identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A6987DEAE0C1948FD3CFDB9FEBF1515.text	0A6987DEAE0C1948FD3CFDB9FEBF1515.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoxyrhophiinae	<div><p>SUBFAMILY PSEUDOXYRHOPHIINAE</p> <p>Dowling, 1975 (Clade 18)</p> <p>Pseudoxyrhophini Dowling, 1975.</p> <p>Type-genus: Pseudoxyrhopus Günther, 1881.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (96%, 8). Spines reduced to spinules on the hemipenial lobes (Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Alluaudina Mocquard, 1894; Amplorhinus A. Smith, 1847; Brygophis Domergue &amp; Bour, 1989; Compsophis Mocquard, 1894; Ditypophis Günther, 1881; Dromicodryas Boulenger, 1893; Duberria Fitzinger, 1826; Exallodontophis Cadle, 1999; Heteroliodon Boettger, 1913; Ithycyphus Günther, 1873; Langaha Bonnaterre, 1790; Leioheterodon Jan, 1863; Liophidium Boulenger, 1896; Liopholidophis Mocquard, 1904; Lycodryas Günther, 1879; Madagascarophis Mertens, 1952; Micropisthodon Mocquard, 1894; Montaspis Bourquin 1991; Pararhadinaea Boettger, 1898; Pseudoxyrhopus Günther, 1881; Stenophis Boulenger, 1896; Thamnosophis Jan, 1863.</p> <p>Comments: The hemipenial synapomorphy of Pseudoxyrhophiinae is also present homoplastically in Homalopsidae. Geodipsas Boulenger, 1896 was placed in the synonymy of Compsophis by Glaw et al. (2007a). Bibilava Glaw, Nagy, Franzen &amp; Vences, 2007 was synonymized with Thamnosophis (Cadle &amp; Ineich, 2008). The broader phylogenetic analyses of Lawson et al. (2005) and Kelly et al. (2009) demonstrated convincingly that Duberria and Amplorhinus were more closely related to the Pseudoxyrhophiinae than to any other elapoid or colubroid lineage; a similar relationship of Amplorhinus (but not Duberria) to pseudoxyrhophiids was previously suggested by Cadle (1994). Bourquin (1991) suggested, on the basis of skull morphology, that Montaspis is closely related to the Pseudoxyrhophiidae. We recognize both Stenophis and Lycodryas as valid, but the systematics of these snakes needs revision (Cadle, 2003: 1000-1001); furthermore, Kelly et al. (2009) found that the two species of Stenophis they examined were not monophyletic relative to other pseudoxyrhophids. Species and generic level taxonomy of pseudoxyrhophids needs more research.</p> <p>SUPERFAMILY COLUBROIDEA Oppel, 1811 (Clade 19)</p> <p>Diagnosis: (98%, 10). Colubroids can be diagnosed by the presence of well-developed calyces present on the hemipenial lobes, a centrifugal sulcus spermaticus that divides on the proximal or central region of the hemipenial body and an aglyphous dentition.</p> <p>Content: Calamariidae Bonaparte, 1838; Colubridae Oppel, 1811; Pseudoxenodontidae McDowell, 1987; Natricidae Bonaparte, 1838; Dipsadidae Bonaparte, 1838.</p> <p>Comments: Zaher (1999) discussed the variation regarding the sulcus spermaticus in colubroid snakes. Well-developed calyces on the hemipenial lobes are considered to be lost secondarily by the Natricidae. See above discussion on the new use of this name.</p> <p>Family Calamariidae Bonaparte, 1838 (terminal taxon: Calamaria yunnanensis-pavimentata)</p> <p>Calamarina Bonaparte, 1838: 392.</p> <p>Type-genus: Calamaria H. Boie (in F. Boie), 1826.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Frontals and sphenoid forming ventral border of the optic foramen (excluding entirely, or nearly so, the parietals); hemipenial body nude; hemipenial body bearing a pair of longitudinal ridges (Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Calamaria H. Boie (in F. Boie), 1826; Calamorhabdium Boettger, 1898; Collorhabdium Smedley, 1932; Etheridgeum Wallach, 1988; Macrocalamus Günther, 1864; Pseudorabdion Jan, 1862; Rabdion Duméril, 1853.</p> <p>FAMILY COLUBRIDAE Oppel, 1811 (Clade 21)</p> <p>Colubrini Oppel, 1811:50.</p> <p>Type-genus: Coluber Linnaeus, 1758.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (97%, 7). Sulcus spermaticus simple, derived from the right branch of a primitively divided sulcus (see Comments).</p> <p>Content: Aeluroglena Boulenger, 1898; Ahaetulla Link, 1807; Argyrogena Werner, 1924; Arizona Kennicott (in Baird), 1859; Bogertophis Dowling and Price, 1988; Boiga Fitzinger, 1826; Cemophora Cope, 1860; Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860; Chionactis Cope, 1860; Chironius Fitzinger, 1826; Chrysopelea H. Boie (in Schlegel), 1826; Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843; Coluber Linnaeus, 1758; Conopsis Günther, 1858; Coronella Laurenti, 1768; Crotaphopeltis Fitzinger, 1843; Cryptophidion Wallach and Jon 1992; Cyclophiops Boulenger, 1888; Dasypeltis Wagler, 1830; Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890; Dendrophidion Fitzinger, 1843; Dinodon Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854; Dipsadoboa Günther, 1858; Dispholidus Duvernoy, 1832; Drymarchon Fitzinger, 1843; Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843; Drymoluber Amaral, 1930; Dryocalamus Günther, 1858; Dryophiops Boulenger, 1896; Eirenis Jan, 1863; Elachistodon Reinhardt, 1863; Elaphe Fitzinger (in Wagler), 1833; Euprepiophis Fitzinger, 1843; Ficimia Gray, 1849; Gastropyxis Cope, 1861; Geagras Cope, 1875; Gonyophis Boulenger, 1891; Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828; Gyalopion Cope, 1860; Hapsidophrys Fischer, 1856; Hemerophis Schätti &amp; Utiger, 2001; Hemorrhois F. Boie, 1826; Hierophis Fitzinger (in Bonaparte), 1834; Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843; Leptodrymus Amaral, 1927; Leptophis Bell, 1825; Lepturophis Boulenger, 1900; Liochlorophis Oldham &amp; Smith, 1991; Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843; Lycodon Boie (in Fitzinger), 1826; Lytorhynchus Peters, 1862; Macroprotodon Duméril &amp; Bibron (in Guichenot), 1850; Maculophis Burbrink &amp; Lawson, 1997; Masticophis Baird (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Mastigodryas Amaral, 1934; Meizodon Fischer, 1856; Oligodon H. Boie (in Fitzinger), 1826; Oocatochus Helfenberger, 2001; Opheodrys Fitzinger, 1843; Oreocryptophis Utiger, Schätti &amp; Helfenberger, 2005; Oreophis Utiger, Helfenberger, Schätti, Schmidt, Ruf &amp; Ziswiler, 2002; Orthriophis Utiger, Helfenberger, Schätti, Schmidt, Ruf &amp; Ziswiler, 2002; Oxybelis Wagler, 1830; Pantherophis Fitzinger, 1843; Philothamnus A. Smith, 1847; Phyllorhynchus Stejneger, 1890; Pituophis Holbrook, 1842; Platyceps Blyth, 1860; Pseudelaphe Mertens &amp; Rosenberg, 1943; Pseudocyclophis Boettger, 1888; Pseudoficimia Bocourt, 1883; Pseustes Fitzinger, 1843; Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843; Rhamnophis Günther, 1862; Rhinechis Michahelles, 1833; Rhinobothryum Wagler, 1830; Rhinocheilus Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Rhynchocalamus Günther, 1864; Rhynchophis Mocquard, 1897; Salvadora Baird (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Scaphiodontophis Taylor &amp; Smith, 1943; Scaphiophis Peters, 1870; Scolecophis Fitzinger, 1843; Senticolis Dowling &amp; Fries, 1987; Sibynophis Fitzinger, 1843; Simophis Peters, 1860; Sonora Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Spalerosophis Jan (in De Filippi), 1865; Spilotes Wagler, 1830; Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854; Stenorrhina Duméril, 1853; Stilosoma Brown, 1890; Symphimus Cope, 1870; Sympholis Cope, 1862; Tantilla Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Tantillita Smith, 1941; Telescopus Wagler, 1830; Thelotornis A. Smith, 1849; Thrasops Hallowell, 1857; Toxicodryas Hallowell 1857; Trimorphodon Cope, 1861; Xenelaphis Günther, 1864; Xyelodontophis Broadley &amp; Wallach 2002; Zamenis Bonaparte, 1838; Zaocys Cope, 1861.</p> <p>Comments: Use of the name “ Colubridae ” for this clade is a much more restricted use of this name than its long-standing use in the literature on caenophidian systematics, in which “ Colubridae ” generally referred to all caenophidians that were not acrochordids, elapids, or viperids. The single sulcus spermaticus of colubrids and natricids is considered to have derived from a centrifugally divided sulcus, but in different ways in the two groups (McDowell 1961). On unilobed organs of colubrids the sulcus extends centrolineally to the distal end of the hemipenis, whereas on some distally bilobed organs the sulcus always extends to the right lobe. On the other hand, in natricids when the sulcus extends to only one of the lobes of a bilobed organ, it is always to the left lobe (see also Rossman &amp; Eberle, 1977; and Zaher, 1999: 25-26). Lawson et al. (2005) have shown that Macroprotodon lies within the family Colubridae, but without clear affinities within that group. The phylogenetic affinities of Scaphiophis Peters, 1870 has been disputed (Zaher, 1999; Vidal et al., 2008). Recently, Kelly et al. (2008) included the genus in their molecular analysis, in which it appears nested within colubrines. For this reason, we include this genus in the family Colubridae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE0C1948FD3CFDB9FEBF1515	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE02194AFF03F9F9FB5C1015.text	0A6987DEAE02194AFF03F9F9FB5C1015.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti Pope 1928	<div><p>FAMILY PSEUDOXENODONTIDAE</p> <p>McDowell, 1987 (terminal taxon: Pseudoxenodon karlschmidti)</p> <p>Pseudoxenodontinae McDowell, 1987: 38.</p> <p>Type-genus: Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890. Diagnosis: Hemipenis deeply bilobed, with each lobe separately calyculate on the distal half and nude on the medial half; fringes of large papillae separating the nude region from the calyculate area (Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Plagiopholis Boulenger, 1893; Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890.</p> <p>Comments: He et al. (2009) demonstrated that Plagiopholis is indeed closely related to Pseudoxenodon.</p> <p>FAMILY NATRICIDAE Bonaparte, 1838 (Clade 24)</p> <p>Natricina Bonaparte, 1838: 392.</p> <p>Type-genus: Natrix Laurenti, 1768.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (89%, 12). Sulcus spermaticus single and highly centripetal, forming a nude region on the medial surfaces of the hemipenial lobes; hemipenial calyces absent (evolutionary loss).</p> <p>Content: Adelophis Dugès (in Cope), 1879; Afronatrix Rossman &amp; Eberle, 1977; Amphiesma Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854; Amphiesmoides Malnate, 1961; Anoplohydrus Werner, 1909; Aspidura Wagler, 1830; Atretium Cope, 1861; Balanophis Smith, 1938; Clonophis Cope, 1888; Hologerrhum Günther, 1858; Hydrablabes Boulenger, 1891; Hydraethiops Günther, 1872; Limnophis Günther, 1865; Lycognathophis Boulenger, 1893; Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893; Natriciteres Loveridge, 1953; Natrix Laurenti, 1768; Nerodia Baird (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Opisthotropis Günther, 1872; Parahelicops Bourret, 1934; Pararhabdophis Bourret, 1934; Regina Baird (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Rhabdophis Fitzinger, 1843; Seminatrix Cope, 1895; Sinonatrix Rossman &amp; Eberle, 1977; Storeria Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843; Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860; Tropidonophis Jan, 1863; Virginia Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Xenochrophis Günther, 1864.</p> <p>Comments: Among Natricidae, the New World natricids are a monophyletic tribe (Thamnophiini) supported by molecular and morphological evidence (Rossman &amp; Eberle 1977; Alfaro &amp; Arnold 2001; De Queiroz et al. 2002). Relationships among African and Eurasian species are largely unresolved. See Comments under Colubridae concerning differences between the simple sulci spermatici of natricids and colubrids.</p> <p>FAMILY DIPSADIDAE Bonaparte, 1838 (Clade 25)</p> <p>Diagnosis: (*, 9). A row of enlarged lateral spines on each side of the hemipenis; hemipenial lobes with distinct differentially ornamented regions (a sulcate capitulum and an asulcate nude or weakly calyculate region) (Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Dipsadinae Bonaparte 1838, Carphophiinae new subfamily, and Xenodontinae Bonaparte 1845.</p> <p>Comments: The diagnosis we give here for Dipsadidae includes those synapomorphies previously considered for the more restricted group Xenodontinae (sensu Zaher, 1999). We present them here for Dipsadidae because the North American Farancia and Heterodon also have these characters. Thus, these characters could have separately evolved in Farancia and Heterodon, and South American xenodontines (with subsequent loss in Carphophis, Contia, and Diadophis); or, the interpretation we adopt here, the characters could be synapomorphic at the level of Dipsadidae, with subsequent transformations (losses) in the clade including Carphophis, Contia, and Diadophis on one hand, and in Dipsadinae on the other. This question must be resolved with further research. In any case, we note that there is evidence from the present study and from the immunological comparisons of Cadle (1984a,b,c) for three major clades within the Dipsadidae as we conceive it, namely a North American clade, a Dipsadinae clade, and a Xenodontinae clade (see also Pinou et al., 2004). However, Pinou et al. (2004) found the North American xenodontines (their North American relicts) paraphyletic with respect to dipsadines, xenodontines, and natricids. The monophyly of the North American xendontines was also unstable in the present analysis, with a low bootstrap support on Clades 23, 25, and 30 due to the variable positions of Heterodon and Farancia with respect to these nodes in suboptimal trees. Thus, further revisions on that issue may be warranted. On the other hand, Carphophis, Contia, and Diadophis form a well-supported clade (Clade 29; 88%, 4) corroborated by putative hemipenial synapomorphies. Those synapomorphies also support the clade Dipsadinae (Clade 31; 74%, 7) and are here viewed as having evolved homoplastically in these two groups. The optimization of these characters on the tree depends on a better understanding of the position of Heterodon and Farancia that are here included in Dipsadidae incertae sedis.</p> <p>The genus Xenopholis Peters, 1869, not included in the present analysis, has been recently associated with the Xenodermatidae by Dowling &amp; Pinou (2003). However, its dipsadid hemipenial morphology, the presence of a well-developed septomaxillary-frontal articulation, and previous immunological studies do not support the latter hypothesis (Cadle, 1984a), suggesting dipsadid affinities instead (see also discussion above in Xenodermatidae). Since the position of Xenopholis within the Dipsadidae is still unknown, we opted to include it in the family as incertae sedis, but we have no reservations at all about its placement within this group. We also assume, following Zaher (1999), that the other Neotropical genera Crisantophis, Diaphorolepis, Emmochliophis, Enuliophis, Enulius, Hydromorphus, Nothopsis, Rhadinophanes Synophis, and Tantalophis which have a dipsadid hemipenial morphology, belong within Dipsadidae, and we place them here incertae sedis.</p> <p>Guo et al. (2009) and He et al. (2009) have shown convincingly that the genus Thermophis Malnate, 1953 is more closely related to the Dipsadidae than it is to any other colubroid clade. However, a more thorough analysis of the phylogenetic affinities of Thermophis is still needed in order to clearly place this genus in respect to the Dipsadidae. Meanwhile, we include Thermophis Malnate, 1953 in the Dipsadidae as incertae sedis. Finally, the poorly known genera Cercophis, Lioheterophis, Sordellina, and Uromacerina that present a dipsadid hemipenial morphology and were considered by Zaher (1999) as being Xenodontinae incertae sedis are here included in the Dipsadidae incertae sedis.</p> <p>Dipsadidae incertae sedis: Cercophis Fitzinger, 1843; Crisantophis Villa, 1971; Diaphorolepis Jan, 1863; Emmochliophis Fritts &amp; Smith, 1969; Enuliophis Mc-Cranie &amp; Villa, 1971; Enulius Cope, 1871; Farancia Gray, 1842; Heterodon Latreille (in Sonnini &amp; Latreille), 1801; Hydromorphus Peters, 1859; Lioheterophis Amaral, 1934; Nothopsis Cope, 1871; Rhadinophanes Myers &amp; Campbell, 1981; Sordellina Procter, 1923; Synophis Peracca, 1896; Tantalophis Duellman, 1958; Thermophis Malnate, 1953; Uromacerina Amaral, 1930; Xenopholis Peters, 1869.</p> <p>SUBFAMILY CARPHOPHIINAE new subfamily (Clade 29)</p> <p>Diagnosis: (88%, 4). Hemipenes slightly bilobed to unilobed and noncapitate; sulcus spermaticus dividing distally, within the capitulum (Myers, 1974; Cadle, 1984b; Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Carphophis Gervais (in D’Orbigny), 1843 (type-genus of the subfamily); Contia Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Diadophis Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853.</p> <p>Comments: Because Carphophis, Contia and Diadophis form a strongly supported clade that is also corroborated by derived hemipenial evidence, we here include them in a new subfamily Carphophiinae. Whether Farancia and Heterodon belong to this subfamily is a question that needs further investigation (see also comments under Dipsadidae). The hemipenial morphology of Carphophiinae new subfamily ressembles the one of Dipsadinae, but differs in an important detail, namely the lack of capitation on the lobes.</p> <p>For the sake of stability of the shark family name Heterodontidae Gray, 1851, the name Heterodontinae Bonaparte, 1845, used by Vidal et al. (2007) for the North American xenodontines (including Heterodon and Farancia), should be avoided (Rossman &amp; Wilson, 1964).</p> <p>SUBFAMILY DIPSADINAE Bonaparte, 1838 (Clade 31)</p> <p>Dipsadina Bonaparte, 1838: 392.</p> <p>Type-genus: Dipsas Laurenti, 1768.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (74%, 7). Hemipenes unilobed or with strongly reduced bilobation; hemipenes unicapitate; sulcus spermaticus dividing distally, either at the base of, or within, the capitulum (Myers, 1974; Cadle, 1984b; Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Adelphicos Jan, 1862; Amastridium Cope, 1861; Atractus Wagler, 1828; Chapinophis Campbell &amp; Smith, 1998; Chersodromus Reinhardt, 1860; Coniophanes Hallowell (in Cope), 1860; Cryophis Bogert &amp; Duellman, 1963; Dipsas Laurenti, 1768; Eridiphas Leviton &amp; Tanner, 1960; Geophis Wagler, 1830; Hypsiglena Cope, 1860; Imantodes Duméril, 1853; Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843; Ninia Girard (in Baird &amp; Girard), 1853; Plesiodipsas Harvey, Fuenmayor, Portilla &amp; Rueda-Almonacid, 2008; Pliocercus Cope, 1860; Pseudoleptodeira Taylor, 1938; Rhadinaea Cope, 1863; Sibon Fitzinger, 1826; Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843; Tretanorhinus Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854; Trimetopon Cope, 1885; Tropidodipsas Günther, 1858; Urotheca Bibron (in de la Sagra), 1843.</p> <p>Comments: Hemipenial morphology varies among this diverse group and the level of generality of the hemipenial synapomorphies we cite should be reviewed as more taxa are surveyed (see Zaher, 1999 for discussion). A simple sulcus spermaticus is present in some dipsadines as a further derived condition.</p> <p>We refrain from defining tribes within Dipsadinae in the present analysis since we have sampled little of the diversity within this large group. However, there are indications from both molecular (Cadle, 1984b; Mulcahy, 2007) and morphological (Peters, 1960; Myers, 1974; Cadle, 1984b, 2007; Oliveira et al., 2008; Vidal et al., 2000) data for a monophyletic Leptodeirini including at least the genera Leptodeira and Imantodes and a monophyletic Dipsadini including at least Dipsas, Sibon, Sibynomorphus, and Tropidodipsas. However, much more work will be required to confidently resolve the relationships among the other species of this diverse group (&gt; 200 species).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE02194AFF03F9F9FB5C1015	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE00194BFCE9FCF9FDF71675.text	0A6987DEAE00194BFCE9FCF9FDF71675.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xenodontinae Mollov 2009	<div><p>SUBFAMILY XENODONTINAE</p> <p>Bonaparte, 1845 (Clade 34)</p> <p>Diagnosis: (60%, 5). No known morphological synapomorphies.</p> <p>Content: Saphenophiini new tribe, Psomophiini new tribe; Elapomorphini Jan, 1862; Tropidodryadini new tribe; Tachymenini Bailey, 1967; Echinantherini new tribe; Caaeteboiini new tribe; Pseudoboini Bailey, 1967; Philodryadini Cope, 1886; Conophiini new tribe; Hydrodynastini new tribe; Hydropsini Dowling, 1975; Xenodontini Bonaparte, 1845; Alsophiini Fitzinger, 1843.</p> <p>Comments: The clade Xenodontinae (Clade 34) is here recognized tentatively, in spite of its poor measures of support (only 60% and 5) for three main reasons: 1) we still do not have a strong case with respect to the exact optimization of the hemipenial characters here associated with Dipsadidae (Clade 25, see above discussion), that might turn over to be synapomorphies of Clade 34 as suggested previously by Zaher (1999); 2) the name Xenodontinae Bonaparte, 1845 has a long standing association with this group of snakes and therefore is widely understood as such; 3) not recognizing Xenodontinae for the mainly South American xenodontine radiation would require the allocation of its constituent monophyletic subgroups to a higher taxonomic level, i.e., subfamily, thus greatly changing the well-established taxonomic hierarchy for this group. Such reallocation might be needed in the future, although it still needs further research and clarification on the higher-level interrelationships between these parts.</p> <p>Our analysis reveals very strong support for several previously known Xenodontinae tribes (Zaher, 1999): Elapomorphini (86%, 6), Tachymenini (92%, 9), Pseudoboini (99%, 21), Philodryadini (93%, 6); Hydropsini (97%, 8), Xenodontini (100%, 10), Alsophiini (89%, 4). These tribes are here formally recognized. However, except fot the sister group relationship between Xenodontini and Alsophiini that shows some measure of support (69%, 4), interrelationships between well established tribes are highly unstable, showing no significant measure of support in our analysis. We thus refrain to further comment on these nodes (Clades 37, 39, 42, 47, 49). Alsophis elegans and Liophis amarali fall in our analysis well outside their generic allocation and have been here assigned to new tribes and genera. Additionally, the genera Psomophis, Tropidodryas, Taeniophallus, Conophis, and Hydrodynastes are here placed in separate new tribes due to their isolated phylogenetic position in the tree, clustering only weakly with well-supported tribes for which they have no known morphological affinities. Conophis and Hydrodynastes form a monophyletic group in our analysis (Clade 51) that shows a high bootstrap (90%) but a low Bremer support (3). However, similarly to our reasoning above for the recognized tribes, we decided to allocate these two genera in separate tribes because they do not share any known morphological synapomorphy.</p> <p>TRIBE SAPHENOPHIINI new tribe</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE00194BFCE9FCF9FDF71675	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE01194CFCFAFA96FB721275.text	0A6987DEAE01194CFCFAFA96FB721275.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudalsophis Mollov 2009	<div><p>Pseudalsophis new genus</p> <p>Type-species: L.[ygophis (Lygophis)] elegans Tschudi, 1845).</p> <p>Etymology: Pseudo- (Greek, “false, erroneous”) + Alsophis, in allusion to the morphological similarity with Alsophis Fitzinger sensu stricto, gender masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Hemipenis generally deeply bilobed, bicalyculate, semicapitate, with a forked sulcus spermaticus dividing on the proximal half of the body, with branches extending centrolineally until the base of the capitula, here it takes a centrifugal position on the lobe, ending in the distal region; intrasulcar region mostly nude, without spines; enlarged lateral spines of moderate size and numerous; capitula formed by diminutive papillate calyces and are most restricted to the sulcate side; asulcate and medial surfaces of the lobes almost completely nude, except for the presence of a medial papillate and inflated crest or ridge that runs from the lobular crotch to the distal edge of each capitulum; vestigial body calyces along all the internal region of the lobes.</p> <p>Content: Pseudalsophis elegans (Tschudi, 1845) new combination; Pseudalsophis dorsalis (Steindachner, 1876) Pseudalsophis hoodensis (Van Denburgh, 1912) new combination; Pseudalsophis occidentalis (Van Denburgh, 1912) new combination; Pseudalsophis biserialis (Günther, 1860) new combination; Pseudalsophis steindachneri (Van Denburgh, 1912) new combination; Pseudalsophis slevini (Van Denburgh, 1912) new combination.</p> <p>TRIBE PSOMOPHIINI new tribe (Clade 36)</p> <p>Diagnosis: (100%, 36). Hemipenis bicapitate, with pseudocalyces, and with large spinulate papillae on the sulcate sides; premaxillary bone with peculiar expanded lateral flanges (Myers &amp; Cadle, 1994).</p> <p>Content: Psomophis Myers &amp; Cadle, 1994 (type-genus of the tribe by monotypy).</p> <p>TRIBE ELAPOMORPHINI Jan, 1862 (Clade 38)</p> <p>Elapomorphinae Jan, 1862: 3.</p> <p>Type-genus: Elapomorphus Wiegmann (in Fitzinger), 1843.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (86%, 6). Reduced number of supralabial scales (6); nasal plate entire; frontal bones dorsally included by the antero-lateral processes of the parietal, and almost excluded from the reduced optic foramen; exoccipitals in contact on the dorsal surface of the condyle; second supralabial scale contacting the eye; AMES displaced posteriorly to reveal the Harderian gland; hypertrophied muscle retractor quadrati with an extensive insertion zone; U-shaped fronto-parietal suture; reduction or loss of the quadrato-maxillary ligament; no more than two teeth on the palatine process of the pterygoid, anteriorly to the ectopterygoid articulation; dentigerous process of the dentary short (Ferrarezzi, 1993, 1994b; Savitzky, 1979; Zaher, 1994b).</p> <p>Content: Apostolepis Cope, 1861; Elapomorphus Wiegmann (in Fitzinger), 1843; Phalotris Cope, 1862.</p> <p>TRIBE TROPIDODRYADINI new tribe</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE01194CFCFAFA96FB721275	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE07194EFF3CF9F6FD531175.text	0A6987DEAE07194EFF3CF9F6FD531175.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caaeteboia Mollov 2009	<div><p>Caaeteboia new genus</p> <p>Type-species: Liophis amarali Wettstein, 1930).</p> <p>Etymology: Caa-etê- (Brazilian indigenous Tupi, “true forest”) + Boia (derived from the Tupi Mboi, “snake”), gender feminine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Small (much less than 1 m), slender snakes with slender transverse (maxillary) processes of premaxillae bearing a small additional process oriented posteriorly from each transverse process (these are in addition to the vomerine processes); hemipenis typically xenodontine, i.e., bilobed, semicapitate and semicalyculate; sulcus spermaticus divides on the proximal region; branches of the sulcus on the lobes with centrolineal orientation; lobes small, the medial lobe shorter than the lateral one; capitula ornamented with small, ill-defined papillate calyces, restricted to the sulcate and lateral surfaces of the lobes; hemipenial body ornamented with well-defined lateral enlarged spines and smaller spines covering the asulcate and sulcate sides of the organ out of the intrasulcar region; body spines decreasing in length toward the base.</p> <p>Content: Caaeteboia amarali (Wettstein, 1930) new combination.</p> <p>TRIBE PSEUDOBOINI Bailey, 1967 (Clade 46)</p> <p>Pseudoboini Bailey, 1967: 157.</p> <p>Type-genus: Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (99%, 21). A pair of pigmented spots on the palate; posterior region of the palatine bone longer than dental process, behind vomerian process; dorsal region of the vomer with a distinct process in which the ligament of the muscle retractor vomeris is attached; distinct maxillary process of the prefrontal forming a well defined articular area; lateral (nasal) process of the prefrontal hook-like; hemipenis bicalyculate and bicapitate; large lateral spines on the lobular crests; presence of a pair of calycular pockets within the lobular crotch of the hemipenis; enlarged lateral spines of hemipenis extending onto the lobular crests; lobular crests inflated (Zaher, 1994b, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Boiruna Zaher, 1996; Clelia Fitzinger, 1826; Drepanoides Dunn, 1928; Mussurana new genus; Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830; Phimophis Cope, 1860; Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801; Rhachidelus Boulenger, 1908; Siphlophis Fitzinger, 1843.</p> <p>Comments: We agree with Myers &amp; Cadle (1994) and Ferrarezzi (1994a,b) in assigning authorship of the tribe Pseudoboini to Bailey (1967) instead of Jenner in Dowling et al. (1983; see Jenner &amp; Dowling, 1985). Although Bailey’s (1967: 157; see also Bailey 1940) use of the name “ Pseudoboini ” was meant to be informal (“I call informally a tribe, Pseudoboini ”), he nonetheless defined the original concept of the tribe in a table on page 158 (without Saphenophis and Tropidodryas, which were included in this group by Jenner &amp; Dowling, but which are not closely related; see Myers &amp; Cadle, 1994, and Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Our analysis confirmed the polyphyletic nature of the genus Clelia already suggested by Zaher (1994b; 1999). We thus describe the new genus Mussurana to accommodate Clelia bicolor and two closely related species previously assigned to Clelia (Zaher, 1994b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE07194EFF3CF9F6FD531175	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE04194EFEE2FD19FB5D1775.text	0A6987DEAE04194EFEE2FD19FB5D1775.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mussurana Mollov 2009	<div><p>Mussurana new genus</p> <p>Type-specie: Oxyrhopus bicolor, Peracca, 1904).</p> <p>Etymology: From Mosu- (indigenous Tupi, “eel”) + Rana (indigenous Tupi, “like or false”), gender feminine (Amaral, 1974). Mussurana or Muçurana is a very common name in Latin America, applied mostly to the dark adults of pseudoboine snakes.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Presence of ontogenetic changes in color pattern; juveniles with a brick red color, a black longitudinal vertebral band, and an uniformly creamish venter. Adults with dorsum entirely black; Hemipenis with a unique row of larger papillae on the internal face of the lobes; postero-ventral tip of the nasal gland longer than wide; dorsal wall of Duvernoy gland reduced along all its dorsal surface (Zaher, 1994b; 1999).</p> <p>Content: Mussurana bicolor (Peracca, 1904) new combination; Mussurana montana (Franco, Marques &amp; Puorto, 1997) new combination; Mussurana quimi (Franco, Marques &amp; Puorto, 1997) new combination.</p> <p>TRIBE PHILODRYADINI Cope, 1886 (Clade 48)</p> <p>Philodryadinae Cope, 1886:491</p> <p>Type-genus: Philodryas Wagler, 1830.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (93%, 6). Hemipenial body much longer than the lbes (more than twice the length), with the aulcate side of the hemipenial body covered with two parallel rows of enlarged body calyces on most or all its surface.</p> <p>Content: Philodryas Wagler, 1830 (includes Pseudablabes Boulenger 1896, and Xenoxybelis Machado 1993); Ditaxodon Hoge, 1958.</p> <p>Comments: Our concept of Philodryadini has a different concept than that used originally by Jenner (1983). The genera Pseudablables and Xenoxybelis are found nested within Philodryas and are thus synonymized here with the latter in order to retrieve a monophyletic group. Zaher (1999) provided hemipenial putative synapomorphies that supports the nesting of Xenoxybelis within Philodryas, as a possible member of his Philodryas olfersii group. Vidal et al. (2000) also found Xenoxybelis nested within Philodryas. Pseudablabes is, on the other hand, deeply nested in our analysis, forming a strongly supported clade with Philodryas patagoniensis (bootstrap 95%, Bremer support 5). However, a more detailed phylogenetic analysis of the newly extended genus Philodryas may show the necessity of a partition of the latter with some of the generic names synonymized here being applicable to the recovered monophyletic subunits. Although Ditaxodon is not part of the present molecular analysis, it has all putative morphological synapomorphies listed above for the Philodryadini (Zaher, 1999), and is thus included as a member of this tribe.</p> <p>TRIBE CONOPHIINI new tribe</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE04194EFEE2FD19FB5D1775	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3A1970FF2DF9B9FB2E1635.text	0A6987DEAE3A1970FF2DF9B9FB2E1635.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alsophiini Fitzinger 1843	<div><p>Tribe Alsophiini Fitzinger, 1843</p> <p>(Clade 60)</p> <p>Alsophes Fitzinger, 1843: 25.</p> <p>Type-genus: Alsophis Fitzinger 1843.</p> <p>Diagnosis: (89%, 4). Papilla present medially (in the crotch) at the base of the hemipenial lobes (lost in some alsophiines, e.g., Ialtris, Uromacer, and Alsophis as redefined herein) (Zaher, 1999).</p> <p>Content: Alsophis Fitzinger, 1843; Antillophis Maglio, 1970; Arrhyton Günther, 1858; Caraiba new genus; Darlingtonia Cochran, 1935; Hypsirhynchus Günther, 1858; Ialtris Cope, 1862; Magliophis new genus; Ocyophis Cope, 1886 resurrected; Schwartzophis new genus; Uromacer Duméril, Bibron &amp; Duméril, 1854.</p> <p>Comments: See Comments under Saphenophiini. Our study, as well as earlier molecular studies (e.g., Cadle, 1984a, 1985; Vidal et al., 2000; Pinou et al., 2004), retrieves a monophyletic Alsophiini including all endemic West Indian genera of Xenodontinae (our study used many of the same sequences as the study by Vidal et al., 2000, but our other reference taxa were very dissimilar). The molecular evidence, along with the unusual morphological synapomorphy of this group (Zaher, 1999), strongly supports the monophyly of this clade relative to mainland xenodontines (for a contrary view, see Crother, 1999a,b). We also exclude from Alsophiini the mainland South American species “ Alsophis” elegans and the snakes of the Galapagos Islands (contra Maglio, 1970; Thomas, 1997) (see Saphenophiini).</p> <p>Within Alsophiini, the hierarchy of relationships we find are strongly supported by morphological evidence presented by Zaher (1999). Examples are, Clade 63 (Cuban Arrhyton), Clade 68 (Jamaican Arrhyton), Clade 65 (the primarily Lesser Antillean Alsophis), and, within Clade 66, a polyphyletic Antillophis and a clade of primarily Greater Antillean Alsophis. We therefore name the following new, redefined, and resurrected genera to reflect these relationships:</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3A1970FF2DF9B9FB2E1635	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3A1970FF1AFCF6FE4816D5.text	0A6987DEAE3A1970FF1AFCF6FE4816D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lygophis Fitzinger 1843	<div><p>Lygophis Fitzinger, 1843 resurrected</p> <p>Type species: Coluber lineatus Linnaeus, 1758.</p> <p>Diagnosis: dorsal pattern with different arrangements of longitudinal stripes or tending to striation; optic foramen very small; general shape of the hemipenis clavate, with very small lobes; interlobular sulcus reduced or absent; pattern of dorsal scale microornamentation fasciculate (Moura-Leite, 2001).</p> <p>Content: Lygophis dilepis (Cope, 1862) new combination; Lygophis flavifrenatus (Cope, 1862) new combination; Lygophis lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) new combination; Lygophis meridionalis (Schenkel, 1902) new combination; Lygophis paucidens (Hoge, 1953) new combination; Lygophis anomalus (Günther, 1858) new combination; Lygophis elegantissimus (Koslowsky, 1896) new combination; Lygophis vanzolinii (Dixon, 1985) new combination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3A1970FF1AFCF6FE4816D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3A1970FCF3FAD6FB111475.text	0A6987DEAE3A1970FCF3FAD6FB111475.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ocyophis Cope 1886	<div><p>Ocyophis Cope, 1886 resurrected</p> <p>Type species: Natrix atra Gosse, 1851, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Lobular crotch and medial surface of hemipenial lobes ornamented with well-developed, horizontally directed papillate flounces; asulcate surfaces of lobes completely nude and bearing a large overhanging edge of the capitulum; expanded papillate circular area present on the lobular crotch.</p> <p>Content: Ocyophis anomalus Peters, 1863; Ocyophis ater Gosse, 1851; Ocyophis cantherigerus Bibron, 1840; Ocyophis melanichnus Cope, 1863; Ocyophis portoricensis Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1863; Ocyophis vudii Cope, 1863.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3A1970FCF3FAD6FB111475	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3B1971FF34FF36FF531035.text	0A6987DEAE3B1971FF34FF36FF531035.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alsophis Fitzinger 1843	<div><p>Alsophis Fitzinger, 1843</p> <p>Type species: Psammophis antillensis Schlegel, 1837, by original designation.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Hemipenes bicalyculate; enlarged intrasulcal spines present on each side of the sulcal region; lobular crotch and medial surfaces of the lobes almost completely nude; capitular overhanging edge composed of a thin fringe of tissue.</p> <p>Content: Alsophis antillensis Schlegel, 1837; Alsophis antiguae Schwartz, 1966 (elevated to species rank by Zaher, 1999); Alsophis danforthi (elevated to species rank by Zaher, 1999); Alsophis rijersmai Cope, 1869; Alsophis rufiventris Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1854; Alsophis sibonius Cope, 1879 (elevated to species level by Zaher, 1999); Alsophis sanctaecrucis Cope, 1863.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3B1971FF34FF36FF531035	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3B1971FCF8FC16FBAD1635.text	0A6987DEAE3B1971FCF8FC16FBAD1635.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Antillophis Maglio 1970	<div><p>Antillophis Maglio, 1970</p> <p>Type-species: Dromicus parvifrons Cope, 1862.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Asulcate surfaces of hemipenial lobes completely nude except for a row of two to three enlarged papillae aligned vertically on the lobular crotch and proximal region of the lobes; hemipenes long and slender (hemipenial body at least four to five times as long as the lobes).</p> <p>Content: Antillophis parvifrons Cope, 1862.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3B1971FCF8FC16FBAD1635	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3B1971FC95FAD6FCA81475.text	0A6987DEAE3B1971FC95FAD6FCA81475.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caraiba Mollov 2009	<div><p>Caraiba new genus</p> <p>Type-species: Liophis andreae Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1862.</p> <p>Etymology: Caraiba, in allusion to the “mar das Caraibas,” a Portuguese designation of the Caribbean region, gender feminine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Long lobes ornamented with spinulate calyces on the sulcate surface; enlarged, transverse papillate flounces on the asulcate surface; papillate flounces decrease in size proximal to distal.</p> <p>Content: Caraiba andreae (Reinhardt &amp; Lütken, 1862) new combination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3B1971FC95FAD6FCA81475	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3B1971FC87FEB6FCFA1075.text	0A6987DEAE3B1971FC87FEB6FCFA1075.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Magliophis Mollov 2009	<div><p>Magliophis new genus</p> <p>Type-species: Dromicus exiguus Cope, 1863.</p> <p>Etymology: Named after Vincent J. Maglio, whose 1970 work ushered in the modern era of study of the West Indian xenodontine radiation; gender masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Presence of several large papillae aligned vertically on the lobular crotch and the proximal region of the lobes; enlarged basal nude pocket present with a large associated lobe on the asulcate edge and a much smaller lobe on the sulcate edge.</p> <p>Content: Magliophis exiguus (Cope, 1863) new combination.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3B1971FC87FEB6FCFA1075	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
0A6987DEAE3B1971FF2CFCD6FC3613D5.text	0A6987DEAE3B1971FF2CFCD6FC3613D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schwartzophis Mollov 2009	<div><p>Schwartzophis new genus</p> <p>Type-species: Arrhyton callilaemum Gosse, 1851.</p> <p>Etymology: Named after Albert Schwartz, who made significant contributions to knowledge of West Indian herpetology; gender masculine.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Complete loss of capitular calyces; presence of an apical awn (secondarily lost in S. funereum due to reduction of the distal region of the lobes); reduction or loss of hemipenial lobes;</p> <p>Content: Schwartzophis callilaemum Gosse, 1851 new combination; Schwartzophis funereum Cope, 1863 new combination; Schwartzophis polylepis Buden, 1966 new combination.</p> <p>Arrhyton Günther, 1858</p> <p>Type-species: Arrhyton taeniatum Günther, 1858.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Medial papillate crest extending from lobular crotch to the edge of the capitulum on each lobe, forming a Y-shaped structure on the distal region of the hempenial body;</p> <p>Content: Arrhyton dolichurum Werner, 1909; Arrhyton landoi Schwartz, 1965, Arrhyton procerum Hedges &amp; Garrido, 1992; Arrhyton supernum Hedges &amp; Garrido, 1992; Arrhyton taeniatum Günter, 1858; Arrhyton tanyplectum Schwartz &amp; Garrido, 1981; Arrhyton vittatum Gundlach in Peters, 1861.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A6987DEAE3B1971FF2CFCD6FC3613D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi;Cadle, John E.;Murphy, Robert W.;Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de;Bonatto, Sandro L.	Grazziotin, Hussam Zaher 1 Felipe Gobbi, Cadle, John E., Murphy, Robert W., Moura-Leite, Julio Cesar de, Bonatto, Sandro L. (2009): Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49 (11): 115-153, DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492009001100001
