identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8.text	0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Africactenus Hyatt 1954	<div><p>Genus Africactenus Hyatt, 1954</p><p>Diagnosis. Carapace with deep dorsal indentation (Hyatt 1954: fig. 2; herein Fig. 2A), clypeus high (Steyn et al. 2003: fig. 3; herein Fig. 2B), cheliceral retromargin with four teeth, tibiae I and II usually with six prolateralventral and five retrolateral-ventral spines or rarely six on each row on tibiae I and II, RTA with superior and inferior denticles (Hyatt 1954: figs 3–4, 6–8; Steyn et al. 2003: figs 7–8, 12–13, 17–18; herein Fig. 3B) and epigynal plate with M-shaped anterior half (Hyatt 1954: plate XXXII, figs 26–33; Steyn et al. 2003: figs 9, 14, 19).</p><p>Type species. Africactenus agilior (Pocock, 1900), by subsequent designation (Hyatt 1954).</p><p>Remarks. The genus was erected by Hyatt (1954) for 11 ctenid spiders from Africa as a member of the subfamily Acantheinae Simon, 1897 and was later transferred to Cteninae Simon, 1897 (Polotow &amp; Brescovit 2014). To date, the genus has 20 nominal species, three are known only from males, eight only from females, whereas nine are known from both sexes (World Spider Catalog 2017). The genus is currently restricted to Africa (World Spider Catalog 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.text	0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Africactenus unumus Sankaran & Sebastian 2018	<div><p>Africactenus unumus sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1A, 2A–B, 3, 4</p><p>Type material. Holotype, male missing right leg I (ADSH203 A) from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.71345&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.709894" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.71345/lat 9.709894)">Areeppara in Edappady</a>, 9o42'35.62''N, 76o42'48.42''E, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 27 m alt., 28 July 2013, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand . Paratype, male (ADSH203 B), same data as holotype, except 20 August 2014 .</p><p>Additional material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Pathanamthitta, Thiruvalla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.54594&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.404333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.54594/lat 9.404333)">Kavumbhagom</a>, 9o24'15.60''N, 76o32'45.36''E, 3 m alt., 1 male (ADSH203 C), Sam Thomas leg., 19 June 2013, from ground, by hand.</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of Africactenus unumus sp. nov. seem closely similar to the males of Africactenus decorosus (Arts, 1912) as both share the wide, transversely oriented apical part of embolus as well as the same position and orientation of the conductor, but can be separated from the latter by the following combination of characters: RTA with single inferior denticle (RTA of A. decorosus with three inferior denticles), broad conductor ( A. decorosus with thin conductor), MA lying away from embolus (MA of A. decorosus lying close to embolus), embolus with embolic apophysis ( embolus of A. decorosus lacks embolic apophysis) and embolus narrowing at tip ( A. decorosus with uniformly wide embolus) (Fig. 3A–C, compare with Steyn et al. 2003: figs 7–8).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype, Figs 1A, 2A–B). Carapace with deep median indentation (Fig. 2A), brownish, with faint, blackish, reticulated pattern and mats of greyish hairs along sides, with broad, median, pale brown, roughly flower vase-like patch, its posterior part just in front of fovea abruptly narrowing towards pedicel, its apical part with a longitudinal white stripe, which bifurcates posteriorly to continue along lateral margins (Fig. 1A). Fovea long (1.39), longitudinal, black. Eye field, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, spinnerets, and legs brownish. Clypeus very high (Fig. 2B). Chelicerae dorsally with greyish-brown stiff hairs; promargin with a thick layer of long, brownish, inwardly curved hairs, with one teeth and two denticles, retromargin with four teeth and two small denticles. Fangs black. Sternum clothed with black hairs. Opisthosoma elongated oval, olive-brown, with irregularly scattered black spots and striae; dorsum medially with a broad longitudinal, straw-coloured patch, anterior 2/3rd of which medially possesses a pale yellowish band; dorsum with scattered clusters of white, stiff hairs (Fig. 1A); venter medially with a broad yellowish patch, the middle of which bears a longitudinal olive-brown stripe. Scopulae on tarsi entire; scopulae on metatarsi I–II entire, 2/3rd of metatarsus III with reduced scopula, metatarsus IV lacks scopula. Body length 14.99. Carapace length 7.98, width 6.71. Opisthosoma length 7.01, width 3.98. Eye diameters: ALE 0.24. AME 0.36. PLE 0.53. PME 0.44. Eye interdistances: ALE–ALE 1.46. ALE–PME 0.19. AME–ALE 0.30. AME–AME 0.25. PLE–PLE 1.72. PME–PME 0.36. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.71, at ALEs 1.29. Chelicerae length 3.79. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 12.97 [5.05, 1.85, 2.87, 3.20], I 51.44 [13.82, 4.17, 15.39, 14.25, 3.81], II 45.77 [12.38, 4.11, 13.19, 12.65, 3.44], III 36.71 [10.22, 3.22, 10.12, 10.41, 2.74], IV 53.19 [14.83, 3.34, 13.47, 18.03, 3.52]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pl 1 rl 1, tibia pl 1 plv 1 rl 1 rld 1, tarsus/cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pl 2 pld 2 plv 1 do 1 rld 4, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 4, III–IV pld 4 do 3 rld 4; patellae I–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I–II pl 1 plv 6 do 4 rl 2 rlv 6, III pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 4 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pl 1 plv 2 rl 2 rlv 3, II pl 1 plv 3 rl 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 3 plv 3 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3, IV pl 1 pld 4 plv 4 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I–IV spineless. Pedipalp (Fig. 3A–C): palpal segments brownish with faint black annulations on femur, patella and tibia. RTA short with broad base and one tiny, sharp inferior denticle (Fig. 3B, arrow). Ventro-lateral tibial apophysis short, thumb-like, directed at 2-o’clock in ventral view (Fig. 3B). Distal part of cymbium slender, cylindriform; cymbium with a short baso-retrolateral, lamella-like outgrowth (Fig. 3B–C). Tegulum nearly oval. Subtegulum small. MA nearly globular, medio-retrolateral (Fig. 3B). Embolus long, with well sclerotised median part over membranous part, with wide, transversely oriented apical part, with hook-like tip, with a short, flat apophysis (Fig. 3A–B). Conductor broad, hyaline, apico-retrolateral, anterior part slightly overlying the embolar tip (Fig. 3B–C).</p><p>Female: Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet, from the Latin unum = one, is an adjective and refers to the single inferior denticle of the RTA of the new species.</p><p>Variation. Males (n=3): body length 10.87–14.99.</p><p>Distribution. India (Kerala) (Fig. 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.text	0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenus cochinensis Gravely 1931	<div><p>Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931</p><p>Figs 1B, D–E, 5, 6</p><p>Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931: 235, figs 1E, 3C (description and illustrations of male and female). Tikader &amp; Malhotra 1981: 112, fig. 5A–D (description and illustrations of male and female).</p><p>Type material. Male and 2 female syntypes of Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931 from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.273302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53695/lat 10.273302)">Parambikulam</a> (10o23'34.29''N, 76o46'32.24''E), 597 m alt. (male) and Thrissur: Kavalai (10o16'23.89''N, 76o32'13.03''E), 390 m alt. (females); F.H. Gravely leg.; 16–24 September 1914; repository ZSI; voucher numbers 1506/18 (male) and 1550/18 (females), not examined.</p><p>Note. The species was identified using the illustrations given by Gravely (1931) and Tikader &amp; Malhotra (1981).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.418556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53535/lat 10.418556)">Material</a> examined. INDIA, Kerala: Thrissur, Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, 10o25'6.80''N, 76o32'7.25''E, 709 m alt., 8 May 2013, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult male , 2 subadult females, (ADSH20191) and 23 July 2013: 1 female with egg sac (ADSH20192); Ernakulam, Kothamangalam, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.69534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.130083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.69534/lat 10.130083)">Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary</a>), 10o7'48.3''N, 76o41'43.24''E, 96 m alt., 22 May 2013, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult male , 1 female, (ADSH20193); Malappuram, Akambadam, 11o18'37.42''N, 76o12'31.68''E, 41 m alt., 23 August 2013, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 2 females with egg sacs (ADSH20194); Kottayam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.71345&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.709894" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.71345/lat 9.709894)">Areeppara in Edappady</a>, 9o42'35.62''N, 76o42'48.42''E, 27 m alt., 16 August 2016, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 male (ADSH20195) and 25 March 2017 : 1 female (ADSH20196).</p><p>Diagnosis. Ctenus cochinensis can be separated from other congeners by the following combination of characters: hook-shaped RTA without apical bifurcation, MA short, roughly squarish, embolus with well-defined, transversely oriented apical part, flat, as wide as long epigynal plate, posteriorly placed epigynal teeth, nearly straight lateral folds of copulatory ducts and peanut-like spermathecae (Fig. 5A–F).</p><p>Redescription. Male (based on ADSH20195, Fig. 1D). Carapace pale brownish with yellowish-brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal yellowish-brown medio-lateral bands and patches. Fovea long (1.41), longitudinal, reddish. Eye field black except between PLEs, which is yellowish-brown; ALEs, PLEs and PMEs basally covered with fine, short white hairs (Fig. 1D). Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, sternum, and spinnerets pale brownish. Dorsum of chelicerae covered with long brownish hairs; promargin with a thick layer of inwardly curved brownish hairs, with three teeth; retromargin with four. Sternum covered with black hairs. Opisthosoma roughly oval, hirsute; dorsum, laterals, and venter greyish-brown; venter with a broad, inverted triangular, creamy patch. Leg segments pale brownish to brownish with black shades and annulations; all tarsi scopulated, tarsal scopula entire; metatarsus I with entire scopula, distal 2/3rd of metatarsus II scopulated, metatarsi III and IV lack scopula. Body length 10.71. Carapace length 6.39, width 5.44. Opisthosoma length 4.32, width 2.91. Eye diameters: ALE 0.19. AME 0.32. PLE 0.39. PME 0.45. Eye interdistances: ALE–ALE 0.25. ALE–PME 0.08. AME–ALE 0.16. AME–AME 0.18. PLE–PLE 1.52. PME–PME 0.22. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16, at ALEs 0.67. Chelicerae length 2.06. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 8.42 [3.19, 1.20, 1.28, 2.75], I 23.26 [6.21, 2.81, 6.28, 6.23, 1.73], II 20.12 [5.65, 2.61, 5.02, 5.34, 1.50], III 16.70 [4.93, 2.14, 3.62, 4.65, 1.36], IV 23.89 [6.40, 2.40, 5.37, 7.97, 1.75]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 1 plv 1 rld 1 rlv 1, tarsus/cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pl 1 pld 2 do 3 rld 4, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 4, III pl 5 do 3 rl 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 3; patellae I–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibia I pl 1 plv 5 do 3 rld 2 rlv 5, II pl 1 plv 5 do 3 rl 2 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 3 do 2 rl 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 4 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, III pl 1 pld 3 plv 2 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3, IV pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I–IV spineless. Pedipalp (Fig. 5A– C): palpal segments brownish with black shades. RTA stout, with broad proximal part, short, distal part with acute tip, appears hook-like in retrolateral view (Fig. 5B–C). Ventro-lateral tibial apophysis short, thumb-like, directed at 2-o’clock in ventral view (Fig. 5B). Cymbium tip conical, without basal extension, with short, acute, retrolateral cymbial tooth (Fig. 5B–C). Tegulum highly sclerotised, with a median membranous pit (Fig. 5B). Subtegulum highly sclerotised. MA short, nearly rectangular, baso-retrolateral, with a slight apico-prolateral extension (Fig. 5B). Embolus apically with a prolateral curvature, with blunt tip, narrow in ventral view (Fig. 5A–B). Conductor transparent, apico-retrolateral, rounded in ventral view (Fig. 5A–C).</p><p>Female (based on ADSH20196) (Fig. 1B, E). Like male except the following. Carapace brownish with pale brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal, pale brown medio-lateral bands. Fovea (1.08) dark. Eye field brownish except between PLEs, which is pale brown. Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, and sternum brownish. Dorsum, laterals and venter of opisthosoma blackish-brown with inconspicuous black spots and W-shaped markings; venter with paired median longitudinal bands formed of pale yellowish spots. Spinnerets pale yellowish with black shades. Leg segments brownish. Body length 12.72. Carapace length 6.49, width 5.11. Opisthosoma length 6.23, width 4.11. Eye diameters: ALE 0.21. AME 0.25. PLE 0.36. PME 0.47. Eye interdistances: ALE–ALE 1.36. ALE–PME 0.09. AME–ALE 0.51. AME–AME 0.15. PLE–PLE 1.58. PME–PME 0.25. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.58. Chelicerae length 2.85. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.79 [2.46, 1.26, 1.43, 1.64], I 16.45 [4.74, 2.69, 4.15, 3.76, 1.11], II 15.20 [4.53, 2.55, 3.54, 3.48, 1.10], III 13.26 [4.05, 1.97, 2.87, 3.44, 0.93], IV 19.18 [5.37, 2.36, 4.30, 5.76, 1.39]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 2 do 2 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rld 2, tarsus pl 2 pld 1 rl 2; legs: femur I pld 2 plv 1 do 3 rld 3, II pl 2 pld 2 do 3 rld 3, III plv 4 do 4 rlv 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 1; patellae I–II spineless, III–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I–II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 3 do 2 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I plv 3 rlv 2, II plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 3 rld 2 rlv 4; tarsi I–IV spineless. Epigynum (Fig. 5D–F): epigynal plate flat, nearly as wide as long, with distinct short, wide epigynal field (Fig. 5D, F). Copulatory openings postero-lateral to the epigynal plate, masked by epigynal plate (Fig. 5E, arrows). Epigynal teeth simple, placed postero-laterally to epigynal plate (Fig. 5D–E). Copulatory ducts short, wide (Fig. 5E); lateral folds well marked, slightly diagonally oriented, continuous with epigynal teeth (Fig. 5E). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, obliquely oriented, close to each other, with two differently sized chambers (Fig. 5E, 1 &amp; 2). Fertilization ducts short, narrow, with slightly upturned apical part (Fig. 5E).</p><p>Variation. Adult females (n=5): body length 10.43–12.72. The epigynum of the female specimen from the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (ADSH20193) has wavy antero-lateral margins and its epigynal teeth are placed close to the posterior epigynal border line (Fig. 5G).</p><p>Distribution. India (Kerala) (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.text	0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenus indicus Gravely 1931	<div><p>Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931</p><p>Figs 1C, F, 2C–E, 7, 8</p><p>Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931: 234, fig. 2J–L (description and illustrations of female). Tikader &amp; Malhotra 1981: 114, fig. 6A– C (description and illustrations of female).</p><p>Type material. Two female syntypes of Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931 from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.77563&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.3928585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.77563/lat 10.3928585)">Parambikulam</a> (10o23'34.29''N, 76o46'32.24''E), 597 m alt.; F.H. Gravely leg. ; 16–24 September 1914; repository ZSI; voucher numbers 1505/18; unspecified number of female syntypes from Thrissur: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53695&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.273302" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53695/lat 10.273302)">Kavalai</a> (10o16'23.89''N, 76o32'13.03''E), 390 m alt.; F.H. Gravely leg. ; date and repository unknown; 1 female syntype from Tamil Nadu: Ooty (formerly <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.693245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.406413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.693245/lat 11.406413)">Ootacamund</a>) (11o24'23.09''N, 76o41'35.68''E), 2246 m alt.; F.H. Gravely leg.; date and repository unknown, all not examined.</p><p>Note. The species was identified using the illustrations given by Gravely (1931) and Tikader &amp; Malhotra (1981).</p><p>Material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Ernakulam, Kothamangalam, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.69534&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.130083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.69534/lat 10.130083)">Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary</a>), 10o7'48.3''N, 76o41'43.24''E, 96 m alt., 22 May 2013, M .S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201031); Kollam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.06436&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.901769" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.06436/lat 8.901769)">Kulathupuzha Forest</a> Reserve, 8o54'6.37''N, 77o3'51.70''E, 134 m alt., 31 July 2013, M .S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201032) and 11 January 2015: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201033); Pathanamthitta, Gavi, 9o26'9.07''N, 77o9'56.78''E, 1201 m alt., 21 December 2013, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female, (ADSH 201034); Trivandrum, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.116875&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.759942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.116875/lat 8.759942)">Kallar in Ponmudi</a>, 8o45'35.79''N, 77o7'00.75''E, 920 m alt., 4 October 2014, M .S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH 201035); Kollam, Thenmala, 8o57'30.7''N, 77o10'38.9''E, 567 m alt., 10 January 2015, M.S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH 201036).</p><p>Diagnosis. Females of C. indicus can be separated from the females of other species by the following combination of characters: epigynal teeth lying away from the lateral epigynal margin, epigynal plate with broad anterior part and epigynum with strongly sclerotized lateral plates (Fig. 7A–C).</p><p>Redescription. Female (based on ADSH 201037, Figs 1C, F, 2C–E). Carapace reddish-brown with broad pale brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal, pale brown medio-lateral bands and patches. Fovea long (1.87), dark. Eye field blackish except between PLEs, which is pale brown. Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, and sternum brownish. Dorsum of chelicerae covered with long brownish hairs; promargin with a thick layer of short, inwardly curved hairs, with three teeth; retromargin with four teeth. Sternum covered with black hairs. Opisthosoma oval, hirsute, greyish-brown; dorsum antero-laterally with a pair of black patches. Spinnerets brownish. Leg and palpal segments brownish to blackish-brown. All femora with white spots and patches, femur IV retro-basally with a few small humps, each consists of numerous tiny, smooth tubercles (Fig. 2C–E); 2/3rd of tibia I and 1/3rd of tibia II scopulated, tibiae III and IV lack scopulae; all metatarsi with scopulae, I and II entire, III and IV only on distal half; all tarsi scopulated, tarsal scopula complete. Body length 21.10. Carapace length 10.92, width 8.76. Opisthosoma length 10.18, width 6.91. Eye diameters: ALE 0.32. AME 0.42. PLE 0.51. PME 0.60. Eye interdistances: ALE–ALE 1.88. ALE–PME 0.25. AME–ALE 0.18. AME–AME 0.28. PLE–PLE 2.28. PME–PME 0.32. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.28, at ALEs 1.04. Chelicerae length 4.77. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 11.57 [4.13, 2.11, 2.69, 2.64], I 28.16 [8.01, 4.24, 7.32, 6.64, 1.95], II 26.59 [7.81, 4.16, 6.31, 6.42, 1.89], III 22.60 [6.71, 3.48, 4.78, 5.94, 1.69], IV 31.69 [8.70, 3.73, 7.11, 9.92, 2.23]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 2 do 2 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 2 pld 1 rl 1 rld 1; legs: femur I pld 2 plv 1 do 3 rld 3, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 3, III pld 4 do 3 rld 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 2; patellae I–II spineless, III–IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I–II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 pld 2 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsi I–II plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 3 pld 1plv 3 rl 3 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I–IV spineless. Epigynum (Fig. 7A–C): Median field of epigynal plate nearly triangular with circular epigynal field, with a median bulging (Fig. 7A, C), with strongly sclerotized lateral plates, first concave, second straight (Fig. 7A, 1 st &amp; 2nd arrows); epigynal lateral folds moderately distinct (Fig. 7B), with a broad tooth (Fig. 7A). Copulatory openings hidden behind proximal part of epigynal teeth (Fig. 7A, 3 rd arrow). Copulatory ducts short, lying beneath the lateral folds (Fig. 7B). Spermathecae nearly peanut-shaped, obliquely oriented, widely separated, with two differently sized chambers (Fig. 7B). Fertilization ducts short, narrow with slightly upturned apical part (Fig. 7B). Male: Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) (Fig. 8).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
