taxonID	type	description	language	source
0E45486FFF83FFA0FF20F9EE66F3FD92.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, sex undeterminable (HNHM coll- 202): Kecskemét, Hungary, 01. x. 1891, leg. L. Bíró; 24 topotypic specimens (3 males, 1 female and 1 juvenile on slide; 11 adult and 8 juvenile specimens in alcohol): Bugacpuszta, Kecskemét, 107 m, N 46 ° 39 ' 58 "; E 19 ° 37 ' 39 ", hand collecting, 6. iii. 2017, leg. D. Winkler; 34 specimens (2 males, 1 female on slide; 14 adult and 13 juvenile specimens in alcohol; 4 adult specimens critical point dried and coated with gold – palladium for electron microscope scanning): Simontornya (type locality of S. pillichi Stach, 1930), Hungary, Barcsi Valley, hillside with loess steppe pasture, N 46 ° 45 ' 59.28 ", E 18 ° 31 ' 49.56 ", 115 m, D-vac sample, 14. iv. 2016, leg. L. Dányi & N. Flórián (HNHM coll- 947). Other material examined. 8 specimens (1 male on slide, 4 adult and 3 juvenile specimens in alcohol): Börzsöny Mountains, Mount Nagy-Koppány, com. Pest (Hungary), 549 m, N 47 ° 53 ' 55 "; E 18 ° 51 ' 08 ", sub-pannonic grassland, hand collecting, 14. x. 2014, leg. D. Winkler & Á. Erdő; 14 specimens (1 female on slide, 7 adult and 6 juvenile specimens in alcohol) from Mount Somló, Mid-West Hungary, 360 m, N 47 ° 8 ' 42 "; E 17 ° 22 ' 34 ", subpannonic grassland, mouth operated aspirator, 14. iii. 2016, leg. D. Winkler.	en	Dányi, László (2017): Redescription of Seira pallidipes Reuter, 1895 and its synonymization with Seira pillichi Stach, 1930 (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Seirini). Zootaxa 4312 (3): 497-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.5
0E45486FFF83FFA0FF20F9EE66F3FD92.taxon	description	Redescription. Large sized Seira species (adult body length 2.1 – 2.8 mm). Holotype body length 2.75 mm according to the original description, but not measurable exactly in the strongly collapsed specimen. Main body colour dark blackish blue in alcohol (Fig. 2), living specimen with green-to-blue metallic lustre (Fig. 3). Apart from head and trunk, coxae, ventral tube and first 4 / 5 part of Ant. I blackish blue, some dark shade (depending on specimen) also on antennal segments and manubrium. Apical part of Ant. I, Ant. II – IV, legs and furca yellowish. Head and trunk densely covered by brownish scales of different shape (oval, short or elongated with apex rounded, pointed, truncate or irregular). Ant. I – II, basal part of Ant. III (occasionally also basal part of Ant. IV), legs except for foot complex, anterior and posterior side of ventral tube, manubrium and dens (ventrally) with scales (Fig. 31). Antennae long, antennal length to head diagonal length ratio around 2.5 (head diagonal measured from the cervical edge to the apex of the mouth part). Relation of antennal joints I – IV as 1: 2.3: 2.8: 4.1. Ant. III sensillary organ composed by two sensory rods partially behind a cuticular fold (Fig. 4). Ant. IV weakly annulated, with bilobated apical bulb (Figs 5, 34). Eyepatches oval, with largest ocellus B and smallest ocelli G and H, with three interocular mesochaetae (p, v, t) (Figs 11, 33). Arrangement of chaetae on labrum 4 / 554, prelabral chaetae ciliated, posterior, median and anterior labral chaetae smooth. Labral chaetae p 0 and p 1 in posterior row longer than others (Figs 6, 32). Labrum with four distinguishably separated labral papillae with middle two protruding, cone-shaped (Figs 6, 32). Outer maxillary palp with two smooth chaetae (Figs 7, 32) and three smooth sublobal chaetae (Fig. 32). Labium with five smooth proximal chaetae. Labial palp with five papillae (Fig. 36), papilla A consisted of one terminal sensillum (A); papilla B with one terminal sensillum (B) and five smooth guard chaetae (a 1, b 1, b 2, b 3 and b 4); papilla C with one terminal sensillum (C); papilla D with one terminal sensillum (D) and four smooth guard chaetae (d 1, d 2, d 3 and d 4 – latter one not visible on Fig. 36); papilla E (Fig. 8, 36) with one terminal sensillum (E), four smooth guard chaetae (e 1, e 2, e 3 and e 6) and curved lateral process (sensu Fjellberg 1999) surpassing top of papilla. Hyaline plate with hypostomal papilla H (Fig. 36) with one terminal sensillum and two smooth guard chaetae (h 1 and h 2). Labium chaetotaxy formed by 5 smooth " A " chaetae and in the basal row by ciliated chaetae M 1 M 2 R * EL 1 L 2 (Figs 9, 35) with R * smaller than other chaetae (ratio of R * / M ~ 0.4). Ventral cephalic grove with 2 + 2 ciliated chaetae, basal chaeta absent (Fig. 9). Distribution pattern of dorsal macrochaetae on head and trunk as in Fig. 10. Complete dorsal head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 11. Antennal series ‘ An’ with a maximum of 10 + 10 acuminate macrochaetae, microchaeta An 2 a typical for Seira absent; anterior series ‘ A’ with A 4 absent, A 0, A 2, A 3 and A 5 as macrochaetae, A 1 as microchaeta; medio-ocellar series ‘ M’ with 5 + 5 chaetae, M 1, M 2, M 4 i and M 4 as macrochaetae, M 3 as microchaeta; sutural series ‘ S’ with macrochaetae S 0, S 1, S 2, S 3, S 4, S 5, S 6 and S 7, respectively); post-sutural series ‘ Ps’ with 3 + 3 chaetae, Ps 2 as macrochaeta, Ps 5 as mesochaeta, Ps 3 as microchaeta, Ps 1 and Ps 4 absent (typical of Seira spp., see Soto-Adames 2008); postoccipital anterior series ‘ Pa’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, Pa 1, Pa 2, Pa 3, Pa 4, Pa 5 as macrochaetae, Pa 6 as trichobotrium; postoccipital media series ‘ Pm’ with 2 + 2 macrochaetae (Pm 1 and Pm 3), Pm 2 absent (typical of Seira); postoccipital posterior series ‘ Pp’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, Pp 1, Pp 2, Pp 3, Pp 5 as macrochaetae, Pp 4 and Pp 6 as microchaetae; postoccipital external series ‘ Pe’ with 4 + 4 macrochaetae (Pe 2, Pe 3, Pe 3 a and Pe 5, respectively). Mesothorax dorsal chaetotaxy as in Figs 12, 28 – 29, 37 – 38. Anterior series ‘ a’ (without anterior setal collar) with 8 + 8 chaetae (Fig. 12), a 4 e, a 4 ep, a 4 ep 2, a 5, a 5 p, a 5 i and a 5 ip as macrochaetae, a 2 p as microchaeta; medial series (Figs 28, 37) with 15 + 15 to 17 + 17 chaetae, m 1, m 1 i, m 1 i 2, m 2, m 2 i, m 2 i 2, m 4, m 4 p, m 4 i as macrocahetae, one macrochaeta with uncertain homology next to m 1 i 2, three additional unnamed macrochaetae (occasionally present as microchaetae), m 5, m 5 a, m 5 p and m 1 i 3 (present or absent) as microchaetae; posterior series (Figs 29, 38) with 24 + 24 to 28 + 28 chaetae, “ PmA ” group (see Soto-Adames 2008) with 9 to 12 macrochaetae (p 1, p 1 p, p 1 i, p 1 ip, p 1 i 2, p 1 ip 2 and six macrochaetae of uncertain homology, three of them present or absent); “ PmB ” group with three macrochaetae (p 2, p 2 a, p 2 p); “ PmC ” group with 8 to 9 macrochaetae (p 2 e, p 2 ep, p 2 ep 2, p 2 ea, p 3, p 3 p and three macrochaetae of uncertain homology, one of them present or absent). Chaeta p 5 as macrochaeta, p 4, p 6 and p 6 e as microchaetae. Three lateral mesochaetae external to p 6 present. Lateral sensilla al and Smicrochaeta ms also present. Metathorax dorsal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 13. Series ‘ a’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, a 1, a 1 i, a 2, a 3, a 4, a 5 and a 6 as macrochaetae, a 7 as microchaetae; series ‘ m’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, m 1 i and m 6 as macrochaetae, m 6 p, m 6 p 2 and m 7 as mesochaetae, m 1, m 4 and m 5 as microchaetae; series ‘ p’ with 11 + 11 chaetae, p 1, p 1 i, p 2, p 2 e, p 2 a, p 2 a 2, p 2 ea, p 3, p 5 and p 6 as macrochaetae, p 4 as microchaeta. Lateral sensilla (S-chaeta) al external to mesochaeta m 7 also present. Abd. I dorsal chaetotaxy as in Fig 14. Series ‘ a’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, a 1, a 1 e, a 2, a 2 e and a 3 as macrochaetae, a 1 a, a 5 and a 6 as microchaetae; series ‘ m’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, m 2, m 3, m 4 and m 4 i as macrochaetae, m 6 p and m 6 p 2 as mesochaetae; m 5 and m 6 as microchaetae, and with S-microchaeta (ms) next to microchaeta a 6; series ‘ p’ with 2 + 2 microchaetae (p 5 and p 6). Abd. II dorsal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 15. Series ‘ a’ with 7 + 7 chaetae, a 2 and a 3 as macrochaetae, a 6 and a 7 as microchaetae, as as sensilla (S-chaeta), a 2 p as fan-shaped microchaeta, a 5 as trichobotrium with five surrounding fan-shaped microchaetae; series ‘ m’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, m 3, m 3 e, m 3 ei and m 5 as macrochaetae, m 3 ea, m 6 and m 7 as microchaetae, m 2 as trichobotrium with five surrounding fan-shaped microchaetae; series ‘ p’ with 3 + 3 chaetae, p 5 and p 7 as microchaetae, p 6 as micro- or mesochaeta; sensilla (S-chaeta) acc. p 6 present above p 6. Lateral microchaeta el also present. Abd. III dorsal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 16. Series ‘ a’ with 7 + 7 chaetae, a 7 as mesochaeta or microchaeta, a 1 and a 2 as fan-shaped microchaetae, a 3 and a 6 as microchaetae, as as sensilla (S-chaeta), and a 5 as trichobotrium; series ‘ m’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, m 3, am 6, pm 6 as macrochaetae, m 4 and m 3 ea as fan-shaped microchaetae, m 7 as microchaeta, m 2 and m 5 as trichobotria; series ‘ p’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, with p 6 as macrochaeta, p 7 and p 8 as mesochaetae, p 3, p 5 and p 7 i as microchaetae. Sensilla (S-chaeta) acc. p 6 between macrochaetae p 6 and pm 6, and S-microchaeta ms next to p 5 also present. Trichobotrium m 2 surrounded by five fan-shaped microchaetae (including a 1, a 2, p 3 and two unnamed chaetae). Trichobotrial complex around trichobotria a 5 and m 5 (Figs 17, 39) include c 3 as fan-shaped or smooth microchaeta, 10 fan-shaped microchaetae (m 3 ea, m 4, em, emp and additional unnamed chaetae) and microchaeta a 6. Lateral microchaeta el and an additional unnamed micro- or mesochaeta also present. Abd. IV dorsal chaetotaxy and trichobothrial complex on Abd. IV as in Figs 18 – 19. Series A with 7 + 7 chaetae, A 3, A 3 a (long and acuminate), A 4, A 5 as macrochaetae, A 1, A 2 and A 6 as microchaetae; series ‘ Ae’ with two macrochaetae (Ae 6 and Ae 7, latter one as long acuminate macrochaeta); series ’ B’ with 6 + 6 macrochaetae (B 1, B 2, B 3, B 4, B 5 and B 6); series ’ Be’ with 2 + 2 chaetae, Be 3 as macrochaeta and Be 2 as macro or rarely microchaeta; series ’ C’ with 5 + 5 chaetae, with C 1 and C 4 as long acuminate macrochaetae, C 1 p as fan-shaped microchaeta, C 2 and C 6 as microchaetae; series ’ T’ with 9 + 9 chaetae, with T 7 as mesochaeta, T 1, T 3 and T 5 as microchaetae, T 6 as fan-shaped chaeta or smooth microchaetae, T 2 and T 4 as trichobotria with associated fanshaped microchaetae T 1 p, s and m (around T 2) and T 4 a, pe and pi (around T 4); series ’ D’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, with D 2 as long acuminate macrochaeta, D 3 p as mesochaeta, D 1 as fan-shaped microchaeta, D 1 p as fan-shaped or smooth microchaeta, D 2 a as microchaeta and D 3 as trichobotrium; series ’ E’ with 8 + 8 chaetae, with E 2 a, E 2, E 2 p, E 3, E 4 and E 4 p as macrochaetae, E 4 p 2 as mesochaeta and E 1 as microchaeta; series ’ Ee’ with two macrochaetae (Ee 7 and Ee 10); series F with 6 + 6 chaetae, F 1, F 1 p, F 2, F 2 p, F 3 as macrochaetae, F 3 p as mesochaeta; series ’ Fe’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, Fe 2, Fe 2 p, Fe 3, Fe 4, Fe 5 as macrochaetae, and Fe 6 as mesochaeta. Additional macrochaeta of uncertain homology within region Be 2 - Be 3 - B 1 occasionally present. S-chaetae as anteriorly to macrochaeta B 4 and ps next to mesochaeta T 7 present. Four elongated posteromedial sensillae also present. Abd. V dorsal chaetotaxy as in Fig. 20. Series ’ a’ with 5 + 5 chaetae, a 5 as macrochaeta, a 1, a 3, a 3 ae and a 6 as mesochaeta; series ’ m’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, m 2, m 3, m 5 and m 5 e as macrochaetae, m 3 a and m 5 a as mesochaetae; posteroanterior series ’ pa’ with 5 + 5 mesochaetae (p 3 a, p 4 a, p 5 a, p 6 ai and p 6 ae); series ‘ p’ with 6 + 6 chaetae, p 0 absent, with p 1, p 3, p 4 and p 5 as macrochaetae, ap 6 and pp 6 as mesochaetae; posterior-posterior series ‘ pp’ with 3 + 3 mesochaetae (p 1 p, p 3 pe, p 5 p); three S-chaetae (as, acc. p 4 and acc. p 5) typical of Seira also present. Legs. Trochanteral organ with 26 – 38 smooth spiny chaetae forming a rectangular shape pattern (Figs 21, 40). Unguis and unguiculus of claw III as in Figs 22 a – c and Fig. 41. Unguis with sub-equal paired basal teeth distinct (at 50 %) from the inner edge, and with two more unpaired teeth at 74 % and 87 % from inner edge, respectively. A pair of outer teeth also present. A small pretarsal chaeta present on both anterior and posterior surfaces. Unguiculus lanceolate, outer lamella smooth (Fig. 22 a) or with one basal denticle (Fig. 22 b), occasionally also with 2 – 3 small apical denticles (Fig. 22 c), depending on specimen; other lamellae smooth. Tibiotarsal tenent hair spatulate, weakly ciliated, as long as claw. Ratio of supraempodial chaeta (smooth chaeta on tibiotarsus III opposite to the tenent hair) / unguiculus about 0.7. Ventral tube (Fig. 23) with 9 + 9 ciliated chaetae on anterior side and 12 + 12 ciliated chaetae on posterior side. Lateral flap (Fig. 24) with a maximum of 25 laterodistal chaetae (19 ciliated and 6 smooth). Furcula. Manubrial plate with 2 inner and up to 6 outer chaetae, and with 4 pseudopores (Fig. 25). Ventral manubrial chaetotaxy as in Fig. 26. Mucro typically falcate (Fig. 27). Ratio manubrium / dens / mucro as 50: 71: 1. Variability. Intraspecific and very often bilateral variabilities in chaetotaxy are characteristic for populations found both in Kecskemét (type locality of S. pallidipes) and in Simontornya (type locality of S. pillichi). Percentage values presented here are based on 18 adult specimens (case number N = 36 due to bilaterality). Macrochaetae number and distribution shows high variability on Th. II region 2 and region 3 (group PmA and PmC), and on Abd. IV region A according to the modified Jacquemart system (Christiansen & Bellinger 2000). Th. II region 2 is composed of 7 to 10 macrochaetae (Fig. 28). The most frequent number of macrochaetae is 9 (n = 23; 64 %), while region 2 with 7 macrochatae was observed in only one case (~ 3 %), asymmetrically. Group PmA of Th. II region 3 is composed of 9 to 12 macrochaetae (Fig. 29). PmA group with 10 and 11 macrochaetae were found evenly frequent (n = 13; ~ 36 %), group with 9 macrochaetae were observed in 9 cases (25 %), while the highest number (12) of macrochaetae was detected asymmetrically in only one specimen (~ 3 %). Group PmC of Th. II region 3 is composed of 8 (n = 29; ~ 72 %) or 9 (n = 10; ~ 28 %) macrochaetae (Fig. 29). Abd. IV region A is predominantly composed of 8 macrochaetae (Fig. 30). 7 macrochaetae were observed in two cases (both as bilateral variability), with (i) chaeta A 3 absent or with (ii) Be 2 present as microchaeta instead of macrochaeta. Abd. IV region A with 9 macrochaetae was found in three cases, always asymmetrically, with an additional macrochaeta of uncertain homology. Ecology and distribution. The type localities are characterized by closed grasslands (sandy grassland in Kecskemét and loess steppic grassland in Simontornya). Earlier occurrence data are mostly connected to the same habitat types (Loksa 1983, 1987, Hornung 1986), but also to extremely saline open pioneer swards (Móczár & Bíró 1980). The newly discovered populations in the Börzsöny Mountain (part of the North Hungarian Mountains) and on the Mount Somló (part of the Transdanubian Mountains) inhabit sub-pannonic steppic grasslands on stony soils, which often share a relatively common Collembola fauna with sandy or loess steppic grasslands. Outside Hungary, S. pallidipes is known from Serbia occurring in sandy grasslands (Loksa & Bogojević 1970), and from Austria from a mid-mountain dry grassland (Kampichler 1991). A map summarizing the distribution of S. pallidipes is shown in Fig. 42. Based on the known distribution and habitat associations, this species can be considered xerothermophilous, and, concerning soil characteristics, psammophilous, lithophilous and halotolerant as well.	en	Dányi, László (2017): Redescription of Seira pallidipes Reuter, 1895 and its synonymization with Seira pillichi Stach, 1930 (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Seirini). Zootaxa 4312 (3): 497-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4312.3.5
