identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
6870E7405A5651009774107EC7CA6B44.text	6870E7405A5651009774107EC7CA6B44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria chrysomallos Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria chrysomallos Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 16 (1-8); 17(3); 18(1); Fig. 14D</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Kanti Village near Mukhuri, Mapeli Spring (სოფელი კანტი, მაპელის წყარო); 42°38'23"N, 42°10'08"E; 290 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 12 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T001-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T001-P1/12 dry and 24 wet, SBMNH 633099/2 dry, NHMW 113365/1 dry, HNHM 104678/1 dry, NHMUK 20191334/2 dry, NHMB 563964/1 dry, SMF 358925/1 dry, NHMW 113365, ZMH 140630/1 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7895, ZIN 1/507-2020/1 dry, coll. JG F1414/15 dry and 24 wet, coll. Glöer /1 dry. • same as for holotype; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG F1041/2 dry. Other material: Georgia • Samegrelo, Mapeli Cave, Mukhuri, water catchment (above cemetery); 42°38'22"N, 42°11'39"E; 325 m a.s.l.; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/3 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from all congeners by its smaller more elongate-conical shell with more numerous whorls combined with a smaller umbilicus. The aperture sinuation shows similarity with C. gloeri sp. nov., however, the latter has a larger, more robust and less elevated shell shape with the columellar sinuation. Caucasogeyeria colchis sp. nov. differs from new species by its larger size and more deeply sinuated labral margin. Measurement comparison of Caucasogeyeria species is given in Table 8.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: elongate conical with five tumid whorls, a semi-deep suture, a blunt apex and a narrow umbilicus. Height 1.40-1.93 mm. Shell surface smooth, covered by a milky white periostracum, frequently overlaid by thick dark brown-black inorganic precipitate. The expanded aperture irregularly pear shaped. Labral margin with a weak but broad negative sinuation near the body whorl junction, followed by a characteristic inward curved but shallow labral fold. Columellar margin is straight, not sinuated. Protoconch surface regularly pitted, pitting fading out at the nucleus.</p><p>Operculum: light yellow, paucispiral with central nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: without eye spots, not pigmented, whitish translucent.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.93 mm; W-1.21 mm; BH-1.21 mm; BW-1.07 mm; AH-0.84 mm; AW-0.65 mm; CA: 30°.</p><p>Anatomy: penis (Fig. 14D) straight, simple, without any outgrowth.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the Greek name Chrysomallos, meaning Golden Fleece (symbol of authority and monarchy), which, according to Greek mythology, was held in Colchis. Jason and his crew of Argonauts were sent out on a quest for the Golden Fleece by order of King Pelias.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Live individuals as well as empty shells were washed out from its subterranean habitat through a small spring in Mapeli emerging near the road in village Kanti. The dense brown-black deposits on most of individuals indicates a subterranean habitat with chemolithotrophic bacteria. The second known population was found in the sediments of a subterranean cave stream inside Mapeli Cave, ca. 30 m from its entrance</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality and from Mapeli Cave.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The population in Mapeli Cave is typical but has a lower spire and fewer whorls. Its taxonomic position will be clarified after the collection of live individuals.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6870E7405A5651009774107EC7CA6B44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
1F98E04660265385A465B8ED3A38FFBF.text	1F98E04660265385A465B8ED3A38FFBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria colchis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria colchis Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 15 (2-4); 17(1, 2)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda, Motena Cave; 42°28'36"N, 42°23'29"E; 480 m a.s.l.; sediment in terminal lake.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult dry; Type locality; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T002-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; coll. JG T1036/1 dry; • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda (პირველი ბალდა), spring in village above road; 42°29'2"N, 42°23'53"E; 295 m a.s.l.; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T002-P1/12 dry, SBMNH 633068/4 dry, NHMW 113362/1 dry, coll. JG F1034/12 dry. • same as preceding; same as preceding; 12 October 2019; J. Grego leg.; ISU FM-T002 P2/5 dry, HNHM 104676/1 dry, NHMB 563962 /1 dry, SMF 358923/1 dry, coll JG F1434/37 dry. Other material: Georgia • Imereti, Nakhriduri 6, left tributary rivulet under travertine waterfall; 42°29'7"N, 42°31'22"E; 960 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/4 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The C. colchis sp. nov. differs from all the members of the genus by its more deeply cut sinuation at the junction of the labral margin with the body whorl. The sinulus-like deep grove and the characteristically inward bent labral fold clearly distinguish the species from its congeners. From C. pseudocolchis sp. nov. it can be distinguished mainly by shallower and narrower sinulus-like cut at the posterior canal, by the differently curved columellar peristome, different sinuation of the labral margin and by proportionally larger body whorl.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: conical, elevated 1.35-1.80 mm high shell with 4½ inflated whorls and a deeply cut suture. Shell colour milky white with frequent reddish-brown inorganic encrustations. Umbilicus widely open. The expanded, rhomboidal aperture with a characteristic deep and broad sinus-like cut at the adapical labral junction with the body whorl. The protruded labral fold characteristically curved inward, continuing to a negative sinuation at the lower extremity of the aperture. Columellar margin just slightly positively sinuated. Protoconch surface regularly pitted.</p><p>Operculum: white, glassy translucent, circular and paucispiral with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: entirely white, without eyes and bears, very long tiny tentacles (Plate 12 (5-8)).</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.80 mm; W-1.40 mm; BH-1.15 mm; BW-1.10 mm; AH-0.85 mm; AW-0.65 mm; CA: 37°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the ancient kingdom Colchis (კოლხეთი) established in the territory of the southwestern Caucasus and the Colchis lowland from the 13th century BC to 164 BC.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The scarce empty shells were found in the terminal sump lake of Motena Cave, and a few live individuals with some empty shells in the head of Pirveli Balda spring as it emerges from stone debris.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Except the type locality and the Motena Cave, the species is known from one locality in the Turchu Gamosadivari basin.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (3) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The species is sympatric with the C. gloeri sp. nov. in Nakhriduri 2 spring in the Turchu Gamosadivari Basin, Imereti and in Motena Cave and Piveli Balda spring in Samegrelo. Both species can be clearly separated by shell morphology without intermediates, indicating their separate specific position. Separation is confirmed by a p-distance = 0.034 in the H3 gene.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F98E04660265385A465B8ED3A38FFBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
9261A6B3F3C551128E975D055C59F644.text	9261A6B3F3C551128E975D055C59F644.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria gloeri Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria cf. gloeri</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Shurubumu Spring (შურუბუმუს წყარო) on the left bank of Khobistskali River; 42°39'0"N, 42°12'21"E; 310 m a.s.l.; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-HYD2/5 dry, SBMNH 633085/1, NHMW 113364/1 dry, coll. JG F0988/4 dry. • Samegrelo, Mapeli Cave (მაპელის მღვიმე), Mukhuri, water catchment (above cemetery); 42°38'22"N, 42°11'39"E; 325 m a.s.l.; 12 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-HYD3/4 dry, coll. JG F1411/5 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from the other representatives of the genus by the aperture with a characteristic positive labral and negative columellar sinuations and pyramidal-triangular shell shape. From C. ignidona sp. nov. it can be distinguished by the different form of the aperture and its larger, more robust shell shape. Caucasogeyeria colchis sp. nov. has a more deeply cut labral sinuation at its junction with the body whorl (posterior canal), more inward reflexed mid-labral section and more elevated conical spire. Caucasogeyeria chrysomallos sp. nov. has a similar lateral labral profile, but the shell is significantly smaller with a more narrow-elongate conical shape with a sharper apex. The two species from Abkhazia ( C. valvataeformis and C. horatiaeformis) differ in shell shape and lack sinuated labral and columellar margins.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: conically shaped with 3½ inflated whorls and blunt apex, height 1.40-2.08 mm. The body whorl proportionally large and expands slightly towards the aperture. The shell surface milky whitish with dense faint regular axial growth lines, frequently covered by rusty-brown inorganic incrustations. The expanding irregular shaped aperture with a characteristic pronounced sinuation at its labral margin best seen in lateral profile. The sinuation slightly curved inward the aperture. The columellar margin with an inward sinuation. Umbilicus widely open. Protoconch surface smooth with almost invisible smooth pitting.</p><p>Operculum: translucent glass-whitish, circular, paucispiral with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: not pigmented, white coloured, eyeless with proportionally long tentacles.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.40 mm; W-1.29 mm; BH-1.06 mm; BW-1.00 mm; AH-0.80 mm; AW-0.70 mm; CA: 26°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the renowned German malacologist Peter Glöer from Hetlingen (Germany), who contributed much to the study of Eurasian freshwater Mollusca as well as the knowledge of Ponto-Caspian freshwater biodiversity.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Most of the empty shells of the new species were found in the sandy sediments of karst springs of all types, from large spring lakes down to very small water outlets emerging from tiny fissures among limestone slabs. The great number of empty shells in some localities with no live individuals suggest its habitat is deeper in underground fissures and caves with very limited survival at epigean habitats. The few live shells were obtained from a spring emerging from stone debris, after removing the larger stones from the spring head and digging ca. 60-80 cm inside the spring head.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Caucasogeyeria gloeri sp. nov. is known from the eastern range of limestone Pakhe Plateau from Kinchkhaperdi to Satsiskvilo and in all springs of the Turchu Gamosadivari Basin in Imereti region. The isolated population from Shurubumu Spring and Mapeli Cave at Mukhuri ( C. cf. gloeri), Samegrelo region (Plates 13 (3), 14(4) and 16(9)) could represent a geographical subspecies or a distinct species.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations is 13 and EOO is ca. 70 km2. The AOO is represented by only several underground karst conduits with much smaller total area compared to EOO. Each karst conduit is supplied by surface water through swallow holes, where stochastic events, as human driven pollution or habitat destruction, could lead to rapid species decline or extinction. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shell shape of the new species is quite variable over its range, but the typical features, such as the apertural sinuation seem to be more-or-less constant. A more intensive search in areas between the two main distribution points would be necessary to understand the phylogenetic relations of different populations. The population from Shurubumu Spring and Mapeli Cave is conchiologically very similar, however differs significantly by more coarsely pitted protoconch surface, molecular data are needed to confirm its specific or sub-specific status. Measurement comparison of different C. gloeri populations is given in Table 7.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9261A6B3F3C551128E975D055C59F644	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
A902B762A52C56AD92E2262D1D0542A8.text	A902B762A52C56AD92E2262D1D0542A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria gloeri Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria gloeri Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 13 (1-7); 14(1-4); 16(9); 18(3)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Satsiskvilo, Turchusmtha (სოფელი საწისქვილო), small spring on the left side of path ascending the plateau; 42°29'25"N, 42°32'50"E; 980 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T003-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T003-P1/170 dry, SBMNH 633095/11 dry, NHMW 113363/2 dry, HNHM 104677/2 dry, NHMUK 20191333/2 dry, NHMB 563963 /2 dry, SMF 358924/2 dry, ZMH 140629/2 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7894, ZIN 1/506-2020/2 dry, coll. JG F0990/170 dry, coll. Glöer /1 dry. Other material: Georgia • Imereti, Nakhriduri 2 left tributary spring at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin; 42°28'39"N, 42°30'43"E; 870 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/12 dry. • Imereti, Turchusmtha, Okatse Spring above Kinchkha waterfall; 42°29'49"N, 42°32'49"E; 1050 m a.s.l.; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/19 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri, Turchu Gamosadivari Cave Spring; 42°29'13"N, 42°31'20"E; 954 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; E J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/4 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri left side tributary spring at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin above small ford; 42°28'39"N, 42°30'43"E; 875 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/27 dry. • Imereti, Upskhero (უფსკერო) Spring Lake at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin; 42°27'47"N, 42°30'3"E; 960 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/3 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri 1 at bottom of Turchu Gamosadivari Basin near farm house; 42°28'27"N, 42°30'13"E; 860 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/2 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri 3 spring at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin left tributary spring; 42°28'40"N, 42°30'46"E; 875 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/23 dry.• Imereti, Nakhiduri 2 left side spring above small ford; 42°28'39"N, 42°30'43"E; 870 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG/ dry. Georgia • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda (პირველი ბალდა), spring in village above road; 42°29'2"N, 42°23'53"E; 300 m a.s.l. • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda, Motena Cave; 42°28'36"N, 42°23'29"E; 480 m a.s.l.; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. ISU FM-HYD2/2 dry and JG/3 dry.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A902B762A52C56AD92E2262D1D0542A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
901A57E20B8D5DD194CC7BA4E80B9BE9.text	901A57E20B8D5DD194CC7BA4E80B9BE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Genus Caucasogeyeria Grego &amp; Mumladze gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Caucasogeyeria gloeri Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>" Geyeria " valvataeformis Starobogatov, 1962, " Geyeria " horatieformis Starobogatov, 1962, C. gloeri Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., Caucasogeyeria ignidona Grego &amp; Palatov, sp. nov., C. colchis Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., C. pseudocolchis Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., C. chrysomallos Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The genus is well-separable from all other genera of the region by its conspicuously and deeply sinuated labral and columellar margins. The genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov., has much weaker and morphologically different labral sinuation, and the type species of the genus Kartvelobia gen. nov. has a very differently curled labral margin. The penis simple, long and narrow, different than in the genera mentioned above.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The prefix of the new species Caucaso - is derived from the distribution range of genus in the Caucasus Mountains, and the suffix - geyeria indicating the invalid genus " Geyeria ", previously applied for the genus by Starobogatov (1962). The genus name " Geyeria " was originally dedicated to the famous German malacologist David Geyer (6 November 1855-6 November 1932), who contributed greatly to the documentation of the German malacofauna. It was introduced by A. J. Wagner (1914) for the species " Geyeria " plagiostoma from the Bosna River springs near Sarajevo. However, the genus name proved permanently invalid due to junior homonymy, as it had been previously used by Buchecker in 1876 to name a moth in the family Castniidae Boisduval, 1828, Buckman 1899 for a cephalopod, Carapezzae and Schopen 1899 for a brachiopod, and Fucini 1901 for a cephalopod. Based on the homonymy, Tomlin in 1930 renamed the genus to Plagigeyeria . Later Starobogatov (1962) erroneously applied the invalid genus name to two stygobiotic species from the southwestern Caucasus (" Geyeria " valvataeformis and " G. " horatieformis). The gender is feminine.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The genus is distributed on the Pakhe Plateau (situated S of Askhi Plateau) and in springs emerging around its slopes as well as at spring emerging from limestone massif north of Mukhuri settlement (Fig. 13).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/901A57E20B8D5DD194CC7BA4E80B9BE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
16F422A81C675FFF9B361C753D667574.text	16F422A81C675FFF9B361C753D667574.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria ignidona Grego & Palatov 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria ignidona Grego &amp; Palatov sp. nov. Plate 15 (1); Fig. 14A-C</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Kumistavi, Prometheus Cave (პრომეთეს მღვიმე); 42°22'33"N, 42°36'2"E; 175 m a.s.l.; bottom of cave stream.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • adult, dry; type locality; 01 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T005-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T005-P1/1 dry and 1 wet, coll. JG F0969/1 dry and 2 wet.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the typical shell aperture. Caucasogeyeria gloeri sp. nov. has a larger, more robust shell with different aperture, C. colchis sp. nov. has more sinuated and more deeply cut labral margin at its columellar side, and C. chrysomallos sp. nov. has smaller, more conical and elongate shell with a greater number of whorls and proportionally smaller, differently shaped aperture.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: conical with blunt protoconch and with 3½ inflated whorls separated by semi-deep suture. Height 1.4-1.7 mm. Shell surface milky white, glossy with occasional rusty brown incrustations. Aperture expanded, proportionally larger, rhomboidal with a weak negative sinuation at labral junction with the body whorl and a weak positive sinuation at columellar margin. Umbilicus slit-like.</p><p>Operculum: paucispiral, glass-like translucent.</p><p>Animal body: white, without eye spots.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.60 mm; W-1.10 mm; BH-1.15 mm; BW-0.9 mm; AH-0.85 mm; AW-0.70 mm; CA: 28°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 14A-C) bent, simple, narrow, gradually narrowing towards its distal end, vas deferens inside running straight.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from Latin word ignidona meaning of "donating fire", referring to the gift of Prometheus to the mankind, indirectly indicating the name of type locality in the Prometheus Cave near Kutaisi.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Live individuals of the new species were found in the cave stream on submerged stones and gravel, covered by a layer of dark brown-black layer of bacterial mats. Empty shells were found in sandy sediment of the cave stream.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The sympatric Imeretiopsis prometheus sp. nov. has more numerous populations throughout the cave stream. It is not clear whether both species share the micro-habitats within the same cave stream.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/16F422A81C675FFF9B361C753D667574	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
2939812818C65456B1045F97E563E178.text	2939812818C65456B1045F97E563E178.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasogeyeria pseudocolchis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasogeyeria pseudocolchis Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 15 (5-8); 17(4); 18(2)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Mukhuri, Shisha Spring (სოფელი მუხური, შიშა წყარო); 42°37'47"N, 42°11'26"E; 255 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T006-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; coll. JG F1057/2 dry. • same as preceding; 10 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T006-P1/5 dry, SBMNH 635902/1 dry, coll. JG F1420/9 dry. • Samegrelo, Mukhuri, Shurubumu 1 Spring on left bank of Khobistskali River; 42°39'0"N, 42°12'21"E; 310 m a.s.l.; sediment at outlet; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. JG F1057/2 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Caucasogeyeria pseudocolchis sp. nov. differs from all the members of the genus by its more deeply cut and broader sinuation at the posterior canal, at the junction of the labral margin with the body whorl. The larger sinulus-like deep grove and the characteristically unbent labral fold with a different aperture shape clearly distinguish the species from the closely related C. colchis sp. nov.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: pyramidal with four inflated whorls, deeply cut suture and proportionally larger body whorl. Height 1.32-1.55 mm. The milky white shell with occasionally reddish brown inorganic encrustation. Umbilicus widely open. The expanded, rhomboidal aperture framed by a very deep and very broad cut at the posterior canal. The protruded labral fold straight, not curved inward. Labrum continues smoothly toward the lower extremity. Columellar margin is more or less straight. Protoconch surface with large regular deep pits.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.45 mm; W-1.15 mm; BH-1.25 mm; BW-0.95 mm; AH-0.70 mm; AW-0.60 mm; CA: 28°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the very similar shell shape to the C. colchis sp. nov. known from the Pakhe Plateau near Pirveli Balda and Nakhriduri.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Very worn and fragmented empty shells with only a few intact specimens were found in Shisha Spring, and a single live individual was found in a spring Shurubumu near Mukhuri. The condition of the material indicates a deep stygobiotic habitat far from the springhead with its accumulated recent thanatocoenoses.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known only from the type locality at Shurubumu Spring and from Shisha Spring in the vicinity of Mukhuri.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The new species is sympatric with the C. cf. gloeri at Shurubumu Spring.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2939812818C65456B1045F97E563E178	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
EABB3069FDEB53A9B563889CED093209.text	EABB3069FDEB53A9B563889CED093209.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasopsis egrisi Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasopsis cf. egrisi</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda, Motena Cave; 42°28'36"N, 42°23'29"E; 480 m a.s.l.; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; coll. ISU FM-HYD1/2 dry and JG/3 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species shows some similarity to the geographically isolated C. olsavskyi sp. nov. from Nazodelavo Cave near Chkhorotsku, but it differs by its by its more oval, elongate shells shape with proportionally larger body whorl, by larger and differently positioned aperture situated more left of the columella (to viewer; shell in apertural pose, apex up) and by the more closed umbilicus. Measurement comparison of Caucasopsis species is given in Table 6.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: narrow elongate-oval, 1.66-2.00 mm high with 4½ slightly tumid whorls, blunt protoconch, and weak suture. Shell surface whitish and smooth with faint axial growth lines, covered by milky white periostracum and by inorganic incrustations. Aperture proportionally smaller vs. the body whorl and more close-set to the columellar axis. The peristome attached to the body whorl by a weak sulcus over approximately a quarter of its outline. Lateral and columellar labral profiles smooth-straight with no traces of any sinuation. Umbilicus closed.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-2.00 mm; W-0.91 mm; BH-1.19 mm; BW-0.81 mm; AH-0.64 mm; AW-0.51 mm; CA: 34°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Egrisi (ეგრისი), the historical name of the Colchis Kingdom established in the region from the 13th to the 1st century BC (disestablished in 164 BC).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The secondary position where the empty shells of the new species were found is the spring head of small springs in village Pirveli Balda emerging from the stone debris at foot of the limestone plateau. The primary subterranean habitat is inaccessible and unknown.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality; the similar shells can be found in a nearby Motena Cave.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The assignment of the new species to the genus Caucasopsis gen. nov. is only provisional, based on the sinuated lateral labral profile and on the locality, situated close to the distribution range of Imeretiopsis gen. nov. The molecular data will be essential to assign the species to the correct genus. The population in Motena Cave has slightly different shell morphology, and, despite their close localities, both represent different hydrological systems (perched water tables) separated by horizontal impermeable sandstone beds with more than 100 m difference in altitude. It is possible both populations could show separation at the species level; however, we prefer provisionally to treat them as one species until molecular data become available.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EABB3069FDEB53A9B563889CED093209	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
9BAD2D702C5E5B47A977481EA43A770E.text	9BAD2D702C5E5B47A977481EA43A770E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasopsis egrisi Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasopsis egrisi Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plate 9 (4-6)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda (პირველი ბალდა), spring in village above road; 42°29'2"N, 42°23'53"E; 300 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1. Adult, dry; type locality; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T007-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T007-P1/1 dry, coll. JG F1031/2 dry. • same as for holotype; 13 October 2019; J. Grego leg.; ISU FM- T007-P2/2 dry, coll. JG F1436/22 dry SBMNH 639553, HNMB 563965/1 dry, NHMW 113367/1 dry.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9BAD2D702C5E5B47A977481EA43A770E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
65E19D736DF65BBC8652527192705777.text	65E19D736DF65BBC8652527192705777.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasopsis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Genus Caucasopsis Grego &amp; Mumladze gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Caucasopsis letsurtsume Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>Paladilhiopsis shadini Starobogatov, 1962, Paldilhiopsis subovata Starobogatov, 1962; Paladilhiopsis pulcherrima Starobogatov, 1962; Paladilhiopsis orientalis Starobogatov, 1962 Paladilhiopsis schakuranica Starobogatov, 1962; Paladilhopsis aculeus Starobogatov, 1962; Caucasopsis letsurtsume Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., Caucasopsis olsavskyi Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., Caucasopsis egrisi Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new genus has a shell shape similar to members of the genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov. from more eastern localities of the Imereti region, which have, in contrast, a sinuated labral lateral profile. However, both genera can be clearly distinguished by their penes (Fig. 11A, B): the penis is long, with the filament (lacking in Imeretiopsis) and, below the filament, delicately marked outgrowth on the left side (in Imeretiopsis there are two broad outgrowths).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name derived from the prefix Caucas - referring to the distribution range in the Caucasus Mountains and suffix - opsis reminiscent of the previously applied genus Paladilhiopsis Pavlović, 1913, adopted by Starobogatov (1962) for the similar shelled species from Abkhazia and from the Sochi region (Russia). Its gender is feminine.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The new genus Caucasopsis is known from the Samegrelo region, and likely from the Abkhazia and Sochi regions in the Russian Federation (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/65E19D736DF65BBC8652527192705777	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
A0611C73417855B1B421BABB742B6350.text	A0611C73417855B1B421BABB742B6350.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasopsis letsurtsume Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Caucasopsis letsurtsume Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 9 (2, 3, 10); 10(1, 2, 4); 11(1-4); Figs 11A, B, 12A, B</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Letsurtsume, Letsurtsume Cave (ლეწურწუმეს მღვიმე); 42°32'21"N, 42°06'48"E; 180 m a.s.l.; sandy sediment in cave stream.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T010-H Paratypes: same as for holotype; ISU FM-T010-P1/80 dry, SBMNH 633077/5 dry, NHMW 113368/2 dry, HNHM 104679/2 dry, NHMUK 0191335/2 dry, NHMB 563966/2 dry, SMF 358926/2 dry, ZMH 140631/2 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7896, ZIN 1/510-2020/2 dry, coll. JG F1045/80 dry, coll. Glöer /1 dry. Other material: Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Kachara Cave (ქაჩარას მღვიმე); 42°31'47"N, 42°10'39"E; 205 m a.s.l.; sandy sediment at cave stream; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM/6 dry and 7 wet, SBMNH 633080, coll. JG F1051/6 dry and 8 wet. Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Garakha, Savekuo Cavern; 42°30'23"N, 42°08'46"E; 240 m a.s.l.; mud sediments in the spring pond; 12 June 2019; H. Reip leg.; coll. F. Walther/58, coll. J. Grego/3 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Caucasopsis letsurtsume sp. nov. differs from its closest relatives by its elongate-oval shell with inflated whorls and open umbilicus with aperture situated more right of the columellar axis (to viewer; shell in apertural pose, apex up). Caucasopsis letsurtsume sp. nov. has a more robust shell with proportionally larger body whorl, smaller umbilicus and with different protoconch surface. Caucasopsis olsavskyi sp. nov. can be differentiated by its different shell shape, closed umbilicus and proportionally smaller aperture situated adjacent to the columellar axis. The shell of C. egrisi sp. nov. is more slender with less inflated whorls and more closed umbilicus. Its shell morphology also resembles Imeretiopsis nakeralaensis sp. nov., which has a more elongate shell, more open umbilicus, less inflated whorls and a proportionally smaller rounded aperture situated more left of the columella (to viewer; shell in apertural pose, apex up).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: elongate-oval, 1.64 mm high with blunt apex, inflated, 4½ whorls and deep suture. Shell surface smooth, glossy with very faint growth lines. Umbilicus narrow, slit-like. Aperture ovoid in shape, attached to the body whorl only shortly by an indistinct groove. Lateral and columellar profiles of the aperture straight. Lateral profile of the body whorl slightly expanding. Protoconch densely pitted.</p><p>Operculum: paucispiral yellowish, horny elongate ellipsoid with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.64 mm; W-0.94 mm; BH-0.89 mm; BW-0.72 mm; AH-0.60 mm; AW-0.47 mm; CA: 34°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 11A, B) simple, straight, proximally and medially broad, distally with a moderately long, narrow filament; below the filament a delicately marked outgrowth on the left side.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the name of Letsurtsume Cave, the type locality of the species.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Empty shells of the new species were found in the sandy sediments of a cave stream penetrating through Miocene conglomerate deposits. Live individuals were found on a blackish microbial slime covered surface of rocks and gravel at the bottom of cave stream.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (3) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shell shape of the species varies considerably in the only known locality. A second morphotype occurs in the type locality and differs significantly in shell morphology from the typical form. It is characterised by a more inflated-conical shell with 4½ whorls, by proportionally larger body whorl and open umbilicus (Morphotype B, Plates 9 (10); 10(2), Fig. 12A). Shell morphology is similar to the genus Motsametia Vinarski, Palatov &amp; Glöer, 2014. However, the DNA sequences (COI and H3) of both morphotypes are almost identical (see 1Z82 and 1Z80 on molecular trees in Figs 5 - 7); we consider them for the time being as one species with extraordinary morphological variability. The occurrence of the robust morphotype in much lower ratio, and the few available anatomical data do not suggest a sexual dimorphism. No parasites explaining the malformation found.</p><p>The population of C. letsurtsume sp. nov. from Kachara Cave differs from the type series by less inflated whorls and more closed umbilicus. The molecular distance within Clade B (Fig. 7) is 0.007 for COI, which indicates, that very closely situated hypogean habitats could host typical populations as a result of early allopatric evolution without any recent communication among the two populations.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0611C73417855B1B421BABB742B6350	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
204FCF065FC851CBBF6D2424D500690E.text	204FCF065FC851CBBF6D2424D500690E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caucasopsis olsavskyi Mumladze & Grego 2020	<div><p>Caucasopsis olsavskyi Mumladze &amp; Grego sp. nov. Plates 9 (1); 10(3)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Nazodelavo Cave (ნაზოდელავოს მღვიმე); 42°30'18"N, 42°13'15"E; 275 m a.s.l.; sandy sediment in cave stream.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 11 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T009-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T009-P1/ dry, NHMW 113369/1 dry, coll. JG F1053/2 dry, coll. Glöer /1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from its closest relatives by its oval shell shape, proportionally smaller aperture more close-set to the columella and closed umbilicus. There is some similarity to the shell shape of C. subovata (Starobogatov, 1962) from Abkhazia, however, the broken subfossil type does not allow more detailed comparison, and the drawing of the author within the description was likely just a reconstruction of the broken holotype.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: is 1.50-1.96 mm high, elongate ovate-conical with rounded whorls and blunt apex. Surface smooth, whitish, occasionally with inorganic incrustations. Aperture proportionally small, flat-ovoid shaped, situated below larger body whorl. Lateral profile of labral margin straight, columellar margin very weakly sinuated. Umbilicus closed.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.87 mm; W-0.85 mm; BH-0.94 mm; BW-0.77 mm; AH-0.60 mm; AW-0.45 mm; CA: 26°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named for our friend Mário Olšavský, geologist and speleologist from Banská Bystrica, Slovakia, who actively participated in the field trip to Georgia.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Empty shells were found at the sandy bottom of the cave stream inside a conglomerate cave. The empty shells were very scarce, as an undetermined Tschernomorica sp. was more abundant in the type locality.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/204FCF065FC851CBBF6D2424D500690E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
B16AB4C717385FC284D28FBC76A2DDC8.text	B16AB4C717385FC284D28FBC76A2DDC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hausdorfenia Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Genus Hausdorfenia Grego &amp; Mumladze gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>Hausdorfenia shareula Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new genus differs from Pontohoratia Vinarski, Palatov &amp; Glöer, 2014 by its flatter shell shape, more coarsely pitted protoconch and by its operculum with a distinct peg on its inner side. The molecular data support the closest relationship is to the genus Kartvelobia gen. nov.; however, its valviform shell shape is substantially different from the elongate oval shape and aperture morphology of its relative.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from Bernhard Hausdorf, Hamburg University (Germany), who contributed much to the study of Mollusca from whole Caucasus region.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known from the karstic plateau of Shaori (შაორის კარსტული პლატო) and adjacent stygobiotic habitats (Fig. 15).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B16AB4C717385FC284D28FBC76A2DDC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
2871C1CA50B85997AACBC79D9DB809F6.text	2871C1CA50B85997AACBC79D9DB809F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 20 (4, 7); 21(1)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia, • Racha, Shua Skhvava, Zemo Krikhi, Krikhula Spring (მდინარე კრიხულა); 42°30'04"N, 43°12'27"E; 707 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality. 07 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T011-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T011-P1/41 dry, SBMNH 633086/5 dry, NHMW 113370/1 dry, HNHM 104680/1 dry, NHMUK 20191336/1 dry, NHMB 563967/2 dry, SMF 358927/1 dry, ZMH140632/1 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7897, ZIN 1/512-2020/1 dry, coll. JG F1025/41 dry, Glöer /1 dry; • same as preceding; 13 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T011-P2/19 dry, coll. JG F1426/19 dry. Other material: Georgia • Racha, Kveda Tlughi, Kidobana Cave (კიდობანას მღვიმე); 42°26'1"N, 43°8'45"E; 1190 m a.s.l.; 07 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. • Racha, Kveda Tlughi, Cholaburi karst spring; 42°26'8"N, 43°08'58"E; 1175 m a.s.l.; 07 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. • Racha, Skhartali, Sakishore Cave (საკიშორეს მღვიმე); 42°26'32"N, 43°09'30"E; 1160 m a.s.l.; 07 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. • Racha, Velevi, Dolabistavi Cave (დოლაბისთავის მღვიმე); 42°27'05"N, 43°10'39"E; 1170 m a.s.l.; 07 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia sp. nov. differs from most of the congeners by its flatter shell with elevated embryonal whorls and more backward protruding lower aperture vs. the columellar axis. Only P. shareula sp. nov. has a flatter shell, but its spire is sunken. The reddish operculum with an elevated peg-like structure differentiates the species from all relatives.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: very flat paucispiral, 1.46-1.73 mm in diameter, discoid with flat or only very slightly elevated apex and widely expanded umbilicus. Descending 3¼ whorls separated by deeply depressed sulcus. Shell pale translucent, whitish surface, smooth with very faint axial growth lines. Aperture ovoid and in basal view declined left towards the body whorl, from which separated by a narrow gap. Lateral profile of the aperture is strongly sloped towards the apex. Protoconch with coarsely pitted surface converting adapically into a raised malleated surface.</p><p>Operculum: circular, with central nucleus, thickening at its central part. Inner side smooth centrally raising to a distinct internal peg at point of attachment to the retractor muscle (Fig. 17).</p><p>Animal body: without eye spots, milky white coloured with irregular small dispersed dark grey blotches visible through translucent shell.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-0.82 mm; W-1.68 mm; BH-0.74 mm; BW-1.11 mm; AH-0.53 mm; AW-0.58 mm; CA: -48°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the shell morphology resemblance of the new taxon to the Middle European stygobiotic genus Hauffenia Pollonera, 1899.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The studied material was found directly at the spring outlet among the larger debris. A few live individuals washed out from its stygobiotic habitat were attached to the undersides of boulders in the spring zone.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Aside from the type locality similar shells or fragments, likely belonging to the same species, were found in the following localities: Kidobana Cave, Cholaba Spring, Shakishore Cave and Dolabistavi Cave in the Shaori Basin.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The sample from type locality yielded a few aberrant solute shells (scalarity) (Plate 20 (7)).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2871C1CA50B85997AACBC79D9DB809F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
1C425869E88C5CBFAF75137953446DBA.text	1C425869E88C5CBFAF75137953446DBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hausdorfenia shareula Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Hausdorfenia shareula Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plate 20 (5)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Racha, Nikortsminda, Tsivtskala 2 Spring on left bank of the Shareula River near the power station; 42°28'18"N, 43°03'54"E; 1084 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 06 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T012-H. Other material: Georgia • Fragmented shells; Racha, Nikorsminda, Shareula River Head (Shareula Cave); 42°28'12"N, 43°04'4"E; 1105 m a.s.l.; date; 20.08.2017, J. Grego leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new taxon significantly differs from all congeners by its flat shape with spire hidden in apertural profile and its planorboid coiling, a unique feature within the southwestern Caucasus stygobiotic Gastropoda . Measurement comparison of Pontohoratia and Hausdorfenia species is given in Table 9.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: planispiral, discoid with planorboid (slightly hyperstrophic) coiling and 1.34 mm in diameter. Descending 2¼ whorls separated by a deep suture. Umbilicus very widely expanding. Shell colour milky white, surface smooth with very faint axial growth lines. Aperture circular, and its labral periphery is oblique to the columellar axis. It attached to the whole length of the adjacent body whorl by a narrow suture. Protoconch pitted over whole surface.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-0.53 mm; W-1.34 mm; BH-0.50 mm; BW-0.82 mm; AH-0.48 mm; AW-0.42 mm; CA: -57°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the name of the Shareula River (მდინარე შარეულა), left tributary of the Rioni River, in which valley and a nearby tributary the new taxon was found.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The intact empty shell was found in sandy sediment at the spring head in a small cave. The supposed habitat is stygobiotic.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Except the type locality few similar fragments were found at the Shareula River Head (entrance of Shareula Cave).</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Hausdorfenia pseudohauffenia sp. nov. and P. shareula sp. nov. display shell features different from other members of the genus, as well as a characteristic operculum with a peg (at least in the former taxon). Both represent a new genus different from Pontohoratia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1C425869E88C5CBFAF75137953446DBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
29048650A83252449510B797A1CB57AF.text	29048650A83252449510B797A1CB57AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis cameroni Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Imeretiopsis cameroni Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 8 (7, 8); 9(8)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Kutaisi, Iazoni (Tskhal-Tsiteli) Cave spring (იაზონის იგივე წყალ-წითელას მღვიმე), right bank of Tskalsitela River; 146 m alt., 42°16'18"N, 42°44'2"E; 145 m a.s.l.; sandy sediment inside the cave.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 01 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T016-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; 12 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; 4 ISU FM-T016-P1/1 dry, JG F1406/1 dry, ZIN 1dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs conspicuously from all the similar species of the region by its more slender shell with more conspicuous axial growth lines, closed umbilicus and narrower aperture. Caucasogeyeria orientalis (Starobogatov, 1962) has a similar, but more robust, oval shell shape with a different shape of the aperture.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: elongate narrow-turreted, 2.00-2.29 mm high shell with 5½ tumid whorls, weak suture and flat blunt apex. The early whorls rather inflated, and the inflation of whorls regularly decreasing abapically, apex almost flat. Shell surface glossy, whitish translucent with faint regularly spaced distant rib-like growth lines. Umbilicus closed. Aperture not expanded, elongate-oval with weakly sinuated labral profile and flat columellar profile. Protoconch pitted.</p><p>Operculum: light yellow, horny, elongate ellipsoid, paucispiral with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-2.00 mm; W-0.81 mm; BH-0.96 mm; BW-0.72 mm; AH-0.62 mm; AW-0.49 mm; CA: 35°</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after Robert A. D. Cameron from Sheffield University, who significantly contributed to the malacological knowledge of Eurasia including Caucasus region.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The fresh empty shells, some with opercula, were found in the sandy sediment of the cave stream. The condition of the shells indicates its habitat in the deep cave zone.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The species is known from a single location and EOO is smaller than 10 km2. There is also indication of stochastic human driven habitat pollution and a very scare occurrence of dead mature individuals indicating a very weak surviving population. Therefore, it is assessed as Critically endangered (EN) B2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The assignment of the new species to the genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov. is only provisional, based on the shell habitus, e.g., the similarly sinuated lateral labral profile. Molecular data will be necessary to confirm the taxonomic position of the species. The type locality, Iazoni Cave was formed in Cretaceous limestone with a high content of quartz sand grains. The sand accumulated in thick sedimentary layers after the carbonate dissolution inside the cave. A few kilograms of the cave sand had to be screened to find a single specimen. The cave drains water from a populated area SE of Kutaisi, and the sediments indicated a contamination by micro plastic and perhaps occasionally by chemicals from municipal waste. This can pose a direct danger to the important cave fauna including Motsametia borutzkii (Shadin, 1932), Euglesa subterranea (Shadin, 1932) and cave shrimps Xiphocaridinella kutaissiana Sadowski, 1930, Niphargus borutzkyi Birstein, 1933 and Asellus monticola fontinalis Birstein, 1936 reported from the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/29048650A83252449510B797A1CB57AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
6082F8E275975B299F24A32B5E91899A.text	6082F8E275975B299F24A32B5E91899A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis gorgoleti Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Imeretiopsis gorgoleti Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 7 (3); 8(1-4, 9-14); Fig. 11C</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Racha, Gorgoleti; 42°31'03"N, 42°54'59"E; 620 m a.s.l.; small cave spring on the right bank of the Shareula River between Gorgoleti and Tsakhi villages.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 13 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili; ISU FM-T013-H. Paratypes: same as for holotype; ISU FM-T013-P1/49 dry and 83 wet, SBMNH 635910/7 dry, NHMW 113279/2 dry, HNHM 104681/2 dry, NHMUK 20191337/2 dry, NHMB 563968/2 dry, SMF 358928/2 dry, ZMH 140633/2 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7897, ZIN 1/509-2020/2 dry, coll. JG F1430/49 dry and 84 wet.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from all the related species of the region by its more robust shape, more open umbilicus and more expanded rounded aperture. The most similar shell morphology can be seen in I. iazoni sp. nov., however, I. gorgoleti sp. nov. has a much larger and robust shell with a more open umbilicus and more expanded aperture. From the members of the genus Caucasopsis gen. nov. as the C. tsurtsume sp. nov. it differs by its less sinuated labral margin and by a more regular apertural form.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: height ranges from 1.52 to 2.18 mm, conical to ovate-conical shell, with 4½ whorls, blunt protoconch, rather inflated whorls and deep suture. Umbilicus widely open. Shell surface glossy, milky-translucent with very faint almost invisible axial growth lines. Aperture subcircular and expanded. Lateral labral profile weakly sinuated adapically toward the body whorl; columellar labrum has a weak sinuation near columella. Protoconch surface densely covered by large regular weak pits.</p><p>Operculum: translucent, milky whitish, paucispiral with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: animal white, eyeless with light brown pellets and randomly spread dark grey diffused fibre-like streaked blotches on mantle visible through the translucent shell from body whorl up to the early whorls.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-2.18 mm; W-1.44 mm; BH-1.35 mm; BW-1.15 mm; AH-0.94 mm; AW-0.82 mm; CA: 38°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 11C) bent, cylindrical, distally with no filament but broadly conical, in its median part a characteristically shaped double outgrowth, proximally broad and distally blunt.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from Gorgoleti village (Racha region) (სოფელი გორგოლეთ), which is the closest village to the type locality.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Many live specimens were found on tree roots submerged in small cave ponds. The phreatic rhizosphere habitat provides enough food either directly through root exudation (Canarini et al. 2019), by direct feeding on root tissue or feeding on microbial slime covering the submerged roots, as well as on the decaying roots.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known localities (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The phreatic rhizosphere habitat for gastropods was known to us from Central and South-eastern Europe. There it hosts mostly valvatiform shelled stygobiotic gastropods; however, the rich food source it provides can attract various gastropod species. We suppose the slightly sinuated aperture (labral and columellar margin) of Imeretiopsis could help the animals in attaching to cylindrical shape of the fine roots.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6082F8E275975B299F24A32B5E91899A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
934DA6999F065F95888E844AC31383DD.text	934DA6999F065F95888E844AC31383DD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Genus Imeretiopsis Grego &amp; Mumladze gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Imeretiopsis prometheus Grego &amp; Palatov, sp. nov.</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>I. prometheus Grego &amp; Palatov, sp. nov., I. gorgoleti Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., I. nakeralaensis Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., I. cameroni Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., I. iazoni Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The general shell morphology of the new genus is similar to some stygobiotic genera from the Balkans ( Paladilhiopsis Pavlović, 1913; Iglica A. J. Wagner, 1910), Middle Europe ( Bythiospeum Bourguignat, 1882) and Southeast Asia ( Pseudoiglica Grego, 2018). The main conchological difference distinguishing the new genus from Caucasopsis gen. nov., is the sinuated labral profile. The penis long, without the filament characteristic of Caucasopsis, but with two broad outgrowths on its left side.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name is derived from the Imereti (იმერეთი) region, where the type locality and the known distribution of the genus are located. The suffix - iopsis refers to the resemblance to the shells of the Balkan genus Paladilhiopsis Pavlović, 1913. Its gender is feminine.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov. is known from the Imereti and West Racha regions of Georgia (Fig. 10).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/934DA6999F065F95888E844AC31383DD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
28ACD3799F4557609D11D2E37785C07B.text	28ACD3799F4557609D11D2E37785C07B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis iazoni Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Imeretiopsis iazoni Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plate 8 (5-6)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Kuatisi, Iazoni (Tskhal-Tsiteli) Cave Spring (იაზონის იგივე წყალ-წითელას მღვიმე), right bank of Tskalsitela River Canyon; 42°16'18"N, 42°44'02"E; 145 m a.s.l.; sandy sediment inside the cave.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T014-H. Paratypes: same as for holotype, ISU FM-T014-P1/1 dry, coll. JG F1409/1dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species differs from the most closely related Imeretiopsis gorgoleti sp. nov. by its much smaller, less inflated shells with proportionally smaller and less expanded aperture and by the smaller umbilicus. From the other stygobiotic gastropods of the region with similar shell shape it differs by its smaller shell with the sinuated lateral labral profile. From the sympatric I. cameroni sp. nov. it differs by the much smaller shell, more inflated whorls, flatter apex and more open umbilicus. Measurement comparison Imeretiopsis species is given in Table 5.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: rather small, 1.38-1.47 mm high, elongate-conical with four whorls, blunt and flat apex, inflated whorls and deep suture. Umbilicus narrow, almost closed. Shell surface glossy, milky white with irregular growth lines, randomly forming faint, rib-like structures. Aperture irregularly oval, slightly depressed from columellar side and slightly expanded. Lateral labral profile very weakly sinuated, columellar profile rather straight.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.47 mm; W-0.74 mm; BH-0.85 mm; BW-0.68 mm; AH-0.50 mm; AW-0.47 mm; CA: 35°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the type locality, Iazoni Cave (იაზონის მღვიმე) (= Tskal-Tsiteli = Rioni Cave (= წყალწითელას = რიონის მღვიმე)) in Kutaisi.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. See habitat of Imeretiopsis cameroni sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The assignment to the genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov. is only provisional due to sinuated aperture margins and resemblance to I. gorgoleti . sp. nov.; molecular data will be needed to determine its true taxonomic status. The type locality has indications of occasional pollution, and most of the stygobiotic Mollusca endemic to the cave ( M. borutzkii (Shadin, 1932), Euglesa subterranea (Shadin, 1932) and Imeretiopsis cameroni sp. nov.) have shown declining populations. The new species is scarcer than all of the sympatric species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/28ACD3799F4557609D11D2E37785C07B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
1B2BA0EC1C6452D79A3D1249E5451D1B.text	1B2BA0EC1C6452D79A3D1249E5451D1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis nakeralaensis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Imeretiopsis nakeralaensis Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plate 9 (9)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Tkibuli, Tkibuli-Nikortsminda road to Nakerala Pass (ნაქერალას უღელტეხილი); 42°23'00"N, 42°00'45"E; 980 m a.s.l.; spring above left side of road with small travertine waterfall and a small spring cavern entrance.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 04 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T015-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T015-P1/10 dry, SBMNH 633110/2 dry, NHMW 113371/1 dry, NHMB 563969/2 dry, coll. JG F1009/10 dry, coll. Glöer /1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from all the morphotypes with related shell shape in the region by its more robust oval shape, by the position of the aperture more right of the columella (to viewer; shell in apertural pose, apex up), and by the more open umbilicus. Caucasogeyeria shakuranica (Starobogatov, 1962) from Abkhazia has similar but narrower shell shape with less inflated whorls and a proportionally smaller body whorl. Caucasogeyeria letsurtsume sp. nov. has a smaller shell with more inflated whorls and more open umbilicus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: 2 mm high, elongate ovate-conical with pronounced protoconch, five tumid whorls and moderately deep suture. Shell surface whitish, translucent-glossy, covered by faint axial growth lines. Umbilicus open. Proportionally small aperture irregular, almost round, not expanded, with straight lateral and columellar labral profiles lacking sinuation. Protoconch surface densely and coarsely pitted.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-2.00 mm; W-1.09 mm; BH-1.02 mm; BW-0.85 mm; AH-0.64 mm; AW-0.53 mm; CA: 29°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name after the Nakerala Pass 1218 m alt. situated above the type locality north of Tikbuli along the road to Ambrolauri.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The empty shells of the species were found at the foot of small travertine cascade formed by a small stream emerging from the very narrow cave spring (small entrance covered by moss and ivy). Only a few shells were found in sparse sediments accumulated near the cave walls. The shells were washed out from its subterranean habitat by the very small permanent stream.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The assignment of the new species to the genus Imeretiopsis gen. nov. is only provisional, based on the resemblance if its shell to that of the type species. However, molecular data will be essential to confirm generic placement.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1B2BA0EC1C6452D79A3D1249E5451D1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
D5DCFC9B58365627B4FB771A06C5DCE7.text	D5DCFC9B58365627B4FB771A06C5DCE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Imeretiopsis prometheus Grego & Palatov 2020	<div><p>Imeretiopsis prometheus Grego &amp; Palatov sp. nov. Plates 6 (1-6); 7(1); 9(7)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Kumistavi, Prometheus Cave (პრომეთეს მღვიმე); 42°22'33"N, 42°36'2"E; 175 m a.s.l.; bottom of cave stream.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 01 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T017-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T017-P1/21 dry, SBMNH 633098/4 dry, NHMW 113372/1 dry, HNHM 104682/1 dry, NHMUK 20191338/1 dry, NHMB 563970/1 dry, SMF 358929/1 dry, ZMH140634/1 dry, NHMW 113372/1 dry, ZIN 1/508-2020/1 dry, coll. JG F/21 dry and 2 wet, coll. Glöer /1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The species differs from all the related morphotypes from the Caucasus by the more conical-elongate shell with typical triangular shell shape, by the more oval aperture situated more right of the columellar axis (to viewer; shell in apertural pose, apex up). I. cameroni sp. nov. has a much narrower elongated shell shape with a more elongated aperture and less inflated whorls with closed umbilicus, and I. nakeralaensis sp. nov. has more robust, oval shell with proportionally smaller aperture and narrower umbilicus.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: elongate-conical, 1.42-1.66 mm high with five whorls, blunt protoconch, inflated whorls, deep suture and proportionally larger body whorl. Umbilicus narrow, slit like. Shell surface glossy, translucent with horny-yellowish periostracum, occasionally covered by rusty-brown inorganic incrustations. Aperture irregularly ovate, slightly expanded, separated from body whorl by a grove and by broadening adapical apertural gap. Lateral labral profile weakly sinuated, columellar profile straight. Protoconch strongly pitted.</p><p>Operculum: yellowish, translucent, elongate ellipsoid, paucispiral with excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: eyeless, milky whitish coloured with light brown pellets.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.66 mm; W-0.53 mm; BH-0.87 mm; BW-0.72 mm; AH-0.60 mm; AW-0.47 mm; CA: 33°.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name is derived from the type locality inside Prometheus Cave (პრომეთეს მღვიმე). The cave was named after Prometheus, the Titan of Greek mythology, who created mankind from clay, stealing the fire from gods and providing it to humanity. As punishment, he was eternally bound to a rock at Caucasus Mountains, where each day an eagle was sent to feed on his liver.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Empty shells of the new species were found among the sandy sediments inside the cave stream of Prometheus Cave. Live individuals were found attached at the slimy surface of boulders and gravel at the bottom of underground streambed. The rock surface was covered by dark brown- black slimy microbial mats likely serving as a food substrate. More specimens were found in flowing stream than semi-stagnant water.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known localities (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D5DCFC9B58365627B4FB771A06C5DCE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
2A1F599698F75C50BEBF74AE850C81A3.text	2A1F599698F75C50BEBF74AE850C81A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	sinuata	<div><p>K. cf. sinuata</p><p>Other material.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda, Motena Cave (მოტენას მღვიმე), sandy sediment at terminal sump lake; 42°28'36"N, 42°23'29"E; 485 m a.s.l.; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. • Samegrelo, Pirveli Balda (პირველი ბალდა), spring at village; 42°29'2"N, 42°23'53"E; 295 m a.s.l.; 09 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. • same as preceding; 13 October 2019; J. Grego leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from all known stygobiotic gastropods by the characteristically and deeply sinuated labral margin with two to three large tooth-like folds. The two most closely related species, Kartvelobia kinchkha sp. nov. and Kartvelobia shishaensis sp. nov., have only weakly sinuated labral margin and generally smaller shell. Compared to K. kinchkha sp. nov. the protoconch is smoother and to K. shishaensis sp. nov. it is more conspicuously pitted. Both of the latter species generally have smaller shells.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: shape is ovate-conical, 1.36-2.07 mm high with four whorls separated by a deep suture, a blunt protoconch, and a closed umbilicus. Shell surface whitish, translucent, smooth to glossy, with very faint growth lines. The aperture ovate-ellipsoid with its axis declined from columella by 38° and separated from the body whorl by a gap or groove. Its labral margin characteristically sinuated with a deeply cut broad round shaped adapical sinulus, continuing with a triangular tooth-like structure curved inward, and smoothly followed by two more, similar tooth-like structures down to lower extremity of the shell. The wavy labral margin varies significantly within the species. The lateral profile of the columellar margin more-or-less straight. The protoconch surface very weakly pitted.</p><p>Operculum: yellowish, translucent, elongate ellipsoid, paucispiral with an excentric nucleus.</p><p>Animal body: milky whitish coloured, eyeless.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.67 mm; W-0.96 mm; BH-1.16 mm; BW-0.81 mm; AH-0.76 mm; AW-0.61 mm; CA: 38°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 9A-D) simple, broad and massive, proximally bent, with a small outgrowth in the middle of its left side, the vas deferens running straight. The female reproductive organs (Fig. 9E) with a short and broad oviduct loop, small distal receptaculum seminis (at the position of rs1 of Radoman: see Szarowska (2006)) and big spherical bursa copulatrix with a long duct.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the conspicuously sinuated labral margin.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>The empty shells of the new stygobiotic species were found in the sandy sediments of several cave streams or karst spring heads. Few live individuals were found in a small concrete basin built on a small permanent spring emerging from a fissure in the thick limestone beds. The individuals of this hypogean species were washed out from its stygobiont habitat and accumulated in the small artificial basin.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>This species is known from the Pakhe karstic plateau NW of Kinchkhaperdi and Satsiskvilo (south of the Askhi Plateau) in the caves and springs emerging from cliffs at its foot and slopes, as well from the springs and caves at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin situated at the top of the plateau the Turchu Gamosadivari River sink at the western edge of the basin, and appearing again in First Toba Cave and in Arsen Okrojanashvili Cave. A more conical form of the new species with slightly different labral margin ( K. cf. sinuata is known from the southernmost tip of the Pakhe Plateau massif, from the springs in village Pirveli Balda and from Motena Cave. A local form with minute shell, inflated whorls is found around Kinchkhaperdi below the NW foot of the plateau. The taxonomic status of both forms should be clarified.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations is 11 and EOO is ca. 70 km2. The AOO is represented by only several underground karst conduits with much smaller total area compared to EOO. Each karst conduit is supplied by surface water through swallow holes, where stochastic events, as human driven pollution or habitat destruction, could lead to rapid species decline or extinction. Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The labral sinuation intensity can vary by specimen, especially juvenile individuals have only weakly developed sinuation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A1F599698F75C50BEBF74AE850C81A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
0BF8373340C25EE4B298C7FBCA54668B.text	0BF8373340C25EE4B298C7FBCA54668B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kartvelobia Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Genus Kartvelobia Grego &amp; Mumladze gen. nov.</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Kartvelobia sinuata Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>Kartvelobia sinuata Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., K. kinchkha Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., K. shishaensis Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new genus differs from all known stygobiotic Hydrobiidae and Moitessieriidae by general shell shape with characteristically deeply sinuated labral margin; however, the smaller representatives of the genus can possess only very weak labral sinuation while still having elongate-oval shells with inflated whorls and aperture slightly detached from the body whorl.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the name of Georgia in local language Sakartevelo (საქართველო), which is frequently used in its short vocative form as Kartvelo (ქართველო). Its gender is feminine.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The new genus is known from western Imereti region, where it can be found in springs and caves in the Turchu Gamosadivari basin and around the karstic Pakhe Plateau. In the Samegrelo region it is distributed in springs and caves on the eastern slope of Pakhe Plateau and from the springs around Mukhuri village (Fig. 8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0BF8373340C25EE4B298C7FBCA54668B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
4705966665545CD29DB4A566EE90E5FA.text	4705966665545CD29DB4A566EE90E5FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kartvelobia kinchkha Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Kartvelobia kinchkha Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 4 (3, 4); 5(1)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Kinchkhaperdi, Kinchkha; 42°29'42"N, 42°33'01"E; 855 m a.s.l.; a small spring above right edge of the lower waterfall.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T018-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T018-P1/1 dry, SBMNH 633106/1 dry, coll. JG F0987/1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from Kartvelobia sinuata sp. nov. by its less weakly-sinuated labral margin without tooth-like folds, by smaller shell size, smooth protoconch surface and the different shape of the aperture. From the similar sized K. shishaensis sp. nov. it differs by its more smoothly sinuated labral margin, by proportionally larger body whorl, by smoother protoconch surface and by more inflated whorls.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: the minute shell (1.29-1.32 mm high) with 3½ whorls and a blunt apex, with elongate-oval shape, inflated whorls, weak suture and closed umbilicus. Shell surface smooth to glossy, whitish translucent. The aperture of an irregular tear-shaped with pronounced upper-right tip and separated from the body whorl by a deep groove. The lateral profile of labral margin characteristically weakly sinuated and anteriorly elongated. The labral columellar profile almost straight, only slightly curved. Protoconch with a smooth surface.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.32 mm; W-0.71 mm; BH-0.95 mm; BW-0.62 mm; AH-0.58 mm; AW-0.52 mm; CA: 45°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the tallest Georgian waterfall Kinchkha (კინჩხას ჩანჩქერი) near Kinchkhaperdi. Type locality is situated between the two lower cascades of the waterfall.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The habitat represents small permanent water springs, where the water leaks out from fissures in the large limestone beds. The water emerging from fissures could be supplied from the springs and water-episaturated zones above the Kinchkha waterfall. The very narrow fissures likely lead to evolution of the more minute shell shape of the species. Some of the small springs are captured as tap water for the nearby cabins.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>Number of known locations (1) fewer than 5 and AOO smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining or extremely fluctuating. However, due to very small AOO it is assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4705966665545CD29DB4A566EE90E5FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
A372AE2D1BD95AFC9B3BC9240F13178B.text	A372AE2D1BD95AFC9B3BC9240F13178B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kartvelobia shishaensis Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Kartvelobia shishaensis Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 4 (1, 2, 8, 9); 5(2, 4)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Mukhuri, Shisha Spring; 42°37'47"N, 42°11'26"E; 250 m a.s.l.; sediment from the spring lake bottom.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 42°37'47"N, 42°11'26"E; 250 m a.s.l.; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T019-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T019-P1/3 dry, SBMNH 633084/2 dry, coll. JG F1043/3 dry; • same as for holotype; 12 October; 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; NHMW 113373 ISU-T019-P2/4 dry, coll JG F1056/4 dry; Georgia • Samegrelo, Mukhuri, Mapeli Cave (მაპელის მღვიმე); 42°38'22"N, 42°11'39"E; 330 m a.s.l.; 12 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from the Kartvelobia sinuata sp. nov. by its very weakly sinuated almost straight labral margin, minute shell size, more pitted protoconch and different shape of the aperture. From the similar sized K. kinchkha sp. nov. differs by its less sinuated labral margin, by less inflated whorls and by the pitted protoconch surface. Measurement comparison of Kartvelobia species is given in Table 4.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: minute, 1.32-1.45 mm high, elongated-oval shell with four whorls, semi-blunt apex and smooth whitish glossy surface; slightly inflated whorls separated by weak suture. Aperture irregularly tear-shaped, slightly expanded and detached from the body whorls by a distant grove or gap. Lateral profile of labral margin almost straight with very inconspicuous sinuation; columellar labral profile straight. Protoconch surface pitted.</p><p>Operculum: not known.</p><p>Animal body: not known.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.45 mm; W-0.74 mm; BH-1.02 mm; BW-0.62 mm; AH-0.55 mm; AW-0.58 mm; CA: 51°.</p><p>Anatomy: not known.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name after the type locality: the karst spring Shisha at southeast end of village Mukhuri.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. The empty shells of the species were washed out through the small spring lake after large water flow induced by heavy rains in May 2018. The deep spring Lake Shisha drains karstic waters from the nearby limestone massif, but likely gets a portion of its water directly from the surface through a nearby sinkhole (more opalescent water observed shortly after the heavy rain). The condition of the shells (few worn shells and many fragments) suggests its stygobiont habitat deeper than the spring head.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality and from nearby Mapeli Cave in Mukhuri.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The second population from Mapeli Cave generally has a more elongate and conical shell with more inflated whorls. Its taxonomic position needs to be further investigated.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A372AE2D1BD95AFC9B3BC9240F13178B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
E0FF0A3480B75B4EA2C563FDA068149B.text	E0FF0A3480B75B4EA2C563FDA068149B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kartvelobia sinuata Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Kartvelobia sinuata Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 1 (1-3); 2(1-15); 3(1-4); 4(5-7); 5(3); Fig. 9A-E</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Imereti, Satsiskvilo, Turchusmtha (თურჩუსმთა, სოფელი საწისქვილო); 42°29'49"N, 42°32'49"E; 980 m a.s.l.; Small spring at left side of path to the plateau.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T020-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T020-P1/500 dry specimens, SBMNH 633041/7 dry, NHMW 113374/10 dry, HNHM 104683/10 dry, NHMUK 20191339/10 dry, NHMB 563971/10 dry, SMF 358930/10 dry, ZMH 140635/10 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7894, ZIN 1/511-2020/10 dry, coll. JG F0989/500 dry, coll. Glöer /2 dry; Other material: Georgia • Imereti, Nakhriduri, Turchu Gamosadivari Cave; 42°29'13"N, 42°31'20"E; 951 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg., JG/3 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri 3 spring at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin left side; 42°28'41"N, 42°30'45"E; 860 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. JG/5 dry. • Imereti, Nakhriduri 2, Turchu Gamosadivari Basin left side spring above small ford; 42°28'39"N, 42°30 43"E; 860 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg., JG/6 dry. • Imereti, Kinchkhaperdi (კინჩხაფერდი), spring right along the road to Askhi Plateau; 42°30'7"N, 42°33'34"E; 880 m a.s.l.; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. JG/3 dry. • Imereti, Upskhero Spring Lake (უფსკერო ტბა) at Turchu Gamosadivari Basin; 42°27'47"N, 42°30'3"E; 890 m a.s.l.; 03 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. JG/6 dry. • Imereti, Turchusmtha, spring of Okatse above Kinchkha waterfall; 42°29'49"N, 42°32'49"E; 1050 m a.s.l.; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg. JG/5 dry.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E0FF0A3480B75B4EA2C563FDA068149B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
2AA6C99D3622515BAEC977C931047E85.text	2AA6C99D3622515BAEC977C931047E85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Motsametia borutzkii (Shadin 1932)	<div><p>Motsametia borutzkii (Shadin, 1932) Fig. 18</p><p>Motsametia borutzkii M. V. Vinarski, D. M. Palatov &amp; P. Glöer, 2014 - J. Nat. Hist., 48: 2241 fig. 2B, 2244 fig. 5A, and 2249 fig. 7E</p><p>Horatia borutzkii A. V. Shadin, 1932 - Arch. Molluskenkd. 64: tab. 1, fig. 1.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The species is known from a single location and AOO is smaller than 10 km2. There is also indication of stochastic human driven habitat pollution and introduction of possibly competing invasive species ( Ferrissia californica) (Vinarski and Palatov 2018) leading to severe population decline since 2009 with scarce occurrence of live individuals. Therefore, it is assessed as Critically endangered (EN) B2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Since the field work of Dimitry Palatov in 2009-2012 (Vinarski et al. 2014), we have recorded a continuous population decrease of M. borutzkii at the only known locality, with live individuals becoming scarce. It is possible that pollution of groundwater from settlements just above the cave could influence the groundwater quality. The pollution of the cave stream can be traced by increased micro-plastic particles present in the cave sediments. The population of Ferrissia cf. californica (Rowell, 1863) in the cave does not seem to have an invasive character, but could lead to a food competition with M. borutzkii (Vinarski and Palatov 2018). The presence of Ferrissia seem to be an incidental migrant via sinking surface water.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2AA6C99D3622515BAEC977C931047E85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
6F29FFEA9D675B2CAAA738CE7D741348.text	6F29FFEA9D675B2CAAA738CE7D741348.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontohoratia mapeli Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Pontohoratia mapeli Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Fig. 16E, F; Plates 20 (6); 21(4); 22(1-4)</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Kanti Village near Mukhuri, Mapeli Spring (მაპელის წყარო, სოფელი კანტი); 42°38'23"N, 42°10'08"E; 290 m a.s.l.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 06 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T021-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; col. JG F1060/5 dry; • same as preceding; 12 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T021-P1/ 40 dry and 69 wet, SBMNH 635896/6 dry, NHMW 113375/2 dry, HNHM 104684/2 dry, NHMUK 20191340/2 dry, NHMB 563972/2 dry, SMF 358931/2 dry, ZMH 140636/2 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7900, ZIN 1/503-2020/2 dry, coll. JG F1413/40 dry and 69 wet, coll Glöer /1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The shell of the new species is more flat-discoid with a more open umbilicus, more rounded and proportionally smaller aperture vs. the geographically closest relatives: P. vinarskii sp. nov. and P. pichkhaiai sp. nov. The shell shape is somewhat similar to H. pseudohauffenia, but it can be differentiated by less pronounced protoconch, lower shell height to width ratio the proportionally smaller, more rounded aperture as well by its operculum lacking the knobby sculpture.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: small, paucispiral, discoid with flat, only slightly pronounced spire and widely opened umbilicus. Diameter 1.37-1.51 mm. The inflated whorls are separated by a deeply cut sulcus. Protoconch surface covered by dense shallow pits. The shell surface whitish and translucent with smooth surface. The aperture round with labral peristome oblique to the columellar axis. The aperture barely attached at its upper columellar side to the body whorl. Protoconch surface covered by raised malleations gradually changing to a regular pitting towards the nucleus.</p><p>Operculum: reddish, circular, paucispiral with central nucleus, centrally thickened and elevated inward without peg.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-0.57 mm; W-1.38 mm; BH-0.55 mm; BW-0.95 mm; AH-0.42 mm; AW-0.45 mm; CA: -40°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 16E, F) proximally broad, with a broad, slightly marked outgrowth on its left side in the median part, and thin filament distally.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Name derived from the name of Mapeli (მაპელი) Spring in Kanti (კანტი) Village, the type locality of the species.</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. See the habitat of Caucasogeyeria chrysomallos sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6F29FFEA9D675B2CAAA738CE7D741348	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
26D3ABD365C057FE97F649AD0323134E.text	26D3ABD365C057FE97F649AD0323134E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontohoratia pichkhaiai Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Pontohoratia pichkhaiai Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 20 (3); 21(2); 22(5-8); Fig. 16C, D</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Mukhuri, Shisha Spring (შიშა წყარო, სოფელი მუხური); 42°37'47"N, 42°11'26"E; 255 m a.s.l.; sediment at bottom of spring zone.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 10 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T022-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T022-P1/9 dry, coll. JG F1044/9 dry; • same as for holotype; 11 October 2019; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and G. Bananashvili leg.; ISU FM-T022-P2/13 dry SBMNH 633083/1 dry, NHMW 113376/1 dry, HNHM 104685/1 dry, NHMB 563973/1 dry, SMF 358933/1 dry, ZMH 140637/1 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7901, ZIN 1/504-2020/1 dry, coll. JG F1419/14 fry, coll. Glöer /1 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from the geographically close P. vinarskii sp. nov. by its flatter shell and smaller, more rounded aperture. P. mapeli has a flatter shell with smaller, more rounded aperture.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: planispiral small, discoid, the spire only a slightly pronounced and early whorls flat, umbilicus widely opened and protoconch surface pitted. Diameter 1.36-1.68 mm. The descending whorls separated by a deep suture. The shell wall is translucent, the surface whitish and smooth. The aperture proportionally small and circular with the labral peristome angled vs. the columellar axis. The aperture in a short distance joining the body whorl. Protoconch surface weakly pitted in its nuclear portion and abapically gradually changing into a smooth slightly malleated surface.</p><p>Operculum: reddish, circular, paucispiral, with central nucleus and smooth central callosity without forming a peg at its attachment.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-0.87 mm; W-1.42 mm; BH-0.66 mm; BW-1.00 mm; AH-0.50 mm; AW-0.5 mm; CA: -45°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 16C, D) simple, without any outgrowths, broad, slowly narrowing to its distal end.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after the avid speleologist Igor Pichkhaia (იგორ ფიჩხაია) from Chkhorotsku, who supported our research in the region of Samegrelo (Mingrelia).</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. Empty shells and a few live individuals were found washed out from primary habitat at the bottom sediments of the spring lake of Shisha spring near Mukhuri. See the habitat of Kartvelobia shishaensis sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (1) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/26D3ABD365C057FE97F649AD0323134E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
FDA37D44903B56A5BAE425C982C06ADE.text	FDA37D44903B56A5BAE425C982C06ADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontohoratia Vinarski, Palatov & Gloeer 2014	<div><p>Genus Pontohoratia Vinarski, Palatov &amp; Gloeer, 2014</p><p>Type species.</p><p>Horatia birsteini Starobogatov, 1962</p><p>Species assigned to the genus.</p><p>Pontohoratia birsteini (Starobogatov, 1962), P. smyri Vinarski, Palatov &amp; Glöer, 2014, P. vinarskii Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., P. pichkhaiai Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov., P. mapeli Grego &amp; Mumladze, sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>The genus is known from Samegrelo region around Mukhuri and from Abkhazia in the vicinity of Sukhumi (Fig. 15).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FDA37D44903B56A5BAE425C982C06ADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
5F0459E14BC65E6AACA4D9890AC9584A.text	5F0459E14BC65E6AACA4D9890AC9584A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontohoratia vinarskii Grego & Mumladze 2020	<div><p>Pontohoratia vinarskii Grego &amp; Mumladze sp. nov. Plates 19 (1-5); 20(1, 2, 8, 9); Fig. 16A, B</p><p>Type locality.</p><p>Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Letsurtsume, Letsurtsume Cave (ლეწურწუმეს მღვიმე); 42°32'21"N, 42°06'48"E; 180 m a.s.l; sandy sediment in the cave stream bottom.</p><p>Material.</p><p>Holotype: Georgia • 1 adult, dry; type locality; 02 May 2018; J. Grego, L. Mumladze and M. Olšavský leg.; ISU FM-T023-H. Paratypes: Georgia • same as for holotype; ISU FM-T023-P1/350 dry and 18 wet, P2/10 dry, SBMNH 633077/5 dry, NHMW 113377/3 dry, HNHM 104686/3 dry, NHMUK 20191341/3 dry, NHMB 563974/3 dry, SMF 358934/3 dry, ZMH 140638/3 dry, MNHN-IM-2016-7902, ZIN 1/505-2020/3 dry, coll. JG F1046/350 dry and 18 wet, JG F1047/10 dry, coll. Glöer /1 dry. Other material: Georgia • Samegrelo, Chkhorotsku, Garakha, Savekuo Cavern, mud sediments in the spring pond; 42°30'23"N, 42°08'46"E; 240 m a.s.l.; 12 June 2019; H. Reip leg.; coll. F. Walther/243 dry, coll. JG/20 dry.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The new species differs from P. smyri Vinarski, Palatov &amp; Glöer, 2014 by its more elevated spire and by a proportionally smaller and more ovate aperture. The geographically close C. pichkhaiai sp. nov. and C. mapeli sp. nov. have similar shells, but both are flatter and have much smaller rounded apertures.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Shell: flat, discoid with elevated spire and flat apex. Diameter 1.31-1.58 mm. Umbilicus widely opened. The 2¾ whorls are separated by a deeply cut sulcus. Shell transparent whitish colour with smooth surface and almost invisible growth lines. Oval aperture with axis declined towards columella. Peristome smooth without any folds. Lateral profile of the labrum is slightly angled towards the body whorl at its upper side, where attached by a narrow furrow. Protoconch surface regularly weakly pitted on the nuclear portion and abapically smooth.</p><p>Operculum: orange coloured circular, translucent, with central nucleus, thickened at its centre, but without peg on its inner side.</p><p>Animal body: whitish, not pigmented, eyeless.</p><p>Holotype measurements: H-1.08 mm; W-1.47 mm; BH-0.87 mm; BW-1.00 mm; AH-0.63 mm; AW-0.55 mm; CA: -20°.</p><p>Anatomy: the penis (Fig. 16A, B) simple, broad and blunt, without any outgrowth.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Named after renowned Russian malacologist Maxim V. Vinarski, Saint-Petersburg State University, Russia, who contributed significantly to Eurasian freshwater Mollusca studies as well as to the study of southwestern Caucasus freshwater Mollusca .</p><p>Habitat.</p><p>Stygobiotic species. See habitat of Caucasopsis letsurtsume sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Only known from the type locality.</p><p>Conservation status.</p><p>The number of known locations (2) is no more than 5 and EOO is smaller than 20 km2. There is no reason to suppose that AOO, EOO, number of locations, number of subpopulations or the number or mature individuals are declining however due to its extremely small EOO we assessed as Vulnerable (VU) D2.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The shell morphology of the new species within the type locality varies considerably from almost flat shells to specimens with elevated spired and a more conical shell shape. Similar variability in the shell shape had been observed in the sympatric Caucasopsis letsurtsume sp. nov. It is curious whether both extreme variabilities could have the same environmental driver in the locality or if it could be a result of a parasitism. Many individuals are densely covered by calcareous inorganic precipitates, and some of them resemble a grain of sand without a recognisable shell shape. The operculum may also be densely covered by inorganic incrustations (Plate 20 (9)).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5F0459E14BC65E6AACA4D9890AC9584A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grego, Jozef;Mumladze, Levan;Falniowski, Andrzej;Osikowski, Artur;Rysiewska, Aleksandra;Palatov, Dimitry M.;Hofman, Sebastian	Grego, Jozef, Mumladze, Levan, Falniowski, Andrzej, Osikowski, Artur, Rysiewska, Aleksandra, Palatov, Dimitry M., Hofman, Sebastian (2020): Revealing the stygobiotic and crenobiotic molluscan biodiversity hotspot in Caucasus: Part I. The phylogeny of stygobiotic Sadlerianinae Szarowska, 2006 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Hydrobiidae) from Georgia with descriptions of five new genera and twenty-one new species. ZooKeys 955: 1-77, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.955.51983
