identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0F16272FFFD3FFE72C929405FACCFA94.text	0F16272FFFD3FFE72C929405FACCFA94.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gigantopelta Chen & Linse & Roterman & Copley & Rogers 2015	<div><p>GIGANTOPELTA GEN. NOV.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Gigantopelta chessoia sp. nov., by original designation.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Giganteus (Latin), gigantic; Pelta (Latin), shield. This refers to the extremely large adult shell size of the species in this genus for the family Peltospiridae . The genus name is feminine.</p><p>Zoobank registration urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C25960CA-B974-452C-AE24- B128FF1CEA0F</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Shell extremely large for family, reaching 45 mm in adult shell length. Shell globose, rather loosely coiled with deep suture, three to four whorls. Spire depressed. Protoconch consisting of 0.5 whorls. Aperture very large, circular, expanding rapidly. Thick, dark olive periostracum enveloping edge of aperture. Shell milky white and thin, not nacreous. Columellar folds lacking. Concentric, multispiral operculum present. Foot large. Cephalic tentacles thick, broad, triangular, thinning towards tips. Eyes lacking. Snout tapering and thick. Oesophageal gland hypertrophied. Single, bipectinate ctenidium. Sexes separate. Epipodial tentacles present surrounding operculum. Radula rhipidoglossate, formula ∼50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼50. Central, lateral teeth strong, solid with smooth cusps. Marginal teeth long, slender, truncate, divided into about 20 toothlets towards distal end.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Adult Gigantopelta are easily distinguished from all other described peltospirids by their extremely</p><p>COI, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I</p><p>large shell size. Furthermore, Gigantopelta can be distinguished from the limpet-like peltospirid genera Ctenopelta Warén &amp; Bouchet, 1993, Echinopelta McLean, 1989, Hirtopelta McLean, 1989, Nodopelta McLean, 1989, and Rhynchopelta McLean, 1989, by having a coiled shell with three to four whorls. It can be distinguished from the three skeneiform genera, Pachydermia Warén &amp; Bouchet, 1989, Depressigyra Warén &amp; Bouchet, 1989, and Lirapex Warén &amp; Bouchet, 1989, by its inflated form with a much more depressed spire and larger aperture. The shell surface is nearly smooth, which differs from all peltospirid genera except Depressigyra . The shell roughly resembles that of Peltospira, but has a more tightly coiled initial whorl, and lacks lamellar sculpture. Analysis of the soft parts shows an enlarged oesophageal gland, a feature previously only known from the ‘scaly-foot gastropod’ Chrysomallon squamiferum Chen et al., 2015 (Warén et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2015), which is also the only other known peltospirid to attain a similar size. In C. squamiferum the oesophageal gland houses symbiotic bacteria, but it is unclear whether this is also the case for Gigantopelta . Gigantopelta can be distinguished from Chrysomallon easily as it does not possess dermal sclerites, has a large operculum, and a shell that is less vertically compressed, with a more circular aperture. The shell of Gigantopelta may be coated in a layer of sulphide, which is frequent amongst vent gastropods including the neomphalins (Hickman, 1984; Warén &amp; Bouchet, 2001). Gigantopelta is also comparable to the Oligocene fossil genus Elmira Cooke, 1919, from a seep deposit near Bejucal, Cuba whose possible affinity to Neomphalina based on resemblance to Chrysomallon was remarked upon by Kiel &amp; Peckmann (2007). Although the type species Elmira cornuarietis Cooke, 1919, is approximately the same size as Gigantopelta (&gt; 40 mm in shell length), it carries broad revolving grooves, which Gigantopelta lacks. The true taxonomic affinity of Elmira is still unclear.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F16272FFFD3FFE72C929405FACCFA94	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chen, Chong;Linse, Katrin;Roterman, Christopher N.;Copley, Jonathan T.;Rogers, Alex D.	Chen, Chong, Linse, Katrin, Roterman, Christopher N., Copley, Jonathan T., Rogers, Alex D. (2015): A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 175 (2): 319-335, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12279, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12279
0F16272FFFD4FFEB2C15927CFBDEF9FE.text	0F16272FFFD4FFEB2C15927CFBDEF9FE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gigantopelta chessoia Chen & Linse & Roterman & Copley & Rogers 2015	<div><p>GIGANTOPELTA CHESSOIA SP. NOV. (FIGS 2–7)</p><p>‘Peltospiroidea n. sp. ’ – Rogers et al., 2012: 7, fig. 3d. ‘Undescribed species of peltospiroid gastropod’ – Marsh et al., 2012: 6, fig. 5c, j.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-30.318333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-56.0885" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -30.318333/lat -56.0885)">Shell</a> diameter 36.30 mm, 99% ethanol, Figure 3A–C. E 2 segment, East Scotia Ridge, 56°05.31′S, 30°19.10′W (‘Cindy’s Castle’), 2606 m deep, RRS James Cook expedition JC42, ROV Isis Dive 130, 20.i.2010, leg. A. D. Rogers (NHMUK 20150066) . Paratypes. One dissected specimen, 99% ethanol (shell diameter 31.12 mm, Fig. 4A, B; NHMUK 20150067) ; growth series of five specimens, 99% ethanol (NHMUK 20150068) . The above two lots have same collection data as the holotype. Growth series of five specimens, 99% ethanol (OUMNH. ZC.2013.02.002); two specimens, 99% ethanol (CAMZM 2015.2.1 -2); growth series of five specimens, 99% ethanol (SMNH Type Collection 8450); five specimens, 10% buffered formalin (NHMUK 20150069) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-30.317833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-56.089" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -30.317833/lat -56.089)">Collection</a> data for the latter three lots: E2 segment, East Scotia Ridge, 56°05.34′S, 30°19.07′W (‘ Cindy’s Castle’), depth 2644 m, RRS James Cook expedition JC42, ROV Isis Dive 134, 24.i.2010, leg. A. D. Rogers.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Approximately 200 specimens collected on RRS James Cook expedition JC42 with ROV Isis, on dives 130, 134, and 141. Collection data for dive 130: same as holotype; dive 134: same as listed for paratype series; dive 141: E9 segment, East Scotia Ridge, 60°02.81′S, 29°58.71′W (‘Marsh Tower’), depth 2394 m, RRS James Cook expedition JC42, ROV Isis Dive 141, 30.i.2010, leg. A. D. Rogers.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is named after the ChEsSo (Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front: biogeography and ecology) Consortium (Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Grant NE/DO 1249X/1), which led to the discovery of ESR hydrothermal vents and this species.</p><p>Zoobank registration urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D46EB848-506D-45B7-8D05- 35535592BD1E</p><p>Description/Diagnosis</p><p>Shell: Shell (Fig. 4A, B) globose, three to four whorls, coiled tightly with a deep suture. Spire depressed. Aperture roughly circular, very large. Ratio of shell diameter to aperture length approximately 1:0.633 (average of 100 specimens). Shell trochiform to neritiform, holostomous. Protoconch (Fig. 5A) consists of 0.5 whorls, diameter about 210 μm. Irregular reticulate ornament present initially, becoming obsolete distally. Suture around protoconch very deep. Teleoconch smooth, no distinct sculpture. Subtle growth lines, irregular protuberances present. Growth lines stronger on the body whorl, especially near the aperture. Periostracum thick, dark olive, enveloping the aperture. Ostracum and hypostracum milky white. Thin, fragile without periostracum. Columellar folds lacking. Callus extends to slightly cover columellar. Area around callous concave. Maximum shell diameter 45.7 mm.</p><p>Operculum: Operculum (Fig. 3C) with central nucleus, multispiral, thin, flaky on fringe. Operculum fringe often damaged. Juveniles operculum thin, semitransparent, fringe not flaky (Fig. 5C).</p><p>Radula: Radula (Fig. 6A) rhipidoglossate. Ribbon approximately 0.5 mm wide and 4 mm long in adults. Formula ∼50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼50. Central, lateral teeth cusp-like, pointed (Fig. 6C). Marginal teeth long, slender, bearing ∼20 denticles at distal end (Fig. 6E). Central tooth triangular, very broad at base, tapering dis- tally, smooth, no sculpture. Lateral teeth solid, bearing a clear protrusion at base.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 7A): Foot muscular, large. Fully retractable into shell, red when alive. Small epipodial tentacles present, surrounding posterior two-thirds of operculum. Cephalic tentacles thick, triangular, broad at base and thinning towards tips. Eyes lacking. Snout tapering, thick. Oesophageal gland huge, approximately same size as aperture. Ctenidium bipectinate. Sexes separate. Shell muscle large, horse-shoe shaped. Intestine forms a simple loop.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Only known from hydrothermal vents on segment E2 (56°05.2′S to 56°05.4S, 30°19.00′W to 30°19.35′W) and E9 (60°02.50′S to 60°03.00′S, 29°58.60′W to 29°59.00′W) of ESR. This species forms dense aggregations rather close to vent effluents.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The dispersal mechanism is inferred to be nonplanktotrophic from the protoconch, presumably with a planktonic dispersal stage. Table 2 shows the shell parameters of G. chessoia . The relationships between the six shell parameters measured were investigated and they were all linear across all life stages. Figure 8 shows a scatter plot of shell diameter against shell height. See Rogers et al. (2012) for details on location of hydrothermal vent sites.</p><p>Comparative remarks</p><p>Similar to Gigantopelta aegis sp. nov. described below. Gigantopelta chessoia can be distinguished as it has a taller spire, less extensive callus, and area around callus is concave and not flattened as in G. aegis . Differences are seen in the structure of the radula. The central tooth of G. chessoia is much wider at the base and triangular compared with that of G. aegis, which is rectangular. Lateral teeth are sculptured in both species, but the marks occur nearer to the base of the teeth in G. aegis . Gigantopelta chessoia can also be easily distinguished by the lack of sulphide deposits on the shell and operculum, at least from G. aegis found in Longqi Field, the only known habitat to date. Similarly, the operculum in G. aegis is much thicker than G. chessoia at all life stages.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F16272FFFD4FFEB2C15927CFBDEF9FE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chen, Chong;Linse, Katrin;Roterman, Christopher N.;Copley, Jonathan T.;Rogers, Alex D.	Chen, Chong, Linse, Katrin, Roterman, Christopher N., Copley, Jonathan T., Rogers, Alex D. (2015): A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 175 (2): 319-335, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12279, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12279
0F16272FFFD8FFE92C2C9164FB28FD78.text	0F16272FFFD8FFE92C2C9164FB28FD78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gigantopelta aegis Chen & Linse & Roterman & Copley & Rogers 2015	<div><p>GIGANTOPELTA AEGIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 2–7)</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype. Shell diameter 37.61 mm, 99% ethanol, Figure 3D–F. Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge, 37°47.03′S, 49°38.97′E (‘Tiamat’), 2785 m deep, RRS James Cook expedition JC67, ROV Kiel 6000 Dive 142, 29.xi.2011, leg. J. T. Copley (NHMUK 20150070) . Paratypes. One dissected specimen, 99% ethanol (shell diameter 35.24 mm, Fig. 4C, D; NHMUK 20150071); growth series of five specimens, 99% ethanol (NHMUK 20150072); growth series of five specimens, 99% ethanol OUMNH. ZC . 2013.02.003); two specimens, 99% ethanol (CAMZM 2015.3.1 -2); growth series of five specimens (SMNH Type Collection 8451). All paratypes above have the same collection data as holotype. Five specimens, 10% buffered formalin (NHMUK 20150073): Longqi vent field, Southwest Indian Ridge, 37°47.03′S, 49°38.96′E (‘Tiamat’ chimney), 2783 m deep, RRS James Cook expedition JC67, ROV Kiel 6000 Dive 140, 27.xi.2011, leg. J. T . Copley (NHMUK 20150073) .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Approximately 200 specimens, same collection data as the holotype .</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Aegis (Latin), the shield of Zeus and Athena. The specific name is an allusion of the thick and large sulphidecovered operculum to the mythical shield.</p><p>Zoobank registration urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 45E3E373-E126-4179-B1EB- D583FCFB3D12)</p><p>Description/Diagnosis</p><p>Shell: Shell (Fig. 4B) globose, three to four whorls, trochiform to neritiform. Spire depressed. Aperture holostomous. Tightly coiled. Suture deep. Aperture very large, circular, body whorl to aperture length ratio approximately 1:0.65 (average of 100 specimens). Protoconch (Fig. 5B) 0.5 whorls, about 210 μm in length, sculpture unknown (surface layer of examined specimens affect- ed by dissolution). Thick, orange to reddish sulphide layer covers periostracum. Periostracum dark olive with sulphides removed. Ostracum milky white. Ostracum thin, fragile without sulphide and periostracum. Periostracum slightly recurved at aperture. Columellar folds lacking. Callus extends extensively, covering columellar region. Area around callus flattened (dark area in Fig. 3F). Shell smooth, lacking sculpture. Fine growth lines, subtle spiral cords present under sulphide layer. Maximum shell diameter 44.2 mm.</p><p>Operculum: Operculum (Fig. 3E, F) corneous, thin, flaky near the fringe, multispiral, covered by thick sulphide layer except outermost whorl, same material as those covering shell. Juvenile operculum lacking sulphide layer. Moderately thick, opaque, with concave shape (Fig. 5B).</p><p>Radula: Radula (Fig. 6B) rhipidoglossate. Ribbon in adults approximately 0.5 mm wide and 4 mm long. Formula ∼50 + 4 + 1 + 4 + ∼50. Central, lateral teeth (Fig. 6D) with sharp cusps. Central tooth rectangular. Lateral teeth bear a protrusion near the base. Marginal teeth (Fig. 6F) elongate with truncate distal ending, dividing into ∼20 denticles.</p><p>Soft parts (Fig. 7B): Foot muscular, large. Fully retractable. Pale white when alive. Small epipodial tentacles present, surrounding posterior two-thirds of operculum. Cephalic tentacles thick, broad at base, tapering distally. Snout tapering and thick. Oesophageal gland huge (see Fig. 7B). Intestines forming a simple loop. Ctenidium bipectinate. Sexes separate. Gonads rather displaced towards the head-foot. Shell muscle large, horse-shoe shaped.</p><p>Distribution: Only known from Longqi vent field, SWIR (approximately 37°47.03′S, 49°38.96′E), around 2700 m depth. Found mostly on areas of diffuse flow but also on chimneys of active black smokers.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Similar to Gigantopelta chessoia sp. nov.; see Comparative remarks above for comparison. The sulphide covering of the shell and that forming the thick coating on the operculum is remarkable. The coating only covers the outer side, and can be removed from the operculum intact by inserting a blade in between. The adult shells are completely covered with sulphide. Sulphide deposition appears to start very early in development, and from the protoconch; as in young specimens (∼ 5 mm maximum diameter) sulphide is only present as a tablet on the apex and not covering the whole shell. The shell parameters are given in Table 2. The relationships between the six parameters measured were investigated, and they were linear across all life stages. Figure 8B shows a scatter plot of shell diameter against shell height.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F16272FFFD8FFE92C2C9164FB28FD78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chen, Chong;Linse, Katrin;Roterman, Christopher N.;Copley, Jonathan T.;Rogers, Alex D.	Chen, Chong, Linse, Katrin, Roterman, Christopher N., Copley, Jonathan T., Rogers, Alex D. (2015): A new genus of large hydrothermal vent-endemic gastropod (Neomphalina: Peltospiridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 175 (2): 319-335, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12279, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12279
