identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFB603B96F8A3.text	0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFB603B96F8A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus Goode & Bean 1886	<div><p>Key to the species of Barathronus</p><p>1a Peritoneum dark...................................................................................... 2</p><p>1b Peritoneum transparent................................................................................. 7</p><p>2a Dark-brown pigmentation along lateral line and between head and dorsal fin...................................... 3</p><p>2b No brown pigmentation................................................................................ 4</p><p>3a Anal-fin rays 54–66; total vertebrae 74–79; heavily pigmented on sides of body...................................................................................... maculatus (from South Africa to Japan and Southeast Australia)</p><p>3b Anal fin rays 73; total vertebrae 86; slightly pigmented on sides of body................ bruuni (Southwest Indian Ocean)</p><p>4a Anal fin rays 48–61; vertebrae 66–75..................................................................... 5</p><p>4b Anal fin rays 60–66; vertebrae 74–82..................................................................... 6</p><p>5a Fresh specimens brownish; ripe males with long and slender penis, thickness at basis of penis 13% of length of penis (Fig. 7B)......................................................................... bicolor (West Atlantic Ocean)</p><p>5b Fresh specimens bright red; ripe males with less slender penis, thickness at basis of penis 31% of length of penis (Fig. 11).................................................................. diaphanus (From Madagascar to Tonga Isls.)</p><p>6a Mouth cleft almost vertical; body of fresh specimen brown-yellowish; vertebrae 82....... roulei (Northeast Atlantic Ocean)</p><p>6b Mouth cleft oblique; body of fresh specimen bright red; vertebrae 74–76... algrahami (From Southeast Australia to Taiwan)</p><p>7a Males with pair of bulbs at base of penis (Fig. 20)............................. pacificus (Atlantic and Pacific Oceans)</p><p>7b Pair of bulbs absent (male only known of B. multidens)....................................................... 8</p><p>8a Ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae................................................................... 9</p><p>8b No ventral flexure.................................................................................... 10</p><p>9a Fangs on vomer 8; long rakers on anterior gill arch 25....................................... linsi (Northeast Brazil)</p><p>9b Fangs on vomer 2; long rakers on anterior gill arch 20................................. affinis (Central Indian Ocean)</p><p>10a Precaudal vertebrae 37; vomer with 1+ fang(s); long gill rakers 29................... parfaiti (Northeast Atlantic Ocean)</p><p>10b Precaudal vertebrae 32–34; vomer with 7–11 fangs; long gill rakers 23–25.............. multidens (North Atlantic Ocean)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFB603B96F8A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFF1F3AC3FB95.text	0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFF1F3AC3FB95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus Goode & Bean 1886	<div><p>Barathronus Goode &amp; Bean, 1886</p><p>Barathronus Goode &amp; Bean, 1886: 164 (type species by monotypy Barathronus bicolor Goode &amp; Bean, 1886).</p><p>Alexeterion Vaillant, 1888: 282 (type species by monotypy Alexeterion parfaiti Vaillant, 1888).</p><p>Alexeterion: Roule 1915: 59 (junior synonym of Barathronus).</p><p>Diagnosis. Joined vertical fins and loose, transparent, scaleless skin; mouth almost vertical, with fangs (easy breakable) on vomer, dentaries and occasionally on palatines; 20–35 long rakers on anterior gill arch; dorsal fin rays 62–84, anal fin rays 46–73, pectoral fin rays 21–27 and pelvic rays 1; precaudal vertebrae 31–38 and total vertebrae 67–89; adult specimens with hour-glass formed vertebral centra; ripe males with penis-length up to 15% SL. Eyes deep-set, in larger specimens invisible or seen as two dark spots, in smaller specimens they can appear as two dark spots each surrounded by a dark ring with a diameter several times larger than the central spot. Also the eyes can appear as two forward directed areas much lighter than the surrounding tissue.</p><p>Species. Thirteen species have been referred to the genus Barathronus, but of these B. solomonensis Nielsen &amp; Møller, 2008 was transferred to the genus Paraphyonus Nielsen, 2015 and B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984 is considered a junior synonym of B. pacificus Nielsen &amp; Eagle, 1974 (in present paper).</p><p>This leaves 11 valid species. Five Atlantic: B. bicolor Goode &amp; Bean, 1886, B. linsi Nielsen, Mincarone &amp; Di Dario, 2015, B. multidens Nielsen, 1984, B. parfaiti Vaillant, 1888, B. roulei n. sp. Five Indo-West Pacific: B. affinis Brauer, 1906, B. algrahami Nielsen, Pogonoski &amp; Appleyard, 2019, B. bruuni Nielsen, 1969, B. diaphanus Brauer, 1906, B. maculatus Shcherbachev, 1976 . One in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: B. pacificus Nielsen &amp; Eagle, 1974 .</p><p>Five of the species are known only from the holotype: B. linsi (ripe female) and B. roulei (unripe male) and three juveniles: B. bruuni, B. affinis and B. parfait of which the latter two are in a poor condition. The lack of ripe males and the restricted material make it somewhat difficult to incorporate the five species in the “Key to Barathronus species”. Additional material might improve the key and reduce/increase the number of species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFF1F3AC3FB95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.text	0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus affinis Brauer 1906	<div><p>Barathronus affinis Brauer, 1906</p><p>Table 1. Figs. 2–4</p><p>Barathronus affinis Brauer, 1906: 306 (type locality: 1°57’S, 73°19’1’’E).</p><p>Barathronus affinis: Brauer 1908: 161; Munk 1966: 37; Nielsen et al. 1999: 138.</p><p>Material examined ( 1 specimen, SL 47 mm). Holotype: ZMB 17700 (SL 47 mm, female), Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, 1°57’S, 73°19.1’ E, RV Valdivia, st. 220, bottom trawl, 2919 m, 21 Feb.1899.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus affinis differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: Two fangs on vomer, ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, long rakers on anterior gill arch 20, dorsal-fin rays 77, anal-fin rays 67, pectoral-fin rays 22, precaudal vertebrae 34, total vertebrae 78. Except for black lenses the preserved specimen is uniformly white-yellowish. Otoliths dissolved.</p><p>Description. Only the holotype is known. See the detailed descriptions in Brauer (1906: 306) and Nielsen (1969: 48). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus affinis seems most similar to B. linsi but differs by having fewer fangs on vomer (2 vs 8) and fewer long gill rakers (20 vs 25).</p><p>Distribution (Fig.2). Caught in a bottom trawl at 2919 m off the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean.</p><p>.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.text	0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus algrahami Nielsen, Pogonovski & Appleyard 2019	<div><p>Barathronus algrahami Nielsen, Pogonoski &amp; Appleyard, 2019</p><p>Table 1. Figs. 2, 5–6</p><p>Barathronus algrahami Nielsen, Pogonovski &amp; Appleyard, 2019 (type locality: 37°27.30’S, 138°38.28’E).</p><p>Barathronus maculatus (not Shcherbachev, 1976): Yeh et al. 2009: 228.</p><p>Material examined (5 specimens, SL 85–200 mm). Holotype: CSIRO H 1932-01, female, SL 200 mm, west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.455" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.638/lat -37.455)">Cape Martin</a>, South Australia, 37°27.30’S, 138°38.28’E , FRV Soela, field no. SO 01/89/41, demersal trawl, 1300– 1230 m, 30 Jan. 1989 . Paratypes: ASIZ P0064071, female, SL 170 mm, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.35667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.423834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.35667/lat 24.423834)">Su-ao</a>, eastern Taiwan, 24°25.43’N, 122°21.40’E , RV Ocean Researcher I, cruise 657, st. CD199, otter trawl, 1134–1188 m, 12 Sep. 2002 . ASIZ P0066252 (Gen- Bank Accession KU 943179), female, SL 195 mm, off Su-Ao, eastern Taiwan, 24°23.4’N, 122°14.4’E, RV Ocean Researcher I, st. OCP279, ORE beam trawl, 1224–1270 m, 14 Jun. 2005 . ASIZ P0066254 (GenBank Accession KU 943180), female, SL 195 mm, off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.23434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.4025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.23434/lat 24.4025)">Su-ao</a>, eastern Taiwan, 24°24.15’N, 122°14.06’E , RV Ocean Researcher I, st. CP281, beam trawl, 1162–1240 m, 15 June 2005 . ASIZ P0068057, unripe male, SL 85 mm, Aurora, Philippines, 15°00.47’N, 123°12.60’E, RV Ocean Researcher, st . CC2703, otter trawl, 1191–1262 m, 27 May 2007 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus algrahami differs from the other five Barathronus species with dark pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: Dorsal-fin rays 69–78 rays, anal-fin rays 60–67, pectoral-fin rays 21–25, precaudal vertebrae 34–37, total vertebrae 74–81, no bulbs at basis of penis, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, anterior gill arch with 27–32 long rakers, 3–5 fangs on vomer and 3–5 on each dentary, predorsal length 47.0–52% SL, eyes not externally visible in adults, pigment laterally on body, dark blue peritoneum and newly caught specimen reddish all over. It reaches 200 mm SL, only surpassed in the genus by B. maculatus that reaches 225 mm SL. Rounded otolith small (3 mm long in 200 mm holotype) about twice as long as thick and with a poorly developed centrally placed, undivided sulcus one fourth the length of the otolith (Fig. 6).</p><p>Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen et al. (2019: 561). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2.</p><p>Coloration. Fig. 5A shows the holotype when freshly caught dominated by reddish colors and a very dark peritoneum. After 29 years of preservation (Fig. 5B) the reddish color has completely gone and the brownish musculature and dark peritoneum is seen through the transparent skin.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus algrahami seems most similar to B. maculatus, but differs by not having distinct brown pigment laterally and by the small, rounded otolith only half the length of the flat otolith from a B. maculatus of same SL.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 2). Barathronus algrahami occurs off South Australia, eastern Taiwan and Aurora, Philippines, at bathyal depths (1134–1300 m).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.text	0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus bicolor Goode & Bean 1886	<div><p>Barathronus bicolor Goode &amp; Bean, 1886</p><p>Table 1. Figs. 1, 7–8</p><p>Barathronus bicolor Goode &amp; Bean, 1886: 164 (type locality: 16°03’10’’N, 61°52’20’’W).</p><p>Barathronus bicolor: Gilchrist 1906: 158; Nielsen et al. 1968: 247; Nielsen 1969: 31; Rannou et al. 1975: 1255; Nielsen et al. 1999: 138; Nielsen et al. 2015: 58.</p><p>Material examined (74 specimens). Old material (54 specimens, SL 58–140 mm). See Nielsen (1969 —station data for 42 specimens), Rannou et al. (1975 —station data for 9 specimens) and Nielsen, Mincarone &amp; Di Dario(2015 - station data for 3 specimens). New material (20 specimens, SL 72–115 mm): MNHN 1963-0630 (SL 98 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.483&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.483/lat 24.417)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 24°25’1.2’’N, 83°28’58.8’’W , RV Oregon, st. 4145, trawl, 549 m, 14 Dec. 1962 . TCWC 6154.2 (SL 115 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.98/lat 18.9)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 18°54’N, 94°58.8’W , RV Alaminos, st. 69A11-27, trawl, 780–825 m, 14 Aug. 1969 . TCWC 3972.1 (SL 100 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.98333/lat 19.016666)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 19°01’N, 94°59’W , RV Alaminos, st. 69A11-39, trawl, 1300–1390 m, 15 Aug. 1969 . TCWC 3791.12 (SL 85 mm, female), Caribbean Sea, 11°33.8’N, 73°45.1’W, RV Alaminos, st. 70A10-31, trawl, 735 m, 17 July 1970 . TCWC 6319.10 (SL 100 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.76667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.463333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.76667/lat 27.463333)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 27°27.8’N, 92°46’W , RV Alaminos, st. 71A7-43, trawl, 1010–1100 m , 22 July, 1971 . TCWC 6326.2 (SL 72 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.263336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.263336/lat 25.866667)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 25°52’N, 93°15.8’W , RV Alaminos, st. 71A8-13, 20 meter trawl, 3270 m, 31 July 1971 . TCWC 5322.1 (SL 95 mm, male), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-97.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -97.04/lat 23.29)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 23°17.4’N, 97°02.4’W , RV Alaminos, st. 72A13-23, 20 m trawl, 1010–1080 m, 12 July 1972 . TCWC 5323.1 (SL 95 mm, male), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.12666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.12666/lat 27.44)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 27°26.4’N, 94°07.6’W , RV Alaminos, st.72A13-39, 20 m trawl, 1290 m, 14 July 1972 . TCWC 3561.5 (SL 90 mm, male), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.685&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.685/lat 27.255)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 27°15.3’N, 93°41.1’W , RV Alaminos, st. 73A10-20, trawl, 810–1140 m, 23 June 1973 . TCWC 5324.1 (SL 103 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-87.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -87.95/lat 29.183332)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 29°11’N, 87°57’W , RV Oregon II, st. 37718, 40’ trawl, 552 m, 30 Oct. 1982 . ZMH 119884 (SL 95 mm, female), off Cape Fear, 33°38’N, 76°04’W, RV Anton Dohrn 2, trawl, 796–800 m, 11 Aug. 1979 . UF 222576 (2 spms., SL 98–105 mm, female and male), Caribbean Sea, 10.27° N, 76.05°W, RV Pillsbury, st. PIL388, trawl, 814–1050 m, 15 July 1966 . UF 233386 (SL 92 mm, female), Anguilla, 18.49°N, 63.41°W, RV Pillsbury, PIL988, trawl, 686–724 m, 23 July 1969 . UF 235370 (SL 107 mm, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 24.18°N, 77.39°W, RV Columbus Iselin, CI302, trawl, 1452–1465 m, 3 Apr. 1975 . UF 131282 (SL 112 mm, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 23.57°N, 76.71°W, RV Columbus Iselin, st. CI370, trawl, 1267–1296 m, 23 Aug. 1975 . UF 109362 (SL 100 mm, female) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-82.61383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.242" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -82.61383/lat 24.242)">Strait of Florida</a>, 24°14’31.2’’N, 82°36’49.8’’W , RV Bellows, st. FFS98-5B, 510 m, 1 May 1998 . ZMUC P77463 (SL 91 mm, male), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=24.816668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.45/lat 24.816668)">Gulf of Mexico</a>, 24°49’N, 96°27’W , RV Oregon, st. 4814, 40’ shrimp trawl, 914 m, 12 Apr. 1964 . ZMUC P77708 (SL 90 mm, male), Tongue of the Ocean, 24°25.9’-24.2’N to 77°24.0’- 23.6’W , RV Columbus Iselin, cr. CI-8007, st. C039, 30’ otter trawl, 1584–1594 m, 14 Sep. 1980 . ZMUC P77709 (SL 105, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 23°48.2’- 48.6’N, 77°04.5´- 07.8’W , RV Columbus Iselin, cr. CI-8007, st. CO42, 30’ otter trawl, 1376– 1371 m, 15 Sep. 1980</p><p>Remarks. B. bicolor is the most commonly caught Barathronus species due to the extensive trawling in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea - often on the upper Continental Shelf.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus bicolor differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 62–78, anal-fin rays 46–59, pectoral-fin rays 22–27, long rakers on anterior gill arch 28–35, precaudal vertebrae 31–36, total vertebrae 68–75, 1–5 fangs on vomer, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. Penis in ripe specimens long (up to 15% SL) and slender. Newly caught specimens light brownish with dark-blue peritoneum. Otolith almost circular three times as long as thick and centrally placed sulcus 3–4 times in length of otolith (Fig. 8).</p><p>Description. For a detailed description based on 42 specimens see Nielsen (1969: 34). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1.</p><p>Comparisons. Table 1 shows that B. bicolor is very similar to B. diaphanus with an overlap in all characters mentioned. The only differences are found in the coloration of body and in the form of the penis. All freshly caught specimens of B. diaphanus are bright red (Fig. 10A) while a red specimen of B. bicolor has never been observed. The latter statement is based on observations made by colleagues with year-long trawling experiences in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Fig. 7B shows that the penis in ripe specimens of B. bicolor is long (up to 15% SL) and slender with the thickness at basis of penis 13% length of penis while the thickness at basis of penis of an equally long specimen of B. diaphanus (Fig. 11) is 31% of length of penis. The distribution of the two species is non-overlapping as B. bicolor is found in the West Atlantic and B. diaphanus from off East Africa to Japan and southwestern Pacific. A DNA analysis of the two species has not been made.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1). Barathronus bicolor is found in the West Atlantic from Cape Fear N.C. (33°38’N) (ZMH 119884) southwards to off Rio de Janeiro (23°46.7’S) (USU 01502). Gilchrist (1906: 158) refers a 120 mm specimen caught ENE of Cape Agulhas to B. bicolor, but the identification cannot be checked as the specimen is lost. The specimens were caught at depths of 366–1640 m, except for one from 3270 m—all in bottom working trawls.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.text	0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus bruuni Nielsen 1969	<div><p>Barathronus bruuni Nielsen, 1969</p><p>Table 1. Figs. 2, 9</p><p>Barathronus bruuni Nielsen, 1969: 51 (type locality: 29°45’S, 64°58’E).</p><p>Barathronus bruuni: Nielsen et al. 1999: 138 .</p><p>Material examined ( 1 specimen, SL 39 mm). Holotype: USNM 202104 (SL 39 mm, female), SW Indian Ocean, 29°45’S, 64°58’E, RV Anton Bruun, cr. 6, st. 351 B, Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl, about 1700 m (sounding 4825 m), 28 June 1964.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus bruuni differs from the other five Barathronus species with pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 81, anal-fin rays 73, pectoral-fin rays 25, long rakers on anterior gill arch 33, precaudal vertebrae 36, total vertebrae 86, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, 3 fangs on vomer. A distinct brown streak in midline of body and a concentration of brown pigment between dorsal fin and nape. The rounded, 1 mm long otoliths seen through of the skull.</p><p>Description. Only the holotype is known. For a detailed description see Nielsen (1969: 51). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus bruuni seems most similar to B. maculatus but differs by having more anal fin rays (73 vs 54–66), more vertebrae (86 vs 74–79) and origin of anal fin below dorsal fin ray no. 10 in B. bruuni and below nos. 15–23 in B. maculatus .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 2). Caught pelagically between 1700 m and the surface in the southwestern Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.text	0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus diaphanus Brauer 1906	<div><p>Barathronus diaphanus Brauer, 1906</p><p>Table 1. Figs. 2, 10–12</p><p>Barathronus diaphanus Brauer, 1906: 305 (type locality: 2°58.8’N, 47°6.1’E).</p><p>Barathronus diaphanus: Weber 1913: 551; Beaufort &amp; Chapman 1951: 406; Nielsen 1969: 44; Nielsen et al. 1999: 138; Nielsen &amp; Møller 2008: 39.</p><p>Material examined ( 24 specimens, SL 54-130 mm). Holotype: ZMB 17699 (SL 117, female), off Somalia, 2°58.8’N, 47°6.1’E, RV Valdivia, st. 259, trawl, 1289 m, 28 Mar. 1899. Non-types: ZMA 104.467 (SL 59 mm, female), off Timor, 10°48.6’S, 123°23.1’E, RV Siboga, st. 300, trawl, 918 m, 30 Jan. 1900. ZSI 1050/1 (SL 65 and 70 mm, 2 females), Andaman Sea, 13°29’30’’N, 95°29’E, RV Investigator, St. 310, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Agassiz</a> trawl, 1756 m, 5 Nov. 1902. HKFRS- uncatalogued (SL 92 mm, male), South China Sea, 19°40’N, 115°30’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Cape St.</a> Mary, cr. 1/64, st. 26, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Agassiz</a> trawl, 732–796 m, 7 Jan. 1964. MNHN 2019-0035 (SL 113 mm, female), off Northwest Madagascar, 12°27’S, 48°10’E, RV Vauban, trawl 22, 680– 700 m, 19 Jan. 1972. MNHN 2019—0031 - 34 (4 spms., SL 100–110 mm, 4 females), off Southeast Madagascar, 22°16.9’S, 42°56’E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 109, 1500 m, 30 Nov. 1973. MNHN 2019-0036 (SL 115 mm, male), off Northwest Madagascar, 13°04’S, 47°51.5’E, RV Vauban, trawl 134, 1865– 2030 m, 21 Jan. 1975. MNHN 2002-3134 (SL 85 mm, male), Coral Sea, 19°54’S, 158°37’58.8’’E, RV Coriolis/Musorstom 5, dw337, 412– 430 m, 15 Oct. 1986. MNHN 1995-0913 (SL 95 mm, female), off Vanuatu, 18°51’S, 168°55’1.2’’E, RV Alis/Musorstom 8, cp1007, 720– 830 m, 25 Sep. 1994. MNHN 1995-0919 (SL 54 mm, male), off Vanuatu, 15°48’S, 167°24’E, RV Alis/Musorstom 8, cp1074, 775– 798 m, 4 Oct. 1994. MNHN 1995- 0914 (SL 96 and 104 mm, 2 males), off Vanuatu, 14°49’1.2’’S, 167°15’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Alis</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Musorstom</a> 8, cp1110, 1360 m, 8 Oct. 1994. MNHN 2004-0924 (SL 72 mm, female), off Fiji Is., 17°09’S, 177°55’58.8’’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Alis</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Musorstom</a> 10, cp1331, 694– 703 m, 8 Aug. 1998. MNHN 2004-0925 (SL 88 mm, male), off Fiji Is., 17°03’S, 177°46’58.8’’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Alis</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Musorstom</a> 10, cp1335, 729– 753 m, 9 Aug. 1998. MNHN 2015-0052 (SL 112 mm, male), Tonga, 23°28’S, 176°22’W, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Alis</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Bordau</a> 2, st. cp 1625, 824 m, 19 June 2001. MNHN 2006-0699 (SL 65 mm, male), Solomon Isls., 9°0’21.6’’S, 159°4’15.6’’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Alis</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Salomon</a> 2, cp2175, 579– 585 m, 21 Oct. 2004. ZMUC P 771585 (SL 96 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Solomon Sea</a>, 13°45’S, 156°41’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Galathea</a> 3, st. 0611219-05, otter trawl, 2255–2283 m, 19 Dec. 2006, ZMUC P 771586 (SL 112 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Solomon Sea</a>, 7°25’S, 155°44.7’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Galathea</a> 3, st. 061227-01, 1.2 m <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Agassiz</a> trawl, 1012–1094 m, 27 Dec. 2006. NSMT-P 111903 (SL 130 mm, female), Ryukyu Is., 25°19.992’N, 125°24.912’E to 25°20.354’N, 125°26.659’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.7/lat -15.516666)">Tansei-maru</a>, beam trawl, 1927– 1901 m, 30 Nov. 2012. MNHN 2016-0166 (SL 110+ mm, female), Mahajanga, Madagascar, 15°31’S, 45°42’E, MOZ1 _CP4, beam trawl, 806 m, 9 Oct. 2014.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus diaphanus differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 58–73, anal-fin rays 48–61, long rakers on anterior gill arch 25–35, precaudal vertebrae 30–35, total vertebrae 66–75, vomer with 1–5 fangs, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. Ripe males with rather thick penis. Newly-caught specimens bright red, preserved specimens light-brownish with dark-blue peritoneum. Otolith (Fig. 11) similar to that of B. bicolor (Fig. 8).</p><p>Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen (1969: 44). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1.</p><p>Comparisons. For a comparison to the very similar species, B. bicolor, see page 6.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 2). From Madagascar to Japan and Tonga ls. at depths of 579–2030 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.text	0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus linsi Nielsen, Mincarone & Di Dario 2015	<div><p>Barathronus linsi Nielsen, Mincarone &amp; Di Dario, 2015</p><p>Table 2. Figs. 1, 13–14</p><p>Barathronus linsi Nielsen et al., 2015: 55 (type locality: 4°25.83’S, 36°37.38’W).</p><p>Material examined: Holotype. MNRJ 41723, SL 101 mm, male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.608&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4311666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.608/lat -4.4311666)">Potiguar Basin</a>, off Northeast Brazil, 4°25.83’S, 36°37.38’W to 4°25.87’S, 36°36.48’W, RV Seward Johnson, st. ArMT84, bottom trawl, 1964–2045 m, 5 June 2011.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus linsi differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 78, anal-fin rays 69, pectoral-fin rays 21, precaudal vertebrae 33, total vertebrae 78, eight fangs on vomer, long rakers on anterior gill arch 25, predorsal length 42% SL, pair of bulbs at base of penis absent and with a ventral flexure of anterior vertebrae. Newly caught specimen overall yellowish to white reddish and lack of black pigment both in skin and peritoneum. Otolith oval, 1.7 times as long as thick and with small centrally placed undivided sulcus (fig.14).</p><p>Description. Only the holotype is known. For a detailed description see Nielsen et al. (2015: 55). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus linsi seems most similar to B. affinis but differs by having more fangs on vomer (8 vs. 2) and more long gill rakers (25 vs. 20).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1) Caught in a bottom trawl at 1964–2045 m in Potiguar Basin, off Northeast Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.text	0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus maculatus Shcherbachev 1976	<div><p>Barathronus maculatus Shcherbachev, 1976</p><p>Table 2. Figs. 2, 15–17</p><p>Barathronus maculatus Shcherbachev, 1976: 191 (type locality: 26°41’S, 34°06’E).</p><p>Barathronus maculatus: Shcherbachev, 1978: 191; Nielsen &amp; Machida 1985; Nielsen et al. 1999: 139; Yeh et al. 2009: 228; Bray et al. 2015; Nielsen et al. 2019: 563.</p><p>Barathronus sp.: Nielsen 1969: 59; Machida 1984: 266.</p><p>Material examined ( 22 specimens, SL 115–225 mm): Holotype: ZIL 42298 (SL 157 mm, male), Mozambique Channel, 26°41’S, 34°06’E, RV Fiolent, st. 198, bottom trawl, 1000 m, 27 Sep. 1973. Non-types: USNM 150285 (SL 156 mm, male), off Japan, 35°05’40’’N, 138°29’30’’E, RV Albatross, st. D-5065, bottom trawl, 386–430 m, 15 Oct. 1906. MNHN 1988-1589 (SL 154 mm, male), off Madagascar, 22°20´2.3’’S, 42°58’58.8’’E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 109, 995– 1020 m, 30 Nov. 1973. ZIL 45144 (SL 182 mm, female), off Natal, South Africa, 30°16’S, 31°18’E, RV Fiolent, bottom trawl, 950–1050 m, 26 may 1974. MNHN 1984-371 (SL 144 mm, male), off Madagascar, 13°02’S, 48°02’E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 133, 1000–1525 m, 21 Jan. 1975. BSKU 28689 (SL 137 mm, female), off Ryu-kyu ls., 28°53’N, 127°18’E, RV Yuryo-maru, No. 8 net no. 60, bottom trawl, 820–830 m, 16 Mar. 1978. AMS I 24059-013 (SL 187 mm, female), off New South Wales, 33°29’S, 152°12’E to 33°32’S, 152°09’E, RV Kapala, field no. K 83-09-02, bottom trawl, 942–978 m, 23 Aug. 1983. AMS I 27717-002 (SL 175 mm SL, female), off New South Wales, 33°58’S, 152°12’E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88-04-08, bottom trawl, 1025–1150 m, 24 Mar. 1988. AMS I 27711-001 (SL 163 mm, male), off New South Wales, 33°50’S, 151°57’E to 33°47’S, 151°57’E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88-10-01, bottom trawl, 960–1050 m, 16 May 1988. AMS I 27638- 001 (SL 225 mm, male), off New South Wales, 33°44’S, 152°06’E to 33°42’S, 152°09’E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88-11-01, bottom trawl, 1020–1040 m, 14 June 1988. AMS I 28477-002 (SL 212 mm, male), off Newcastle, New South Wales, 32°57’S, 152°44’E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88-16-04, bottom trawl, 1042–1061 m, 17 Aug. 1988. SAMZ MB-F031499 (SL 116+ mm, male), off Natal, South Africa, 29°43.2’S, 31°43.6’E, RV Benguela, st. G 13534, prawn trawl, 645 m, 23 Aug.1988. ZMUC P771755 (SL 118+ mm, male), off northern Madagascar, 12°28.5’S, 48°09.9’E, RV Vityaz, cr. 17, st. 2601, bottom trawl, 710– 700 m, 12 Nov. 1988. AMS I 29799 -003 (SL 188–215 mm, 2 females), east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Newcastle</a>, New South Wales, 32°57’S, 152°48’E to 32°55’S, 152°45’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Kapala</a>, field no. K 89-06-02, bottom trawl, 1043–1061 m, 10 Apr. 1989. AMS I 29823-008 (SL 188 mm female), off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Port Stephens</a>, New South Wales, 32°38’S, 152°57’E to 32°28’S, 153°00’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Kapala</a>, field no. K 89-13-01, bottom trawl, 896–969 m, 29 June 1989. AMS I 29748-002 (SL 195 mm, female), east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Nowra</a>, New South Wales, 34°55’S, 151°14’E to 34°52’S, 151°16’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Kapala</a>, field no. K 89-16-01, bottom trawl, 1024–1061 m, 10 Aug. 1989. CSIRO H 3142-01 (SL 83 mm, male), south-west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Imperieuse Reef</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">West</a> Australia, 18°00’S, 118°09’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Surefire</a>, prawn trawl, 545 m, 28 Feb. 1992. CSIRO H 3149-01 (SL 85 mm, female), north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Dampier Archipelago</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">West</a> Australia, 18°50’S, 116°20’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Surefire</a>, prawn trawl, 500 m, 10 Mar. 1992. CSIRO H 3197-05 (SL 96 mm, female), north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Dampier Archipelago</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">West</a> Australia, 18°46’S, 116°15’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Surefire</a>, prawn trawl, 550 m, 06 Feb. 1992. CSIRO H 4136-02 (SL 91 mm, female), west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Rowley Shoals</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">West</a> Australia, 18°46’S, 116°17’E RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Surefire</a>, prawn trawl, 555 m, 15 Feb. 1992. BSKU 86066 (SL 115 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Tosa Bay</a>, Japan, 33°06.5’N, 133°42.5’E to 33°05.5’N, 133°43.0’E, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.091667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.71666/lat 33.091667)">Kotaka-maru</a>, otter trawl, 763–803 m, 2 Mar. 1999.</p><p>Remarks. Barathronus maculatus is relatively often caught by commercial trawlers as it occurs on the upper continental slope.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus maculatus is the largest known species of the genus with a SL of up to 225 mm. It differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the distinct, dark brown pigmentation dorsally between head and dorsal fin and on sides of the light brown body in preserved specimens (Fig. 15B); in newly caught specimens (Fig. 15A) the pigmentation is dark blue like the peritoneum and the body is faintly reddish. Also the following combination of characters is characteristic: dorsal-fin rays 75–83, anal-fin rays 54–66, precaudal vertebrae 32–36, total vertebrae 74–79, long rakers on anterior gill arch 31–32, vomer with up to four and dentary with up to five fangs. Length of penis up to 10% SL (Fig. 16); it is proximally covered by a large dorsal clasper and a smaller ventral clasper protected ventrally by a well-developed fleshy hood. In specimens longer than about 140 mm SL the eyes are not externally visible while the eyes of smaller specimens appear as a narrow, dark ring surrounding lighter tissue. Otolith roundish and three times as long as thick and twice as long as the centrally placed, undivided sulcus (Fig. 17).</p><p>Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen &amp; Machida (1985: 1). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2.</p><p>Comparisons. Long preserved specimens of B. maculatus with completely bleached lateral pigmentation may be confused with B. algrahami (described in the present paper), but additional characters separate the two species (see B. algrahami).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 2). Known from South Africa to Japan and off southeastern Australia at 386–1525 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.text	0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus multidens Nielsen 1984	<div><p>Barathronus multidens Nielsen, 1984</p><p>Table 2. Figs. 1, 18–20</p><p>Barathronus multidens Nielsen, 1984a: 583 (type locality: 32°54.6’N, 11°40.0’W).</p><p>Barathronus multidens: Nielsen et al. 1999: 139; Evseenko et al. 2018.</p><p>Material examined (3 specimens, SL 45–83 mm): Holotype: BMNH 1983.2.28.1 (SL 72 mm, male), off southern Morocco, 32°54.6’N, 11°40’W, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-11.666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.91" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -11.666667/lat 32.91)">Discovery</a>, cr. 77, st. 8976, bottom trawl, 3610–3646 m, 5 Aug. 1976 . Paratype: ZMUC P77712 (SL 83 mm,, male), north of Bahamas, 29°19.7’N, 73°18.6’W, RV <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.328333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.31/lat 29.328333)">Columbus Iselin</a>, cr. 8007, st. CO57, 45’ otter trawl, 4269–4279 m, 19. Sep. 1980 . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.55075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.8342" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.55075/lat 16.8342)">Non-type</a>; IORAS 03293 (SL 45 mm, juv.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.55075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.8342" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.55075/lat 16.8342)">Mid-Atlantic</a> ridge, 16°50.052’N, 46°33.045’W, RV Professor Logachev, cr. 37, st. 158, Sigsbee trawl, 3227 m, 4 Mar. 2015 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus multidens differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: vomer with 11 and dentaries with 8–11 fangs, dorsal-fin rays 72–ca. 75, anal-fin rays 62– ca. 65, pectoral-fin rays 23–24, precaudal vertebrae 32–34, total vertebrae 77–79, long gill rakers on anterior arch 23–25, paired bulbs at basis of penis absent (Fig. 19), penis protected ventrally by large urogenital hood and no ventral flexure of anterior vertebrae. The very small otolith (Fig. 20) is almost circular with the undivided sulcus placed centrally. Head and body yellowish without pigmentation.</p><p>Description. For a detailed description of the holo- and paratype see Nielsen (1984a: 583) and for the juvenile see Evseenko et al. (2018: 138). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus multidens seems most similar to B. parfaiti sharing a transparent peritoneum and lack of ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. They differ by B. multidens having more fangs on vomer (7–11 vs. 1+) and less long rakers on anterior gill arch (23–25 vs. 29).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1). The three specimens known are from the East (3610-3646 m) and West (4269-4279 m) Atlantic Ocean and from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3227 m), all caught in bottom fishing gear. The specimen from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a juvenile with weekly ossified vertebrae which indicates that it might have been caught pelagically during hauling of the trawl. The other two specimens are adult males with well-ossified vertebrae indicating a benthopelagic occurrence.</p><p>Remarks. Evseenko et al. (2018: 139) presented two phylogenies each based on two different genes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.text	0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus pacificus Nielsen & Eagle 1974	<div><p>Barathronus pacificus Nielsen &amp; Eagle, 1974</p><p>Table 2. Figs.1–2, 21–23</p><p>Barathronus pacificus Nielsen &amp; Eagle, 1974: 1067 (type locality: 44°41.1’N, 133°24.1’W).</p><p>Barathronus pacificus: Okiyama &amp; Kato 1997: 222; Nielsen et al. 1999: 139; Nielsen et al. 2019: 565.</p><p>Barathronus unicolor Nielsen, 1984a: 579 (type locality: 38°28’N, 70°13’W).</p><p>Barathronus unicolor: Nielsen et al. 1999: 139 .</p><p>Total material examined (46 specimens, SL 42–128 mm): Northwest Atlantic (20 specimens, SL 72-116 mm). Holotype of B. unicolor: MCZ 56936 (SL 113 mm, male), 38°28’N, 70°52’W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 505, 2931- 2967 m, bottom trawl, 5 July 1975 . Paratypes of B. unicolor: MCZ 56935 (SL 101–108 mm, male and female), 38°20’N, 70°13’W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 501, 3287– 3314 m, bottom trawl, 4 July, 1975 . MCZ 56937 (SL 75–98 mm, females) and ZMUC P77722 (SL 86 mm, male), 38°11’N, 69°50’W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 526, 3605– 3642 m, bottom trawl, 12 July 1975 . MCZ 56938 (SL 83–98 mm, male and female) and ZMUC P77723 (SL 85 mm female), 37°54’N, 69°50’W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 527, 3824– 3934 m, bottom trawl, 12 July 1975 . MCZ 56939 (SL 89–100 mm, 2 females), 38°20’N, 69°24’W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 528, 3477– 3514 m, bottom trawl, 13 July 1975 . VIMS 05237 (SL 72–75 mm, 2 females) and ZMUC P77724-5 (SL 78–107 mm, male and female), 38°4.2’N, 70°26.4’W, RV Advance II, EPA 7801, st. 9, 3750– 3850 m, 45’ otter trawl, 24 June 1978 . VIMS 05236 (SL 104 mm, male), 38°0.2’N, 70°29.7’W, RV Advance II, EPA 7801, st. 14, 3864 m, 45’ otter trawl, 26 June 1978 . Non-types: ARC 8704503 (SL 112–116 mm, male and female), 38°13’N, 69°54’W, RV Oceanus, cr. 183, st.111, 3708 m, 41’ otter trawl, 18 Mar. 1987 . East Atlantic (17 specimens, SL 63–92 mm) . SAMZ 22924 (SL 74 mm, female), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.05/lat -34.616665)">SE of Cape</a> Town, 34°37’S, 17°03’E , RV Africana II, st. A315, 2980 m, 8 Dec. 1959 . MNHN 1976-0088 (SL 77 mm, male), SE Atlantic, 21°58.8’S, 9°19.7’E, RV Jean Charcot, Campagne Walda, st. 5, 4163 m, 9 June 1971 . BMNH 2018.11.13.3 (SL 70 mm, female), NE Atlantic, 20°11.6’N, 21°37’W, RV Discovery, st. 9131#17, RMT8, 3910– 3995 m, 27 Nov. 1976 . BMNH 2018.11.13.5 (SL 68 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 47°46.7’N, 15°23.3’W, RV Discovery, st. 11116 , OTSB 14 ’, 4800 m, 24 May 1984 . BMNH 2018.11.13.8-9 (SL 77–82 mm, female and male), NE Atlantic, 31°12.6’N, 25°12.5’W, RV Discovery, st. 11261#52 , OTSB 14 ’, 5440 m, 3 July 1985 . BMNH 2018.11.13.1 (SL 88, female), NE Atlantic, 31°06’N, 25°3.7’W, RV Discovery, st. 11261#58 , OTSB 14 ’, 5400-5440 m, 4 July 1985 . BMNH 11262 #19 (SL 92 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 31°19.8’N, 25°29’W, RV Discovery, st. 11262#19, bottom net, 5432 m, 18 July 1985 . BMNH 2018.11.13.2 (SL 69 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 49°02.42’N, 16°00.34’W, RV Discovery, st. 52403#14, bottom net, 4850-4860 m, 4 Dec. 1986 . BMNH 2018.1.13.6-7 (SL 77–88 mm, male and female), NE Atlantic, 31°14.9’N, 21°07.5’W, RV Discovery, st. 12174#31 , OTSB 14 ’, 3914–3938 m, 20 Aug. 1990 . MNHN 1976-0229 (SL 63 mm, male) and MNHN 1976-0230 (SL 67 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 47°30’N, 9°34’5.8’’W, RV Jean Charcot, Incal, st. CP16, 4263 m, 10 July 1976 . MNHN 2008-2058 (SL 72, female), NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.0/lat 27.5)">Atlantic</a>, 27°30’N, 25°0’0’’W , RV Jean Charcot, Seabed 2, st CP17, Nov. 1980 . MNHN 2005-0280 (SL 68, female), NE Atlantic, 48°53’16.8’’N, 16°35’9.6’W , RV Discovery, Bengal 2 Campagne, st. 13078#11, 4844 m, 1 Apr. 1997 . MNHN 2005-0258 (SL 65, female), NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.434&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.836" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.434/lat 48.836)">Atlantic</a>, 48°50’9.6’’ N, 16°26’2.4’’W , RV Discovery, Bengal 3 Campagne, st. 13200#94, 4847 m, 25 July 1997 . ZMH 122183 (SL 73 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 46°7’N, 16°41’W, RV Walther Herwig, st. 70, Agassiz trawl, 4720 m, 6 June 1985 . Southwest Pacific (3 specimens, SL 42–95 mm) . ZUMT 59945 (SL 42 mm), SW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=163.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-30.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 163.0/lat -30.0)">Pacific</a>, 30°00’S, 163°00’E , RV Hakuho-maru, KH-95-2, st. 092, 3 m IKMT, 0-0266 m, 31 Aug. 1995 . CSIRO H 8092-03 (SL 86 mm, male), Great Australian Bight, 35°42.95’S, 131°39.38’E, RV Investigator, st. IN2017_C01_178, beam trawl, 3817– 3950 m, 16 Apr. 2017 . CSIRO H 8093-01 (SL 95 mm, male), Great Australian Bight, 35°48.86’S, 131°42.16’E, RV Investigator, st. IN2017_C01_179, beam trawl, 4618–4750 m, 16 Apr. 2017 . Northeast Pacific (6 specimens, SL 66–128 mm). Holotype : - OS 1915 (SL 128 mm, female), NE Pacific, 44°41.1’N, 133°24.1W, RV Yaquina, st. TP-3, beam trawl, 3784 m, 3 June 1970 . Paratypes: OS 1965 (SL 66 mm), NE Pacific, 44°43.3’N, 134°43’W, RV Yaquina, st. NH-450, 22’ semi-balloon shrimp otter trawl, 3860 m, 1 Mar. 1967 . ZMUC P77538 (SL 106 mm, male), NE Pacific, 44°38.8’N, 131°11.04.2’W, RV Yaquina, st. TP-1, beam trawl, 3334 m, 30 May 1970 . Non-types: OS 11646 (SL 111, female), NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-133.23666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.981667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -133.23666/lat 44.981667)">Pacific</a>, 44°58.9’N, 133°14.2’W , RV Yaquina, cr. Y7210A, trawl, 3700 m, 7 Dec. 1972 . OS 11645 (SL 100, female), NE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-127.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.573334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -127.42/lat 39.573334)">Pacific</a>, 39°34.4’N, 127°25.2’W , RV Golden Fleece, GF 81, st. W-N 2, trawl, 4275 m, 4 Dec. 1981 . OS 12519 (SL 88 mm, female), NE Pacific, 37°43.2’N, 127°28.9’W, RV Golden Fleece, GF 81, st. W-N-6, otter trawl, 4250 m, 7 Dec. 1981 .</p><p>Remarks. The description of B. pacificus Nielsen &amp; Eagle, 1974 was based on three specimens from the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the description of B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984 was based on 18 specimens from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Since then further 25 specimens have been caught mainly in the Northeast Atlantic but also in the Southeast Atlantic and in Australian waters so the two species are now recorded from the Northeast and Southwest Pacific Ocean and from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In Table 2 counts and measurements of the 46 specimens examined has been split up in four geographical areas. A comparison shows no differences between the areas which strongly indicates that the specimens belong to the same species. Consequently, B. pacificus Nielsen, 1974 will be considered a senior synonym of B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus pacificus differs from all other Barathronus species by the presence of a pair of small bulbs at base of penis (Fig. 22) and from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 63–80, anal-fin rays 55–72, pectoral-fin rays 22–27, precaudal vertebrae 35–40, total vertebrae 78–89, anterior gill arch with 28–35 long rakers, 4–8 fangs on vomer. Small otolith, rounded and thick (Fig. 23).</p><p>Description. For a detailed description of the type specimens of B. pacificus and B. unicolor see Nielsen &amp; Eagle (1974: 1067) and Nielsen (1984a: 583). A comparison between the two sets of types show only minor differences corresponding to the intraspecific variation found in other Barathronus species. The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2.</p><p>Comparisons. It is not possible with any degree of certainty to decide which of the four remaining species with transparent peritoneum is most similar to B. pacificus . The reason is that three of the species are known from one specimen only, two of which are juveniles and the third is a ripe female. The fourth species is known from two adult males.</p><p>*Characters of juvenile in parenthesis</p><p>Characters of juvenile excluded</p><p>Distribution (Figs. 1–2). Barathronus pacificus is recorded from the North and Southeast Atlantic Ocean, from off southern Australia and from the Southwest and Northeast Pacific Ocean. One specimen (SL 42 mm) caught in midwater trawl (0–266m) and the rest in bottom trawls between 2931 and 5440 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.text	0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus parfaiti (Vaillant 1888)	<div><p>Barathronus parfaiti (Vaillant, 1888)</p><p>Table 2. Figs. 1, 24</p><p>Alexeterion parfaiti Vaillant, 1888: 283-284, pl. XXV, fig. 2 (type locality: 44°29’N, 13°32’W). Alexeterion parfaiti: Goode &amp; Bean 1896: 343, fig. 300. Barathronus parfaiti: Roule 1915: 57–58 (in part.); Roule 1916: 18–19 and 1919: 73–74, pl.II, fig. 4 (= Barathronus roulei n.</p><p>sp.); Legendre 1934: 406 (= Oculospinus cf. brevis Koefoed, 1927); Grey 1956: 221 (in part); Nybelin 1957: 313–314 (=</p><p>Meteoria erythrops Nielsen, 1969); Nielsen 1969: 53–57 (in part.). Barathronus sp.: Nielsen et al. 1968: 242, 247 (= Barathronus roulei n. sp.).</p><p>Material examined Holotype: MNHN 86-554 (SL 40 mm, juvenile), between France and the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-13.533334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -13.533334/lat 44.483334)">Azores</a>, 44°29’N, 13°32’W, RV Talisman, st. 137, small trawl, 4975–5005 m, 27 Aug. 1883.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype (MNHN 86-554) is the only known specimen of B. parfaiti . It is in a poor condition, being very soft and almost completely eviscerated. A second specimen in the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco (MOM P0I-0003655) was referred to B. parfaiti by Roule (1915: 57), but according to Nybelin (1957: 314) it is closer to Barathronus bicolor Goode &amp; Bean, 1886 . Nielsen (1969: 54) based the description of B. parfaiti on the holotype and the MOM-specimen. However, with the new material available for this paper it became evident that the MOM-specimen represents an undescribed species (see page 23).</p><p>Diagnosis. Because of the condition and being a juvenile, only a few morphometric characters were recorded (those in Table 2 are from Vaillant (1888: 284)) and some of the meristic characters are approximations. The following combination of characters seems diagnostic: dorsal-fin rays 80–85, anal-fin rays 60–65, pectoral-fin rays 21, precaudal vertebrae 37, total vertebrae 84, long rakers on anterior gill arch 29, remains of a broken fang laterally on vomer and peritoneum transparent. Vaillant mentioned that the meristic characters were difficult to obtain and his counts are quite different from the present counts which are based on radiographs and mentioned in parentheses: dorsal fin rays 48 (80–85), anal fin rays 40 (60–65) and no pelvic fin rays (1).</p><p>Description. The present state of the specimen makes it difficult to obtain a usable description so below is given the original description by Vaillant (1888: 283) kindly translated from French by Guy Duhamel (MNHN): body elongate, compressed especially posteriorly. The greatest height is not more than 1/ 6 in length and the thickness 1/ 8 in length at the level of the pectoral fin. Head equal to 1/6 of length; the globular shape of the head gives it a rather strange form which reminds of Uranoscopus, Synanceia, etc. The head is truncated in front. The mouth, rounded as a horseshoe, is vertically orientated; the lower jaw is almost vertical when the mouth is closed. The two mandibles form a forward directed oval. Intermaxilla narrow, about the same size as the maxilla which expands at its posterior tip, or more precisely its inferior part because it is vertically orientated. The teeth are sharp-pointed and of equal size on the mandible and on the antero-superior part of intermaxilla; the posterior part seems edentate. No teeth visible on vomer and palatines. Eyes very small, about 1/15 of head length, seen as black-pigmented spots. Eye was hardly visible even then the specimen was newly caught. Branchial opening large extending very far forward. The small size of the specimen and membranous state of the hard parts makes it difficult to distinguish the opercular bones. Anus placed at mid-body. No scales and lateral line absent. The unpaired fins are fused, beginning dorsally at the level of anus and a little further back ventrally. The rays are extremely delicate and 4–5 mm in length. Pectoral fins extending to the level of dorsal fin origin. No pelvic fins. The fin ray counts are extremely difficult to obtain because of the conservation and size of the specimen. The color was uniformly white, slightly pinkish.</p><p>Comparisons. The transparent peritoneum and lack of ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae make it similar to B. multidens, but it differs by having more long rakers on anterior gill arch (29 vs 23–25) and fewer fangs on vomer (1 + 1? vs 7–11). The size and condition make a comparison to other Barathronus species rather irrelevant.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1). Barathronus parfaiti was caught between France and the Azores in a trawl working at a depth of 4975–5005 m. All vertebral centra are rectangular and weakly ossified indicating a larval stage so the specimen might have been caught pelagically during hauling of the trawl.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.text	0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barathronus roulei Nielsen 2019	<div><p>Barathronus roulei n. sp.</p><p>Table 2. Figs. 1, 25</p><p>Barathronus parfaiti: Roule, 1916: 18–19; Roule 1919: 73–74.</p><p>Barathronus parfaiti (in part.): Roule 1915: 57–58; Grey 1956: 221; Nielsen 1969: 53–57.</p><p>Barathronus sp.: Nielsen et al. 1968: 242, 247.</p><p>Material examined ( 1 specimen, SL 100 mm). Holotype: MOM POI-0003655, SL 100 mm, male, Azores, 39°11’N, 30°44’40’’W, RV Princesse-Alice, st. 698, trawl, 1846 m, 18 July 1896.</p><p>Diagnosis. Barathronus roulei differs from the other five Barathronus species with a pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 71, anal-fin rays 66, precaudal vertebrae 34, total vertebrae 82, origin of dorsal fin above vertebra 29, anterior gill arch with 26 long rakers, peritoneum dark, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae and vomer with one fang in each side and 2–3 small, pointed teeth in between.</p><p>Description. Body compressed with caudal part rather short and loose, transparent skin. Origin of dorsal fin at midpoint of fish and anal fin origin well behind midpoint. Tip of pectorals end halfway to anus and pectoral peduncle as high as long. Pelvic fins end below middle of pectoral fin. Head broad and high with an almost vertical mouth-cleft. Eyes indistinct consisting of a subcircular, dark ring (4 mm in diameter) with a small (0.5 mm) centrally placed and deeper situated dark spot. Nostrils with a low rim placed close together midway between upper lip and eyes. Anterior gill arch with one short and five long rakers on upper branch, one long raker in the angle, and lower branch with 20 long and two short rakers. Gill filaments about 50. Pseudobranch with 2–3 filaments. Histological examination of the gonads showed many spermatocytes and no spermatozoa indicating an unripe male, which corresponds well with the only 1 mm long penis placed in a thick-walled urogenital hood. Otoliths dissolved.</p><p>Sensory papillae. All very small with 12–14 papillae in lateral midline on caudal part; from about anus it forks into a dorsal and ventral branch the latter with 8–10 papillae which ascend near tip of pectoral fin reaching dorsal branch behind gill slit. Dorsal branch consists of 20–25 papillae arranged in an irregular row. Head with indistinct sensory canals. Four supratemporal papillae, preopercular-mandibular canal with 3–4 papillae on preopercular and 12 prolonged papillae on mandible.</p><p>Dentition. Premaxillary with small, pointed teeth arranged in 3–4 rows anteriorly decreasing to one posteriorad. Vomer with a large fang in each side and a few smaller, pointed teeth in between. Dentaries with numerous small teeth on anterior third, middle third with 3–4 large, recurvated fangs and posterior third edentate.</p><p>Vertebral column (from radiographs). Number of precaudal vertebrae 34. Anterior neural spine the longest and thereafter length gradually decreases to caudal fin. Haemal spines and arches similar in form and length to corresponding neural ones. Thin pleural ribs on 3-8 vertebrae and parapophyses on precaudal vertebrae 9–34.</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 25). Roule (1919) described the color of the newly caught specimen as: “The body has a uniform greyish color. Around the jaws and eyes the specimen is somewhat more brown-yellow and darkish. The fins are bluish with the fin bases ochrous”. After 72 years of preservation the body is brownish gray and the peritoneum dark.</p><p>Comparisons. Barathronus roulei is most similar to B. bicolo r, but differs by the higher number of anal fin rays (66 vs 53–61) and vertebrae (82 vs 69–73), fewer long rakers on anterior gill arch (26 vs 28–35) and origin of dorsal fin above vertebra no. (29 vs 22–28). Already Nybelin (1957: 314) had indicated the similarity to B. bicolor . As shown by the list of synonyms above and by the list in connection with B. parfaiti the present specimen has often been referred to B. parfaiti .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 1). Trawled on a depth of 1846 meters off the Azores.</p><p>Ethymology. Named after the French ichthyologist, Louis Roule.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nielsen, Jørgen G.	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
