consider this variety as valid and placed it in the synonymy of S. hemphilli. This synonymy was accepted by Chace (1972), who did not list S. h. longicornis in his report, and by Christoffersen (1979), who listed it as a synonym of S. hemphilli. A molecular study of S. hemphilli from throughout its range is desirable to confirm its current status as a single, morphologically slightly variable species. The date and indeed the paper in which Coutière described S. hemphilli has been variously quoted as 1908 or 1909 in previous literature. De Grave and Fransen (2011) attributed the name to Coutière (1909), as did Christoffersen (1979). In contrast, Chace (1972) referred the name to Coutière (1908), which consists of a brief note presented at the weekly meeting of the Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, on Monday 30 th March 1908. The “ Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris ” were published weekly on the Sunday following the meeting, the publication date thus becoming 4 th April 1908. Coutière’s much larger work on the American species of Synalpheus (Coutière, 1909) was published on 30 th January 1909. A formal illustrated description of S. hemphilli appeared in Coutière (1909: p. 38), including the designation of types. However, Coutière (1908: p. 771) stated that “ Le S. Hemphilli oxyceros américain diffère du S. Nilandensis oxyceros des Maldives à peu près uniquement par l’absence des épines mérales ” and in doing so made the name available from this date. Under Article 46.1 of the ICZN both species-group names, S. hemphilli Coutière, 1908 and S. oxyceros Coutière, 1908, were simultaneously established, therefore both being objective synonyms of each other. The species-group name S. oxyceros is however unavailable as this is a junior primary homonym of Synalpheus nilandensis var. oxyceros Coutière, 1905, which according to Art. 45.6.4.1 is to be treated as a subspecies. Synalpheus hemphilli Coutière, 1908 remains however available and has been used in at least 16 publications since 1908.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	description	(Figs 34 – 37)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32411, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1418], coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1437 *]; 1 male, FLMNH UF 32412, Réserve Naturelle de Saint- Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1418], coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1439 *]; 2 males, FLMNH UF 32406, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 56, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, in unidentified verongid sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1418], coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 23.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1430 *]. Brazil: 2 males, 1 ov. female, 1 immature, MNRJ 23335, Atol das Rocas, LT 703, Laguna Central, close to Piscina do Guarapirá, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 15.10.2000; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNRJ 23336, Atol das Rocas, LT 710, R 11, 3 ˚ 51 ' 747 S, 33 ˚ 49 ' 497 W, in unidentified sponge, 14 m, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 16.10.2000; major chela, lateral; c, major chela fingers, mesial; d, major chela dactylus, mesial; e, major cheliped, ischium to carpus lateral; f, minor cheliped, lateral; g, minor chela and carpus, mesial; h, second pereiopod, lateral; i, third pereiopod, lateral. Scale bars = 1 mm. R 10, in Ircinia sp., coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 11.08.2000; 1 male, 1 ov. female (dissected), MNRJ 16644, Atol das Rocas, Laguna, in Aiolochroia crassa, coll. G. Neves, 11.1999; 1 ov. female, UFC 474, Ceará, Fortaleza, coll. “ Barco SWJ ”, 24.11.1974.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007); illustrations of the Atol das Rocas material are provided in Figs 34 – 36. Size range. Males, 3.3 – 6.7 mm cl; females, 4.6 – 6.3 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale olive tinge; major chela brown-orange distally; eggs drab greenish (Fig. 37); specimens from Belize: translucent-whitish with brown-tinged distal palm and fingers of major chela, with pale green to drab olive ovaries and eggs (colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Anclote, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. (excluding S. tanneri) Western Atlantic: Florida; Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], St. Martin; Brazil: Atol das Rocas, Ceará (Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); possibly also in the Bahamas (Ríos & Duffy 2007) (see map in Fig. 51).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Outer reef ridges, with abundance of sponges; known depth range 5 – 73 m (Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); obligate symbiont of demosponges: Hymeniacidon amphilecta, Hyattella intestinalis, Aiolochroia crassa, Agelas dispar, Ircinia sp. (Dardeau 1984; Rodríguez 1986; Ríos & Duffy 2007); records from the ten-ray star coral, Madracis decactis (Dardeau 1984), probably refer to smaller sponges growing at the base of coral colonies; typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99724FF8BFF7C5BD0FF21F87E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus herricki can be distinguished from all the other species of the genus present in the western Atlantic by the W-shaped ventral margins of the third and fourth pleura in males, and by the major chela dactylus ending in a distinctly ventrally directed tooth, separated from the rest of the dactylus by a more or less region, dorsal; b, same, lateral; c, third maxilliped, lateral; d, minor cheliped, lateral; e, minor chela, mesial; f, coxa and basis of minor cheliped, lateral; g, second pereiopod, lateral; h, third pereiopod, lateral; i, same, propodus and dactylus, lateral; j, abdomen, lateral; k, uropod, dorsal; l, telson, dorsal; m, same, distal half enlarged. Scale bars = 1 mm. The material from Atol das Rocas and Ceará represents the first record of S. herricki from Brazil, although it must noted that Christoffersen (1979) reported several closely related species under the name “ S. brooksi ” from various Brazilian localities; some of them appear to be S. bousfieldi and S. herricki (see also Christoffersen 1998). In one of the Atol das Rocas specimens, the frontal region of the carapace is abnormal in lacking a rostrum while possessing well-developed orbital teeth (Fig. 36; see also under remarks under S. ul below). The number of spiniform setae on the telson is variable from three to five, as is their position and the general shape of the telson (Figs 35 a, c, d, 36 m). In addition, some specimens have a triangular median process on the posterior margin of the sixth abdominal somite (Fig. 35 c). The taxonomic status of S. tanneri Coutière, 1909, currently a junior synonym of S. herricki (Dardeau 1984) needs further investigation. Ríos & Duffy (2007) briefly mentioned that S. tanneri may represent a valid species, but did not further comment on this issue. They did not include S. tanneri in the species key and also not listed in their tentative species list of the S. gambarelloides group (as Zuzalpheus Ríos & Duffy, 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Panama: 1 male, USNM 1187899, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P 09 - 2003]; 22 males, 3 ov. females, USNM, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P 09 - 1202, 1205, 1801 - 2, 1805, 1907] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	description	Description. For original description and illustrations see Hultgren et al. (2010). Size range. Males, 2.7 – 5.2 mm cl; females, 3.6 – 6.2 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with brown major chela; females with dull olive to orange ovaries and brownish-orange to yellowish-orange embryos (colour photograph in Hultgren et al. (2010).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Caracas Baai, Curaçao.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Curaçao, Panama [Bocas del Toro], Barbados (Hultgren et al. 2010, 2011; Hultgren and Duffy 2011; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow coral reefs; depth range 1 – 6 m; obligate associate of demosponges, including Hyattella intestinalis (in Barbados and Curacao), Agelas clathrodes (in Barbados), Xestospongia spp. (in Curacao), and Lissodendoryx colombiensis (in Panama); typically in male-female pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF84FF7C5FF3FF7EFB1D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Bocas del Toro, Panama, S. hoetjesi co-occurs with the morphologically very similar and phylogenetically closely related S. dardeaui (see above), S. ul and S. yano (see below). These four species are sometimes found in the same host sponge (e. g., large Lissodendoryx colombiensis) and may not be easy to distinguish from each other by morphology alone. In addition, S. hoetjesi appears to be variable in the presence or absence of a blade on the scaphocerite, a feature important in the distinction of species in this species complex. In most cases, S. hoetjesi can be separated from S. dardeaui and S. yano by the rounded posterior corner of the male second pleura (acute in S. dardeaui and angular in S. yano); from S. dardeaui by the shorter orbital teeth and the minor chela dactylus ending in two unequal teeth, distal much stronger than subdistal (vs. ending in two subequal, rod-shaped teeth in S. dardeaui); and from S. ul by the relative width of stout spiniform setae on the posterior margin of the telson (lateral clearly stouter than mesial in S. hoetjesi, lateral and mesial subequal in thickness in S. ul).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	description	(Fig. 38)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4145, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, in Xestospongia rosariensis, 5 – 15 m, coll. E. Tóth, 21.08.2003 [fcn 03 - 034]; 2 males + 17 juveniles, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4146, same collection data [fcn 03 - 035]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D 54874, same collection data [fcn 03 - 036]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54873, same collection data [fcn 03 - 037]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 041, same collection data as previous specimens [fcn 03 - 038]; 1 male, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 040, Bocas del Toro, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 3 m, coll. A. Anker, 30.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 085]; 3 ov. females, 3 males, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4147, same collection data [fcn 05 - 088]; 1 male, UP, same collection data [fcn 05 - 089 C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, Crawl Cay (Cayo Coral), in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 02.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 735]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4148, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08 - 012 *]; 2 ov. females, RMNH D 54875, Bocas del Toro, Isla Solarte, Gardens, in L. colombiensis, coll. E. Tóth, 05.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 739]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 127, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in sponge (L. colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 142 B *]; 1 ov. female, 2 males (?), 3 small 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on silt-sand bottom, 13 – 17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1134 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	description	Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Males, 2.3 – 5.1 mm cl; females, 3.1 – 5.2 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale-orange tinge, darker yellow-orange on major chela fingers; ovaries and freshly laid eggs usually dark reddish orange or olive-greenish (Fig. 38); see also photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [San Blas Islands, Bocas del Toro], Curaçao, St. Martin, Barbados (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2011; present study); possibly also in the Florida Keys (Ríos & Duffy 2007) (see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent habitats rich in rubble and sponges; depth range 1 – 15 m; symbiont of demosponges, including Hymeniacidon amphilecta in Belize, Lissodendoryx colombiensis, Xestospongia rosariensis and X. proxima in Panama, and Hyrtios cf. proteus in Barbados (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2011; present study); usually in small subsocial groups of up to several dozens of specimens, including multiple ovigerous females and juveniles.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972FFF86FF7C5A68FA51FF5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus idios differs from the closely related S. brooksi (see above) in the anteriorly projecting distal tooth on the palm of the major chela (vs. anterodorsally projecting in S. brooksi), and in the posterior pleura of the male abdomen being rounded (vs. with sharp angles in S. brooksi) (see Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	description	(Fig. 39)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4149, Bocas del Toro, San Cristóbal, Punta Coco, coral rubble and cryptic sponges, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 29.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 066 *]. Dominican Republic: 1 male, RMNH D 54878, Bayahibe, coral rocks and cryptic sponges, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02 - 03.01.2005 [fcn 05 - 044 A *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 037, same collection data [fcn 05 - 044 B].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	description	Description. For complete description and illustrations see Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Males, 4.2 – 4.9 cl mm. Colour in life. Semitransparent pale greenish or beige orange, major chela with darker fingers (Fig. 39); ovaries and freshly laid eggs dull green; see also photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe] (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef habitats with abundance of sponges; presently known depth range 1 – 2 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges Hyatella intestinalis, Hymeniacidon caerulea and an unidentified “ cryptic yellow tube sponge ” (Ríos & Duffy 2007); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF86FF7C5E28FAF8FBDF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus kensleyi can be distinguished from several closely related species with five carpal articles in the second pereiopod (S. brooksi, S. idios etc.) by the dorsally projecting, acute tooth on the basicerite. This species appears to be restricted to the Caribbean Sea, where it is relatively uncommon. It was previously known only from Belize and Panama and is now recorded for the first time from the Dominican Republic.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	description	(Fig. 40)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	description	Size. Single male, 6.0 mm cl. Colour in life. Not recorded.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys] (see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef flats with abundant rubble and large sponges; depth: about 0.5 m.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972DFF80FF7C59A1FB32FF5D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This male specimen from the Florida Keys presents features of both S. longicarpus and S. yano (see Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007). It shares with S. longicarpus the general shape of the orbital hoods (Fig. 40 a); the distal tooth of the major chela directed slightly upwards (Fig. 40 b); and the ventrally acute angles of the pleura (Fig. 40 c). It shares with S. yano the very robust spiniform setae on the dorsal surface of the telson (Fig. 40 d); the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite (Fig. 40 a); and the number and size of lateral teeth on the uropodal exopod (Fig. 40 d). Within the S. longicarpus species complex, the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite is also typical for S. hoetjesi Hultgren, Macdonald & Duffy, 2010, a species closely related to S. ul and S. longicarpus (Hultgren et al. 2010; Hultgren & Duffy 2011). However, the Florida Keys specimen differs from S. hoetjesi in the distal tooth of the major chela being directed upwards, not downwards as in S. hoetjesi. The presence of at least two other undescribed taxa in the S. longicarpus species complex, viz. “ S. longicarpus small ” and S. “ rufus ” in Hultgren & Duffy (2011) suggests that the Florida Keys specimen may represent an undescribed species. However, with only a single specimen available and without genetic data, the decision about its taxonomic identity has to be deferred to another study.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Aruba: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 067, Baby Beach, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 06.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 001]. Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187903, Caracas Baai, in unidentified yellow “ webby ” sponge, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 20.06.2008 [fcn CU 08 - 4202]. Barbados: 1 ov. female, 1 male, USNM 1187907, Breach Reef, in unidentified yellow “ webby ” sponge, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 21.10.2008 [fcn BR 08 - 6302 - 6303].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Chace (1972). Size range. Males, 1.8 – 3.3 mm cl; females, 3.6 – 3.75 (Chace 1972), female from Aruba slightly larger, at 3.9 mm cl. Colour in life. Field notes from Aruba indicated “ semitransparent pale greenish body, green eggs ” (A. Anker, pers. obs.).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bahía de Espíritu Santo, Yucatan, Mexico.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Bahamas [Cay Sal Bank]; Gulf of Mexico: Mexico [Campeche]; Caribbean Sea: Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula [Bahía de Espíritu Santo, Bahía de la Ascensión], Venezuela [Los Roques Archipelago], Aruba, Curaçao, Barbados (Chace 1972; Lemaitre 1984; Rodríguez 1986; McClure 2005; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent habitats; known depth range 1 – 14 m; in crevices of coral rocks and in an unidentified yellow webby sponge (Chace 1972; Lemaitre 1984; present study).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF80FF7C5E28FB48FB55.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus obtusifrons can be distinguished from all other species of Synalpheus by the combination of the following four features: (1) the minor cheliped without gambarelloid setae; (2) the stylocerite with a rounded tip overreaching the distal margin of the first article; (3) the frontal margin of the carapace with short, broadly rounded orbital hoods and a short triangular rostrum; and (4) the distal tooth on the major chela palm sharp and slightly descendent (Chace 1972). This species appears to be uncommon, being known only from a few localities, and is herewith recorded from the former Netherlands Antilles for the first time.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	description	(Fig. 41)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	description	161; (?) Gore 1981: 151; Lemaitre 1984: 426; Dardeau 1984: 78, figs 40 – 43 (partim); Abele & Kim 1986: 202, 222 – 223, figs d, e; (?) Rodríguez 1986: 207; (?) Martínez-Iglesias et al. 1996: 36; (?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 38; McClure 2005: 184, figs 149 - 152; Macdonald et al. 2009: 33, pls. 4 C, D, 5 A (partim, see Hultgren & Duffy 2010); Hultgren et al. 2010: 225; Hultgren et al. 2011: 12. Zuzalpheus pandionis — Ríos & Duffy 2007: 52, figs 24, 25, pl. 4. Synalpheus pandionis pandionis — Chace 1956: 149. Synalpheus pandionis extentus Coutière 1909: 69, fig. 40; Chace 1956: 149; Christoffersen 1979: 344. Not Synalpheus cf. pandionis — Almeida et al. 2007: 15, figs 3, 4 (= S. ul; see Almeida et al. 2012). Synalpheus grampusi Coutière 1909: 62, fig. 36. Synalpheus longicarpus — Christoffersen 1979: 344, figs 23 – 27 (partim) [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 104, Utila, Jack O'Neill Cove, 16 º 04.574 ' N 86 º 56.403 ' W, in orange sponge (possibly Lissodendoryx sp.), 15 m, coll. A. Anker & S. De Grave, 04.07.2007 [fcn H 146 *]. Brazil: 1 male, UFC 439, Ceará, locality not specified (“ litoral do estado do Ceará ”), 35 – 40 m, coll. “ Barco SWJ ”, 24.11.1972.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	description	Description. For full description and illustrations see Coutière (1909), Dardeau (1984), and Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Specimens from Honduras: male, 5.0 mm cl, female, 5.9 mm cl; male from Ceará (Brazil), 4.0 mm cl; specimens from Carrie Bow Cay ranged 4.3 – 6.6 mm cl for males and 6.0 – 6.8 mm cl for females (Ríos & Duffy 2007). Colour in life. Semitransparent or pale reddish-orange, uniformly speckled with small red chromatophores; major chela fingers darker brown-orange; ovaries or freshly laid eggs reddish (Fig. 41); see also colour photograph in Ríos & Duffy (2007: pl. 4).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico [West Flower Garden Bank, Isla de Lobos]; Florida [Key Largo, Tortugas, Bright Bank, Florida Middle Ground]; Bahamas [Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Cuba (Batabanó Gulf], Honduras [Utila], Panama [Bocas del Toro], Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands [St Thomas, St. John], British Virgin Islands [Tortola, Guana, Virgin Gorda], Venezuela [Los Roques Achipelago], Curaçao, Barbados; Brazil: Ceará (Coutière 1909; Zimmer 1913; Schmitt 1935; Chace 1972; Dardeau 1984; Rodríguez 1986; Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; see map in Fig. 52); some of these records may refer to closely related species (see below).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef and adjacent rubble and sand flats with abundance of sponges; typical depth range in the Caribbean-Florida area: 1 – 15 m, possibly deeper in Brazil: 35 – 40 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, e. g., Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, L. colombiensis, Agelas clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis and Hymeniacidon amphilecta (Ríos & Duffy 2007); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9972BFF81FF7C5A35FD94F835.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Many records of S. pandionis prior to Ríos & Duffy’s (2007) revision of the S. longicarpus species complex possibly refer to the closely related S. ul, S. yano and S. dardeaui. Synalpheus pandionis differs from these species by the presence of a relatively small but conspicuous bump on the mesial side (not lateral side, error in Ríos & Duffy 2007) of the major chela pollex, best visible in ventral view of the major chela (see Ríos & Duffy 2007: fig. 24 F). Ríos & Duffy (2007) discussed the synonymy of S. grampusi Coutière, 1909 and S. pandionis extentus Coutière, 1909 with S. pandionis, which is followed herein. The single specimen from Ceará represents the first record of S. pandionis for Brazil, considerably extending the previously known range of this species, from Florida, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Ríos & Duffy 2007) to northeastern Brazil (see map in Fig. 52). The Brazilian specimen corresponds closely to S. pandionis as illustrated by Coutière (1909), Dardeau (1984), and Ríos & Duffy (2007), including the presence of the diagnostic mesial protuberance on the major chela.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	description	(Fig. 42)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4150, Ilha das Cabras, off sandy beach near lighthouse, ~ 2 m, coarse sand and rubble, rock crevices with cryptic sponges, coll. A. Anker, 08.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 182 *, 06 - 183 *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2011 - 07 - 065, Ilha Santana, rock crevices, 15 – 20 m, coll. N. Knowlton, F. Nunes, 09.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 211 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	description	Description. For original description see Coutière (1898); for more detailed description and illustrations see Holthuis (1951) and Crosnier & Forest (1966). Size range. Males, 3.3, 3.6 mm cl; female, 4.3 mm cl. Colour in life. Pale yellow, semitransparent, chelae pale orange, darker distally; eggs greenish (Fig. 42).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Annobón, Equatorial Guinea.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Senegal; Guinea; Ghana; Cameroon; Gabon; Equatorial Guinea [Annobón]; São Tomé and Principe (Holthuis 1951; Crosnier & Forest 1966; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Rocky reefs and associated hard bottom habitats; depth range: lower intertidal to at least 75 m (Crosnier & Forest 1966); specimens are usually extracted from crevices of rocks, corals and coral rubble, and crusts of coralline algae (Crosnier & Forest 1966); however, they most probably associated with small cryptic sponges lining these crevices (A. Anker, pers. obs.); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99729FF82FF7C5FF3FD67FB23.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus parfaiti is the only species of the S. gambarelloides species group presently known from the tropical eastern Atlantic (Senegal to Gulf of Guinea, see map in Fig. 53). The only other species of this group in the eastern Atlantic is S. gambarelloides (Nardo, 1847), which is distributed much further to the north, ranging from the Atlantic coast of southern Portugal to the eastern Mediterranean Sea (including Gibraltar, Spain, Morocco, Tunisia, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Turkey, Israel, map in Fig. 53). Thus, there seem to be no geographic overlap between these two species.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. USA: 1 male, 4 ov. females, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 073, Florida Keys, Bahia Honda, Seven Mile Bridge near Marathon, ocean side, in Spheciospongia vesparium (among other sponges, e. g., Ircinia sp.), 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, A. L. Rhyne, 19.04.2004 [fcn 04 - 002 A]; 12 males, 7 ov. females, 3 juveniles, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4151, same collection data [fcn 04 - 002 B].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Males, 3.0 – 4.4 mm cl; females, 3.6 – 4.5 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with pinkish tinge; major chela fingers darker (Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Curaçao.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Alligator Harbor, Crystal River, Florida Bay, Florida Keys etc.]; Gulf of Mexico; Bahamas [Eleuthera, Cay Sal Bank]; Caribbean Sea: Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Haiti, Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatan, Panama, etc. (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow reef flats or seagrass flats with rubble and sponges; depth range 1 – 20 m; obligate sponge symbiont and apparently a specialist of the loggerhead sponge Spheciospongia vesparium; usually in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FF83FF7C5FF3FB20FA4B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus pectiniger can be distinguished from all other species of the S. gambarelloides group by the shape of the major chela, especially the very strong, sharp, anterodorsally directed distal tooth, and the pollex being much shorter than the dactylus (Coutière 1909; Dardeau 1984). The only other western Atlantic species with the pollex much shorter than the dactylus is S. disparodigitus Armstrong, 1949, in which, however, the distal tooth is a bulbous tubercle with a small, anteriorly directed point. The two species also differ in the shape of the orbital teeth and rostrum, as well as the armature of the fingertips of the minor cheliped and the number of lateral teeth on the uropodal exopod (Armstrong 1949). These important differences suggest that S. disparodigitus and S. pectinger are not closely related and that a similar configuration of the major chela fingers evolved at least twice in the S. gambarelloides group. This is also supported by the molecular data showing a distant relationship between S. pectiniger and S. occidentalis Coutière, 1909, an eastern Pacific species that appears to be morphologically close to S. disparodigitus (Morrison et al. 2004; Hultgren & Duffy 2011). The taxonomic status of Alpheus praecox Herrick, 1888 was recently clarified by De Grave & Anker (2010), who after a meticulous study of Herrick’s and Coutière’s descriptions and the associated collecting data (including description of host sponges) found it to be a senior synonym of S. pectiniger. However, for the sake of taxonomic stability, A. praecox was designated a nomen oblitum and placed in the synonymy of S. pectiniger.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	description	(Fig. 43)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	description	(?) Hernández Aguilera et al. 1996: 39. Synalpheus Rathbunae — Monod 1939: 557, 558, figs 1, 2.? Synalpheus near rathbunae — Schmitt 1939: 28. Zuzalpheus rathbunae — Ríos & Duffy 2007: 59, fig. 26 B.? Synalpheus laevimanus longicarpus — Rathbun 1901: 110 (partim). [not S. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891)].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. St. Martin: 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32267, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 40, Circus dive site off Tintamarre Island, coral reef, under large coral debris on siltsand bottom, 13 – 17 m, in unidentified sponge [host fcn BSTM- 1175], coll. G. Paulay et al., 19.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1130 *]; 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32269, same collection data [fcn BSTM- 1132 *]; 1 colony member = male-looking individual, FLMNH UF 32268, same collection data [fcn BSTM- 1131 *]; 7 colony members = male-looking individuals, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 112, same collection data [fcn BSTM- 1133].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Coutière (1909); additional drawings in Monod (1939) and Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Most colony members under 3.0 mm cl; maximum cl 3.2 mm. Colour in life. Semitransparent with pale orange tinge and some reddish chromatophores; major chela darker orange distally (Fig. 43).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. St. Thomas.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: St. Thomas, Guadeloupe, St. Martin, Panama; possibly also in Mexico and Florida (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Coutière 1909; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Coral reef with abundant coral rubble and cryptic sponges; depth range around 10 – 55 m (Coutière 1909; present study); living in small social groups in crytic sponges.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99728FFFCFF7C594BFADFFCBE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus rathbunae is closely related to another social species, S. regalis (see below), differing from it mainly in the shape of the pleura. In S. rathbunae, the pleurae are elongate and pointed and the proximal angle of the first pleuron is rounded (Ríos & Duffy 2007: fig. 26 B). In S. regalis, the pleurae are not elongate, only some are pointed, and the proximal angle of the first pleuron is acutely produced anteriorly (Ríos & Duffy 2007: fig. 26 A). Some “ males ” from St. Martin were carrying apparently infertile eggs (see under S. brooksi).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 2 colony members, USNM 1187900, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Xestospongia sp., 2 – 5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn P 09 - 7601 - 2]; 4 ov. females, 21 colony members, Bocas del Toro, Swan Cay, in Xestospongia sp., 2 – 5 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 15.06.2009 [fcn 6401 - 6403, 7001 - 7002, 7402, 7601 - 1] (specimens currently used for molecular studies).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Duffy (1996). Size range. Colony members, 1.2 – 3.2 mm cl, females, 2.1 – 4.2 mm cl. Colour in life. Translucent pale orange, with distal portion of major chela sometimes bright orange or yellow; embryos and ovaries typically pale green; see Ríos and Duffy (2007) and Macdonald et al. (2009) for colour photographs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay]; Jamaica [Discovery Bay]; Panama [Bocas del Toro] (Duffy 1996 a, Macdonald et al. 2006, 2009; Ríos and Duffy 2007; present study; see map in Fig. 52). present study), and occasionally also Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata and Hymeniacidon caerulea (Ríos & Duffy 2007); social species, typically found in groups of up to several hundred individuals, with one reproductive female or queen (Duffy 1996 a, 1996 b; Macdonald et al. 2006).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99757FFFDFF7C5A2CFAFBFECE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus regalis was the first-described social species and is here recorded from Panama for the first time. In the Bocas del Toro archipelago, it co-occurs with the closely related S. elizabethae (see above), from which it can be distinguished by the more rounded ventral projections on the pleura (Ríos & Duffy 2007).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 083, Utila, Honda, Little Bus Seamount, 16 ° 04.470 ' N 086 ° 54.821 ' W, rubble, possibly inside cryptic sponge, 15 m, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 08.07.2007 [fcn H 244 *].	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Dardeau (1984); see also Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. The single examined male is 3.0 mm cl; the largest known specimens of this species are 3.2 mm cl in “ males ” (non-ovigerous specimens) and 3.9 mm cl in ovigerous females (Hultgren et al. 2010). Colour in life. Orange, sometimes with orange-tipped chelae; ovaries in females green to greenish-brown (Hultgren et al. 2010).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. St. Thomas.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Florida Keys]; Caribbean Sea: St. Thomas, Curaçao, Venezuela [Los Roques], Honduras [Utila]; Brazil: Pernambuco, Bahia, Atol das Rocas (Coutière 1909; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; Dardeau 1984; Macdonald et al. 2006; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow coral reefs; depth range 1 – 20 m; obligate sponge symbiont found in a range of different hosts, e. g., Hymeniacidon caerulea (most common), Agelas cf. clathrodes, Hyattella intestinalis, and Xestospongia subtriangularis (Macdonald et al. 2006; Ríos & Duffy 2007; Hultgren et al. 2010); typically in heterosexual pairs. A single record (Rodríguez 1986) of S. sanctithomae from the coral Agaricia agaricites requires confirmation.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFDFF7C5ED6FCC9FAFB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Utila specimen represents the first record of this apparently widespead but relatively uncommon species from Honduras. Bezerra & Coelho (2006) reported S. sanctithomae from off Ceará, but their material was re-examined and found to be S. townsendi.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	description	(Fig. 44)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4152, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, near Bocas town, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 17.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 033]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4153, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, between Big Creek and Playa Bluff, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 18.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 039 B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54860, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 057]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54861, same collection data [fcn 05 - 062 C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 471]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 057, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 547 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4154, same collection data [fcn 06 - 551 *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4155, same collection data [fcn 06 - 552 *]; 1 male, RMNH D 54862, same collection data [fcn 06 - 553 *]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54863, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, near Bastimentos village, mangroves, holes in sunken wood, ~ 0.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, J. A. Baeza, 18.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 608 *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 063, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 219]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 055 / 2012 - 07 - 064, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 225 B, 08 - 225 C]; 1 ov. female, UP, Isla Grande, Playa de la Punta, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, C. Hurt, 06.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 046 B]; 1 ov. female, 1 female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05 - 050 B]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 05 - 054]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 056, Portobelo, coral rocks, less than 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 232 *]. Honduras: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 139, Utila, in front of Coral View Hotel, 1605.326 ’ N 08654.652 ’ W, rubble flat, under rocks, 1 m, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 08.07.2007 [fcn H 228]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 140, Utila, 1605.458 ’ N 08654.533 ’ W, rubble, 1 m, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 03.07.2007 [fcn H 114]. Aruba: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 061, Pos Chiquito, coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 07 - 08.12.2003 [fcn 03 - 007]. St. Martin: 1 female, FLMNH UF 32514, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 62, Caye Verte, coral rubble, 3 – 5 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 25.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 1726 *]; 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 32219, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 39, off Rocher Créole, 3 – 5 m, coral rubble, coll. A. Anker, J. F. Maréchal, 18.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 0998 *]. USA: 1 male, 3 ov. females, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 058 / 060, Florida, Fort Pierce, 5 – 10 m, coll. J. A. Baeza, 2009 [fcn 11 - 075, 11 - 076, 11 - 077, 11 - 078]. Bermuda: 1 male, NHM, coll. R. Gurney, no further collection data.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. For original description see Coutière (1910); for detailed redescription and illustrations see Dardeau (1986). Size range. Males, 3.5 – 5.7 mm cl; females, 3.6 – 8.0 mm cl; two ovigerous females from Fort Pierce, Florida, conspicuously larger than the Caribbean specimens. Colour in life. Body semitransparent speckled with numerous large, bright red chromatophores, more uniform red when chromatophores fully expanded; major chela almost entirely covered with red chromatophores, fingers greenish; ovaries or fresh eggs olive-green (Fig. 44).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Dry Tortugas, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Florida [Fort Pierce, Florida Keys, Dry Tortugas]; Bermuda; Gulf of Mexico: West Flower Garden Bank, Mexico; Caribbean Sea: e. g., Panama [Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro], Honduras [Utila], Aruba, Puerto Rico, St. Martin; Brazil: Pernambuco to São Paulo (Pequegnat & Ray 1974; Dardeau 1986; Duffy 1992; Christoffersen 1998; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow coral reef and adjacent rubble habitats; typical depth range 0.5 – 20 m (most of the Panamanian specimens collected in 0.5 – 2 m deep water); usually in crevices of dead and living hermatypic corals, e. g., Madracis decactis and Porites spp., occasionally also in rock crevices and shipworm-perforated mangrove wood (Schmitt 1924 b; Dardeau 1986; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99756FFFFFF7C5AFEFB23FA4E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus scaphoceris is one of the most ubiquitous species of Synalpheus on shallow coral reefs of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent areas of the Gulf of Mexico and southern Florida, however, being less common in Bermuda (new record) and along the Brazilian coast. In the western Atlantic, S. scaphoceris can be distinguished from the other crevice-dwelling species of the genus by the lanceolate shape of the rostrum and the ventrally projecting ventro-rostral process (Dardeau 1986). In some specimens, such as one female from St. Martin (FLMNH UF 32514), the rostrum is longer and more slender than in typical specimens, approaching the condition found in S. fritzmuelleri. The overall red colour pattern of S. scaphoceris is generally similar to those of S. fritzmuelleri and S. dominicensis. However, S. fritzmuelleri has a mostly non-spotted, greenish-bluish major chela (figs 26, 27), whereas S. dominicensis has a more uniform, non-spotted deep wine-red colour (Fig. 23), both differing from the bright red spots, including on the major chela palm, of S. scaphoceris (Fig. 44).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. São Tomé: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 072, 2 km west of Lagoa Azul, near shipwreck, rocky shore with coralline algae, in crevices of rocks and coralline algae, low tide, coll. A. Anker, N. Knowlton, 01.02.2006 [fcn 06 - 122]. Nigeria: 1 male, 1 ov. female, 1 female, NHM, Port Harcourt, 142, raft N / T frame, associated with sponges on oysters, coll. H. J. Stebbings, 20.08.1957 - 19.09.1957. Size range. Male from São Tomé at 4.2 mm cl; Nigerian specimens about the same size; previously reported specimens ranged 6 – 14 mm in total length (Crosnier & Forest 1966). Type locality. Cape Verde.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde; Mauritania; Senegal; Gambia; Guinea; Sierra Leone; Benin; Nigeria; São Tomé and Principe; Equatorial Guinea [Annobón]; Angola [Rio Cuanza; Mayumba] (Coutière 1909; Holthuis 1951; Crosnier & Forest 1966; present study; A. Anker, pers. obs.; see also map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Soft and hard bottoms dominated by coralline algae; depth range: lower intertidal to 75 m (Crosnier & Forest 1966; present study); in crevices in coral rocks and clumps of coralline algae exposed at low tide, no associations recorded; most likely living in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99754FFF9FF7C5953FA9DFD1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The single specimen from São Tomé agrees fairly well with the descriptions of S. senegambiensis in Holthuis (1951) and Crosnier & Forest (1966). In the shape of the frontal margin of the carapace (length and width of the rostrum and orbital teeth), it is somewhat intermediate between the Guinean material (Holthuis 1951: fig. 19 b) and the Principe material (Crosnier & Forest 1966: fig. 28 a). Interestingly, the shape and the proportions of the major chela are markedly different between the specimen of Holthuis (1951: fig. 19 e) and that of Crosnier and Forest (1966: fig. 28 b), the latter being much closer to our specimen from São Tomé. Holthuis (1951) noted that in all larger specimens he examined, the tubercle on the major chela was distally blunt and not pointed as is typical for S. senegambiensis, and Crosnier & Forest (1966) suspected that some of Holthuis’ material may actually be S. africanus. Among the western Atlantic species, S. apioceros is morphologically closest to S. senegambiensis.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	description	(Figs 45, 46)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4156, Panama, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, coral rocks, 0.5 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Vera Caripe, 11.11.2006 [fcn 06 - 548 *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 077, La Guaira, coral rocks, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 04.08.2007 [fcn 07 - 215 *]. Honduras: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 062, Utila, in front of Coral View, 16 ° 05.326 ’ N 086 ° 54.652 ’ W, coral reed, 10 m, in Ircinia sp., coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 28.06.2007 [fcn H 4 - 1 *]; 2 males, 2 females, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 063, Utila, Halibourton Wreck, 16 ° 05.049 ’ N 086 ° 53.805 ’ W, 20 m, coral rubble, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 05.07.2007 [H 177 *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 138, Utila, Halibourton Wreck, 20 m, encrustations on Spondylus americanus, 1605.049 ’ N 08653.805 ’ W, coll. A. Anker, S. De Grave, 05.07.2007 [fcn H 174]; 2 males, OUMNH. ZC. 2007 - 20 - 103, Utila, 16 ° 05.294 ’ N, 086 ° 59.844 ’ W, 20 m, in Verongula rigida, coll. S. De Grave, A. Anker, 04.07.2007. Jamaica: 3 males, 1 ov. female, USNM, Discovery Bay, Columbus Park, coral rubble, 2 – 4 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 05.01.2008 [fcn JAM 08 - 4720 - 23] (specimens currently used for molecular studies). Curaçao: 1 male, USNM 1187904, Westpunt, coral rubble, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 22.06.12 [fcn CU 08 - 6803]. Barbados: 1 male, USNM 1187908, Thunder Bay, coral rubble, 1 – 3 m, coll. K. Hultgren, 23.10.2008 [fcn BR 08 10202, 10205]. Brazil: 1 female (dissected), MNRJ 23339, Atol das Rocas, Canal do Barretão, in unidentified sponge, ~ 5 m, coll. F. B. Pitombo, R. Barroso, 26.12.2000; 2 ov. females and 1 immature specimen, MNRJ 23340, Atol das Rocas, sta. LT 711, in sponges and algae, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, 16.10.2000; 1 male, 3 ov. females, MNRJ 17903, Atol das Rocas, off sta. R- 15, 20 m, in unidentified sponge, coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 23.10.2000; 1 male, 1 female and 1 immature specimen, MNRJ 17910, Atol das Rocas, sta. LT 697, Falsa Barreta, in corals Siderastrea sp. and Mussismilia sp., coll. P. S. Young, P. C. Paiva, A. A. Aguiar, 10.2000 [specimens missing major cheliped, identification tentative]; 5 males, 9 females (some ov.), MZUSP 25344, Rio de Janeiro, Bacia de Campos, Petrobras Platform P- 65, fouling growth, 16 m, coll. J. B. Mendonça, 30.03.2010.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	description	Description. For description and illustrations see Coutière (1909) and Williams (1984); illustrations of a Size range. Males, 2.8 – 3.7 mm cl; females, 2.9 – 3.3 mm cl; specimens from a Brazilian offshore oil platform (MZUSP 25344) significantly larger: largest female at 4.8 mm cl, largest male at 4.3 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent with greenish tinge and scattered reddish chromatophores grouped into a more conspicuous red band between the eyes; major chela palm distally greenish, dactylus mostly colourless with greenish-yellow margin; eggs greenish (Fig. 46).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. South of Cape San Blas, Florida.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: North Carolina to Florida and Texas; Gulf of Mexico; Bermuda; Caribbean Sea (e. g., Honduras, Panama, Jamaica, Curaçao, Barbados); Brazil: Ceará, Atol das Rocas, Alagoas, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (e. g., Chace 1972; Williams 1984; Christoffersen 1979, 1998; McClure 2005; Bezerra & Coelho 2006; present study; see map in Fig. 52).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Lower intertidal to 102 m (Williams 1984); known from a variety of microhabitats, such as crevices of sabellariid reefs (Phragmatopoma), living and dead corals (e. g., Oculina, Porites, Siderastrea, Mussismilia), sunken wood perforated by shipworms, sponges, including Agelas clathrodes, Ircinia strobilina, Ircinia sp. (Rouse 1970; Gore et al. 1978; Rodríguez 1980; Reed et al. 1982; Duffy 1992; present study); and colonial ascidians, Didemnidae (Fig. 35 e); a single report of a very unusual association with the crinoid Davidaster rubiginosus by Criales (1984) requires confirmation; typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99752FFFBFF7C5C66FC55FECB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The present material differs from the typical S. townsendi, as illustrated by Coutière (1909), only slightly, e. g., by the distal tooth on the major chela palm very slightly curving down and the third pereiopod propodus armed with only six spiniform setae on the ventral margin.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	description	(Figs 47 – 49)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 083, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Boca del Drago, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 0.5 – 1 m, coll. A. Anker, 20.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 058]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 084, same collection data [fcn 05 - 064]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4157, Bocas del Toro, Isla San Cristóbal, Punta Coco, cryptic sponges in coral rubble, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 29.10.2005 [fcn 05 - 067]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, from sponge in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 468 B]; 1 ov. female, UP, same collection data [fcn 06 - 472]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 081, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, coral rocks and sponges, coll. A. Anker et al., 04.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 235 B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54855, Bocas del Toro, Isla Bastimentos, off Salt Creek, in cryptic sponges in rubble, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 31.03.2008 [fcn 08 - 010 *]; 6 males, RMNH D 54854, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 233 C]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54853, Isla Grande, between main village Playa de la Punta, coral rubble, in Calyx podatypa, 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 23.04.2006 [fcn 06 - 413 *]; 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 128, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. E. Tóth, 05.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 741]. Brazil: 1 male, 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 132, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in unidentified yellow-orange sponge, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 03.08.2012 [fcn 12 - 335]; 1 female, MZUSP 27619, Alagoas, Maceió, Ponta Verde, deep tide pool on partly exposed reef, in unidentified yellow-orange sponge, 0.5 m (at low tide), coll. A. Anker, P. Pachelle, 02.08.2012 [fcn 12 - 268]. Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus ul (?): Panama: 1 male, 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4159, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, in cryptic sponge within coral rubble, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 443 *]; 1 ov. female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4158, same collection data [fcn 06 - 435 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 082, same collection data [fcn 06 - 438 *]; 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 129, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, possibly in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 137 B]; 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54852, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 436 *]. Dominican Republic: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 131, Bayahibe, eroded corals and coral rocks with algal crusts, possibly in cryptic sponge, 1 – 2 m, coll. A. Anker, 02 - 03.01.2005 [fcn 05 - 035 *]. St. Martin: 1 ov. female, FLMNH UF 31934, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 9, Passe Espagnole, coral rubble brushing, coll. G. Paulay et al., 11.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 0351 *]; 1 female (?), FLMNH UF 31963, Réserve Naturelle de Saint-Martin, sta. 22, Chicot, windward side of Tintamarre Island, coral reef, coral rubble brushing, 13 – 15 m, coll. G. Paulay et al., 12.04.2012 [fcn BSTM- 0481 *, with hemiarthrine isopod]. Belize: 2 males, 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2009 - 01 - 115, Carrie Bow Cay, Twin Cays, 1649.424 ’ N 8806.346 ’ W, seagrass sweep, coll. S. De Grave et al., 20.02.2009 [fcn CBC- 050]. Guyana: 1 ov. female, NHM 1958: 11 - 12 - 8 - 9, 07 ° 47 ’ N, 57 ° 32 ’ W, 33 – 35 fathoms (60 – 64 m), in unknown sponge, coll. McCormick 24.04.1938. Size range. Males, 3.0 – 5.9 mm cl; females, 4.5 – 6.2 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent pale beige with small reddish chromatophores; major chela fingers darker greenish; ovaries or fresh eggs pale green (Figs 47. 48 a, b); some specimens with a more intense orange lateral view on black background (f). Photographs by A. Anker.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Caribbean Sea: Belize (Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro, San Blas Islands, Porvenir, Aguadargana], Jamaica [Discovery Bay], Dominican Republic [Bayahibe], St. Martin; Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; Almeida et al. 2012; present study; see map in Fig. 53).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Shallow subtidal reefs and associated rubble and seagrass flats with abundance of sponges; depth range: 1 – 3 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges, e. g. Hymeniacidon caerulea, Hyattella intestinalis, Calyx podatypa, Lissodendoryx colombiensis, Lissodendoryx sp., Agelas cf. clathrodes, Xestospongia subtriangularis, Xestospongia sp. (Ríos & Duffy 2007; Macdonald et al. 2009; Hultgren et al. 2010; present study), in Brazil: in unidentified yellow-orange sponge lining reef crevices (present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E99750FFF7FF7C5ED1FB39FAD0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Synalpheus ul belongs to the S. longicarpus species complex, which also includes S. longicarpus, S. hoetjesi, S. pandionis, S. dardeaui, and S. yano, and appears to be most closely related to the latter three species. Morphologically, S. ul can be distinguished from S. pandionis mainly by the absence of a blunt mesial protuberance on the pollex of the major chela, from S. dardeaui by the shorter and wider orbital teeth, and from S. yano by the presence of a small blade on the scaphocerite, which is always lacking in S. yano (Ríos & Duffy 2007). Based on a recent DNA analysis, S. ul was found to be phylogenetically closest to S. yano (Hultgren & Duffy 2011). Some specimens from Panama (Isla Grande, Bocas del Toro), Dominican Republic (Bayahibe), St. Martin, Belize, and Guyana were tentatively identified as S. ul because of slight differences they present with the type specimens. In most of them, the antennal scaphocerite has a vestigial blade, and in some, the rostrum is much more slender than the orbital hoods. Some specimens from Panama (e. g., two from Isla Grande) and St. Martin appear to be more brightly red-coloured than the more typical S. ul (Figs 48 c, d, 49). The large ovigerous female (7.2 mm cl) from 60 – 64 m off “ British Guyana ” (NHM) is especially problematic for it has many features of S. ul, but differs from the type specimens from Belize by the distinctly shorter scaphocerite tooth (about 0.75 length of basicerite tooth), longer scaphocerite blade (more like in S. goodei), fewer teeth on the distolateral margin of the uropodal exopod (3 – 4 vs. typically 5 in S. ul), and slightly longer orbital teeth and carpus of the minor cheliped (more like in S. dardeaui). On the other hand, the material of S. ul from the Brazilian state of Alagoas corresponds closely to the description of Ríos & Duffy (2007), corroborating a reidentification of the material from southern Bahia previously reported as S. cf. pandionis (Almeida et al. 2007), as S. ul (Almeida et al. (2012). A molecular analysis of the present material of S. ul is planned to investigate the genetic structure of Caribbean and Brazilian populations and the possible presence of yet another cryptic taxon in the Caribbean Sea. One female of S. ul (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 083) is aberrant in lacking a rostrum. Specimens of Synalpheus without a rostrum but with well-developed orbital teeth were also observed in other species, for instance, in S. herricki (see above, Fig. 35 a) and in S. yano (A. Anker, pers. obs.). These observations put in question the validity of the eastern Pacific S. arostris Wicksten, 1989, which is known from a single, possibly aberrant specimen without a rostrum. The status of S. arostris, which is not closely related to S. ul, will be discussed elsewhere.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	description	(Fig. 50)	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama: 1 ov. female (with hemiarthrine parasite), RMNH D 54858, Bocas del Toro, Isla Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in Lissodendoryx colombiensis, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 230 A *]; 1 female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 079, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, 1 – 2 m, in various sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 04.08.2008 [fcn 08 - 223 *]; 1 female, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4160, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, in sponge, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 467]; 3 males, 2 ov. females, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4161, Bocas del Toro, sponges, coll. A. Anker et al. (shrimp taxonomy class), 08.2008 [fcn 08 - 298, 08 - 299, 08 - 300, 08 - 301, 08 - 302]; ~ 50 specimens of both sexes, MNHN-IU- Colón, Punta Caracol, 1 – 3 m, in sponge (Lissodendoryx colombiensis or another sponge), coll. A. Anker, J. A. Baeza, 28.04.2007 [fcn 07 - 150 B *]; 1 male, 1 ov. female, RMNH D 54859, same collection data [fcn 07 - 138 B *]; 1 male, MNHN-IU- 2010 - 4163, same collection data [fcn 07 - 148 C]; 1 male, UP, Bocas del Toro, Cayo Solarte, Hospital Point, cryptic sponge in rubble, coll. C. Hurt, 10.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 466]; 1 ov. female, UP, Isla Grande, between main village and Playa de la Punta, cryptic sponge in coral rocks, 1 – 1.5 m, coll. A. Anker, 04.09.2006 [fcn 06 - 460 *]. Mexico: 1 ov. female, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 115, Gulf of Mexico, Arrecife Alacranes off Yucatan Peninsula, sta ALP 20, 22.383420, - 89.681530, sponge, coll. J. Duarte-Gutiérrez, 08.08.2009 [fcn JD- 066 C *]. Material tentatively identified as Synalpheus yano (?): Panama: 1 male, OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 078, Bocas del	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	description	Description. For detailed description and illustrations see Ríos & Duffy (2007). Size range. Males, 4.0 – 6.3 mm cl; females, 3.5 – 6.1 mm cl. Colour in life. Semitransparent to pale orange, diffusely covered with reddish chromatophores, sometimes more intense orange; ovaries and fresh eggs red-orange (Fig. 50).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carrie Bow Cay, Belize.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Western Atlantic: Gulf of Mexico: Alacranes Reef; Caribbean Sea: Belize [Carrie Bow Cay], Panama [Bocas del Toro, Isla Grande], Jamaica [Discovery Bay] (Ríos & Duffy 2007; K. Hultgren, pers. obs.; present study; see map in Fig. 53).	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology. Subtidal reef habitats and adjacent area with abundance of rubble and sponges, sometimes close to mangroves or seagrass beds; known depth range: 1 – 3 m; obligate symbiont of demosponges Lissodendoryx cf. strongylata, L. colombiensis, Hymeniacidon caerulea and Calyx podatypa (Ríos & Duffy 2007; present study); typically in heterosexual pairs.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
041D87E9975CFFF3FF7C5AAEFE30FCD6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Within the S. longicarpus species complex, S. yano is characterised mainly by the squarish to broadly rounded orbital teeth and by the absence of a blade on the scaphocerite. However, in some Panamanian specimens, especially males, the orbital teeth appear to be slightly more triangular. One specimen (OUMNH. ZC. 2012 - 07 - 078) was tentatively identified as S. yano despite having four articles in the carpus of the second pereiopod. Using the key in Ríos & Duffy (2007), this specimen would key out to S. barahonensis Armstrong, 1949, which, however, is different from S. yano in having a scaphocerite blade and single distolateral tooth on the uropodal exopod (Armstrong 1949). In Bocas del Toro, Panama, S. yano is often parasitised by an abdominal parasitic isopod from the bopyrid subfamily Hemiarthrinae (Hernáez et al. 2010), which remains to be identified.	en	Anker, Arthur, Pachelle, Paulo P. G., Grave, Sammy De, Hultgren, Kristin M. (2012): 3598. Zootaxa 3598 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3598.1.1
