taxonID	type	description	language	source
0B4D879BA1766248FCE5F9D5FF01490F.taxon	description	Prevalence of co-infections The results of the analysis showed that 12.56 % of the flies were infected both with Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma, regardless of country, location, and sex. However, the prevalence of single infections of Spiroplasma (35.83 %) was higher than that of Trypanosoma (17.46 %) (Fig. 4). The association between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was analyzed using the Cochran-Manthel-Haenzel (CMH) test and chi-square test. Across all samples, the CMH test showed a significant deviation from independence between the two infections (Χ 2 MH = 5.19, df = 1, p = 0.02). The chi-square test confirmed that the independence between Spiroplasma and Trypanosoma infections was significant with a Bonferroni correction of OE = 0.006 (Χ 2 = 9.85, p = 0.03). However, when considering countries, only in Ghana the chi-square test did show a significant deviation from independence between the two microbial infections (Χ 2 = 13.004, p <0.001) (Table 3 and Supplementary Table 4).	en	Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb, Abd-Alla, Adly Mm (2023): Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota. Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62): 1-14, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064
0B4D879BA176624AFFB9FB44FB404FC9.taxon	description	The presence of Spiroplasma in wild populations of tsetse flies was assessed using a PCR-based method to amplify part of the 16 S rRNA gene. Positive samples were identified based on the observed amplicon band size in the electrophoresis gel for all tsetse species. Sequencing of the respective PCR amplicons revealed that Spiroplasma infection was only confirmed in G. tachinoides (N = 41) and G. f. fuscipes (N = 6), both belonging to the palpalis subgenus (Table 1). In the case of G. brevipalpis, G. m. morsitans, G. m. submorsitans, G. pallidipes, G. p. gambiensis, and G. p. palpalis, the amplified sequence belonged to different microbial species, primarily Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Enterococcus cecorum, and some uncultured bacteria (Data not shown). The PCR results indicated an overall Spiroplasma prevalence of 39.27 % in G. tachinoides. The prevalence did not differ significantly between Burkina Faso, Ghana, and the laboratory colony (Χ 2 = 2.12, df = 2, and p = 0.34), with Burkina Faso and Ghana showing a prevalence rate of 46.56 % and 52.94 %, respectively (Table 2). However, a significant variation in Spiroplasma prevalence was found across the various sampling locations (Χ 2 = 22.61, df = 8, and p = 0.003) (Table 2 and Figs. 2 and 3). Specifically, there was a significant difference in prevalence between the two sampling locations in Burkina Faso (Χ 2 = 6.459, df = 1, and p = 0.01), with a higher prevalence observed in Folonzo. Similarly, a significant difference was found between the prevalence rate in different locations in Ghana (Χ 2 = 11.955, df = 5, and p = 0.03), with the highest prevalence observed in the Mortani region (98.44 %), where 100 % of the female flies were infected. Conversely, the lowest prevalence of Spiroplasma was recorded in Kumpole, Ghana (25 %), with male flies showing no sign of infection (Table 2, Figs. 2 and 3).	en	Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb, Abd-Alla, Adly Mm (2023): Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota. Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62): 1-14, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064
0B4D879BA176624AFCE5FE6CFB364B98.taxon	description	The screening of the flies indicated the presence of different taxa of Trypanosoma, including Tc (Trypanosoma congolense type: Savanah, Kilifi, Forest), Tv (Trypanosoma vivax), and Tz (Trypanozoon sp.: Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma evansi). The overall prevalence of single or multiple Trypanosoma infections among all tested flies was 69.97 % (457 / 653). The prevalence of Trypanosoma varied significantly between countries (Χ 2 = 37.18, df = 1, and p <0.001) and locations (Χ 2 = 452.21, df = 7, and p <0.001). In Ghana, the prevalence was significantly higher than in Burkina Faso, at 86.38 % and 20.76 %, respectively (Table 2 and Fig. 3). In Ghana, the prevalence varied significantly with location (Χ 2 = 125.43, df = 5, and p <0.001), with a prevalence of 100 % in some locations such as Sissili Bridge, Fumbissi, Kumpole, and Grogro (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 3). The most frequently found trypanosomes were Tz and Tv, with a prevalence of 30.2 % and 22.42 %, respectively. However, only Tz varied significantly with country (Χ 2 = 7.54, df = 1, and p = 0.006) and location (Χ 2 = 185.82, df = 7, and p <0.001). Trypanosoma congolense was found in the two locations in Burkina Faso (Comoe at 2.37 % and Folonzo at 2.00 %), and only in one location in Ghana (Walewale (2.87 % )). Its prevalence varied significantly with country (Χ 2 = 6.426, df = 1, and p = 0.01) and location (Χ 2 = 34.97, df = 7, and p <0.001). The TvTz multiple infection was the most prevalent in the samples (11.22 %). In Ghana, no TcTv double infections were found, while in Burkina Faso, no triple infections TcTvTz were found. The prevalence of the double infections varied only according with location (Χ 2 = 245.15, df = 7, and p <0.001) (Fig. 3 and TcTz Supplementary Table 3).	en	Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb, Abd-Alla, Adly Mm (2023): Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota. Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62): 1-14, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064
0B4D879BA1746249FFB9F8A8FEAB4886.taxon	description	The density of Spiroplasma, Trypanosoma, and Wigglesworthia was evaluated using relative qPCR based on the single (Sp + / T —; Sp — / T +) and double co-infection (Sp + / T +) status. As expected, the results showed that flies infected with Spiroplasma (Sp + / T — and Sp + / T +) had a significantly higher density of Spiroplasma compared to those not infected (Sp — / T +), which indicated that flies classified as uninfected by conventional PCR showed lower infection rates with qPCR. However, there was no significant difference in the density of Spiroplasma between flies infected with Spiroplasma and not infected with Trypanosoma (Sp + / T —) and those infected with both (Sp + / T +) (Fig. 5 A). Furthermore, flies with double co-infection (Sp + / T +) had a significantly higher density of trypanosomes than those with single co-infection (Sp + / T — and Sp — / T +) (Fig. 5 B). However, no significant difference was found in the density of Wigglesworthia in the three categories of co-infection (Fig. 5 C).	en	Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb, Abd-Alla, Adly Mm (2023): Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota. Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62): 1-14, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064
0B4D879BA1756249FFB9F926FCA84BFF.taxon	description	Among the 35 samples sequenced, 14 sequences from Comoe in Burkina Faso, two from the CIRDES colony, and two from Walewale in Ghana were used for the analysis. For the four genes used for the sequencing, 2,885 base pairs of sequence were generated. The comparison of the sequences showed a global nucleotide mutation rate of 0.06 % with two SNPs (Table 4). These two SNPs were found on the parE gene (1 SNP / 745 bp) and rpoB gene (1 SNP / 1455). None of these substitutions were non-synonymous and the percentage of amino-acid mutations was 0.40 % (1 / 248) for the parE gene and 0.20 % (1 / 485) for the rpoB gene. For the parE gene, the mutation resulted in the replacement of isoleucine to valine, but for the rpoB gene from phenylalanine to serine. All samples from all locations showed the same profile for the 16 S rRNA and fruR genes. In Burkina Faso and Ghana, two genotypes were found, while only one was detected for CIRDES (Tables 5 and 6). Three different haplotypes were found in the sampling areas with a specific haplotype for the CIRDES colony and Burkina Faso and Ghana sharing the same haplotypes (Table 6, Fig. 6).	en	Moyaba, Percy, Ouedraogo, Gisele Ms, Pagabeleguem, Soumaïla, Njokou, Flobert, Freitas, Ngambia, Vreysen, Marc Jb, Abd-Alla, Adly Mm (2023): Prevalence of Spiroplasma and interaction with wild Glossina tachinoides microbiota. Parasite (Paris, France) 30 (62): 1-14, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2023064
