identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A0A87A5FFEBE00605244713FAA5FC74.text	0A0A87A5FFEBE00605244713FAA5FC74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraprionospio Caullery 1914	<div><p>GENUS PARAPRIONOSPIO CAULLERY, 1914</p> <p>Type species: Prionospio pinnata Ehlers, 1901, designated by Caullery, 1914: 358.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Prostomium fusiform with rounded, truncated or bluntly pointed anterior end, extending posteriorly as a faintly raised ridge to setiger 1. Peristomium fused with achaetous segment, forming conspicuous lateral wings enfolding prostomium. A pair of palpi grooved and with membranous basal Character numbers (1–28) correspond to Table 1. A ‘?’ denotes missing data, and ‘–’ a non-applicable character.</p> <p>sheath. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3, all with densely packed lamellar plates attached serially on inner to posterior face of shaft except in basal region and distal tip. Transverse ridge between branchial bases on setiger 1. Notopodial and neuropodial capillaries limbate and granulated in anterior setigers replaced by non-limbate, slender capillaries without granulation in middle and posterior setigers. Neuropodial hooks geniculate appearing from setiger 9, accompanied by alternating capillaries and one or two sabre setae. Notopodial hooded hooks not as geniculate as neuropodial hooks, appearing from middle body region. Notopodial and neuropodial hooks with primary and secondary hoods. Shallow ventral furrow running longitudinally from middle to end of body. Membranous dorsal crests appearing from setiger 21 present or absent. Eversible proboscis bilobate. Muscular gizzard present.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO AFRICANA AUGENER, 1918</p> <p>(FIG. 1)</p> <p>Prionospio africana Augener, 1918</p> <p>Material examined: Seven paratypes of Prionospio africana collected from the following localities in West Africa: HZM v.1559, Drewin, 33 m deep; HZM v.1561, Cape Lopez, 3 m; HZM v.1563, Nyanga-Fluss, 11 m; HZM v.1565, Landana; HZM v.1566, Lagos, 15 m; HZM v.1714, Whydah, 13 m.</p> <p>Description of paratypes: Paratypes, all incomplete with up to 47 setigers measuring 32 mm long and 2.5 mm wide (setiger 5, excluding parapodia). Prostomium fusiform with bluntly pointed anterior end (Fig. 1A, B). Eyes not visible. Palpi missing. Peristomium with no marginal papilla on lateral sides. No pigmented patch on peristomium. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. Each pair of branchiae approximately equal length (v.1559; Fig. 1A) or first branchiae slightly larger and third branchiae slightly smaller (v.1561). Branchiae bearing lamellae on branchial shaft except on its base and distal tip. Each branchial lamella consisting of two plates on entire shaft. First pair of branchiae without protuberances on anterior face in basal region of branchial shaft. Branchial shafts stout and two branchiae uniting at bases forming a transverse ridge on setigers 1–3 (Fig. 1B). A filament present at base of third branchia (Fig. 1B). Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setiger 1, foliaceous and distally pointed on setigers 2–4, becoming low, rounded back to setiger 13 (Fig. 1A); thereafter, lamellae elevated, becoming lanceolate posteriorly. Neuropodial postsetal lamellae on setigers 1– 3 lanceolate, distally pointed; lamella on setiger 4 cordate, distally pointed; thereafter, lamellae becoming low rounded (Fig. 1A), and reduced to a low ridge from about setiger 13. Notopodial setae anteriorly bilimbate capillaries only, replaced gradually by long slender non-limbate capillaries posterior to about setiger 20. Neuropodial setae in anterior setigers bilimbate capillaries only, replaced by 11–17 hooded hooks bearing 3–5 pairs of apical teeth above main fang and secondary hood, alternating capillaries and 1–2 punctate sabre setae from setiger 9. Alternating capillaries on setiger 9 limbate and short, capillaries on setiger 10 and succeeding setigers non-limbate and slender. Notopodial hooded hooks appearing from setigers 35–41, numbering 2–4. Notopodial hooks with 3 pairs of apical teeth and secondary hood. Membranous dorsal crest connecting notopodial postsetal lamellae present on setigers 21–36, accompanied by semi-transparent, dorsal cuticle bearing circular concavities. Ventral bilobed flap absent. Interparapodial pouches absent. Muscular gizzard present between setigers 9–14.</p> <p>Remarks: The description of Paraprionospio africana was originally given by Augener (1918) based on specimens collected from West Africa as having a pointed prostomium. The shape of the prostomium, however, is not reliable for distinguishing species, because it often varies widely within a species (e.g. rounded, truncated, bluntly pointed). Kirkegaard (1959) synonymized Paraprionospio africana with Paraprionospio pinnata. The former, however, differs from the latter in having bifoliate lamellae of branchiae, a ridge between branchial bases on setigers 2–3, a filament at the base of the 3rd branchia, limbate capillaries in the 9th neuropodium and dorsal crests on setigers 21–36.</p> <p>Distribution: West Africa.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO ALATA (MOORE, 1923)</p> <p>(FIGS 2–7)</p> <p>Prionospio alata Moore, 1923: 185–186</p> <p>Prionospio treadwelli Hartman, 1951 (new name for Prionospio plumosa Treadwell, 1931, preoccupied) Paraprionospio tamaii Delgado-Blas, 2004 Paraprionospio yokoyamai Delgado-Blas, 2004</p> <p>Material examined: Prionospio alata, holotype (USNM 17369): off Point Pinos Lighthouse, Monterey Bay, California, 102 m deep. Prionospio treadwelli, holotype (USNM 19598): Chesapeake Bay. Five specimens from 99 paratypes (UMML 22.717) of Paraprionospio tamaii: Lake Worth, Florida (26°36′N, 80°03′W). Paraprionospio yokoyamai: holotype (USNM 90709), between Dry Tortugan National Park and Naples, Florida (25°46′N, 82°24′W), 26 m; three paratypes (USNM 1020531), in front of Cabo Catoche, Quintana Roo, Caribbean Sea (22°15′N, 86°36′W), 76 m. A specimen (RBCM 974-00591-043) incomplete with 24 setigers measuring 12 mm long and 1.3 mm wide, Mouth of Barkley Sound, British Columbia (48°49.6′N, 125°24.6′W), 88 m; three specimens (RBCM 981-00222-02) all incomplete with 41–96 setigers measuring 32–68 mm long and 1.8–2.0 mm wide, Kyuquot Sound, British Columbia (50°2′N, 127°19′W), 60–70 m; 72 specimens (OMNH-Iv 4860), all incomplete with up to 35 setigers, measuring 18 mm long and 1.1 mm wide, Chesapeake Bay, coll. D. M. Dauer.</p> <p>Description: Prostomium fusiform with bluntly pointed or round anterior end. Two pairs of brown or black eyes in trapezoidal arrangement usually visible through cuticle of prostomium. Palpi with basal sheath. Peristomium without pigment spots and marginal papilla. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. First pair longest, third pair shortest. All branchiae bearing lamellae; one or two lamellae in proximal region of branchial shaft consisting of single plate (Fig. 2A); succeeding lamellae consisting of two distinct plates, one round and the other triangular (Fig. 2B, C); in middle and distal regions two plates united completely, showing flabellate (Fig. 2D–F). No processes along anterior face of first branchiae. No slender filament at base of third branchia. Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3 (Fig. 2G–I), becoming low, rounded back to about setiger 11 reducing in size (Fig. 2J–O); thereafter, elevated posteriorly (Fig. 2P), becoming triangular from about setigers 21 (Fig. 2Q). Neuropodial postsetal lamella on setiger 1 lanceolate, distally pointed (Fig. 2G); lamella on setiger 2 largest, subovoid, acuminate (Fig. 2H); lamellae becoming low, rounded posterior to setiger 3 (Fig. 2I–N), and reduced to low ridge posterior to setiger 9 (Fig. 2O–Q). Notopodial setae anteriorly bilimbate capillaries only, replaced gradually by long slender non-limbate capillaries posterior to about setiger 17. Neuropodial setae in anterior setigers bilimbate capillaries only (Fig. 3A), replaced by hooded hooks (Fig. 3B), slender nonlimbate capillaries (Fig. 3C), and one to two punctate sabre setae (Fig. 3D) from setiger 9 (Fig. 2O). Notopodial hooded hooks (Fig. 3E) beginning between setigers 29–46. Neuropodial hooded hooks with 3–4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang and secondary hood; notopodial hooks with 2–3 pairs of apical teeth and secondary hood. Dorsum of setigers 12–17 transverse series of lighter coloured, slightly raised ridges, 2–3 ridges per setiger. Membranous dorsal crests connecting notopodial postsetal lamellae present on setigers 21–28, accompanied by semi-transparent, dorsal cuticle bearing circular concavities (Fig. 4A). Ventral bilobed flap on setiger 8 absent. Interparapodial pouches absent. Pygidium with median long cirrus and two lateral short cirri. Muscular gizzard present between setigers 7–9.</p> <p>Type specimens synonymized with Paraprionospio alata: Holotype of Paraprionospio alata incomplete with 50 setigers, measuring 29 mm long and 1.6 mm wide (Fig. 4). Eyes not visible. Palpi missing. First and third branchiae on the right side missing. Second branchia on the right side well developed, bearing 40 lamellae, although the tip missing; lamellae consist of two plates basally; thereafter all lamellae flabellate (Fig. 4B). First and second branchiae on the left side appear in process of regeneration. Notopodial hooded hooks appear on setiger 46. Muscular gizzard present in setigers 8–9.</p> <p>Holotype of Prionospio treadwelli incomplete with 46 setigers, measuring 15 mm long and 0.6 mm wide (Fig. 5). Eyes not visible. Palpi missing. Second branchia on the right side and third branchia on the left side well developed, bearing flabellate lamellae. Other branchiae appearing in process of regeneration. Notopodial hooded hooks from 45 setigers. Membranous dorsal crests on setigers 21–28, accompanied by semitransparent dorsal cuticle.</p> <p>Two paratypes of Paraprionospio tamaii complete with 85–98 setigers, measuring 23–24 mm long and 0.7–0.8 mm wide, and three paratypes incomplete with 62–82 setigers, measuring 16–29 mm long and 0.7–0.9 mm wide. Eyes inconspicuous. A pair of yellowish-brown pigment patches present on widest part of prostomium. First pair of branchiae longest extending posteriorly to about setiger 5, third pair shortest extending to about setiger 7. All branchiae bearing lamellae; in proximal region of first branchia, two lamellae consisting of one triangular plate; succeeding several lamellae consisting of two plates; thereafter two plates connecting at their bases; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely, showing flabellate-shape (Fig. 6A). Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3, lamellae oval on setiger 4 (Fig. 6B). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae lanceolate on setiger 1, subovoid, acuminate on setiger 2, round cordate on setiger 3 and low, rounded on setiger 4. Notopodial hooded hooks beginning between setigers 31 and 46. Well-developed membranous dorsal crests on setigers 21–28, accompanied by semi-transparent dorsal cuticle.</p> <p>Holotype of Paraprionospio yokoyamai complete with 72 setigers, measuring 21 mm long and 0.6 mm wide (setiger 5, excluding parapodia); posterior three setigers regenerating. One paratype complete with 77 setigers, measuring 22 mm long and 0.7 mm wide and the other two paratypes incomplete, measuring 0.6– 0.7 mm wide. Prostomium with round anterior end. Two pairs of black eyes in trapezoidal arrangement present on prostomium. Two paratypes bearing yellowish-brown pigment patches on lateral sides of prostomium. First branchiae longest extending posteriorly to about setiger 5, third pair shortest extending to about setiger 7. All branchiae bearing lamellae; in proximal region of first branchia, two to three lamellae consisting of one triangular plate; succeeding two lamellae consisting of two plates; thereafter two plates connecting at their bases; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely, showing crescent- to flabellate-shape (Fig. 7A). Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3, subtriangular to elongate oval on setiger 4 (Fig. 7B, C). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae lanceolate on setiger 1, subovoid, acuminate on setigers 2–3, and low, rounded on setiger 4 (Fig. 7B, C). Notopodial hooded hooks beginning between setigers 29 and 37. Low and comparatively inconspicuous membranous dorsal crests on setigers 21–28, accompanied by semitransparent dorsal cuticle (Fig. 7D).</p> <p>Remarks: Prionospio alata was described by Moore (1923) as a new species based on specimens collected from southern California. The original description noted that neuropodial hooks are present from setiger 18 and the notopodial lamellae in the anterior setigers are broad-tipped. However, the observation on the type specimen revealed that neuropodial hooks appear from setiger 9 and the anterior notopodial lamellae are bluntly pointed. This species should be retained as a valid species belonging to the genus Paraprionospio in having peristomial wings enfolding the prostomium and three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. Parapri- onospio alata can be differentiated from Paraprionospio pinnata by the possession of a membranous dorsal crest on setigers 21–28. Paraprionospio alata differed also from Paraprionospio inaequibranchia by the absence of a filament on setiger 3 and interparapodial pouches.</p> <p>Treadwell (1931) described Prionospio plumosa as a new species based on specimens collected from Chesapeake Bay. Hartman (1951) gave a new name for this species as Prionospio treadwelli, because the specific name is preoccupied by Prionospio plumosa Sars, 1872. She described Prionospio treadwelli as possessing four pairs of branchiae. Observations on the holotype of Prionospio treadwelli, however, showed that the type specimen is similar to Paraprionospio alata in having three pairs of branchiae and a membranous dorsal crest on setigers 21–28. Observations on other specimens collected from Chesapeake Bay showed also that the specimens agree with Paraprionospio alata except in having four eyes. Clear eyes were not visible from the type specimens of Paraprionospio alata and Prionospio treadwelli, although Treadwell (1931) reported two pairs of reddish eyes on the prostomium of Prionospio treadwelli. Such observations suggest that the pigments of eyes had faded during preservation. The similarity of the characters between Para- prionospio alata and Prionospio treadwelli suggests that the two species are conspecific.</p> <p>Delgado-Blas (2004) reported two new species, Paraprionospio tamaii and Paraprionospio yokoyamai, from the Grand Caribbean region. Paraprionospio tamaii was described as having dorsal crests on setigers 20–29, notopodial lamellae oval on setigers 1–2, reniform on setiger 4, neuropodial lamellae obovate on setiger 3, and branchiae with two kinds of lamellae, whereas Paraprionospio yokoyamai was described originally as having no dorsal crests, notopodial lamellae triangular and elongate on setigers 1–2, subtriangular on setiger 4, neuropodial lamellae cordate on setiger 3, and branchiae with three kinds of lamellae. The present examination, however, revealed that the two species have dorsal crests on setigers 21–28. Taking the variability in the shape of parapodial lamellae within the species (Fig. 7B, C) into consideration, the differences in shape of notopodial and neuropodial lamellae on setigers 1–4 between the two species seem to be insignificant. Branchiae of Paraprionospio yokoyamai are slender, whereas those of Paraprionospio tamaii are thick. However, the arrangement of lamellar plates along the branchial shaft in the two species is similar; i.e. in the proximal region, lamellae consist of a single plate, succeeding lamellae consist of two plates, and thereafter the two plates connect with each other at their bases and are crescent- to flabellate-shaped from middle to distal regions (Figs 6A, 7A). Such morphological features and other characters (e.g. no papilla on the peristomium, no filament on setiger 3, no ventral flap on setiger 8, no interparapodial pouches, non-limbate slender capillaries on 9th neuropodium) suggest that both Paraprionospio tamaii and Paraprionospio yokoyamai are conspecific with Paraprionospio alata.</p> <p>Distribution: British Columbia; California; Chesapeake Bay; Gulf of Mexico.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO COORA</p> <p>(FIG. 8)</p> <p>Paraprionospio sp. form CI, Yokoyama &amp; Tamai, 1981: 311–313, fig. 5.</p> <p>Paraprionospio coora Wilson, 1990</p> <p>Material examined: Thirty-five specimens (OMNH-Iv 4861–4872) collected from the following localities in Japan: off Tokai (36°28′N, 140°37–38′E), Ibaraki Pref., 15–18 m, coll. Ibaraki Fish. Exp. Stn; Tsuruga Bay (35°41–45′N, 135°4–5′E), 27–43 m, coll. I. Hayashi; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=135.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 135.71666/lat 35.516666)">Obama Bay</a> (35°31′N, 135°43′E), 14 m, coll. I. Hayashi; off Takahama (35°35′N, 135°30′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=135.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.583332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 135.5/lat 35.583332)">Wakasa Bay</a>, 60 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; Maizuru Bay (35°29– 30′N, 135°20–22′E), 13 m, coll. I. Hayashi; off the mouth of Yura River (35°32–37′N, 135°17–19′E), 20– 60 m, iv.1973 – iii.1975, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.66667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.66667/lat 34.283333)">Gokasho Bay</a> (34°17′N, 136°40′E), 12 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.23334/lat 34.066666)">Owase Bay</a> (34°4′N, 136°14′E), 23 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.21666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.21666/lat 33.966667)">Kata Bay</a> (33°58′N, 136°13′E), 29 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; Tanabe Bay (33°42–43′N, 135°21–22′E), 18–34 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.81667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.81667/lat 33.15)">Usuki Bay</a> (33°9′N, 131°49′E), 18 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.16667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.16667/lat 31.85)">Sendai River</a> (31°51′N, 130°10′E), Kagoshima Pref., 25 m, coll. H. Yokoyama.</p> <p>Description: Body up to 70 mm long, 2.1 mm wide with 120 setigers. Prostomium fusiform with round or bluntly pointed anterior end, extending posteriorly as a faintly raised ridge to the first setiger (Fig. 8A). Two pairs of black, small eyes in trapezoidal arrangement. Brown pigment patch occasionally present on lateral side of peristomium. Faint groove just posterior to pigmented area on peristomium. Small papilla on posterior margin of peristomium. A pair of grooved palpi with membranous basal sheath (Fig. 8A). Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. First branchiae usually longest extending posteriorly to about setiger 6, or first and second branchiae approximately equal length, third pair shortest extending to about setiger 6. In basal region of first branchial shaft, 2–9 tubercular or conic processes placed along anterior face (Fig. 8B). Processes occasionally found on well-developed second branchial shaft. All branchiae bearing lamellar plates; in proximal region of branchial shaft, two lamellae consisting of single triangular plate; succeeding lamellae consisting of two plates; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely, showing flabellate shape (Fig. 8C). No slender filament at base of third branchia. Notopodial postsetal lamellae on setigers 1–3 long, foliaceous and distally pointed; posterior to setiger 4, becoming rounded and reducing in size; posterior to setiger 10, elevated increasingly, showing triangular to lanceolate (Fig. 8A, D, E). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae of setiger 1–3 lanceolate; posterior to setiger 4, lamellae becoming rounded and reducing to low postsetal ridges by about setiger 9. Anterior setae all limbate capillaries bearing granules. Posterior to about setiger 16, notopodial limbate capillaries replaced by slender, non-limbate capillaries. Neuropodial hooded hooks with 2–4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang and striate secondary internal hood (Fig. 8F) from setiger 9, accompanied by alternating non-limbate slender capillaries and one to two granulated sabre setae (Fig. 8E). Notopodial hooded hooks with 2–3 pairs of apical teeth above main fang and striate secondary internal hood (Fig. 8G) appearing between setigers 24 and 54. No ventral bilobed flap on setiger 8. Interparapodial pouches present in some specimens, appearing between setigers 7 and 9 and disappearing between setigers 14 and 39 (Fig. 8D). Dorsum of setigers 4–11 faintly biannulated. Dorsum of setigers 12–17 transverse series of lighter coloured slightly raised ridges, three ridges per setiger. Membranous dorsal crests and semi-transparent dorsal cuticle absent. Pygidium with a long median anal cirrus and two short, lateral cirri (Fig. 8H). Muscular gizzard present in setigers 7–8.</p> <p>Remarks: Japanese specimens closely agree with Paraprionospio coora, which was described for specimens from Australia by Wilson (1990), but have 2–4 pairs of apical teeth in hooded hooks rather than only two pairs of apical teeth. A variable number of apical teeth were found within individual specimens from Japan, suggesting that this is not a stable character to be used in distinguishing species. Japanese specimens therefore are referred to Paraprionospio coora. This species is recorded from Japan for the first time.</p> <p>Distribution: Western Japan, more southern than 37°N; East China Sea (Tamai, 1981), New South Wales to Tasmania in Australia.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO CORDIFOLIA SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIG. 9)</p> <p>Paraprionospio sp. form B, Yokoyama &amp; Tamai, 1981: 309–311, fig. 4.</p> <p>Paraprionospio sp. form B, Yokoyama, 1996.</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype (OMNH-Iv 4873): entire specimen, female, 93 setigers, 29 mm long, 0.7 mm wide at setiger 5, off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Yura River</a> (35°32′N, 135°18′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Wakasa Bay</a>, mud, 20 m deep, 20.viii.1973, collected by H. Yokoyama. Six paratypes (OMNH-Iv 4874–4879): off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Yura River</a> (35°32–33′N, 135°17–19′E), 20–30 m, iv.1973 – iii.1975, coll. H. Yokoyama [see Yokoyama &amp; Hayashi (1980) for the sampling stations of the type specimens and environmental factors]. Eighty-three specimens (OMNH-Iv 4880–4887) collected from the following localities along the Japanese coast: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Tsuruga Bay</a> (35°40′N, 136°1′E), 17–31 m, coll. I. Hayashi; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Obama Bay</a> (35°40–42′N, 136°3–4′E), 17–31 m, coll. I. Hayashi; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Maizuru Bay</a> (35°28–29′N, 135°19–24′E), 6–17 m, coll. I. Hayashi; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Gokasho Bay</a> (34°20′N, 136°43′E), 12 m, coll. Yokoyama; off Tanagawa (34°21′N, 135°11′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.35/lat 33.033333)">Osaka Bay</a>, 8 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; off Kobe (34°40′N, 135°17′E), Osaka Bay, 17 m, coll. R. Yamanishi; Ohmura Bay (32°59′N, 129°53′E), 19 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; off Ohmuta Ariake Sound (33°2′N, 130°21′E), 5 m, coll. H. Yokoyama. Seven specimens collected from Hong Kong by P. Shin.</p> <p>Description: Body up to 37 mm long, 1.0 mm wide (setiger 5, excluding parapodia) with 94 setigers. Prostomium fusiform with round or bluntly pointed anterior end (Fig. 9A, B). Two pairs of black, small eyes in trapezoidal arrangement. A pair of yellowishbrown pigment patches occasionally visible between the two pairs of eyes. No papilla on posterior margin of peristomium. No pigment patch on peristomium. A pair of grooved palpi with membranous basal sheath (Fig. 9A). Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. First branchiae longest extending posteriorly to about setiger 5, third pair shortest extending to about setiger 7. All branchiae bearing lamellae; in proximal region of branchial shaft, two lamellae consisting of one plate; succeeding lamellae consisting of two triangular plates; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely, showing flabellate-shape (Fig. 9C). A slender filament at base of third pair of branchiae. Notopodial postsetal lamellae lanceolate on setigers 1–2; posterior to setiger 3, lamellae becoming rounded and reducing in size to about setiger 15; thereafter elevated posteriorly, becoming triangular to lanceolate (Fig. 9A, B, D–F). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae of setigers 1–3 lanceolate, becoming rounded and reducing to low postsetal ridges posteriorly. Anterior ventral margin in setiger 8 protruding to form a bilobed membranous flap; on 2–3 succeeding setigers anterior ventral margin projecting slightly, but not forming such conspicuous structure (Fig. 9A). Interparapodial pouches (Fig. 9D) occurring usually from setiger 9, occasionally from setiger 8 or 10, through variable number of setigers (up to setiger 42). Dorsum of seti- gers 8–17 with transverse series of lighter coloured slightly raised ridges, 2–3 ridges per setiger; colouration distinct on setigers 13–16 (Fig. 9D). Membranous dorsal crests absent, instead, a faint ridge between both notopodial postsetal lamellae on setigers 21–36 present, accompanied by semi-transparent dorsal cuticle bearing circular convexities (Fig. 9E). Anterior setae all limbate capillaries bearing granules. Notopodial limbate capillaries replaced by slender, nonlimbate capillaries posterior to middle body region. Neuropodial hooded hooks with 3–4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 9G) from setiger 9, accompanied by alternating non-limbate slender capillaries and one to two granulated sabre setae (Fig. 9F). Notopodial hooded hooks with 2–3 pairs of apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 9H) appearing between setigers 36 and 42. Pygidium with a long median anal cirrus and two short, lateral cirri (Fig. 9I). Muscular gizzard present in setigers 7–9.</p> <p>Remarks and etymology: Paraprionospio cordifolia is characterized by having a ventral bilobed flap on setiger 8, which is not found in any other Paraprionospio species. The species name (= heart-shaped leaf) is derived from this structure.</p> <p>Distribution: Western Japan, more southern than 36°N; East China Sea (Tamai, 1981); Hong Kong.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A0A87A5FFEBE00605244713FAA5FC74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yokoyama, Hisashi	Yokoyama, Hisashi (2007): A revision of the genus Paraprionospio Caullery (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 253-284, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x
0A0A87A5FFE7E01905C0457AFDBFF908.text	0A0A87A5FFE7E01905C0457AFDBFF908.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraprionospio inaequibranchia (Caullery 1914)	<div><p>PARAPRIONOSPIO INAEQUIBRANCHIA</p> <p>(CAULLERY, 1914) (FIGS 10, 11)</p> <p>Prionospio (Paraprionospio) pinnata inaequibranchia Caullery, 1914</p> <p>Material examined: Four syntypes of Prionospio pinnata var. inaequibranchia: ZMA v.pol.1568, Station 2, Java Sea, 37 m deep; ZMA v.pol.1566, Station 51, Java Sea, 69–91 m; ZMA v.pol.1571, Station 181, Ambon, Banda Sea, 54 m; ZMA v.pol.1688, Station 261, Banda Sea, 27 m. One complete specimen reported as Paraprionospio lamellibranchia by Hartman (1975): 110 setigers measuring 29 mm long and 0.7 mm wide, Station RH33, mouth of Godavari estuary, Kakinada Bay, India. Two specimens (OMNH-Iv 4888): off Matang mangroves, Perak, Malaysia, 2.5 m deep, 17.x.1995, collected by A. Arshad.</p> <p>Description: The following description is based on syntypes (Fig. 10) and a specimen reported as Paraprionospio lamellibranchia by Hartman (1975) (Fig. 11) and specimens collected from Malaysia. Prostomium fusiform with round or bluntly pointed anterior end. Peristomium without pigment patch and marginal papilla. Two pairs of dark-brown eyes in trapezoidal arrangement occasionally visible on prostomium. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3; first branchiae usually largest, third branchiae to setiger 9, lamellae reducing to low ridge. In anterior setigers, notopodial setae bilimbate capillaries only, arranged in three rows, replaced gradually by long slender non-limbate capillaries posteriorly. Notopodial hooded hooks beginning on setiger 30–35, numbering about three per parapodium; each hook with 4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang. Neuropodial setae in anterior setigers bilimbate capillaries only, replaced by 9–13 hooded hooks and alternating non-limbate, slender capillaries, and a punctate sabre seta from setiger 9. Neuropodial hooks with 4–5 pairs of apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 11C). Dorsum of setigers 13–17 with transverse series of slightly raised three ridges. Well-developed membranous dorsal crests appearing on setigers 21 and present on variable number of setigers (setiger 26–29), accompanied by semi-transparent dorsal cuticle (Fig. 11B). Interparapodial pouches appearing between setigers 9 and 14, present on posterior setigers (Fig. 11A, B). Pygidium with long median anal cirrus and two short, lateral cirri.</p> <p>smallest (Figs 10, 11A). All branchiae bearing lamellae; in proximal region of branchial shaft, lamellae consisting of two lanceolate and triangular plates; thereafter two plates connecting at their bases; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely and showing flabellate-shape. Filament present at base of third branchia (Figs 10, 11A). Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3, becoming low rounded back to about setiger 11 reducing in size; in succeeding setigers, lamellae elevated posteriorly, becoming triangular and lanceolate posteriorly (Fig. 11A, B). Anterior neuropodial postsetal lamellae elongate distally pointed, becoming low rounded posterior to setiger 3; posterior Variation among syntypes and other specimens: Syntypes, all anterior fragments with 18–33 setigers, measuring 9–14 mm long and 1.2–1.8 mm wide (setiger 5, excluding parapodia). Eyes not visible on prostomium. All branchiae bearing lamellae except in basal region and distal tip (Fig. 10). Membranous dorsal crest connecting notopodial postsetal lamellae on setigers 21–23 (v.pol.1568, setiger 24 and succeeding setigers missing). Semi-transparent, dorsal cuticle found in setigers 21–27 (v.pol.1688). Interparapodial pouches beginning between setiger 10 (v.pol.1566, 1571) and setiger 15 (v.pol. 1568) and present on variable number of setigers (three in v.pol. 1571 to ten in v.pol. 1688).</p> <p>A specimen reported as Paraprionospio lamellibranchia by Hartman (1975) complete with 110 setigers measuring 29 mm long and 0.7 mm wide (Fig. 11). Prostomium with bluntly pointed anterior end (Fig. 11D). Two inconspicuous eyes on widest part of prostomium. First branchiae extremely large (distal end of right branchia regenerating) extending posteriorly to setiger 8, third branchia smallest extending to setiger 5 (Fig. 11A). All branchiae bearing lamellae consisting of single flabellate plate; first branchia bearing 43 lamellae (left side). Notopodial hooded hooks appear from setiger 35. Neuropodial hooks with four pairs of apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 11C). Two transverse ciliated bands on dorsum of setigers 6–16 (Fig. 11A). Membranous dorsal crest connecting notopodial postsetal lamellae (Fig. 11B) on setigers 21–29. Ventral upper margin of setigers 5–12 protruding anteriorly to form collar-like process incised midventrally, but not forming a true collar or flap with a free margin (Fig. 11D). Interparapodial pouches present on setigers 9–76, well developed except in anterior few setigers (Fig. 11A, B).</p> <p>Specimens collected from Malaysia incomplete with 64–89 setigers, measuring 52–53 mm long and 1.6– 1.7 mm wide. Two pairs of dark-brown eyes in trapezoidal arrangement on prostomium. One specimen bearing yellowish-brown pigment patches on lateral sides of prostomium. First branchiae extending posteriorly to setiger 7, second branchiae equal in length to first branchia, but narrower, third pair shortest, extending to setiger 3. In proximal region of branchial shaft, branchial lamellae consisting of two (lanceolate and triangular) plates; thereafter two plates connecting at their bases; in middle and distal regions, two plates united completely and showing flabellate shape. Notopodial hooded hooks beginning on setiger 30 or setiger 33. Neuropodial hooded hook with four or five pairs of apical teeth. Well-developed membranous dorsal crests on setigers 21–26. Interparapodial pouches beginning on setiger 10 or setiger 14, present on posteriormost setiger of anterior fragments.</p> <p>Remarks: Paraprionospio inaequibranchia was originally described as a new variety of Paraprionospio pinnata by Caullery (1914) as having three pairs of branchiae with different sizes based on specimens collected from the Java Sea and Banda Sea. Paraprionospio inaequibranchia differs from Paraprionospio pinnata by the presence of a thread-like filament at the base of the third branchia and membranous dorsal crests beginning from setiger 21. Such differences should be taken as being of specific significance.</p> <p>Hartman (1975) described Paraprionospio lamellibranchia based on the holotype collected from the Mozambique Channel at a water depth of 423 m. She also reported the occurrence of Paraprionospio lamellibranchia from the northern Indian Ocean at stations in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal at depths to 64 m, specimens of which also served for the original description of Paraprionospio lamellibranchia. Examination of the holotype of Paraprionospio lamellibranchia and a specimen collected from Station RH 33 in Kakinada Bay, Bay of Bengal, however, revealed that the two specimens differ morphologically. The latter specimen has flabellate lamellar plates of branchia, non-limbate slender capillaries in the 9th neuropodium and four pairs of apical teeth of hooded hooks, which were not found in the holotype of Paraprionospio lamellibranchia. On the other hand, no morphological distinction was found between the specimen from Kakinada Bay and the syntypes of Paraprionospio inaequibranchia. The specimen collected from Kakinada Bay agrees also with the specimens collected from the Strait of Malacca except for the number of setigers bearing a dorsal crest (i.e. setigers 21–29 vs. setigers 21–26). These findings suggests that the specimens collected from the three localities, i.e. Indonesia, Malaysia and India, are conspecific. The posteriormost setiger in the syntypes of Paraprionospio inaequibranchia where a dorsal crest occurs is inconspicuous due to worn specimens with anterior fragments only. At the present time, the posteriormost setiger in Paraprionospio inaequibranchia is shown as a range (i.e. from setiger 26 to setiger 29), which was determined from specimens collected from Kakinada Bay and Strait of Malacca.</p> <p>Distribution: Indonesia; Malaysia; India.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A0A87A5FFE7E01905C0457AFDBFF908	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yokoyama, Hisashi	Yokoyama, Hisashi (2007): A revision of the genus Paraprionospio Caullery (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 253-284, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x
0A0A87A5FFF8E01206EA479EFBC1F8F2.text	0A0A87A5FFF8E01206EA479EFBC1F8F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraprionospio lamellibranchia Hartman 1975	<div><p>PARAPRIONOSPIO LAMELLIBRANCHIA HARTMAN, 1975</p> <p>(FIG. 12)</p> <p>Paraprionospio lamellibranchia Hartman, 1975</p> <p>Material examined: Paraprionospio lamellibranchia, holotype: Station 363Q, 423 m deep, Mozambique Channel. Forty-two specimens used for the description of Paraprionospio lamellibranchia by Hartman (1975): Stations 251B, RH33 and RH51 (these specimens are not referred to Paraprionospio lamellibranchia).</p> <p>Description of holotype: Holotype mature male, incomplete with 63 setigers measuring 45 mm long and 1.85 mm wide (setiger 5, excluding parapodia). Posterior fragment with 59 setigers measuring 26 mm long enclosed. Prostomium fusiform with round anterior end (Fig. 12A, B). Eyes not visible. Palpi missing. Peristomium with small marginal papilla on lateral sides. No pigmented patch on peristomium. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. First and second branchiae missing. Third branchia (right side) bearing 54 lamellae; each lamella consisting of two plates on entire shaft (Fig. 12A, B). A filament present at base of third branchiae. Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3, becoming low rounded back to setiger 15 reducing in size (Fig. 12A); posteriorly, lamellae elevated, becoming lanceolate. Anterior neuropodial postsetal lamellae elongate and distally pointed, becoming low rounded posterior to setiger 4, thereafter reduced to a low ridge from setiger 11. Notopodial setae anteriorly bilimbate capillaries only, replaced gradually by long slender non-limbate capillaries posterior to about setiger 10. Neuropodial setae in anterior setigers bilimbate capillaries only, replaced by about 15 hooded hooks (Fig. 12C) with alternating capillaries, and one or two punctate sabre setae from setiger 9. Alternating capillaries on setiger 9 limbate and short (Fig. 12D), capillaries on setiger 10 and succeeding setigers nonlimbate and slender (Fig. 12E). Notopodial hooded hooks appearing from setiger 35, numbering about four. Notopodial and neuropodial hooded hooks with three pairs of apical teeth above main fang. Dorsum of setigers 10–19 with slightly raised ridges: two ridges on setigers 10–12 and setigers 16–19, three ridges on setigers 13–15. Membranous dorsal crest connecting notopodial postsetal lamellae present on setigers 21– 30, accompanied by semi-transparent, dorsal cuticle. Ventral bilobed flap absent. Well developed interparapodial pouches on setigers 7–20. Pygidium with long median anal cirrus and two short, lateral cirri. Muscular gizzard present in setigers 8–9.</p> <p>Remarks: Hartman (1975) described Paraprionospio lamellibranchia based on 168 specimens collected from the Mozambique Channel, Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. She reported that these specimens are identical in the possession of three vascular loops which penetrate in each branchial lamella. This structure, however, could not be confirmed from any specimen. Moreover, the material contains several distinct forms. For example, capillaries on the 9th neuropo- dium of the holotype (Stn. 363Q) and specimens collected from Stn. RH51 are short and bilimbate, whereas those of other specimens (Stns 251B, RH 33) are long, slender and non-limbate. The number of setigers bearing the membranous dorsal crest and semi-transparent dorsal cuticle is variable, i.e. setigers 21–30 (Stn. 363Q), setigers 21–29 (Stn. RH 33) and setigers 21–25 (Stn. 251B). Such differences found among specimens are taken as being of significance in relation to species differentiation; however, specimens except for those collected from Stns 363Q and RH33 (Paraprionospio lamellibranchia and Paraprionospio inaequibranchia, respectively) remained as unidentified species due to being fragmentary.</p> <p>Paraprionospio lamellibranchia can be separated from Paraprionospio pinnata and Paraprionospio alata by the possession of small papilla on the posterior margin of the peristomium, bifoliate lamellae of the branchiae, a filament at the base of the 3rd branchia, limbate capillaries in the 9th neuropodium, interparapodial pouches on setigers 7–20, and a dorsal membranous crest and semi-transparent dorsal cuticle on setigers 21–30. Paraprionospio lamellibranchia is similar to Paraprionospio africana in having bifoli- ate lamellae of branchiae and limbate capillaries in the 9th neuropodium. However, the former is distinguished from the latter by the presence of a ridge between branchial bases on setigers 2–3.</p> <p>Distribution: Mozambique Channel.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO OCEANENSIS SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIG. 13)</p> <p>Paraprionospio sp. form CII, Yokoyama &amp; Tamai, 1981: 313–315, fig. 6.</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype (OMNH-Iv 4889), entire specimen, 80 setigers, 32 mm long, 1.0 mm wide at setiger 3: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=135.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 135.28334/lat 33.716667)">Tosa Bay</a> (33°23′N, 133°26′E), 49 m deep, sand, ii.1977, collected by K. Tamai. Nine paratypes (OMNH-Iv 4890–4898): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=135.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 135.28334/lat 33.716667)">Tosa Bay</a> (33°23–28′N, 133°26–39′E), 35–70 m, coll. K. Tamai. Six specimens (OMNH-Iv 4899, 4900) collected from the following localities: off Takahama (35°33–35′N, 135°29–30′E), Wakasa Bay, 37–61 m, coll. H. Yokoyama.; Tanabe Bay (33°43′N, 135°17′E), 59 m, coll. H. Yokoyama.</p> <p>Description: Body up to 65 mm long, 1.8 mm wide (excluding parapodia) with 98 setigers. Prostomium fusiform with round or truncate anterior end (Fig. 13A), extending posteriorly as a faintly raised ridge to the first setiger. Two pairs of dark-brown, small eyes in trapezoidal arrangement usually visible. Brown pigment patch usually present on lateral side of peristomium. Faint groove just posterior to pigmented area on peristomium. Small papilla on posterior margin of peristomium. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3 (Fig. 13A). First branchiae usually longest, third pair shortest. In basal region of first branchial shaft, 1–5 conic processes placed along anterior face. All branchiae bearing lamellae; in proximal region, 2–4 lamellae consisting of single triangular plate; succeeding lamellae consisting two plates; thereafter two plates connecting at their basis; in middle and distal regions two plates uniting completely, showing flabellate-shape. A slender filament present at base of third branchia (Fig. 13A). On setigers 1–3, notopodial postsetal lamellae long, foliaceous and distally pointed; posterior to setiger 4, lamellae becoming rounded and low; posterior to about setiger 13, lamellae elevated increasingly and becoming triangular to lanceolate (Fig. 13A, B). Neuropodial postsetal lamellae of setigers 1–2 lanceolate; posterior to setiger 3, lamellae becoming rounded; posterior to setiger 9, lamellae reduced to a low ridge. Anterior setae all limbate capillaries bearing granules. Posterior to about setiger 16, notopodial limbate capillaries replaced by slender, non-limbate capillaries. Neuropodial hooded hooks (Fig. 13C) from setiger 9, accompanied by alternating non-limbate slender capillaries and one to two granulated sabre setae. Notopodial hooded hooks (Fig. 13D) appearing from setiger 34–42. Notopodial and neuropodial hooks with 3–4 pairs of teeth above main fang and striate secondary internal hoods. No ventral bilobed flap on setiger 8. Striated interparapodial pouches present in some specimens, appearing between setigers 4 and 15 and disappearing between setigers 14 and 39 (Fig. 13A, E). Dorsum of setigers 6–11 faintly biannulated with two ciliated bands (Fig. 13A). Dorsum of setigers 12–17 transverse series of lighter coloured slightly raised ridges, 3 ridges per setiger. Semi-transparent dorsal cuticle bearing circular convexities on setigers 21–31 (Fig. 13E). Dorsal crests absent. Pygidium with a long median cirrus only (Fig. 13F). Muscular gizzard present in setigers 6.</p> <p>Remarks: Paraprionospio oceanensis is closely related to Paraprionospio inaequibranchia; however, the former differs from the latter in having a small papilla on the peristomium and processes on the basal region of the first branchia and in the absence of membranous dorsal crests. Paraprionospio oceanensis also resembles Paraprionospio coora, but differs from the latter in having a filament at the base of the third branchia, semi-transparent dorsal cuticles and single anal cirrus.</p> <p>Etymology: The species name (= oceanic) is derived from the fact that the species is distributed on continental shelf areas facing open waters (Tamai, 1981).</p> <p>Distribution: Continental shelf areas off western Japan, more southern than 36°N.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO PATIENS SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 14, 15)</p> <p>Paraprionospio pinnata Yokoyama, 1981 Paraprionospio sp. form A, Yokoyama &amp; Tamai, 1981:</p> <p>304–309, figs 2, 3.</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype (OMNH-Iv 4901), entire specimen, female, 95 setigers, 41 mm long, 1.1 mm wide at setiger 5: Station 6 (34°39′N, 135°22′E), Osaka Bay, 14 m deep, mud, 27.viii.1984, collected by H. Yokoyama. Seven paratypes (OMNH-Iv 4902–4908): Stations 5–9 (34°37–40′N, 135°20–23′E), Osaka Bay, 12–15 m, 27–29.viii.1984, collected by H. Yokoyama [see Yokoyama, Tsuchinaga &amp; Oda (1985) for the sampling station of the type specimens and environmental factors]. One hundred and fifty-four specimens (OMNH-Iv 4909–4919) collected from the following localities in Japan: Hitachi Harbor (36°27′N, 140°37′E), Ibaraki Pref., coll. Ibaraki Fisheries Experimental Station; Tsuruga Bay (35°43–44′N, 136°5–6′E), 11–20 m, coll. I. Hayashi; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Obama Bay</a> (35°29–30′N, 135°42–44′E), 3–13 m, coll. I. Hayashi; off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Yura River</a> (35°31–32′N, 135°17– 18′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Wakasa Bay</a>, 10–20 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Kumihama Bay</a> (35°37′N, 134°54′E), 7 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Sendai River</a> (35°32–33′N, 134°12–13′E), Tottori Pref., 9–15 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; Nagoya Harbor (35°5′N, 136°53′E), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Ise Bay</a>, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Gokasho Bay</a> (34°19′N, 136°39′E), 12 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Tanabe Bay</a> (33°42–43′N, 135°20– 22′E), 6–13 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; off the mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Kinokawa River</a> (34°13′N, 135°8′E), Kii Channel, 9 m, coll. H. Yokoyama; Higashi-Harima Harbor (34°43′N, 134°50′E), Hyogo Pref., coll. H. Yokoyama. Thirty- eight specimens (OMNH-Iv 4920) collected from Jakarta <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.83333/lat 34.716667)">Bay</a>, Indonesia, 18.ix.1993.</p> <p>Description: Body up to 66 mm in length and 1.8 mm in width, with 112 setigers. Prostomium fusiform with bluntly pointed, round or truncate anterior end (Fig. 14A). Two pairs of black eyes in trapezoidal arrangement. A raised, narrow ridge on posterior part of prostomium. Small papilla on posterior margin of peristomial wing. No pigment patch on peristomium. A pair of grooved palpi with dark brown pigment patches along lateral sides and membranous basal sheath (Fig. 14B). Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3. First branchiae longest, third branchiae shortest (Fig. 14A). All branchiae bearing lamellae on branchial shaft except in base and distal tip. Lamellae consisting of two plates except in most proximal region of branchial shaft, where 1–2 lamellae consisting of single subtriangular plate (Fig. 14C); in proximal region, each plate lanceolate (Fig. 14D); in the middle region lamellar plates becoming broader, but keeping separate each other, showing bifoliate-shape (Fig. 14E); in distal region, each plates connecting at its base, but not fusing completely (Fig. 14F). A slen- der filament at base of third pair of branchiae (Fig. 14A). Notopodial lamellae anteriorly lanceolate, distally pointed, longest on setiger 3, becoming rounded and reducing in size posteriorly to about setiger 20 (Figs 14A, 15A); succeeding lamellae elevated, becoming triangular to lanceolate gradually (Fig. 15B). Neuropodial lamellae lanceolate in setigers 1–3; posterior to setiger 4, lamellae becoming rounded and reduced to a low postsetal ridge in middle and posterior setigers (Figs 14A, 15A, B). Ventral bilobed flap on setiger 8 absent. Interparapodial pouches absent. Dorsum of setigers 6–12 faintly biannulated. Dorsum of setigers 13–20 with transverse series of slightly coloured slightly raised ridges, 2 or 3 ridges per setiger. Notopodial postsetal lamellae united across dorsum, forming dorsal crests on setigers 21–35 (most specimens including type specimens) or setigers 21–36 (a specimen collected from Hitachi Harbor) (Fig. 14G). Anterior setae all limbate capillaries bearing granules. Notopodial limbate capillaries replaced by slender, non-limbate capillaries posterior to middle body region. Neuropodial hooded hooks with 3–4 apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 15C) from setiger 9, numbering 12–15 per fascicle, accompanied by alternating capillaries and 1–2 granulated sabre setae. Neuropodial capillaries short and limbate on setiger 9 (Fig. 15D), replaced by long, fine, non-limbate capillaries from setiger 10 (Fig. 15E). Notopodial hooded hooks with 2–3 apical teeth (Fig. 15F) from setiger 31–36. Neuropodial and notopodial hooks with striate secondary internal hoods. Pygidium with a long median anal cirrus and two short, lateral cirri (Fig. 14H). Muscular gizzard present in setigers 9–10.</p> <p>Remarks: Paraprionospio patiens is closely allied to Paraprionospio africana and P. lamellibranchia in having bifoliate branchial lamellae, a filament at the base of the third branchia, and limbate capillaries in the 9th neuropodium. However, Paraprionospio patiens differs from Paraprionospio africana in the absence of a ridge between branchia bases on setigers 2–3. Paraprionospio patiens can also be separated from Paraprionospio lamellibranchia based on the absence of interparapodial pouches and the number of dorsal crests (on setigers 21–35 rarely on setigers 21– 36 vs. on setigers 21–30).</p> <p>Etymology: The new species has been found frequently in organically polluted areas suffering from depleted oxygen concentration in Japanese coastal waters (Tamai, 1981). Yokoyama (1995) reported that larvae of this species were distributed exclusively in water layers with oxygen levels below 1 mg L −1. The specific name (= patient) is derived from the ability to endure such severe environments.</p> <p>Distribution: Western Japan, more southern than 37°N; Indonesia.</p> <p>PARAPRIONOSPIO PINNATA (EHLERS, 1901)</p> <p>(FIGS 16–18)</p> <p>Prionospio pinnata Ehlers, 1901</p> <p>Paraprionospio pinnata Wilson, 1990</p> <p>Material examined: In total, 1046 specimens (OMNH- Iv 4921), off Concepciòn, 27 m deep, mud, collected by F. D. Carrasco.</p> <p>Description: Body up to 34 mm in length and 1.3 mm in width (excluding parapodia), with 79 setigers. Prostomium fusiform with round (Fig. 16A, B) anterior end. Two pairs of dark-brown eyes in trapezoidal arrangement on prostomium. Palpi with basal sheath. Brown pigment patch occasionally found on lateral side of peristomium. Peristomium without marginal papilla. Three pairs of branchiae on setigers 1–3 (Fig. 16A). Each pair of branchiae of approximately equal length, bearing 50–60 lamellae on branchial shaft except on its base and distal tip. In proximal region of branchial shaft, one or two lamellae consisting of single triangular plate (Fig. 17A); succeeding lamellae consisting of two plates (Fig. 17B); in middle and distal regions two plates connected, showing crescent or fan in shape (Fig. 17C–F). First pair of branchiae without protuberances on anterior face in basal region of branchial shaft. Filament absent from base of third pair of branchiae. Notopodial postsetal lamellae elongate subtriangular on setigers 1–3 (Fig. 17G, H), becoming low rounded posteriorly to about setiger 11 reducing in size (Figs 16A, 17I–K). Notopodial postsetal lamellae posteriorly elevated (Fig. 17L), becoming triangular to lanceolate in middle to posterior setigers (Fig. 17M, N). Anterior neuropodial postsetal lamellae ovate, distally pointed (Fig. 17G, H), becoming low rounded from setiger 4 (Figs 16A, 15I); lamellae reduced to a low ridge from setiger 9 (Fig. 17K–N). Notopodial setae anteriorly bilimbate capillaries (Fig. 18A) only, posteriorly replaced gradually by long slender non-limbate capillaries. Neuropodial setae in anterior setigers bilimbate capillaries only, replaced by hooded hooks with 3–4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang (Fig. 18B), slender non-limbate capillaries (Fig. 18C), and sabre setae (Fig. 18D) from setiger 9. Neuropodial hooded hooks, attaining 10–13 per fascicle. Sabre setae, usually 1, occasionally 2 per fascicle; each moderately granulated and with slight limbation. Notopodial hooded hooks (Fig. 18E) from setiger 32–34, numbering 2–4 per fascicle; each hook with three pairs of teeth above main fang. Neuropodial and notopodial hooded hooks with 3–4 pairs of apical teeth above main fang. Dorsum of setigers c. 12–17 transverse series of lighter coloured slightly raised ridges, 3 ridges per set- iger. A faint ridge between notopodial postsetal lamellae, not forming a membranous dorsal crest, present on setigers 21–26, accompanied by semi-transparent cuticle on dorsum (Fig. 16C). Ventral bilobed flap absent. Interparapodial pouches absent. Pygidium with a long medial cirrus and two short lateral cirri (Fig. 16D). Muscular gizzard present in setigers 7–8.</p> <p>Remarks: Paraprionospio pinnata was originally described by Ehlers (1901) based on specimens collected from shallow water (water depth = c. 9 m) off Talcahuano, Chile. Wilson (1990) redescribed Paraprionospio pinnata based on the lectotype and paralectoypes, which were all fragments, by referring to the characters used by Yokoyama &amp; Tamai (1981). He noted that branchial lamellae are bifoliate. The term ‘bifoliate’ means that each lamella consists of two plates, as in Yokoyama &amp; Tamai (1981); however, Wilson (1990: fig. 89) shows that the two plates are connected to each other at their bases showing a boomerang-like shape. Lamellae of the specimens examined in the present study were bifoliate in the proximal region of each branchia and crescent-shaped or flabellate in the middle and distal regions. Wilson (1990) did not find eyes, obvious pigment patterns or dorsal crests. Two pairs of darkbrown eyes on the prostomium were found in all specimens and brown pigment patches were found in some of specimens examined in this study, which were collected from Concepciòn, which is located close to Talcahuano (type locality of Paraprionospio pinnata). Such pigments may progressively fade during the long period of preservation. Wilson (1990) found semi-transparent dorsal cuticle on setigers 21–35, but he did not find any dorsal crests. In the specimens examined in the present study, a faint ridge but not a membranous dorsal crest was found on setigers 21–26, accompanying the semi-transparent dorsal cuticle. Wilson (1990) found only a single anal cirrus in the posterior fragment specimens, whereas the present specimens have a median anal cirrus and two small lateral cirri. Taking account of the deterioration of the type specimens and that some of the properties of the diagnostic characters are indiscernible, discrepancies between Wilson’s description and the present observation seem to refer to a single species.</p> <p>Distribution: Chile.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A0A87A5FFF8E01206EA479EFBC1F8F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yokoyama, Hisashi	Yokoyama, Hisashi (2007): A revision of the genus Paraprionospio Caullery (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151 (2): 253-284, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00323.x
