taxonID	type	description	language	source
0A6687ED8B2AD173FF0BFF1F3AC3FB95.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Joined vertical fins and loose, transparent, scaleless skin; mouth almost vertical, with fangs (easy breakable) on vomer, dentaries and occasionally on palatines; 20 – 35 long rakers on anterior gill arch; dorsal fin rays 62 – 84, anal fin rays 46 – 73, pectoral fin rays 21 – 27 and pelvic rays 1; precaudal vertebrae 31 – 38 and total vertebrae 67 – 89; adult specimens with hour-glass formed vertebral centra; ripe males with penis-length up to 15 % SL. Eyes deep-set, in larger specimens invisible or seen as two dark spots, in smaller specimens they can appear as two dark spots each surrounded by a dark ring with a diameter several times larger than the central spot. Also the eyes can appear as two forward directed areas much lighter than the surrounding tissue. Species. Thirteen species have been referred to the genus Barathronus, but of these B. solomonensis Nielsen & Møller, 2008 was transferred to the genus Paraphyonus Nielsen, 2015 and B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984 is considered a junior synonym of B. pacificus Nielsen & Eagle, 1974 (in present paper). This leaves 11 valid species. Five Atlantic: B. bicolor Goode & Bean, 1886, B. linsi Nielsen, Mincarone & Di Dario, 2015, B. multidens Nielsen, 1984, B. parfaiti Vaillant, 1888, B. roulei n. sp. Five Indo-West Pacific: B. affinis Brauer, 1906, B. algrahami Nielsen, Pogonoski & Appleyard, 2019, B. bruuni Nielsen, 1969, B. diaphanus Brauer, 1906, B. maculatus Shcherbachev, 1976. One in Atlantic and Pacific Oceans: B. pacificus Nielsen & Eagle, 1974. Five of the species are known only from the holotype: B. linsi (ripe female) and B. roulei (unripe male) and three juveniles: B. bruuni, B. affinis and B. parfait of which the latter two are in a poor condition. The lack of ripe males and the restricted material make it somewhat difficult to incorporate the five species in the “ Key to Barathronus species ”. Additional material might improve the key and reduce / increase the number of species.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (1 specimen, SL 47 mm). Holotype: ZMB 17700 (SL 47 mm, female), Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean, 1 ° 57 ’ S, 73 ° 19.1 ’ E, RV Valdivia, st. 220, bottom trawl, 2919 m, 21 Feb. 1899.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus affinis differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: Two fangs on vomer, ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, long rakers on anterior gill arch 20, dorsal-fin rays 77, anal-fin rays 67, pectoral-fin rays 22, precaudal vertebrae 34, total vertebrae 78. Except for black lenses the preserved specimen is uniformly white-yellowish. Otoliths dissolved.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.taxon	description	Description. Only the holotype is known. See the detailed descriptions in Brauer (1906: 306) and Nielsen (1969: 48). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Comparisons. Barathronus affinis seems most similar to B. linsi but differs by having fewer fangs on vomer (2 vs 8) and fewer long gill rakers (20 vs 25).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D171FF0BFF673E97FCD2.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 2). Caught in a bottom trawl at 2919 m off the Chagos Archipelago, Indian Ocean..	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	description	Barathronus algrahami Nielsen, Pogonovski & Appleyard, 2019 (type locality: 37 ° 27.30 ’ S, 138 ° 38.28 ’ E).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (5 specimens, SL 85 – 200 mm). Holotype: CSIRO H 1932 - 01, female, SL 200 mm, west of Cape Martin, South Australia, 37 ° 27.30 ’ S, 138 ° 38.28 ’ E, FRV Soela, field no. SO 01 / 89 / 41, demersal trawl, 1300 – 1230 m, 30 Jan. 1989. Paratypes: ASIZ P 0064071, female, SL 170 mm, off Su-ao, eastern Taiwan, 24 ° 25.43 ’ N, 122 ° 21.40 ’ E, RV Ocean Researcher I, cruise 657, st. CD 199, otter trawl, 1134 – 1188 m, 12 Sep. 2002. ASIZ P 0066252 (Gen- Bank Accession KU 943179), female, SL 195 mm, off Su-Ao, eastern Taiwan, 24 ° 23.4 ’ N, 122 ° 14.4 ’ E, RV Ocean Researcher I, st. OCP 279, ORE beam trawl, 1224 – 1270 m, 14 Jun. 2005. ASIZ P 0066254 (GenBank Accession KU 943180), female, SL 195 mm, off Su-ao, eastern Taiwan, 24 ° 24.15 ’ N, 122 ° 14.06 ’ E, RV Ocean Researcher I, st. CP 281, beam trawl, 1162 – 1240 m, 15 June 2005. ASIZ P 0068057, unripe male, SL 85 mm, Aurora, Philippines, 15 ° 00.47 ’ N, 123 ° 12.60 ’ E, RV Ocean Researcher, st. CC 2703, otter trawl, 1191 – 1262 m, 27 May 2007.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus algrahami differs from the other five Barathronus species with dark pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: Dorsal-fin rays 69 – 78 rays, anal-fin rays 60 – 67, pectoral-fin rays 21 – 25, precaudal vertebrae 34 – 37, total vertebrae 74 – 81, no bulbs at basis of penis, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, anterior gill arch with 27 – 32 long rakers, 3 – 5 fangs on vomer and 3 – 5 on each dentary, predorsal length 47.0 – 52 % SL, eyes not externally visible in adults, pigment laterally on body, dark blue peritoneum and newly caught specimen reddish all over. It reaches 200 mm SL, only surpassed in the genus by B. maculatus that reaches 225 mm SL. Rounded otolith small (3 mm long in 200 mm holotype) about twice as long as thick and with a poorly developed centrally placed, undivided sulcus one fourth the length of the otolith (Fig. 6).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen et al. (2019: 561). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2. Coloration. Fig. 5 A shows the holotype when freshly caught dominated by reddish colors and a very dark peritoneum. After 29 years of preservation (Fig. 5 B) the reddish color has completely gone and the brownish musculature and dark peritoneum is seen through the transparent skin. Comparisons. Barathronus algrahami seems most similar to B. maculatus, but differs by not having distinct brown pigment laterally and by the small, rounded otolith only half the length of the flat otolith from a B. maculatus of same SL.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B28D177FF0BFAFB3C53F8AE.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 2). Barathronus algrahami occurs off South Australia, eastern Taiwan and Aurora, Philippines, at bathyal depths (1134 – 1300 m).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (74 specimens). Old material (54 specimens, SL 58 – 140 mm). See Nielsen (1969 — station data for 42 specimens), Rannou et al. (1975 — station data for 9 specimens) and Nielsen, Mincarone & Di Dario (2015 - station data for 3 specimens). New material (20 specimens, SL 72 – 115 mm): MNHN 1963 - 0630 (SL 98 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 24 ° 25 ’ 1.2 ’’ N, 83 ° 28 ’ 58.8 ’’ W, RV Oregon, st. 4145, trawl, 549 m, 14 Dec. 1962. TCWC 6154.2 (SL 115 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 18 ° 54 ’ N, 94 ° 58.8 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 69 A 11 - 27, trawl, 780 – 825 m, 14 Aug. 1969. TCWC 3972.1 (SL 100 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 19 ° 01 ’ N, 94 ° 59 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 69 A 11 - 39, trawl, 1300 – 1390 m, 15 Aug. 1969. TCWC 3791.12 (SL 85 mm, female), Caribbean Sea, 11 ° 33.8 ’ N, 73 ° 45.1 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 70 A 10 - 31, trawl, 735 m, 17 July 1970. TCWC 6319.10 (SL 100 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 27 ° 27.8 ’ N, 92 ° 46 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 71 A 7 - 43, trawl, 1010 – 1100 m, 22 July, 1971. TCWC 6326.2 (SL 72 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 25 ° 52 ’ N, 93 ° 15.8 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 71 A 8 - 13, 20 meter trawl, 3270 m, 31 July 1971. TCWC 5322.1 (SL 95 mm, male), Gulf of Mexico, 23 ° 17.4 ’ N, 97 ° 02.4 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 72 A 13 - 23, 20 m trawl, 1010 – 1080 m, 12 July 1972. TCWC 5323.1 (SL 95 mm, male), Gulf of Mexico, 27 ° 26.4 ’ N, 94 ° 07.6 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 72 A 13 - 39, 20 m trawl, 1290 m, 14 July 1972. TCWC 3561.5 (SL 90 mm, male), Gulf of Mexico, 27 ° 15.3 ’ N, 93 ° 41.1 ’ W, RV Alaminos, st. 73 A 10 - 20, trawl, 810 – 1140 m, 23 June 1973. TCWC 5324.1 (SL 103 mm, female), Gulf of Mexico, 29 ° 11 ’ N, 87 ° 57 ’ W, RV Oregon II, st. 37718, 40 ’ trawl, 552 m, 30 Oct. 1982. ZMH 119884 (SL 95 mm, female), off Cape Fear, 33 ° 38 ’ N, 76 ° 04 ’ W, RV Anton Dohrn 2, trawl, 796 – 800 m, 11 Aug. 1979. UF 222576 (2 spms., SL 98 – 105 mm, female and male), Caribbean Sea, 10.27 ° N, 76.05 ° W, RV Pillsbury, st. PIL 388, trawl, 814 – 1050 m, 15 July 1966. UF 233386 (SL 92 mm, female), Anguilla, 18.49 ° N, 63.41 ° W, RV Pillsbury, PIL 988, trawl, 686 – 724 m, 23 July 1969. UF 235370 (SL 107 mm, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 24.18 ° N, 77.39 ° W, RV Columbus Iselin, CI 302, trawl, 1452 – 1465 m, 3 Apr. 1975. UF 131282 (SL 112 mm, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 23.57 ° N, 76.71 ° W, RV Columbus Iselin, st. CI 370, trawl, 1267 – 1296 m, 23 Aug. 1975. UF 109362 (SL 100 mm, female) Strait of Florida, 24 ° 14 ’ 31.2 ’’ N, 82 ° 36 ’ 49.8 ’’ W, RV Bellows, st. FFS 98 - 5 B, 510 m, 1 May 1998. ZMUC P 77463 (SL 91 mm, male), Gulf of Mexico, 24 ° 49 ’ N, 96 ° 27 ’ W, RV Oregon, st. 4814, 40 ’ shrimp trawl, 914 m, 12 Apr. 1964. ZMUC P 77708 (SL 90 mm, male), Tongue of the Ocean, 24 ° 25.9 ’ - 24.2 ’ N to 77 ° 24.0 ’ - 23.6 ’ W, RV Columbus Iselin, cr. CI- 8007, st. C 039, 30 ’ otter trawl, 1584 – 1594 m, 14 Sep. 1980. ZMUC P 77709 (SL 105, female), Tongue of the Ocean, 23 ° 48.2 ’ - 48.6 ’ N, 77 ° 04.5´- 07.8 ’ W, RV Columbus Iselin, cr. CI- 8007, st. CO 42, 30 ’ otter trawl, 1376 – 1371 m, 15 Sep. 1980	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. B. bicolor is the most commonly caught Barathronus species due to the extensive trawling in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea - often on the upper Continental Shelf.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus bicolor differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 62 – 78, anal-fin rays 46 – 59, pectoral-fin rays 22 – 27, long rakers on anterior gill arch 28 – 35, precaudal vertebrae 31 – 36, total vertebrae 68 – 75, 1 – 5 fangs on vomer, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. Penis in ripe specimens long (up to 15 % SL) and slender. Newly caught specimens light brownish with dark-blue peritoneum. Otolith almost circular three times as long as thick and centrally placed sulcus 3 – 4 times in length of otolith (Fig. 8).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description based on 42 specimens see Nielsen (1969: 34). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Comparisons. Table 1 shows that B. bicolor is very similar to B. diaphanus with an overlap in all characters mentioned. The only differences are found in the coloration of body and in the form of the penis. All freshly caught specimens of B. diaphanus are bright red (Fig. 10 A) while a red specimen of B. bicolor has never been observed. The latter statement is based on observations made by colleagues with year-long trawling experiences in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. Fig. 7 B shows that the penis in ripe specimens of B. bicolor is long (up to 15 % SL) and slender with the thickness at basis of penis 13 % length of penis while the thickness at basis of penis of an equally long specimen of B. diaphanus (Fig. 11) is 31 % of length of penis. The distribution of the two species is non-overlapping as B. bicolor is found in the West Atlantic and B. diaphanus from off East Africa to Japan and southwestern Pacific. A DNA analysis of the two species has not been made.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B2DD17AFF0BFF673B68FEC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). Barathronus bicolor is found in the West Atlantic from Cape Fear N. C. (33 ° 38 ’ N) (ZMH 119884) southwards to off Rio de Janeiro (23 ° 46.7 ’ S) (USU 01502). Gilchrist (1906: 158) refers a 120 mm specimen caught ENE of Cape Agulhas to B. bicolor, but the identification cannot be checked as the specimen is lost. The specimens were caught at depths of 366 – 1640 m, except for one from 3270 m — all in bottom working trawls.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (1 specimen, SL 39 mm). Holotype: USNM 202104 (SL 39 mm, female), SW Indian Ocean, 29 ° 45 ’ S, 64 ° 58 ’ E, RV Anton Bruun, cr. 6, st. 351 B, Isaacs-Kidd midwater trawl, about 1700 m (sounding 4825 m), 28 June 1964.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus bruuni differs from the other five Barathronus species with pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 81, anal-fin rays 73, pectoral-fin rays 25, long rakers on anterior gill arch 33, precaudal vertebrae 36, total vertebrae 86, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae, 3 fangs on vomer. A distinct brown streak in midline of body and a concentration of brown pigment between dorsal fin and nape. The rounded, 1 mm long otoliths seen through of the skull.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.taxon	description	Description. Only the holotype is known. For a detailed description see Nielsen (1969: 51). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Comparisons. Barathronus bruuni seems most similar to B. maculatus but differs by having more anal fin rays (73 vs 54 – 66), more vertebrae (86 vs 74 – 79) and origin of anal fin below dorsal fin ray no. 10 in B. bruuni and below nos. 15 – 23 in B. maculatus.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B23D17AFF0BFE8F3B81FBF2.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 2). Caught pelagically between 1700 m and the surface in the southwestern Indian Ocean.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (24 specimens, SL 54 - 130 mm). Holotype: ZMB 17699 (SL 117, female), off Somalia, 2 ° 58.8 ’ N, 47 ° 6.1 ’ E, RV Valdivia, st. 259, trawl, 1289 m, 28 Mar. 1899. Non-types: ZMA 104.467 (SL 59 mm, female), off Timor, 10 ° 48.6 ’ S, 123 ° 23.1 ’ E, RV Siboga, st. 300, trawl, 918 m, 30 Jan. 1900. ZSI 1050 / 1 (SL 65 and 70 mm, 2 females), Andaman Sea, 13 ° 29 ’ 30 ’’ N, 95 ° 29 ’ E, RV Investigator, St. 310, Agassiz trawl, 1756 m, 5 Nov. 1902. HKFRS- uncatalogued (SL 92 mm, male), South China Sea, 19 ° 40 ’ N, 115 ° 30 ’ E, RV Cape St. Mary, cr. 1 / 64, st. 26, Agassiz trawl, 732 – 796 m, 7 Jan. 1964. MNHN 2019 - 0035 (SL 113 mm, female), off Northwest Madagascar, 12 ° 27 ’ S, 48 ° 10 ’ E, RV Vauban, trawl 22, 680 – 700 m, 19 Jan. 1972. MNHN 2019 — 0031 - 34 (4 spms., SL 100 – 110 mm, 4 females), off Southeast Madagascar, 22 ° 16.9 ’ S, 42 ° 56 ’ E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 109, 1500 m, 30 Nov. 1973. MNHN 2019 - 0036 (SL 115 mm, male), off Northwest Madagascar, 13 ° 04 ’ S, 47 ° 51.5 ’ E, RV Vauban, trawl 134, 1865 – 2030 m, 21 Jan. 1975. MNHN 2002 - 3134 (SL 85 mm, male), Coral Sea, 19 ° 54 ’ S, 158 ° 37 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, RV Coriolis / Musorstom 5, dw 337, 412 – 430 m, 15 Oct. 1986. MNHN 1995 - 0913 (SL 95 mm, female), off Vanuatu, 18 ° 51 ’ S, 168 ° 55 ’ 1.2 ’’ E, RV Alis / Musorstom 8, cp 1007, 720 – 830 m, 25 Sep. 1994. MNHN 1995 - 0919 (SL 54 mm, male), off Vanuatu, 15 ° 48 ’ S, 167 ° 24 ’ E, RV Alis / Musorstom 8, cp 1074, 775 – 798 m, 4 Oct. 1994. MNHN 1995 - 0914 (SL 96 and 104 mm, 2 males), off Vanuatu, 14 ° 49 ’ 1.2 ’’ S, 167 ° 15 ’ E, RV Alis / Musorstom 8, cp 1110, 1360 m, 8 Oct. 1994. MNHN 2004 - 0924 (SL 72 mm, female), off Fiji Is., 17 ° 09 ’ S, 177 ° 55 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, RV Alis / Musorstom 10, cp 1331, 694 – 703 m, 8 Aug. 1998. MNHN 2004 - 0925 (SL 88 mm, male), off Fiji Is., 17 ° 03 ’ S, 177 ° 46 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, RV Alis / Musorstom 10, cp 1335, 729 – 753 m, 9 Aug. 1998. MNHN 2015 - 0052 (SL 112 mm, male), Tonga, 23 ° 28 ’ S, 176 ° 22 ’ W, RV Alis / Bordau 2, st. cp 1625, 824 m, 19 June 2001. MNHN 2006 - 0699 (SL 65 mm, male), Solomon Isls., 9 ° 0 ’ 21.6 ’’ S, 159 ° 4 ’ 15.6 ’’ E, RV Alis / Salomon 2, cp 2175, 579 – 585 m, 21 Oct. 2004. ZMUC P 771585 (SL 96 mm, female), Solomon Sea, 13 ° 45 ’ S, 156 ° 41 ’ E, RV Galathea 3, st. 0611219 - 05, otter trawl, 2255 – 2283 m, 19 Dec. 2006, ZMUC P 771586 (SL 112 mm, female), Solomon Sea, 7 ° 25 ’ S, 155 ° 44.7 ’ E, RV Galathea 3, st. 061227 - 01, 1.2 m Agassiz trawl, 1012 – 1094 m, 27 Dec. 2006. NSMT-P 111903 (SL 130 mm, female), Ryukyu Is., 25 ° 19.992 ’ N, 125 ° 24.912 ’ E to 25 ° 20.354 ’ N, 125 ° 26.659 ’ E, RV Tansei-maru, beam trawl, 1927 – 1901 m, 30 Nov. 2012. MNHN 2016 - 0166 (SL 110 + mm, female), Mahajanga, Madagascar, 15 ° 31 ’ S, 45 ° 42 ’ E, MOZ 1 _ CP 4, beam trawl, 806 m, 9 Oct. 2014.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus diaphanus differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 58 – 73, anal-fin rays 48 – 61, long rakers on anterior gill arch 25 – 35, precaudal vertebrae 30 – 35, total vertebrae 66 – 75, vomer with 1 – 5 fangs, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. Ripe males with rather thick penis. Newly-caught specimens bright red, preserved specimens light-brownish with dark-blue peritoneum. Otolith (Fig. 11) similar to that of B. bicolor (Fig. 8).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen (1969: 44). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 1. Comparisons. For a comparison to the very similar species, B. bicolor, see page 6.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B21D17EFF0BFF673AB8FE29.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 2). From Madagascar to Japan and Tonga ls. at depths of 579 – 2030 m.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype. MNRJ 41723, SL 101 mm, male, Potiguar Basin, off Northeast Brazil, 4 ° 25.83 ’ S, 36 ° 37.38 ’ W to 4 ° 25.87 ’ S, 36 ° 36.48 ’ W, RV Seward Johnson, st. ArMT 84, bottom trawl, 1964 – 2045 m, 5 June 2011.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus linsi differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 78, anal-fin rays 69, pectoral-fin rays 21, precaudal vertebrae 33, total vertebrae 78, eight fangs on vomer, long rakers on anterior gill arch 25, predorsal length 42 % SL, pair of bulbs at base of penis absent and with a ventral flexure of anterior vertebrae. Newly caught specimen overall yellowish to white reddish and lack of black pigment both in skin and peritoneum. Otolith oval, 1.7 times as long as thick and with small centrally placed undivided sulcus (fig. 14).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.taxon	description	Description. Only the holotype is known. For a detailed description see Nielsen et al. (2015: 55). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2. Comparisons. Barathronus linsi seems most similar to B. affinis but differs by having more fangs on vomer (8 vs. 2) and more long gill rakers (25 vs. 20).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B27D17FFF0BFDB73B45FE55.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1) Caught in a bottom trawl at 1964 – 2045 m in Potiguar Basin, off Northeast Brazil.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (22 specimens, SL 115 – 225 mm): Holotype: ZIL 42298 (SL 157 mm, male), Mozambique Channel, 26 ° 41 ’ S, 34 ° 06 ’ E, RV Fiolent, st. 198, bottom trawl, 1000 m, 27 Sep. 1973. Non-types: USNM 150285 (SL 156 mm, male), off Japan, 35 ° 05 ’ 40 ’’ N, 138 ° 29 ’ 30 ’’ E, RV Albatross, st. D- 5065, bottom trawl, 386 – 430 m, 15 Oct. 1906. MNHN 1988 - 1589 (SL 154 mm, male), off Madagascar, 22 ° 20´2.3 ’’ S, 42 ° 58 ’ 58.8 ’’ E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 109, 995 – 1020 m, 30 Nov. 1973. ZIL 45144 (SL 182 mm, female), off Natal, South Africa, 30 ° 16 ’ S, 31 ° 18 ’ E, RV Fiolent, bottom trawl, 950 – 1050 m, 26 may 1974. MNHN 1984 - 371 (SL 144 mm, male), off Madagascar, 13 ° 02 ’ S, 48 ° 02 ’ E, RV Vauban, Crosnier coll., trawl 133, 1000 – 1525 m, 21 Jan. 1975. BSKU 28689 (SL 137 mm, female), off Ryu-kyu ls., 28 ° 53 ’ N, 127 ° 18 ’ E, RV Yuryo-maru, No. 8 net no. 60, bottom trawl, 820 – 830 m, 16 Mar. 1978. AMS I 24059 - 013 (SL 187 mm, female), off New South Wales, 33 ° 29 ’ S, 152 ° 12 ’ E to 33 ° 32 ’ S, 152 ° 09 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 83 - 09 - 02, bottom trawl, 942 – 978 m, 23 Aug. 1983. AMS I 27717 - 002 (SL 175 mm SL, female), off New South Wales, 33 ° 58 ’ S, 152 ° 12 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88 - 04 - 08, bottom trawl, 1025 – 1150 m, 24 Mar. 1988. AMS I 27711 - 001 (SL 163 mm, male), off New South Wales, 33 ° 50 ’ S, 151 ° 57 ’ E to 33 ° 47 ’ S, 151 ° 57 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88 - 10 - 01, bottom trawl, 960 – 1050 m, 16 May 1988. AMS I 27638 - 001 (SL 225 mm, male), off New South Wales, 33 ° 44 ’ S, 152 ° 06 ’ E to 33 ° 42 ’ S, 152 ° 09 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88 - 11 - 01, bottom trawl, 1020 – 1040 m, 14 June 1988. AMS I 28477 - 002 (SL 212 mm, male), off Newcastle, New South Wales, 32 ° 57 ’ S, 152 ° 44 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 88 - 16 - 04, bottom trawl, 1042 – 1061 m, 17 Aug. 1988. SAMZ MB-F 031499 (SL 116 + mm, male), off Natal, South Africa, 29 ° 43.2 ’ S, 31 ° 43.6 ’ E, RV Benguela, st. G 13534, prawn trawl, 645 m, 23 Aug. 1988. ZMUC P 771755 (SL 118 + mm, male), off northern Madagascar, 12 ° 28.5 ’ S, 48 ° 09.9 ’ E, RV Vityaz, cr. 17, st. 2601, bottom trawl, 710 – 700 m, 12 Nov. 1988. AMS I 29799 - 003 (SL 188 – 215 mm, 2 females), east of Newcastle, New South Wales, 32 ° 57 ’ S, 152 ° 48 ’ E to 32 ° 55 ’ S, 152 ° 45 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 89 - 06 - 02, bottom trawl, 1043 – 1061 m, 10 Apr. 1989. AMS I 29823 - 008 (SL 188 mm female), off Port Stephens, New South Wales, 32 ° 38 ’ S, 152 ° 57 ’ E to 32 ° 28 ’ S, 153 ° 00 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 89 - 13 - 01, bottom trawl, 896 – 969 m, 29 June 1989. AMS I 29748 - 002 (SL 195 mm, female), east of Nowra, New South Wales, 34 ° 55 ’ S, 151 ° 14 ’ E to 34 ° 52 ’ S, 151 ° 16 ’ E, RV Kapala, field no. K 89 - 16 - 01, bottom trawl, 1024 – 1061 m, 10 Aug. 1989. CSIRO H 3142 - 01 (SL 83 mm, male), south-west of Imperieuse Reef, West Australia, 18 ° 00 ’ S, 118 ° 09 ’ E, RV Surefire, prawn trawl, 545 m, 28 Feb. 1992. CSIRO H 3149 - 01 (SL 85 mm, female), north of Dampier Archipelago, West Australia, 18 ° 50 ’ S, 116 ° 20 ’ E, RV Surefire, prawn trawl, 500 m, 10 Mar. 1992. CSIRO H 3197 - 05 (SL 96 mm, female), north of Dampier Archipelago, West Australia, 18 ° 46 ’ S, 116 ° 15 ’ E, RV Surefire, prawn trawl, 550 m, 06 Feb. 1992. CSIRO H 4136 - 02 (SL 91 mm, female), west of Rowley Shoals, West Australia, 18 ° 46 ’ S, 116 ° 17 ’ E RV Surefire, prawn trawl, 555 m, 15 Feb. 1992. BSKU 86066 (SL 115 mm, female), Tosa Bay, Japan, 33 ° 06.5 ’ N, 133 ° 42.5 ’ E to 33 ° 05.5 ’ N, 133 ° 43.0 ’ E, RV Kotaka-maru, otter trawl, 763 – 803 m, 2 Mar. 1999.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Barathronus maculatus is relatively often caught by commercial trawlers as it occurs on the upper continental slope.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus maculatus is the largest known species of the genus with a SL of up to 225 mm. It differs from the other five species of the genus with dark-pigmented peritoneum by the distinct, dark brown pigmentation dorsally between head and dorsal fin and on sides of the light brown body in preserved specimens (Fig. 15 B); in newly caught specimens (Fig. 15 A) the pigmentation is dark blue like the peritoneum and the body is faintly reddish. Also the following combination of characters is characteristic: dorsal-fin rays 75 – 83, anal-fin rays 54 – 66, precaudal vertebrae 32 – 36, total vertebrae 74 – 79, long rakers on anterior gill arch 31 – 32, vomer with up to four and dentary with up to five fangs. Length of penis up to 10 % SL (Fig. 16); it is proximally covered by a large dorsal clasper and a smaller ventral clasper protected ventrally by a well-developed fleshy hood. In specimens longer than about 140 mm SL the eyes are not externally visible while the eyes of smaller specimens appear as a narrow, dark ring surrounding lighter tissue. Otolith roundish and three times as long as thick and twice as long as the centrally placed, undivided sulcus (Fig. 17).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description see Nielsen & Machida (1985: 1). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2. Comparisons. Long preserved specimens of B. maculatus with completely bleached lateral pigmentation may be confused with B. algrahami (described in the present paper), but additional characters separate the two species (see B. algrahami).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B26D17CFF0BFE233B97FD59.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 2). Known from South Africa to Japan and off southeastern Australia at 386 – 1525 m depth.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (3 specimens, SL 45 – 83 mm): Holotype: BMNH 1983.2. 28.1 (SL 72 mm, male), off southern Morocco, 32 ° 54.6 ’ N, 11 ° 40 ’ W, RV Discovery, cr. 77, st. 8976, bottom trawl, 3610 – 3646 m, 5 Aug. 1976. Paratype: ZMUC P 77712 (SL 83 mm ,, male), north of Bahamas, 29 ° 19.7 ’ N, 73 ° 18.6 ’ W, RV Columbus Iselin, cr. 8007, st. CO 57, 45 ’ otter trawl, 4269 – 4279 m, 19. Sep. 1980. Non-type; IORAS 03293 (SL 45 mm, juv.), Mid-Atlantic ridge, 16 ° 50.052 ’ N, 46 ° 33.045 ’ W, RV Professor Logachev, cr. 37, st. 158, Sigsbee trawl, 3227 m, 4 Mar. 2015.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus multidens differs from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: vomer with 11 and dentaries with 8 – 11 fangs, dorsal-fin rays 72 – ca. 75, anal-fin rays 62 – ca. 65, pectoral-fin rays 23 – 24, precaudal vertebrae 32 – 34, total vertebrae 77 – 79, long gill rakers on anterior arch 23 – 25, paired bulbs at basis of penis absent (Fig. 19), penis protected ventrally by large urogenital hood and no ventral flexure of anterior vertebrae. The very small otolith (Fig. 20) is almost circular with the undivided sulcus placed centrally. Head and body yellowish without pigmentation.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description of the holo- and paratype see Nielsen (1984 a: 583) and for the juvenile see Evseenko et al. (2018: 138). The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2. Comparisons. Barathronus multidens seems most similar to B. parfaiti sharing a transparent peritoneum and lack of ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae. They differ by B. multidens having more fangs on vomer (7 – 11 vs. 1 +) and less long rakers on anterior gill arch (23 – 25 vs. 29).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). The three specimens known are from the East (3610 - 3646 m) and West (4269 - 4279 m) Atlantic Ocean and from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3227 m), all caught in bottom fishing gear. The specimen from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a juvenile with weekly ossified vertebrae which indicates that it might have been caught pelagically during hauling of the trawl. The other two specimens are adult males with well-ossified vertebrae indicating a benthopelagic occurrence.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B24D163FF0BFCA63B3EFF25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Evseenko et al. (2018: 139) presented two phylogenies each based on two different genes.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	materials_examined	Total material examined (46 specimens, SL 42 – 128 mm): Northwest Atlantic (20 specimens, SL 72 - 116 mm). Holotype of B. unicolor: MCZ 56936 (SL 113 mm, male), 38 ° 28 ’ N, 70 ° 52 ’ W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 505, 2931 - 2967 m, bottom trawl, 5 July 1975. Paratypes of B. unicolor: MCZ 56935 (SL 101 – 108 mm, male and female), 38 ° 20 ’ N, 70 ° 13 ’ W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 501, 3287 – 3314 m, bottom trawl, 4 July, 1975. MCZ 56937 (SL 75 – 98 mm, females) and ZMUC P 77722 (SL 86 mm, male), 38 ° 11 ’ N, 69 ° 50 ’ W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 526, 3605 – 3642 m, bottom trawl, 12 July 1975. MCZ 56938 (SL 83 – 98 mm, male and female) and ZMUC P 77723 (SL 85 mm female), 37 ° 54 ’ N, 69 ° 50 ’ W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 527, 3824 – 3934 m, bottom trawl, 12 July 1975. MCZ 56939 (SL 89 – 100 mm, 2 females), 38 ° 20 ’ N, 69 ° 24 ’ W, RV Chain, cr. 124, st. 528, 3477 – 3514 m, bottom trawl, 13 July 1975. VIMS 05237 (SL 72 – 75 mm, 2 females) and ZMUC P 77724 - 5 (SL 78 – 107 mm, male and female), 38 ° 4.2 ’ N, 70 ° 26.4 ’ W, RV Advance II, EPA 7801, st. 9, 3750 – 3850 m, 45 ’ otter trawl, 24 June 1978. VIMS 05236 (SL 104 mm, male), 38 ° 0.2 ’ N, 70 ° 29.7 ’ W, RV Advance II, EPA 7801, st. 14, 3864 m, 45 ’ otter trawl, 26 June 1978. Non-types: ARC 8704503 (SL 112 – 116 mm, male and female), 38 ° 13 ’ N, 69 ° 54 ’ W, RV Oceanus, cr. 183, st. 111, 3708 m, 41 ’ otter trawl, 18 Mar. 1987. East Atlantic (17 specimens, SL 63 – 92 mm). SAMZ 22924 (SL 74 mm, female), SE of Cape Town, 34 ° 37 ’ S, 17 ° 03 ’ E, RV Africana II, st. A 315, 2980 m, 8 Dec. 1959. MNHN 1976 - 0088 (SL 77 mm, male), SE Atlantic, 21 ° 58.8 ’ S, 9 ° 19.7 ’ E, RV Jean Charcot, Campagne Walda, st. 5, 4163 m, 9 June 1971. BMNH 2018.11. 13.3 (SL 70 mm, female), NE Atlantic, 20 ° 11.6 ’ N, 21 ° 37 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 9131 # 17, RMT 8, 3910 – 3995 m, 27 Nov. 1976. BMNH 2018.11. 13.5 (SL 68 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 47 ° 46.7 ’ N, 15 ° 23.3 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 11116, OTSB 14 ’, 4800 m, 24 May 1984. BMNH 2018.11.13.8 - 9 (SL 77 – 82 mm, female and male), NE Atlantic, 31 ° 12.6 ’ N, 25 ° 12.5 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 11261 # 52, OTSB 14 ’, 5440 m, 3 July 1985. BMNH 2018.11. 13.1 (SL 88, female), NE Atlantic, 31 ° 06 ’ N, 25 ° 3.7 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 11261 # 58, OTSB 14 ’, 5400 - 5440 m, 4 July 1985. BMNH 11262 # 19 (SL 92 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 31 ° 19.8 ’ N, 25 ° 29 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 11262 # 19, bottom net, 5432 m, 18 July 1985. BMNH 2018.11. 13.2 (SL 69 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 49 ° 02.42 ’ N, 16 ° 00.34 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 52403 # 14, bottom net, 4850 - 4860 m, 4 Dec. 1986. BMNH 2018.1.13.6 - 7 (SL 77 – 88 mm, male and female), NE Atlantic, 31 ° 14.9 ’ N, 21 ° 07.5 ’ W, RV Discovery, st. 12174 # 31, OTSB 14 ’, 3914 – 3938 m, 20 Aug. 1990. MNHN 1976 - 0229 (SL 63 mm, male) and MNHN 1976 - 0230 (SL 67 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 47 ° 30 ’ N, 9 ° 34 ’ 5.8 ’’ W, RV Jean Charcot, Incal, st. CP 16, 4263 m, 10 July 1976. MNHN 2008 - 2058 (SL 72, female), NE Atlantic, 27 ° 30 ’ N, 25 ° 0 ’ 0 ’’ W, RV Jean Charcot, Seabed 2, st CP 17, Nov. 1980. MNHN 2005 - 0280 (SL 68, female), NE Atlantic, 48 ° 53 ’ 16.8 ’’ N, 16 ° 35 ’ 9.6 ’ W, RV Discovery, Bengal 2 Campagne, st. 13078 # 11, 4844 m, 1 Apr. 1997. MNHN 2005 - 0258 (SL 65, female), NE Atlantic, 48 ° 50 ’ 9.6 ’’ N, 16 ° 26 ’ 2.4 ’’ W, RV Discovery, Bengal 3 Campagne, st. 13200 # 94, 4847 m, 25 July 1997. ZMH 122183 (SL 73 mm, male), NE Atlantic, 46 ° 7 ’ N, 16 ° 41 ’ W, RV Walther Herwig, st. 70, Agassiz trawl, 4720 m, 6 June 1985. Southwest Pacific (3 specimens, SL 42 – 95 mm). ZUMT 59945 (SL 42 mm), SW Pacific, 30 ° 00 ’ S, 163 ° 00 ’ E, RV Hakuho-maru, KH- 95 - 2, st. 092, 3 m IKMT, 0 - 0266 m, 31 Aug. 1995. CSIRO H 8092 - 03 (SL 86 mm, male), Great Australian Bight, 35 ° 42.95 ’ S, 131 ° 39.38 ’ E, RV Investigator, st. IN 2017 _ C 01 _ 178, beam trawl, 3817 – 3950 m, 16 Apr. 2017. CSIRO H 8093 - 01 (SL 95 mm, male), Great Australian Bight, 35 ° 48.86 ’ S, 131 ° 42.16 ’ E, RV Investigator, st. IN 2017 _ C 01 _ 179, beam trawl, 4618 – 4750 m, 16 Apr. 2017. Northeast Pacific (6 specimens, SL 66 – 128 mm). Holotype: - OS 1915 (SL 128 mm, female), NE Pacific, 44 ° 41.1 ’ N, 133 ° 24.1 W, RV Yaquina, st. TP- 3, beam trawl, 3784 m, 3 June 1970. Paratypes: OS 1965 (SL 66 mm), NE Pacific, 44 ° 43.3 ’ N, 134 ° 43 ’ W, RV Yaquina, st. NH- 450, 22 ’ semi-balloon shrimp otter trawl, 3860 m, 1 Mar. 1967. ZMUC P 77538 (SL 106 mm, male), NE Pacific, 44 ° 38.8 ’ N, 131 ° 11.04.2 ’ W, RV Yaquina, st. TP- 1, beam trawl, 3334 m, 30 May 1970. Non-types: OS 11646 (SL 111, female), NE Pacific, 44 ° 58.9 ’ N, 133 ° 14.2 ’ W, RV Yaquina, cr. Y 7210 A, trawl, 3700 m, 7 Dec. 1972. OS 11645 (SL 100, female), NE Pacific, 39 ° 34.4 ’ N, 127 ° 25.2 ’ W, RV Golden Fleece, GF 81, st. W-N 2, trawl, 4275 m, 4 Dec. 1981. OS 12519 (SL 88 mm, female), NE Pacific, 37 ° 43.2 ’ N, 127 ° 28.9 ’ W, RV Golden Fleece, GF 81, st. W-N- 6, otter trawl, 4250 m, 7 Dec. 1981.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The description of B. pacificus Nielsen & Eagle, 1974 was based on three specimens from the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the description of B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984 was based on 18 specimens from the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. Since then further 25 specimens have been caught mainly in the Northeast Atlantic but also in the Southeast Atlantic and in Australian waters so the two species are now recorded from the Northeast and Southwest Pacific Ocean and from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. In Table 2 counts and measurements of the 46 specimens examined has been split up in four geographical areas. A comparison shows no differences between the areas which strongly indicates that the specimens belong to the same species. Consequently, B. pacificus Nielsen, 1974 will be considered a senior synonym of B. unicolor Nielsen, 1984.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus pacificus differs from all other Barathronus species by the presence of a pair of small bulbs at base of penis (Fig. 22) and from the other four Barathronus species with a transparent peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 63 – 80, anal-fin rays 55 – 72, pectoral-fin rays 22 – 27, precaudal vertebrae 35 – 40, total vertebrae 78 – 89, anterior gill arch with 28 – 35 long rakers, 4 – 8 fangs on vomer. Small otolith, rounded and thick (Fig. 23).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	description	Description. For a detailed description of the type specimens of B. pacificus and B. unicolor see Nielsen & Eagle (1974: 1067) and Nielsen (1984 a: 583). A comparison between the two sets of types show only minor differences corresponding to the intraspecific variation found in other Barathronus species. The principal meristic and morphometric characters are shown in Table 2. Comparisons. It is not possible with any degree of certainty to decide which of the four remaining species with transparent peritoneum is most similar to B. pacificus. The reason is that three of the species are known from one specimen only, two of which are juveniles and the third is a ripe female. The fourth species is known from two adult males.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3AD167FF0BFEB33A39FF25.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Figs. 1 – 2). Barathronus pacificus is recorded from the North and Southeast Atlantic Ocean, from off southern Australia and from the Southwest and Northeast Pacific Ocean. One specimen (SL 42 mm) caught in midwater trawl (0 – 266 m) and the rest in bottom trawls between 2931 and 5440 m.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype: MNHN 86 - 554 (SL 40 mm, juvenile), between France and the Azores, 44 ° 29 ’ N, 13 ° 32 ’ W, RV Talisman, st. 137, small trawl, 4975 – 5005 m, 27 Aug. 1883.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype (MNHN 86 - 554) is the only known specimen of B. parfaiti. It is in a poor condition, being very soft and almost completely eviscerated. A second specimen in the Oceanographic Museum in Monaco (MOM P 0 I- 0003655) was referred to B. parfaiti by Roule (1915: 57), but according to Nybelin (1957: 314) it is closer to Barathronus bicolor Goode & Bean, 1886. Nielsen (1969: 54) based the description of B. parfaiti on the holotype and the MOM-specimen. However, with the new material available for this paper it became evident that the MOM-specimen represents an undescribed species (see page 23).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Because of the condition and being a juvenile, only a few morphometric characters were recorded (those in Table 2 are from Vaillant (1888: 284 )) and some of the meristic characters are approximations. The following combination of characters seems diagnostic: dorsal-fin rays 80 – 85, anal-fin rays 60 – 65, pectoral-fin rays 21, precaudal vertebrae 37, total vertebrae 84, long rakers on anterior gill arch 29, remains of a broken fang laterally on vomer and peritoneum transparent. Vaillant mentioned that the meristic characters were difficult to obtain and his counts are quite different from the present counts which are based on radiographs and mentioned in parentheses: dorsal fin rays 48 (80 – 85), anal fin rays 40 (60 – 65) and no pelvic fin rays (1).	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	description	Description. The present state of the specimen makes it difficult to obtain a usable description so below is given the original description by Vaillant (1888: 283) kindly translated from French by Guy Duhamel (MNHN): body elongate, compressed especially posteriorly. The greatest height is not more than 1 / 6 in length and the thickness 1 / 8 in length at the level of the pectoral fin. Head equal to 1 / 6 of length; the globular shape of the head gives it a rather strange form which reminds of Uranoscopus, Synanceia, etc. The head is truncated in front. The mouth, rounded as a horseshoe, is vertically orientated; the lower jaw is almost vertical when the mouth is closed. The two mandibles form a forward directed oval. Intermaxilla narrow, about the same size as the maxilla which expands at its posterior tip, or more precisely its inferior part because it is vertically orientated. The teeth are sharp-pointed and of equal size on the mandible and on the antero-superior part of intermaxilla; the posterior part seems edentate. No teeth visible on vomer and palatines. Eyes very small, about 1 / 15 of head length, seen as black-pigmented spots. Eye was hardly visible even then the specimen was newly caught. Branchial opening large extending very far forward. The small size of the specimen and membranous state of the hard parts makes it difficult to distinguish the opercular bones. Anus placed at mid-body. No scales and lateral line absent. The unpaired fins are fused, beginning dorsally at the level of anus and a little further back ventrally. The rays are extremely delicate and 4 – 5 mm in length. Pectoral fins extending to the level of dorsal fin origin. No pelvic fins. The fin ray counts are extremely difficult to obtain because of the conservation and size of the specimen. The color was uniformly white, slightly pinkish. Comparisons. The transparent peritoneum and lack of ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae make it similar to B. multidens, but it differs by having more long rakers on anterior gill arch (29 vs 23 – 25) and fewer fangs on vomer (1 + 1? vs 7 – 11). The size and condition make a comparison to other Barathronus species rather irrelevant.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3ED167FF0BFEB33DC5F861.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). Barathronus parfaiti was caught between France and the Azores in a trawl working at a depth of 4975 – 5005 m. All vertebral centra are rectangular and weakly ossified indicating a larval stage so the specimen might have been caught pelagically during hauling of the trawl.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (1 specimen, SL 100 mm). Holotype: MOM POI- 0003655, SL 100 mm, male, Azores, 39 ° 11 ’ N, 30 ° 44 ’ 40 ’’ W, RV Princesse-Alice, st. 698, trawl, 1846 m, 18 July 1896.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Barathronus roulei differs from the other five Barathronus species with a pigmented peritoneum by the following combination of characters: dorsal-fin rays 71, anal-fin rays 66, precaudal vertebrae 34, total vertebrae 82, origin of dorsal fin above vertebra 29, anterior gill arch with 26 long rakers, peritoneum dark, paired bulbs at basis of penis not developed, no ventral flexure of anteriormost vertebrae and vomer with one fang in each side and 2 – 3 small, pointed teeth in between.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.taxon	description	Description. Body compressed with caudal part rather short and loose, transparent skin. Origin of dorsal fin at midpoint of fish and anal fin origin well behind midpoint. Tip of pectorals end halfway to anus and pectoral peduncle as high as long. Pelvic fins end below middle of pectoral fin. Head broad and high with an almost vertical mouth-cleft. Eyes indistinct consisting of a subcircular, dark ring (4 mm in diameter) with a small (0.5 mm) centrally placed and deeper situated dark spot. Nostrils with a low rim placed close together midway between upper lip and eyes. Anterior gill arch with one short and five long rakers on upper branch, one long raker in the angle, and lower branch with 20 long and two short rakers. Gill filaments about 50. Pseudobranch with 2 – 3 filaments. Histological examination of the gonads showed many spermatocytes and no spermatozoa indicating an unripe male, which corresponds well with the only 1 mm long penis placed in a thick-walled urogenital hood. Otoliths dissolved. Sensory papillae. All very small with 12 – 14 papillae in lateral midline on caudal part; from about anus it forks into a dorsal and ventral branch the latter with 8 – 10 papillae which ascend near tip of pectoral fin reaching dorsal branch behind gill slit. Dorsal branch consists of 20 – 25 papillae arranged in an irregular row. Head with indistinct sensory canals. Four supratemporal papillae, preopercular-mandibular canal with 3 – 4 papillae on preopercular and 12 prolonged papillae on mandible. Dentition. Premaxillary with small, pointed teeth arranged in 3 – 4 rows anteriorly decreasing to one posteriorad. Vomer with a large fang in each side and a few smaller, pointed teeth in between. Dentaries with numerous small teeth on anterior third, middle third with 3 – 4 large, recurvated fangs and posterior third edentate. Vertebral column (from radiographs). Number of precaudal vertebrae 34. Anterior neural spine the longest and thereafter length gradually decreases to caudal fin. Haemal spines and arches similar in form and length to corresponding neural ones. Thin pleural ribs on 3 - 8 vertebrae and parapophyses on precaudal vertebrae 9 – 34. Coloration (Fig. 25). Roule (1919) described the color of the newly caught specimen as: “ The body has a uniform greyish color. Around the jaws and eyes the specimen is somewhat more brown-yellow and darkish. The fins are bluish with the fin bases ochrous ”. After 72 years of preservation the body is brownish gray and the peritoneum dark. Comparisons. Barathronus roulei is most similar to B. bicolo r, but differs by the higher number of anal fin rays (66 vs 53 – 61) and vertebrae (82 vs 69 – 73), fewer long rakers on anterior gill arch (26 vs 28 – 35) and origin of dorsal fin above vertebra no. (29 vs 22 – 28). Already Nybelin (1957: 314) had indicated the similarity to B. bicolor. As shown by the list of synonyms above and by the list in connection with B. parfaiti the present specimen has often been referred to B. parfaiti.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
0A6687ED8B3DD165FF0BFD863DA2FEB9.taxon	distribution	Distribution (Fig. 1). Trawled on a depth of 1846 meters off the Azores. Ethymology. Named after the French ichthyologist, Louis Roule.	en	Nielsen, Jørgen G. (2019): Revision of the circumglobal genus Barathronus (Ophidiiformes, Bythitidae) with a new species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Zootaxa 4679 (2): 231-256, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4679.2.2
