identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0A225366FFF9FFCAFEA951DD62B81B69.text	0A225366FFF9FFCAFEA951DD62B81B69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastes neptunus Quenzel	<div><p>Dynastes neptunus Quenzel, Third-instar larva</p> <p>(Figs. 1–16)</p> <p>The description is based on 4 third-instar larvae and 3 cast skins of third-instar larvae associated with immature adults collected at Ecuador: Cotopaxi, San Francisco de Las</p> <p>103</p> <p>Pampas, Río Negro, 20-IV-2001, G. Onore, inside hollow trunk of ‘‘achiotillo’’ tree (Alchornea sp. Euphorbiaceae), 1,800 m (QCAZ; IEXA); 3 third-instar larvae reared from eggs laid by female collected at Ecuador: Cotopaxi, San Francisco de Las Pampas, 30-VI-1993, G. Onore, 1,600 m (QCAZ).</p> <p>HEAD. Maximum width of head capsule 14–17 mm. Surface of cranium deeply and densely rugose punctate, reddish brown to dark brown. Frons (Fig. 1) with 1–4 posterior frontal seta and 1– 2 exterior frontal setae on each side; each anterior angle of frons with 3–4 setae; remaining cranial surface with 4–8 dorso-epicranial setae and 3–20 para-ocellar setae on each side. Clypeus with 2 central setae and 2 lateral setae on each side. Labrum with lateral borders widely curved, and anterior border slightly asymmetrical, with 4–7 lateral setae on each side, 12–25 basal setae, and 2 central setae. Ocelli present, well defined, not pigmented. Epipharynx (Fig. 2) with haptomeral process entire, prominent; right chaetoparia with 10–20 sensilla and 37–60 spine-like, short setae; left chaetoparia with 25–45 spine-like, short setae; acanthoparia with 9–13 stout, short setae; acroparia with 4–7 stout setae; pedium clear, wide; gymnoparia moderately reduced, without plegmatia; dexiotorma short and narrowed; sclerotized plate nearly triangular, strongly projected; sense cone surrounded by elongate sclerotized bar; laeotorma narrowed; pternotorma wide and rounded; crepis weakly defined at sides. Left mandible (Figs. 3, 6) with 2 large scissorial teeth; inner margin with truncate tooth, sighlty sinuate at apex; molar area with well developed distal lobe (M1) and 2 basal, irregular lobes (M2, M3); acia acute; brustia reduced; ventral stridulatory area slightly elongated, with 35–56 transverse ridges; mesad of stridulatory area is a puncture with 4–5 long setae. Right mandible (Figs. 4, 5) with 2 large distal scissorial teeth and 1 short, rounded tooth after scissorial notch; molar area with 3 irregular lobes; calx widened; brustia reduced; ventral stridulatory area nearly ovate, with 31–50 transverse ridges; mesad of stridulatory area is a puncture with 5–7 medium size setae. Maxilla (Fig. 7) galea with 1 terminal uncus well developed; lacinia with 3 unci fused at bases; maxillary stridulatory area with 6–10 truncate teeth and wide anterior process. Labium (Fig. 10) dorsal surface with 30–36 spine-like, short setae on the basal border, 18–22 central sensilla, and 35–42 stout setae on each side; hypopharyngeal sclerome asymmetrical, strongly produced on right side into rounded process, with 22–26 setae on right lateral lobe, and 50–56 setae on left lateral lobe. Dorsal surface of last antennal segment (Figs. 8–9) with 5–10 sensory spots.</p> <p>THORAX. Thoracic spiracles (Fig. 13) 2.0– 2.5 mm long and 1.8–2.0 mm wide; respiratory plate dark reddish brown, shaped as closed ‘‘C’’; lobes of respiratory plate closely approximate; spiracular bulla weakly prominent, rounded. Pronotum with reddish brown, irregular formed lateral scleromes. Dorsum of prothorax with 4–6 transverse rows of 96–108 mixed long and short slender setae. Mesoprescutum with 3–4 transverse rows of 33–51 mixed long and short slender setae. Mesoscutum with 3 transverse rows of 80–91 mixed long and short setae. Mesoscutellum with 3 transverse rows of 48–49 mixed long and short slender setae. Metaprescutum with 4 transverse rows of 40–44 mixed long and short slender setae, intercalated with 1–2 spine-like short setae. Metascutum with 3–5 transverse rows of 57–140 mixed long and short setae, intercalated with 1–3 spine-like short setae. Metascutellum with 3 transverse rows of 56–61 mixed long and short setae, intercalated with 6–8 spine-like short setae. Tarsal claws of fore and middle legs (Fig. 11) moderately elongate, with 2 internal, nearly basal setae, and 2 external, preapical setae. Hind tarsal claws (Fig. 12) with apex slightly shortened, with 2 internal, nearly basal setae, and 2 external, preapical setae.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. All abdominal spiracles (Fig. 14) nearly of same diameter, 1.8–2.1 mm long and 1.8– 2.1 mm wide. Respiratory plate reddish brown, regularly shaped as a closed ‘‘C,’’ with 60–70 irregular ameba-like shaped ‘‘holes’’ (Fig. 15) along any diameter; lobes of respiratory plates closely approximate; spiracular bulla weakly prominent, rounded. Chaetotaxy on dorsum of each abdominal segment as follows: prescutum I with 4 rows of 32–45 mixed, long and short slender setae (MLSSS) and 28–34 spine-like short setae (SLSS); scutum I with 4–5 rows of 94–99 MLSSS and 107–162 SLSS; scutellum I with 5–6 rows of 36–66 MLSSS and 88–110 SLSS. Prescutum II with 4–5 rows of 6–10 MLSSS and 106–127 SLSS; scutum II with 6–7 rows of 60–94 MLSSS and 150–229 SLSS; scutellum II with 6 rows of 34–58 MLSSS and 188–190 SLSS. Prescutum III with 5 rows of 6–10 MLSSS and 120–135 SLSS; scutum III with 4–6 rows of 82–230 MLSSS and 160–231 SLSS; scutellum III with 5–6 rows of 42–46 MLSSS and 165–204 SLSS. Prescutum IV with 4 rows of 6–9 MLSSS and 124–130 SLSS; scutum IV with 4–7 rows of 63–64 MLSSS and 194–226 SLSS; scutellum IV with 5–7 rows of 30–37 MLSSS and 174–202 SLSS. Prescutum V with 5 rows of 4–6 MLSSS and 121–137 SLSS; scutum V with 4–6 rows of 40–66 MLSSS and 205–224 SLSS; scutellum V with 6 rows of 28–32 MLSSS and 182–216 SLSS. Prescutum VI with 6 rows of 6–7 MLSSS and 146–178 SLSS; scutum VI with 3–7 rows of 35–44 MLSSS and 208–244 SLSS; scutellum VI with 6–8 rows of 50–62 MLSSS and 140–154 SLSS. Dorsum of segment VII with 12–16 rows of 146–184 MLSSS and 286–363 SLSS. Dorsum of segment VIII with 12–13 rows of 100–156 MLSSS and 240–280 SLSS. Dorsum of segment IX with 13–19 rows of 246–351 MLSSS and 358–394 SLSS. Upper anal lip with 110–187 MLSSS and 130–305 SLSS. Venter of abdominal segments I–IX each with an irregularly defined row of 16–20 MLSSS. Raster (Fig. 16) without palidia; campus with 13–18 long, slender setae; teges formed by 50–100 mixed, long and short slender setae and 5–15 spine-like short setae; barbula sparse. Lower anal lip with 84–128 mixed, long and short slender setae and 130–305 spine-like short setae. Anal slit widely curved. Approximate body length: 70.5–190.5 mm.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A225366FFF9FFCAFEA951DD62B81B69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Onore, Giovanni;Morón, Miguel-Angel	Onore, Giovanni, Morón, Miguel-Angel (2004): Dynastes neptunus Quenzel (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae); Descriptions of the Third Instar Larva and Pupa, with Notes on Biology. The Coleopterists Bulletin 58 (1): 103-110, DOI: 10.1649/609, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/609
0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5.text	0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastes neptunus Quenzel	<div><p>Dynastes neptunus Quenzel, pupa</p> <p>(Figs. 17–18)</p> <p>The description is based on 5 pupae (2 males, 3 females) reared from larvae collected at Ecuador: Cotopaxi, San Francisco de Las Pampas, 3-VII-2002, C. Tapia, inside hollow trunk of ‘‘canelo’’ tree (Ocotea sp. Lauraceae) 1,600 m (QCAZ; IEXA).</p> <p>FEMALE (Fig. 17). Body shape elongate, oval, stout, exarate. Color yellow reddish. Entire body with fine velvety-gold vestiture.</p> <p>HEAD. Bent sharply beneath thorax. Clypeus tumid, bilobed, with an anterior central ‘‘Y’’ shaped depression. Frons with lateral depression at each side clearly separated. Eyes well defined but partially hidden. Antenna widened, stout, with 3–4 defined rings. Labrum semitrapezoidal, rounded, short (1.8 3 wider than long) with an anterior central, small depression. Mandibles wide and prominent. Maxilla long and stout. Maxillary palpi conical, with 4 rings. Apex of the labium cordiform with a middle depression. Labial palpí rounded with 3 rings.</p> <p>THORAX. Pronotum nearly transverse; disk irregular, tumid, with an anterior central callus and the ecdysial suture clearly marked. Pronotal anterior border widely sinuated; posterior border slightly bisinuated. Pronotal anterior angles straight, stout, prominent; posterior angles widely rounded. Meso- and metanotum with ecdysial suture clearly marked. Prosternal process subtrapezoidal and much evident. Mesosternum hidden. Metasternum surface slightly irregular. Elytral tecae narrowed, closely appressed, curved ventrally around body, with some coarse striae. Protibia with 3 projections on exterior border, and recognizable subapical spur. Tarsomeres delineated.</p> <p>ABDOMEN. Nine visible segments. Spiracles of segment I hidden by elevated oblique fold, ovateelongate, reddish chestnut, with narrow, sclerotized, flattened, asymmetrical peritreme. Spiracles on segments II–IV ovate-elongate (0.9 mm width, 2.0 mm length), reddish chestnut, with narrow, sclerotized, prominent, asymmetrical peritreme. Spiracles on segments V–VII occluded, rosetiform, without sclerotized peritreme, not pigmented; spicrales on segment VIII absent. Tergal area of segments II–VII with 5 pairs of deep and wide dioneiform organs. Tergal area of segment VIII with 2 kidney-shaped, deep impressions. Last segment with 2 symmetrical, fleshy ventrolateral folds covered by dense, fine, golden vestiture, longer than in other parts of the body. Sternite II short, triangle-like, hidden between metacoxae. Sternites III–VI convex, with similar length. Sternites VII and VIII fused at the middle third. Sternite IX and genital ampulla small, partially retracted under last tergum. Body length 65–72 mm.</p> <p>MALE (Fig. 18). Fronto-clypeal area with long, narrowed, curved upward, horn-like projection, longer than pterothorax and abdomen. Pronotum with posteromedial long, narrowed, curved downward, horn-like projection, nearly as long as the frontoclypeal projection. Antero-lateral area of pronotum with 2 spine-like, stout projections. Genital ampulla large, swollen. Otherwise similar to female. Length including horn-like projections 110–139 mm.</p> <p>Biological Observations. In Ecuador, Thierry Porion recorded adults of Dynastes neptunus arriving at light traps just before dawn, whereas D. hercules arrived from the beginning to the middle of the night (Lachaume 1985). According to the observations of G. Onore in the area of San Francisco de las Pampas, Cotopaxi, Ecuador, at 1,500 – 1,600 m of elevation, Dynastes neptunus and D. hercules are sympatric, but in the neighboring locality of Rio Negro, at 1,800 m elevation, only D. neptunus is found. As inferred by the flying sounds, the adults of D. neptunus apparently were active near the canopy at 20 m hight around 04:00 h. The larvae of D. neptunus live inside hollow trunks of ‘‘achotillo’’ (Alchornea sp. Euphorbiaceae), ‘‘canelo’’ or ‘‘cashiacara’’ (Ocotea sp. Lauraceae), and ‘‘ortiguillo’’ (Urera sp. Urticaceae) occupying hollows extended all along the standing trunk from the soil to the canopy. Inside each hollow trunk, G. Onore found 1– 12 larvae. Two or three was usual. They fed on reddish, rotten wood, frequently humid (nearly muddy), mixed with many fecal pellets of the same larvae. This species is abundant at Rio Negro because hollow trees with larvae were found at 100–250 m interval.</p> <p>One female of D. neptunus collected at lights in San Francisco de las Pampas on 30 June 1993 was transported to Quito by G. Onore and placed in a 20 liter plastic container filled with rotten wood of Lauraceae. The wood was previously boiled, cooled, and powdered fecal pellets of larval D. neptunus were added, to promote the growth of the microflora needed by the future larvae. The female fed on fruits of banana and papaya, with scattered honey, until 21 September 1993. During this time, the female laid 19 eggs that were 5.3 mm in length and 5.0 mm in width that were placed inside cells in the rotten wood.The cells were 10 mm in length and 8 mm wide. Milky white eggs did not change color until hatching but increased their diameter to 7.5 mm just before hatching. Male and female larvae are well differentiated by the shape of the preanal white structures, known as Herold’s organs (Menees 1957), observed beneath the transparent cuticle, with an external scar located in the anterior part of the raster.</p> <p>Five third-instar larvae collected at San Francisco de Las Pampas on 3 July 2002 were reared in Quito with rotten wood of Ocotea sp. at 14–25 8 C. Pupae were obtained on 23 November 2002. Before pupation, the mature larva of the male made a large cell between the rotting wood debris and the inner walls of the hollow trunk, which was much longer and wider than the dimensions of the future adult. In captivity, complete development from egg to immature adult required 443–724 days: 41–48 days from egg to early first-instar larva, 28–70 days from first-instar larva to second-instar larva, 28– 124 days from second-instar larva to third-instar larva, and 346–482 days from thirdinstar larva to adult. Probably, in nature the life cycle requires two years.</p> <p>Remarks. At present, we have morphological information on the larvae of four species of Dynastes (Ritcher 1966; Morón 1987; present paper) that enables us to propose the following generic diagnosis and a key to separate the larvae of these species. Besides the width of the head capsule, body size, and the number of setae on the tarsal claws, the differences between larvae of each species are mainly those of chaetotaxy. Dynastes larvae may be distinguished from other Dynastinae larvae by the following combination of characters: head capsule coarsely pitted, with 2–8 dorsoepicranial setae on each side; frons with 1–4 posterior frontal setae and 1–2 exterior frontal setae on each side, without anterior frontal setae; ocelli differentiated; with 5–10 dorsal sensory spots on last antennal segment; lateral borders of labrum more or less angled; maxillary stridulatory area with 4–10 truncate teeth and 1 anterior process; abdominal spiracles with lobes of respiratory plates contiguous, the bulla rounded, weakly prominent; tarsal claws with 2 or 4 setae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A225366FFFAFFCFFE4251F862C31CE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Onore, Giovanni;Morón, Miguel-Angel	Onore, Giovanni, Morón, Miguel-Angel (2004): Dynastes neptunus Quenzel (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae); Descriptions of the Third Instar Larva and Pupa, with Notes on Biology. The Coleopterists Bulletin 58 (1): 103-110, DOI: 10.1649/609, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/609
0A225366FFFFFFCFFE51574863C41AAF.text	0A225366FFFFFFCFFE51574863C41AAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dynastes Larvae	<div><p>Key to Species of Dynastes Larvae</p> <p>1 Each tarsal claw with 1 internal, nearly basal setae, and 1 external, preapical setae. Maximum width of head capsule 10–13 mm - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2</p> <p>1 9 Each tarsal claw with 2 internal, nearly basal setae, and 2 external, preapical setae. Maximum width of head capsule 14–17 mm - - - - - - - - - - - Dynastes neptunus Quenzel</p> <p>2 Teges with 10–14 short, flattened setae. Right chaetoparia of epipharynx with 2–4 sensilla or without sensilla. Head capsule with 6–8 dorsoepicranial setae on each side. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dynastes granti Horn</p> <p>2 9 Teges with 15–35 short, flattened setae. Right chaetoparia of epipharynx with 6–20 sensilla. Head capsule with 2–5 dorsoepicranial setae on each side - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3</p> <p>3 Acanthoparia with 5–6 spine-like, short setae. Teges with 15–16 short setae. Right chaetoparia of epipharynx with 6–8 sensilla - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Dynastes hyllus Chevrolat</p> <p>3 9 Acanthoparia with 15–16 spine-like, short setae. Teges with 18–35 short setae. Right chaetoparia of epipharynx with 12–20 sensilla - - - - - - Dynastes tityus (Linne´)</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A225366FFFFFFCFFE51574863C41AAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Onore, Giovanni;Morón, Miguel-Angel	Onore, Giovanni, Morón, Miguel-Angel (2004): Dynastes neptunus Quenzel (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae); Descriptions of the Third Instar Larva and Pupa, with Notes on Biology. The Coleopterists Bulletin 58 (1): 103-110, DOI: 10.1649/609, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/609
