taxonID	type	description	language	source
0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Carapace with deep dorsal indentation (Hyatt 1954: fig. 2; herein Fig. 2 A), clypeus high (Steyn et al. 2003: fig. 3; herein Fig. 2 B), cheliceral retromargin with four teeth, tibiae I and II usually with six prolateralventral and five retrolateral-ventral spines or rarely six on each row on tibiae I and II, RTA with superior and inferior denticles (Hyatt 1954: figs 3 – 4, 6 – 8; Steyn et al. 2003: figs 7 – 8, 12 – 13, 17 – 18; herein Fig. 3 B) and epigynal plate with M-shaped anterior half (Hyatt 1954: plate XXXII, figs 26 – 33; Steyn et al. 2003: figs 9, 14, 19).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Africactenus agilior (Pocock, 1900), by subsequent designation (Hyatt 1954).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFBFF36A1E1BFDC2AB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus was erected by Hyatt (1954) for 11 ctenid spiders from Africa as a member of the subfamily Acantheinae Simon, 1897 and was later transferred to Cteninae Simon, 1897 (Polotow & Brescovit 2014). To date, the genus has 20 nominal species, three are known only from males, eight only from females, whereas nine are known from both sexes (World Spider Catalog 2017). The genus is currently restricted to Africa (World Spider Catalog 2017).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, male missing right leg I (ADSH 203 A) from Areeppara in Edappady, 9 o 42 ' 35.62 '' N, 76 o 42 ' 48.42 '' E, Kottayam, Kerala, India, 27 m alt., 28 July 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand. Paratype, male (ADSH 203 B), same data as holotype, except 20 August 2014. Additional material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Pathanamthitta, Thiruvalla, Kavumbhagom, 9 o 24 ' 15.60 '' N, 76 o 32 ' 45.36 '' E, 3 m alt., 1 male (ADSH 203 C), Sam Thomas leg., 19 June 2013, from ground, by hand.	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males of Africactenus unumus sp. nov. seem closely similar to the males of Africactenus decorosus (Arts, 1912) as both share the wide, transversely oriented apical part of embolus as well as the same position and orientation of the conductor, but can be separated from the latter by the following combination of characters: RTA with single inferior denticle (RTA of A. decorosus with three inferior denticles), broad conductor (A. decorosus with thin conductor), MA lying away from embolus (MA of A. decorosus lying close to embolus), embolus with embolic apophysis (embolus of A. decorosus lacks embolic apophysis) and embolus narrowing at tip (A. decorosus with uniformly wide embolus) (Fig. 3 A – C, compare with Steyn et al. 2003: figs 7 – 8).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	description	Description. Male (holotype, Figs 1 A, 2 A – B). Carapace with deep median indentation (Fig. 2 A), brownish, with faint, blackish, reticulated pattern and mats of greyish hairs along sides, with broad, median, pale brown, roughly flower vase-like patch, its posterior part just in front of fovea abruptly narrowing towards pedicel, its apical part with a longitudinal white stripe, which bifurcates posteriorly to continue along lateral margins (Fig. 1 A). Fovea long (1.39), longitudinal, black. Eye field, clypeus, chelicerae, labium, endites, sternum, spinnerets, and legs brownish. Clypeus very high (Fig. 2 B). Chelicerae dorsally with greyish-brown stiff hairs; promargin with a thick layer of long, brownish, inwardly curved hairs, with one teeth and two denticles, retromargin with four teeth and two small denticles. Fangs black. Sternum clothed with black hairs. Opisthosoma elongated oval, olive-brown, with irregularly scattered black spots and striae; dorsum medially with a broad longitudinal, straw-coloured patch, anterior 2 / 3 rd of which medially possesses a pale yellowish band; dorsum with scattered clusters of white, stiff hairs (Fig. 1 A); venter medially with a broad yellowish patch, the middle of which bears a longitudinal olive-brown stripe. Scopulae on tarsi entire; scopulae on metatarsi I – II entire, 2 / 3 rd of metatarsus III with reduced scopula, metatarsus IV lacks scopula. Body length 14.99. Carapace length 7.98, width 6.71. Opisthosoma length 7.01, width 3.98. Eye diameters: ALE 0.24. AME 0.36. PLE 0.53. PME 0.44. Eye interdistances: ALE – ALE 1.46. ALE – PME 0.19. AME – ALE 0.30. AME – AME 0.25. PLE – PLE 1.72. PME – PME 0.36. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.71, at ALEs 1.29. Chelicerae length 3.79. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 12.97 [5.05, 1.85, 2.87, 3.20], I 51.44 [13.82, 4.17, 15.39, 14.25, 3.81], II 45.77 [12.38, 4.11, 13.19, 12.65, 3.44], III 36.71 [10.22, 3.22, 10.12, 10.41, 2.74], IV 53.19 [14.83, 3.34, 13.47, 18.03, 3.52]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pl 1 rl 1, tibia pl 1 plv 1 rl 1 rld 1, tarsus / cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pl 2 pld 2 plv 1 do 1 rld 4, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 4, III – IV pld 4 do 3 rld 4; patellae I – IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I – II pl 1 plv 6 do 4 rl 2 rlv 6, III pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 4 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pl 1 plv 2 rl 2 rlv 3, II pl 1 plv 3 rl 2 rlv 3, III pl 1 pld 3 plv 3 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3, IV pl 1 pld 4 plv 4 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Fig. 3 A – C): palpal segments brownish with faint black annulations on femur, patella and tibia. RTA short with broad base and one tiny, sharp inferior denticle (Fig. 3 B, arrow). Ventro-lateral tibial apophysis short, thumb-like, directed at 2 - o’clock in ventral view (Fig. 3 B). Distal part of cymbium slender, cylindriform; cymbium with a short baso-retrolateral, lamella-like outgrowth (Fig. 3 B – C). Tegulum nearly oval. Subtegulum small. MA nearly globular, medio-retrolateral (Fig. 3 B). Embolus long, with well sclerotised median part over membranous part, with wide, transversely oriented apical part, with hook-like tip, with a short, flat apophysis (Fig. 3 A – B). Conductor broad, hyaline, apico-retrolateral, anterior part slightly overlying the embolar tip (Fig. 3 B – C). Female: Unknown.	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, from the Latin unum = one, is an adjective and refers to the single inferior denticle of the RTA of the new species.	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	description	Variation. Males (n = 3): body length 10.87 – 14.99.	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C354061DFFFEFF36A40FBC582B8A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Kerala) (Fig. 4).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Male and 2 female syntypes of Ctenus cochinensis Gravely, 1931 from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Parambikulam (10 o 23 ' 34.29 '' N, 76 o 46 ' 32.24 '' E), 597 m alt. (male) and Thrissur: Kavalai (10 o 16 ' 23.89 '' N, 76 o 32 ' 13.03 '' E), 390 m alt. (females); F. H. Gravely leg.; 16 – 24 September 1914; repository ZSI; voucher numbers 1506 / 18 (male) and 1550 / 18 (females), not examined. Note. The species was identified using the illustrations given by Gravely (1931) and Tikader & Malhotra (1981). Material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Thrissur, Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary, 10 o 25 ' 6.80 '' N, 76 o 32 ' 7.25 '' E, 709 m alt., 8 May 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult male, 2 subadult females, (ADSH 20191) and 23 July 2013: 1 female with egg sac (ADSH 20192); Ernakulam, Kothamangalam, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary), 10 o 7 ' 48.3 '' N, 76 o 41 ' 43.24 '' E, 96 m alt., 22 May 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult male, 1 female, (ADSH 20193); Malappuram, Akambadam, 11 o 18 ' 37.42 '' N, 76 o 12 ' 31.68 '' E, 41 m alt., 23 August 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 2 females with egg sacs (ADSH 20194); Kottayam, Areeppara in Edappady, 9 o 42 ' 35.62 '' N, 76 o 42 ' 48.42 '' E, 27 m alt., 16 August 2016, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 male (ADSH 20195) and 25 March 2017: 1 female (ADSH 20196).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ctenus cochinensis can be separated from other congeners by the following combination of characters: hook-shaped RTA without apical bifurcation, MA short, roughly squarish, embolus with well-defined, transversely oriented apical part, flat, as wide as long epigynal plate, posteriorly placed epigynal teeth, nearly straight lateral folds of copulatory ducts and peanut-like spermathecae (Fig. 5 A – F).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.taxon	description	Redescription. Male (based on ADSH 20195, Fig. 1 D). Carapace pale brownish with yellowish-brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal yellowish-brown medio-lateral bands and patches. Fovea long (1.41), longitudinal, reddish. Eye field black except between PLEs, which is yellowish-brown; ALEs, PLEs and PMEs basally covered with fine, short white hairs (Fig. 1 D). Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, sternum, and spinnerets pale brownish. Dorsum of chelicerae covered with long brownish hairs; promargin with a thick layer of inwardly curved brownish hairs, with three teeth; retromargin with four. Sternum covered with black hairs. Opisthosoma roughly oval, hirsute; dorsum, laterals, and venter greyish-brown; venter with a broad, inverted triangular, creamy patch. Leg segments pale brownish to brownish with black shades and annulations; all tarsi scopulated, tarsal scopula entire; metatarsus I with entire scopula, distal 2 / 3 rd of metatarsus II scopulated, metatarsi III and IV lack scopula. Body length 10.71. Carapace length 6.39, width 5.44. Opisthosoma length 4.32, width 2.91. Eye diameters: ALE 0.19. AME 0.32. PLE 0.39. PME 0.45. Eye interdistances: ALE – ALE 0.25. ALE – PME 0.08. AME – ALE 0.16. AME – AME 0.18. PLE – PLE 1.52. PME – PME 0.22. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.16, at ALEs 0.67. Chelicerae length 2.06. Measurements of pedipalp and legs: pedipalp 8.42 [3.19, 1.20, 1.28, 2.75], I 23.26 [6.21, 2.81, 6.28, 6.23, 1.73], II 20.12 [5.65, 2.61, 5.02, 5.34, 1.50], III 16.70 [4.93, 2.14, 3.62, 4.65, 1.36], IV 23.89 [6.40, 2.40, 5.37, 7.97, 1.75]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of pedipalp: femur pld 1 do 4 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 1 plv 1 rld 1 rlv 1, tarsus / cymbium spineless; legs: femur I pl 1 pld 2 do 3 rld 4, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 4, III pl 5 do 3 rl 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 3; patellae I – IV pl 1 rl 1; tibia I pl 1 plv 5 do 3 rld 2 rlv 5, II pl 1 plv 5 do 3 rl 2 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 3 do 2 rl 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 4 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I pld 2 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3, II pld 3 plv 3 rld 3 rlv 3 vt 1, III pl 1 pld 3 plv 2 rl 1 rld 3 rlv 3, IV pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I – IV spineless. Pedipalp (Fig. 5 A – C): palpal segments brownish with black shades. RTA stout, with broad proximal part, short, distal part with acute tip, appears hook-like in retrolateral view (Fig. 5 B – C). Ventro-lateral tibial apophysis short, thumb-like, directed at 2 - o’clock in ventral view (Fig. 5 B). Cymbium tip conical, without basal extension, with short, acute, retrolateral cymbial tooth (Fig. 5 B – C). Tegulum highly sclerotised, with a median membranous pit (Fig. 5 B). Subtegulum highly sclerotised. MA short, nearly rectangular, baso-retrolateral, with a slight apico-prolateral extension (Fig. 5 B). Embolus apically with a prolateral curvature, with blunt tip, narrow in ventral view (Fig. 5 A – B). Conductor transparent, apico-retrolateral, rounded in ventral view (Fig. 5 A – C). Female (based on ADSH 20196) (Fig. 1 B, E). Like male except the following. Carapace brownish with pale brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal, pale brown medio-lateral bands. Fovea (1.08) dark. Eye field brownish except between PLEs, which is pale brown. Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, and sternum brownish. Dorsum, laterals and venter of opisthosoma blackish-brown with inconspicuous black spots and W-shaped markings; venter with paired median longitudinal bands formed of pale yellowish spots. Spinnerets pale yellowish with black shades. Leg segments brownish. Body length 12.72. Carapace length 6.49, width 5.11. Opisthosoma length 6.23, width 4.11. Eye diameters: ALE 0.21. AME 0.25. PLE 0.36. PME 0.47. Eye interdistances: ALE – ALE 1.36. ALE – PME 0.09. AME – ALE 0.51. AME – AME 0.15. PLE – PLE 1.58. PME – PME 0.25. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.14, at ALEs 0.58. Chelicerae length 2.85. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 6.79 [2.46, 1.26, 1.43, 1.64], I 16.45 [4.74, 2.69, 4.15, 3.76, 1.11], II 15.20 [4.53, 2.55, 3.54, 3.48, 1.10], III 13.26 [4.05, 1.97, 2.87, 3.44, 0.93], IV 19.18 [5.37, 2.36, 4.30, 5.76, 1.39]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 2 do 2 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rld 2, tarsus pl 2 pld 1 rl 2; legs: femur I pld 2 plv 1 do 3 rld 3, II pl 2 pld 2 do 3 rld 3, III plv 4 do 4 rlv 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 1; patellae I – II spineless, III – IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I – II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 plv 3 do 2 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsus I plv 3 rlv 2, II plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 3 rld 2 rlv 4; tarsi I – IV spineless. Epigynum (Fig. 5 D – F): epigynal plate flat, nearly as wide as long, with distinct short, wide epigynal field (Fig. 5 D, F). Copulatory openings postero-lateral to the epigynal plate, masked by epigynal plate (Fig. 5 E, arrows). Epigynal teeth simple, placed postero-laterally to epigynal plate (Fig. 5 D – E). Copulatory ducts short, wide (Fig. 5 E); lateral folds well marked, slightly diagonally oriented, continuous with epigynal teeth (Fig. 5 E). Spermathecae peanut-shaped, obliquely oriented, close to each other, with two differently sized chambers (Fig. 5 E, 1 & 2). Fertilization ducts short, narrow, with slightly upturned apical part (Fig. 5 E). Variation. Adult females (n = 5): body length 10.43 – 12.72. The epigynum of the female specimen from the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (ADSH 20193) has wavy antero-lateral margins and its epigynal teeth are placed close to the posterior epigynal border line (Fig. 5 G).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540619FFFDFF36A4B1BC582EC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Kerala) (Fig. 6).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Two female syntypes of Ctenus indicus Gravely, 1931 from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Parambikulam (10 o 23 ' 34.29 '' N, 76 o 46 ' 32.24 '' E), 597 m alt.; F. H. Gravely leg.; 16 – 24 September 1914; repository ZSI; voucher numbers 1505 / 18; unspecified number of female syntypes from Thrissur: Kavalai (10 o 16 ' 23.89 '' N, 76 o 32 ' 13.03 '' E), 390 m alt.; F. H. Gravely leg.; date and repository unknown; 1 female syntype from Tamil Nadu: Ooty (formerly Ootacamund) (11 o 24 ' 23.09 '' N, 76 o 41 ' 35.68 '' E), 2246 m alt.; F. H. Gravely leg.; date and repository unknown, all not examined. Note. The species was identified using the illustrations given by Gravely (1931) and Tikader & Malhotra (1981). Material examined. INDIA, Kerala: Ernakulam, Kothamangalam, Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary (Thattekkadu Bird Sanctuary), 10 o 7 ' 48.3 '' N, 76 o 41 ' 43.24 '' E, 96 m alt., 22 May 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201031); Kollam, Kulathupuzha Forest Reserve, 8 o 54 ' 6.37 '' N, 77 o 3 ' 51.70 '' E, 134 m alt., 31 July 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201032) and 11 January 2015: 1 subadult female (ADSH 201033); Pathanamthitta, Gavi, 9 o 26 ' 9.07 '' N, 77 o 9 ' 56.78 '' E, 1201 m alt., 21 December 2013, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 subadult female, (ADSH 201034); Trivandrum, Kallar in Ponmudi, 8 o 45 ' 35.79 '' N, 77 o 7 ' 00.75 '' E, 920 m alt., 4 October 2014, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH 201035); Kollam, Thenmala, 8 o 57 ' 30.7 '' N, 77 o 10 ' 38.9 '' E, 567 m alt., 10 January 2015, M. S. Pradeep leg., from ground, by hand: 1 female (ADSH 201036).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Females of C. indicus can be separated from the females of other species by the following combination of characters: epigynal teeth lying away from the lateral epigynal margin, epigynal plate with broad anterior part and epigynum with strongly sclerotized lateral plates (Fig. 7 A – C).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.taxon	description	Redescription. Female (based on ADSH 201037, Figs 1 C, F, 2 C – E). Carapace reddish-brown with broad pale brown median band; thoracic part provided with narrow, longitudinal, pale brown medio-lateral bands and patches. Fovea long (1.87), dark. Eye field blackish except between PLEs, which is pale brown. Clypeus, chelicerae, fangs, endites, labium, and sternum brownish. Dorsum of chelicerae covered with long brownish hairs; promargin with a thick layer of short, inwardly curved hairs, with three teeth; retromargin with four teeth. Sternum covered with black hairs. Opisthosoma oval, hirsute, greyish-brown; dorsum antero-laterally with a pair of black patches. Spinnerets brownish. Leg and palpal segments brownish to blackish-brown. All femora with white spots and patches, femur IV retro-basally with a few small humps, each consists of numerous tiny, smooth tubercles (Fig. 2 C – E); 2 / 3 rd of tibia I and 1 / 3 rd of tibia II scopulated, tibiae III and IV lack scopulae; all metatarsi with scopulae, I and II entire, III and IV only on distal half; all tarsi scopulated, tarsal scopula complete. Body length 21.10. Carapace length 10.92, width 8.76. Opisthosoma length 10.18, width 6.91. Eye diameters: ALE 0.32. AME 0.42. PLE 0.51. PME 0.60. Eye interdistances: ALE – ALE 1.88. ALE – PME 0.25. AME – ALE 0.18. AME – AME 0.28. PLE – PLE 2.28. PME – PME 0.32. Clypeus height at AMEs 0.28, at ALEs 1.04. Chelicerae length 4.77. Measurements of palp and legs: palp 11.57 [4.13, 2.11, 2.69, 2.64], I 28.16 [8.01, 4.24, 7.32, 6.64, 1.95], II 26.59 [7.81, 4.16, 6.31, 6.42, 1.89], III 22.60 [6.71, 3.48, 4.78, 5.94, 1.69], IV 31.69 [8.70, 3.73, 7.11, 9.92, 2.23]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination of palp: femur pld 2 do 2 rld 1, patella pl 1, tibia pl 2 rl 1 rld 1, tarsus pl 2 pld 1 rl 1 rld 1; legs: femur I pld 2 plv 1 do 3 rld 3, II pl 1 pld 3 do 3 rld 3, III pld 4 do 3 rld 4, IV pld 4 do 3, rld 2; patellae I – II spineless, III – IV pl 1 rl 1; tibiae I – II plv 5 rlv 5, III pl 2 pld 2 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 do 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsi I – II plv 3 rlv 3, III pl 3 pld 1 plv 3 rl 3 rld 2 rlv 3, IV pl 2 pld 1 plv 3 rl 2 rld 3 rlv 4; tarsi I – IV spineless. Epigynum (Fig. 7 A – C): Median field of epigynal plate nearly triangular with circular epigynal field, with a median bulging (Fig. 7 A, C), with strongly sclerotized lateral plates, first concave, second straight (Fig. 7 A, 1 st & 2 nd arrows); epigynal lateral folds moderately distinct (Fig. 7 B), with a broad tooth (Fig. 7 A). Copulatory openings hidden behind proximal part of epigynal teeth (Fig. 7 A, 3 rd arrow). Copulatory ducts short, lying beneath the lateral folds (Fig. 7 B). Spermathecae nearly peanut-shaped, obliquely oriented, widely separated, with two differently sized chambers (Fig. 7 B). Fertilization ducts short, narrow with slightly upturned apical part (Fig. 7 B). Male: Unknown.	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
0E10C3540614FFF0FF36A487BCC62839.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Kerala, Tamil Nadu) (Fig. 8).	en	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2018): First record of Africactenus Hyatt, 1954 and redescriptions of two poorly known species of Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Ctenidae, Cteninae) from India. Zootaxa 4388 (3): 395-406, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4388.3.5
