taxonID	type	description	language	source
11E2387E69E45880B510854B2DA2D54E.taxon	description	Figs 6, 7	en	Rivera-Duarte, José D., Salomão, Renato P., Solís, Ángel, Michel, Mauricio, Matamoros, Marcela I., Kohlmann, Bert (2025): The Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae) fauna of Honduras: Taxonomy and distribution. ZooKeys 1255: 127-206, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.150586
11E2387E69E45880B510854B2DA2D54E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Large species, dull with dark blue pronotum. Male pronotum covered with vermiculate sculpturing on disk. Male with pronotal anterior carina an inverted V, very strongly developed and raised in the middle. Male with base of pronotal disk with a raised, smooth transverse carina, slightly triangularly arched at the middle, with a well-developed tooth and a mid-sulcus at its base (Fig. 6). Basal fossae clearly impressed. Elytral striae fine, well-defined; interstriae slightly convex and shiny, with coppery-red reflections. Female with metabasitarsus widened apically; outer ridge of ventral surface distinctly more sinuous than inner ridge (Fig. 12).	en	Rivera-Duarte, José D., Salomão, Renato P., Solís, Ángel, Michel, Mauricio, Matamoros, Marcela I., Kohlmann, Bert (2025): The Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae) fauna of Honduras: Taxonomy and distribution. ZooKeys 1255: 127-206, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.150586
11E2387E69E45880B510854B2DA2D54E.taxon	description	Description of holotype (male, Fig. 6). Length 22.1 mm. Width 14.9 mm. Dorsum somber, pronotum and pygidium dark blue, elytra appearing black with interstriae having a red-coppery reflection, underside black. Head horn distinctly swollen basally. Pronotum appearing varnished; covered with black-blue vermiculate sculpturing on the disk; anterior carina an inverted V, very strongly developed and raised in the middle; basal medial portion smooth and raised, forming an extended soft triangular arch, acutely denticulate in its anterior center with a clear medial sulcus at its base, basal fossae present. Elytra with fine striae, with obsolete punctures; interstriae finely convex, appearing almost flat, alutaceous, shiny with coppery-red reflections. Profemora coarsely punctate, mesofemora coarsely punctate at apex, metafemora with a few coarse punctures at apex. Pygidium convex, with many coarse punctures and a faint midline.	en	Rivera-Duarte, José D., Salomão, Renato P., Solís, Ángel, Michel, Mauricio, Matamoros, Marcela I., Kohlmann, Bert (2025): The Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae) fauna of Honduras: Taxonomy and distribution. ZooKeys 1255: 127-206, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.150586
11E2387E69E45880B510854B2DA2D54E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name is dedicated in honor of the Honduran national hero and symbol of liberty and cultural resistance, who was a captain of the Lenca tribes that fought the Spanish invasion and conquest.	en	Rivera-Duarte, José D., Salomão, Renato P., Solís, Ángel, Michel, Mauricio, Matamoros, Marcela I., Kohlmann, Bert (2025): The Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae) fauna of Honduras: Taxonomy and distribution. ZooKeys 1255: 127-206, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.150586
11E2387E69E45880B510854B2DA2D54E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Phanaeus lempira is closely related to the Mexican endemic Ph. melampus Harold, 1863. Edmonds (1994) recorded the latter from three localities in Veracruz and two in Chiapas, and another Chiapas locality was added by Navarrete-Gutiérrez and Edmonds (2006). The nine Navarrete-Gutiérrez and Edmonds specimens were collected at 145 m a. s. l. during February, August, and October in traps baited with human feces in the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in tall and medium evergreen tropical forests. Upon request, Navarrete-Gutiérrez provided us with photos of these specimens. Upon close examination, these individuals showed all the characteristics of the new Phanaeus species described in this paper. Even though we did not see Edmonds’s (1994) Chiapas specimens, they also come from places covered in wet tropical evergreen forest, El Bosque and Tenejapa, at 1460 m a. s. l., indicating they also most probably belong to this new species. Finally, among the material photographed by Mario Cupello from the Texas A & M University collection, there is one specimen with the characteristics of Ph. lempira that bears a label saying only “ Tabasco, Messico ”. This specimen might have been collected around Teapa, where Tabasco reaches the piedmont of the Chiapas mountains. All this suggests that Ph. lempira is distributed from Chiapas to Honduras (Fig. 13), whereas Ph. melampus is distributed yonder the Isthmus of Tehuantepec divide – currently known exclusively from Veracruz – and not south of it. Lizardo et al. (2022: suppl. fig. 1), on predicted and recorded distributions of Phanaeus presents a map of the expected distribution of the Phanaeus amethystinus species group of which this species is a member. These climatically predicted distributions are somewhat at odds with the actual recorded distributions. For example, their model predicts a possible distribution of Ph. melampus (probable sister species of Ph. lempira) in the marshy tropical savannah of northeastern Honduras, where no species of Phanaeus has been registered at present and where the majority of the collected species belong to the roller guild and some Onthophagus taxa as well. These climatic models usually make distribution predictions that are way off the mark in tropical mountainous areas. As Kohlmann et al. (2007) have already discussed, finer-scale systems, like the Life Zones of Holdridge (1967), are better suited for these tropical areas.	en	Rivera-Duarte, José D., Salomão, Renato P., Solís, Ángel, Michel, Mauricio, Matamoros, Marcela I., Kohlmann, Bert (2025): The Bolboceratidae, Geotrupidae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea), and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Scarabaeidae) fauna of Honduras: Taxonomy and distribution. ZooKeys 1255: 127-206, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1255.150586
