taxonID	type	description	language	source
0E376272FFF9FFA7FF7DFE47FF2DFF3F.taxon	description	Female macroptera: Body and legs dark brown, fore tibiae and all tarsi yellow; antennal segments III – VII yellow, VIII light brown; postocular and pronotal posteroangular setae light brown and finely acute, remaining major setae on pronotum dark brown with broadly blunt apices; fore wing sub-basal setae, and lateral abdominal setae dark brown, tergite IX setae light brown; fore wing clear, weakly shaded on clavus and around sub-basal setae. Head longer than wide, sharply narrowed to base; without sculpture between ocelli, but rest of vertex transversely striate (Fig. 1); po setae finely acute, longer than dorsal eye length, arising laterally; maxillary stylets retracted almost to postocular setae, weakly V-shaped in position, about one third of head width apart medially with prominent maxillary bridge; mouth cone long and pointed, extending between prosternal basantra; maxillary palps about 7 times as long as wide. Antennae 8 - segmented; segment III with 3 slender sense cones about as long as segment width, IV with 4 sense cones; VIII narrowed to base. Pronotum sculptured across entire surface, with longitudinal, darker median ridge; major setae relatively short and bluntly capitate, but pa setae long and finely acute; notopleural sutures complete. Fore femora swollen, inner margin slightly rugose without clearly-defined tubercles; fore tarsal tooth stout, more than half as long as tarsal width. Prosternal basantra long and well-developed; ferna large; mesopresternum of two triangles weakly joined medially, mesoeusternal anterior margin broadly rounded; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed. Mesonotum with median longitudinal division scarcely one third as long as this sclerite, lateral setae minute and acute. Metanotum medially with sculpture forming narrow longitudinal parallel reticulation, median setae acute (Fig. 10). Fore wings almost parallel sided, sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 with blunt to weakly capitate apices, S 3 pointed; with about 10 duplicated cilia. Pelta broadly triangular with weak sculpture, campaniform sensilla present; tergites II – VII each with an additional pair of curved or weakly sigmoid setae present or absent anterolateral to wing retaining setae (Fig. 18); tergite IX setae pointed, longer than tube; anal setae longer than tube. Sternites with median pair of marginal setae long and slender, arising sub-marginally; about 12 small discal setae in irregular transverse row across each sternite. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 2500. Head, length 250; width across cheeks 180; po setae 135. Pronotum, length 225; median width 280; major setae, am 45, aa 40, ml 45, epim 50, pa 115. Mesonotal lateral setae 12. Fore wing, length 1000; sub-basal setae 70, 70, 90. Tergite IV lateral setae 100, 55. Tergite IX setae S 1 260, S 2 230. Tube length 190; longest anal setae 350. Antennal segments III – VIII length 75, 70, 60, 55, 55, 35. Male macroptera: Similar to female but smaller; tergite IX setae S 2 short and stout, longer than iS setae; sternite VIII with no pore plate. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 2000. Head, length 220; width across cheeks 160; po setae 95. Pronotum, length 175; median width 225; major setae, am 30, aa 35 ml?, epim 50, pa 85. Mesonotal lateral setae 12. Fore wing length 820. Tergite IX setae S 1 220, S 2 35. Tube length 160. Antennal segments III – VIII length 70, 65, 55, 50, 45, 30. Specimens examined. EAST MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, Lambir Hills National Park, holotype female. from Macaranga gigantea flowering male bud, 2. vi. 2006 (Chikako Ishida), in BMNH. Paratypes: 1 male taken with holotype; same locality and collector, 1 female from female flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 4. vii. 2006. SABAH, from Macaranga tanarius: Kota Kinabalu, 1 female, 2. vi. 2008, 2 females, 22. ix. 2008; Pulau Mamutik, 3 females, 2 males. Non-paratype: WEST MALAYSIA, Frasers Hill, 1 female from Macaranga gigantea, 30. vi. 1999 (Ute Moog 99 / 150).	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF9FFA7FF7DFE47FF2DFF3F.taxon	discussion	Comments. The holotype female and paratype female are mounted very cleanly in a dorso-ventral position, such that the inner, ventral margins of the fore femora are not easily seen. However, these margins appear to have a row of weakly defined rugosities, although these are not clear enough to be illustrated and are not present either on the male paratype or on the paratypes from Sabah. In contrast, the non-paratype female has the single available fore leg slightly rotated, such that the inner, lower margin of the fore femur is exposed and clearly bears a row of rugosities or indistinct tubercles. It differs from the three specimens of the type series in being larger, the postocular setae 150 microns long, and the posteroangular setae on the pronotum short and dark and similar to the epimeral setae. As indicated in the key above, chikakoae differs from the others in this genus in the unusually long postocular setae, but like eriae and the species related to indicus it has unusually short, pointed mesonotal lateral setae.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFFFFFA4FF7DF8FFFC7BFE6C.taxon	description	Described from India, this species is similar in appearance to macarangai, but has much longer pronotal anteromarginal setae. It was described from two specimens taken in India near Delhi from Abutilon indicum (misspelled on the slides and in the original publication as “ Alentillon ”). The synonymic species, gracilipes, is also known to be associated with Abutilon. The male has tergite IX setae S 2 unusually small and scarcely half as long as the iS setae, and as in macarangai the mesonotal lateral setae are long and capitate.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFFFFFA4FF7DF8FFFC7BFE6C.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. INDIA: Pusa, paralectotype male on “ Alentillon indicum ”, 12. x. 1909 (Misra); Madras, 1 female from Abutilon, 27. iv. 1963 (Ananthakrishnan), in BMNH.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFFCFFAAFF7DFBD1FB05F80C.taxon	description	Female macroptera: Body and legs brown, femora and tibiae brown but fore tibiae fading to yellow at apex and mid tibiae with extreme apex yellow; tarsi yellow; antennal segments III – VI yellow, VII weakly shaded at apex, VIII light brown; major setae light brown, tergite IX setae pale; fore wing clear, weakly shaded on clavus and around sub-basal setae. Head longer than wide, constricted at base; without sculpture between ocelli, but rest of vertex transversely striate (Fig. 3); po setae finely acute, almost as long as dorsal eye length, arising laterally; maxillary stylets retracted almost to postocular setae, weakly V-shaped in position, about one third of head width apart medially with prominent maxillary bridge; mouth cone long and pointed, extending between prosternal basantra; maxillary palps about 7 times as long as wide. Antennae 8 - segmented; segment III with 3 slender sense cones about as long as segment width, IV with 4 sense cones; VIII narrowed to base. Pronotum sculptured across entire surface (Fig. 3); major setae relatively short, apices capitate; notopleural sutures complete. Fore femora slightly swollen, inner margin with row of 6 or 7 small dark tubercles; fore tarsal tooth stout, almost half as long as tarsal width. Prosternal basantra well-developed; ferna large; mesopresternum of two triangles extending toward mid-line but not joining; mesoeusternal anterior margin broadly rounded; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed. Mesonotum with median longitudinal division scarcely one third as long as this sclerite, lateral setae minute and acute. Metanotum medially with sculpture forming narrow longitudinal parallel, concentric, reticulation, median setae acute (Fig. 11). Fore wings almost parallel sided, subbasal setae S 1 and S 2 with weakly capitate apices, S 3 pointed; with about 7 duplicated cilia. Pelta broadly triangular with very weak sculpture, campaniform sensilla present; tergites II – VII without an additional pair of sigmoid setae anterolateral to wing retaining setae (Fig. 25); tergite IX setae finely acute, longer than tube; anal setae longer than tube. Sternites with median pair of marginal setae long and slender, arising submarginally; about 16 small discal setae in irregular transverse row across each sternite. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1900. Head, length 220; width across cheeks 150; po setae 75. Pronotum, length 155; median width 210; major setae, am 30, aa 20, ml 30, epim 40, pa 40. Mesonotal lateral setae 12. Fore wing, length 720; sub-basal setae 35, 40, 65. Tergite IV lateral setae 70, 35. Tergite IX setae S 1 180, S 2 180. Tube length 150. Antennal segments III – VIII length 55, 55, 45, 50, 40, 25. Specimens examined. EAST MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, Lambir Hills National Park, holotype female, from Macaranga gigantea, 22. ix. 2011 (Eri Yamasaki), in BMNH. Paratypes: from same locality as holotype; 3 females taken with holotype; 2 females from flowering male bud of Macaranga gigantea, 2. vi. 2006, 1 female from female flower of Macaranga gigantea, 15. vi. 2006, 3 females from male bud (or flower) of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 29. vi. 2006, 1 female, from female flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 4. vii. 2006, 1 female from male flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 10. vii. 2006, (Chikako Ishida); SARAWAK, Jalan Borneo Hts, 2 females from Macaranga gigantea, 12. vi. 2000 (Ute Moog 00 / 061). SABAH, Kota Kinabalu, 5 females from Macaranga gigantea, 27. vi. 2008.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFFCFFAAFF7DFBD1FB05F80C.taxon	discussion	Comments. Within the genus Dolichothrips this species is remarkable for a row of tubercles on the fore femora that are similar to those found in the gall-invading species of the genus Androthrips. It is similar to chikakoae in having the pronotum strongly sculptured, and the mesonotum with minute lateral setae.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF3FFA8FF7DFF27FC7DFEF6.taxon	description	Female macroptera: Body and legs dark brown, fore tarsi yellow; antennal segments mainly brown, II paler at apex, III yellow with apex lightly shaded, IV brownish yellow on basal third; major setae brown; fore wing clear but brown around sub-basal setae. Head longer than wide (Fig. 8), slightly narrowing to base; reticulate between ocelli, transversely striate between eyes, transversely reticulate on posterior third; po setae softly pointed, shorter than dorsal eye length, arising rather laterally; maxillary stylets retracted to posterior margin of eyes, one third of head width apart medially with prominent maxillary bridge; mouth cone pointed, extending across prosternal basantra but scarcely reaching ferna (Fig. 34); maxillary palps about 5 times as long as wide. Antennae 8 - segmented; segment III with 3 short sense cones, IV with 4 sense cones; VIII narrowed to base. Pronotum almost smooth medially (Fig. 8), with faint reticulate sculpture on posterior and lateral thirds; major setae all broadly blunt to weakly capitate; notopleural sutures complete. Fore femora weakly swollen; fore tarsal tooth about half as long as tarsal width. Prosternum with basantra well-developed, close under mouth cone; ferna large, triangular; mesopresternum boat shaped; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed. Mesonotum with median longitudinal division extending from posterior margin to beyond the mid-point of this sclerite (Fig. 12), lateral setae well-developed with blunt apices. Metanotum with narrow longitudinal reticulation medially, the lines arranged into weak oval on posterior third, median setae acute. Fore wings weakly constricted medially to almost parallel sided, sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 with blunt apices, S 3 softly pointed; with about 12 – 14 duplicated cilia. Pelta reticulate, bell-shaped with broad basal wings (Fig. 20); tergite II with 10 – 12 setae anterolateral to wing retaining setae, these additional setae vary from straight to sigmoid with at least one pair close to the anterolateral campaniform sensilla (Fig. 20); III – VI with one pair of small sigmoid setae anterolateral to the 2 pairs of major wing retaining setae; tergite IX setae pointed, pair S 1 shorter than tube; anal setae longer than tube. Sternites with median pair of marginal setae slender, arising sub-marginally; about 12 – 15 small discal setae in a transverse row across each sternite. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 2400. Head, length 240; width across cheeks 185; po setae 60. Pronotum, length 160; median width 300; major setae, am 40, aa 30, ml 35, epim 70, pa 70. Mesonotal lateral setae 30. Fore wing, length 1000; sub-basal setae 60, 70, 90. Tergite IV lateral setae 130, 80. Tergite IX setae S 1 125; S 2 160. Tube, length 160; longest anal setae 200. Antennal segments III – VIII length 70, 60, 55, 50, 45, 30. Male macroptera: Similar to female but smaller; pronotum with stout median longitudinal apodeme and fore tarsal tooth more robust; tergite IX setae S 2 short and stout; sternite VIII with no pore plate; pseudovirga long, slender, weakly sclerotised and with apex little expanded. Measurements (paratype male in microns). Body length 2200. Head, length 240; po setae 60. Pronotum, length 180; median width 310. Fore wing length 850. Tergite IX setae S 1 115, S 2 35. Tube length 150. Specimens examined. MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, Lambir Hills National Park, holotype female, from Macaranga trachyphylla, 16. ix. 2010 (Eri Yamasaki), in BMNH. Paratypes: 8 females, 5 males, taken with holotype; same locality and collector – 1 female from Macaranga gigantea, 22. ix. 2011, 4 females, 1 male from Macaranga havilandii, 14. viii. 2010, 5 females, 3 males from Macaranga winkleri, 18. ix. 2011, 4 females from Macaranga, no date; same locality – 3 females, 7 males from male bud of Macaranga beccariana, 2. vi. 2006, 1 female from female flower of Macaranga gigantea, 15. vi. 2006, 3 females from male bud (or flower) of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 29. vi. 2006, 4 females, 3 males from male flower of Macaranga winkleri, 4. vii. 2006, 5 females, 7 males from female flower of Macaranga beccariana, 18. x. 2006, 6 females, 4 males from male flower of Macaranga hypoleuca, 28. x. 2006, 9 females, 6 males from female flower of Macaranga winkleri, 12. i. 2007 (Chikako Ishida). MALAYSIA, SABAH, Telupid, 2 females, 1 male from Macaranga depressa, 27. vi. 2000 (Ute Moog 00 / 116). BRUNEI, Kuala Belalong, 1 female, 2 males from Macaranga hullettii, 7. vi. 2000 (Ute Moog 00 / 051). WEST MALAYSIA, Frasers Hill, 1 female from Macaranga hullettii, 23. v. 1999 (Ute Moog 99 / 090); Ulu Gombak, 2 females, 1 male from Macaranga hypoleuca, 23. iv. 1998 (Ute Moog 98 / 200), 1 female from Macaranga bancana (= triloba), 24. iv. 1998 (Ute Moog 98 / 220).	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF3FFA8FF7DFF27FC7DFEF6.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species appears to be the major pollinator of many Macaranga species in the Malaysian region (Fiala et al. 2011). In colour and structure it is unusual within the genus Dolichothrips, as indicated in the key to species. The mouth cone (Fig. 34) is slightly shorter than that of longicollis (Fig. 37) and macarangai but similar in length to several other species in the genus. However, in contrast to other species in this genus the mesopresternum is transverse and complete. Despite being a large and robust, dark species, the pronotum is remarkably smooth medially, in contrast to two other species from Macaranga in the same geographic region (eriae and chikakoae) as well as franae from the Hawaiian Islands.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF0FFA8FF7DFEDFFA66F884.taxon	description	Female macroptera: Body and legs dark brown, fore tibiae yellow with brown shading at base, all tarsi yellow; antennal segment II brown with apex yellow, III – VIII yellow, VIII with variable faint shading on apical third or fifth; major setae brown to dark brown, tergite IX setae pale; fore wing clear, weakly shaded around sub-basal setae, clavus brown. Head longer than wide (Fig. 6), narrowed at base; without sculpture between ocelli, rest of vertex with narrow transverse reticulation; po setae finely acute, longer than dorsal eye length, arising laterally; maxillary stylets retracted almost to postocular setae, parallel and about one third of head width apart medially with prominent maxillary bridge; mouth cone long and pointed, extending between prosternal basantra (Fig. 35); maxillary palps about 8 times as long as wide. Antennae 8 - segmented; segment III with 3 slender sense cones about as long as segment width, IV with 4 sense cones; VIII weakly narrowed to base. Pronotum sculptured across entire surface (Fig. 6); major setae capitate; notopleural sutures complete. Fore femora swollen; fore tarsal tooth stout, about half as long as tarsal width. Prosternal basantra long and welldeveloped; ferna large; mesopresternum of two triangles extending to midline but not joining, mesoeusternal anterior margin broadly rounded; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed. Mesonotum with median longitudinal division about one third as long as this sclerite (Fig. 14), lateral setae short and capitate. Metanotum medially with sculpture forming narrow longitudinal parallel, almost concentric, reticulation, median setae acute. Fore wings weakly constricted medially, sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 with capitate apices, S 3 blunt; with 8 – 11 duplicated cilia. Pelta broadly triangular with almost no sculpture, campaniform sensilla present; tergites II – VII usually without an additional pair of sigmoid setae anterolateral to wing retaining setae (Fig. 24); tergite IX setae pointed, longer than tube; anal setae longer than tube. Sternites with median pair of marginal setae long and slender, arising submarginally; about 12 small discal setae in irregular transverse row across each sternite. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 2400. Head, length 250; width across cheeks 175; po setae 100. Pronotum, length 225; median width 290; major setae, am 35, aa 40, ml 45, epim 55, pa 60. Mesonotal lateral setae 25. Fore wing, length 1000; sub-basal setae 50, 55, 70. Tergite IV lateral setae 85, 55. Tergite IX setae S 1 250, S 2 240. Tube length 200; longest anal setae 250. Antennal segments III – VIII length 70, 75, 65, 60, 60, 35. Specimens examined. HAWAII, OAHU, Waiamanaloa, Luna Farm, holotype female, from Macaranga tanarius, 11. xi. 2014 (F. Calvert), in BPBM. Paratypes: 32 slide mounted females taken with holotype [this sample included over 100 females together with larvae that were left in ethanol]; same locality and host, 10 females, 11. iii. 2010, 1 female with same data except Luna Road, 5 females with same data except not Luna Road or Farm. HAWAII, KAUAI, Wailua, 17 females from Macaranga tanarius, 9. iv. 2010 (R. Hollingsworth).	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF0FFA8FF7DFEDFFA66F884.taxon	discussion	Comments. Despite the large number of adults collected, no males of this species were found. It may represent a parthenogenetic strain that has been introduced from somewhere else in the western Pacific, as has its host plant, M. tanarius. In this connection, a single female has been studied from Macaranga at Gombak, Malaysia that cannot be distinguished from the specimens from Hawaii. Two other species from Malaysia, chikakoae and eriae, share the curious sculpture of the pronotum, but they have the mesonotal midlateral setae minute and finely pointed whereas these setae are slightly longer and weakly capitate or blunt in franae. Within the genus Dolichothrips this species is unique in having the terminal antennal segment effectively as yellow as the third to the seventh segments.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF1FFA9FF7DFF27FAFCFDB2.taxon	description	Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length (not distended) 2300. Head, length 280; po setae 95. Pronotum, length 185; median width 300; major setae, am 35, aa 35, ml 65, epim 125, pa 110. Tergite IX setae S 1 270. Tube length 230. Specimens examined. INDIA, West Bengal, Kurseong, holotype female, 26. iii. 1910, in BMNH.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF1FFAEFF7DFD1DFB82F9C6.taxon	description	(Figs 16, 21, 22, 23, 36)	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF1FFAEFF7DFD1DFB82F9C6.taxon	discussion	Hood described indicus from specimens collected by Ramakrishna from shoots of Ailanthus (Simaroubaceae) at Coimbatore, southern India. Three females are listed below that were collected and identified by Ramakrishna as this species, and these are probably part of the original series. In describing this species Hood stated that the third antennal segment bears only two sense cones, and this statement was repeated by Stannard (1961). However, the Ramakrishna specimens listed here clearly have three sense cones on the third segment, and presumably these specimens include the “ syntype ” mentioned by Bhatti (1978) as having three sense cones. Moreover, this condition was confirmed on Hood’s holotype of indica by Greg Evans of USDA APHIS, Beltsville, who successfully photographed in different focal planes all three sense cones.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF1FFAEFF7DFD1DFB82F9C6.taxon	description	Hood described the postocular setae of indicus as “ dilated at tip ”, however this dilation is weak and less than the width of the seta near its base. The mid and hind tibiae are brown with the apex yellow, but the length of this yellow band is shorter than the distal width of a tibia. In contrast, the male listed below from Mallotus and identified as indicus by Ananthakrishnan has the postocular setae blunt at the apex. This male has the mid and hind tibiae similar in colour to the type series, and setae S 2 on tergite IX are stout and longer than the iS setae. The female listed below from Rambhutan was labelled by Ananthakrishnan as rambhutanae, but this has finely pointed postocular setae, and the dark brown mid and hind tibiae are scarcely paler at the apex. In discussions about this variation, Dr Kaomud Tyagi of Kolkata commented (in litt. ii. 2015) “ I have checked eight specimens of Dolichothrips indicus, collected from Jasminum sambac, in which apices of postocular setae are blunt in six specimens but nearly pointed in two specimens. The colour of mid and hind tibia is brown with extreme apex yellow, this yellow area wider than long. ” Priesner described pumilus from Taiwan from an unspecified number of specimens. He did not designate any types, although someone subsequently has added a red holotype label to the slide listed below that bears the three original specimens. The mid and hind tibiae of these specimens are uniformly brown with the apex faintly paler but not clearly yellow. The female is without antennae, and has postocular setae that are bluntly pointed. One of the males has lost many of the major setae, including the postoculars, but has antennal segment VII almost uniformly dark brown. The second male has the postocular setae almost pointed, but antennal segment VII is largely yellow with brown shading in the apical third. Both males have the tergite IX setae S 2 slightly shorter and stouter than the iS pair of setae. Stannard, in describing nesius, referred to a female holotype deposited in the Bishop Museum, but he did not label as holotype either of the two specimens listed below from that museum. F. Bianchi placed a label on the reverse of both slides, and indicated that one female was probably the holotype, and that the other specimen was the “ male allotype ”. However, this second specimen is actually a female. These two females were mounted into Hoyers Mountant, and by 2014 the mountant had dried out completely, crushing the specimens and obscuring all structural and colour characteristics. The putative holotype was remounted into fresh Hoyers Mountant, because it proved impossible to dissolve the old mountant and rescue the specimen. The mountant around the second female was dissolved after prolonged treatment in warm water, and the specimen was remounted into Canada balsam. It was thus possible to confirm the following character states: mid and hind tibiae with apices extensively yellow, the yellow area longer than the width of the tibial apex. The postocular setae of the holotype are broadly blunt at the apex, not pointed, but the postocular setae on the second female were lost during remounting. Stannard, in describing nesius, also mentioned that he had studied specimens from Sri Lanka. From the above, it seems that, although some specimens of indicus from India have the postocular setae weakly dilated at the apex, the condition of these setae is variable among Indian populations. All other available specimens have the postocular setae blunt to pointed at the apex. The apical colour of the mid and hind tibiae is even more confusing. The type specimens of nesius have the most extensive yellow area, and the type specimens of pumilus have the least yellow. But specimens from other parts of the world suggest that there is almost continuous variation between these two extremes. Moreover, the chaetotaxy of the lateral areas of tergites II – IV varies considerably (Figs 21 – 23), not only between specimens from single localities, but also on the left and right sides of the same individual. Considering these patterns of variation the conclusion is that indicus is a variable, polyphagous and widespread species, with both nesius and pumilus best considered synonyms in the absence of more secure data. This species shares with reuteri the unusual character state of having the mesonotal lateral setae short and acute, although this condition is also found in two species that have the pronotum strongly sculptured, chikakoae and eriae. The mid and hind tibiae of reuteri, and its synonym flavipes, are considered to be consistently entirely yellow. Thus the specimens from southern Japan mentioned by Okajima (2006) as having these tibiae variable in colour are here regarded as indicus, as are the specimens from French Polynesia identified as flavipes in Hoddle et al. (2008). Specimens examined. INDIA: 3 females (from type series?) from Ailanthus shoots, Ramakrishna coll. 29 (a); 4 females without data, labelled by R. S. Bagnall; Madras, 1 female from Cassia, 9. vi. 67 (TNA 54); Sirumalai, 1 male from Mallotus, 27. vii. 67 (TNA 54); Kallar, from inflorescence of Rambhutan, 9. v. 1959, in BMNH.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF1FFAEFF7DFD1DFB82F9C6.taxon	materials_examined	GUAM, Mt Lamlam,? holotype female of nesius and one paratype female, from young leaves of Melastoma marianum, Feb. 1958, N. Krauss, in Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. TAIWAN, Nisui, 1 female, 2 male syntypes of pumilus, from Diospyrus discolor, 1. xi. 1928, R. Takahashi, in SMF. HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, coll. F. Calvert: HAWAII, Keeau, 11 females from Macaranga tanarius, 20. v. 2014; Kona, 4 females from Macaranga tanarius, 20. vi. 2014; Hilo, 8 females from Hibiscus tiliaceus, 20. v. 2014, 4 females from Mangifera indica, 20. v. 2014, 2 females from Murraya koeigii, 21. vi. 2014, 3 females from Acalypha hispida, 29. i. 2010. OAHU, Waiamanalo, 8 females from Macaranga tanarius, 11. iii. 2010, in ANIC. NEW CALEDONIA, Bouraille and La Foa, 2 females, 1 male from Hibiscus tiliaceus, i. 2012, in ANIC. FRENCH POLYNESIA, Moorea, Rurutu, Tahiti, 5 females from Persea, Hibiscus and Musa, ix. 2004, in ANIC. JAPAN, Okinawa Island, 18 females from Macaranga tanarius, 12. iv. 2012, in ANIC. BARBADOS, 3 females from cotton, 14. i. 2007, in ANIC. BRAZIL, Maranhão, São Luis, 3 females from Acacia, 22. vii. 2011.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF6FFAFFF7DF9CEFB08FEAB.taxon	description	(Figs 5, 26, 31, 37) Based on a single male from the flowers of Macaranga tanarius near Semarang, in central Java, this species appeared to be unique in the genus in the absence of the major midlateral setae on the pronotum (Fig. 5). However, although a few specimens have been studied that lack this pair of setae, including the specimens listed below from Bali, these setae vary in length from 10 to 30 microns among specimens from both Malaysia and Borneo. The mouth cone (Fig. 37) and the pronotum are longer than in most other members of the genus, and the sculpture lines laterally on the pronotum form a distinctive series of almost concentric lines (Fig. 5). However, the setae on tergite IX of males are similar to those of macarangai.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF6FFAFFF7DF9CEFB08FEAB.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. WEST MALAYSIA, Kuala Lumpur: Ampang, 1 female from Macaranga leaves, 4. iii. 2007; Ulu Gombak, from Macaranga tanarius, 1 female, 29. iv. 1998, 1 female, 4 males, 27. ii. 2013; Kuala Selangor, 4 females, 3 males from Macaranga tanarius, ii. 2013. EAST MALAYSIA, SABAH, Kota Kinabalu, 2 females from Macaranga tanarius, 2. vi. 2008; Sepilok, 6 females from Macaranga tanarius, ix. 2013. INDONESIA, Bali, Buleleng, 3 females, 2 males from Macaranga flowers, 17. viii. 2006, in ANIC.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF7FFAFFF7DFC0FFB9AFB60.taxon	discussion	Both ochripes and confusus are described from India, but no specimens have been studied. Ananthakrishnan and Sen (1980) state of ochripes “ All femora and tibiae ochraceous ” whereas they state of confusus “ All legs uniformly yellow ”. However, Bhatti (1978) refers to ochripes as having “ uniformly yellow legs ”, and so it remains impossible to distinguish satisfactorily between these two from published information.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF7FFACFF7DFB61FB56FD6E.taxon	description	(Figs 4, 15, 29, 33, 38)	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF7FFACFF7DFB61FB56FD6E.taxon	discussion	Neither the original 4 - line description of reuteri, nor the extensive 1921 description, mention how many specimens were involved, but the species seems to have been based on a single female collected just south of Brisbane (Cedar Creek) in Queensland, Australia. This specimen has been compared to many specimens taken commonly in eastern Queensland, between the New South Wales border and the Torres Strait Islands, also around Darwin. Both sexes have been found in large numbers in the hairy apical buds of both Macaranga tanarius and Hibiscus tiliaceus. A few specimens have also been studied from Malaysia at Kuala Lumpur, and from Singapore, and also from the Solomon Islands. Moulton described flavipes from a series of both sexes taken from Euphorbia in Taiwan, and two females from the type series have been studied. Okajima (2006) interpreted flavipes as having the mid and hind tibiae variable in colour. However, the common species recorded on Mallotus from the Ryukyu Islands is here considered to be indicus, because the yellow area on the tibiae is never extensive. In structure, reuteri is closely similar to indicus, with similar thorax (Figs 4, 15), tergites (Fig. 29) and mouth cone (Fig. 38). On tergite IX of males, setae S 2 are moderately stout and about 25 microns long, and about the same length as the iS setae. Most specimens of reuteri throughout its range have long slender almost pointed postocular setae, but a few specimens from around Darwin and also Kuala Lumpur have these setae shorter and distinctly capitate.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF7FFACFF7DFB61FB56FD6E.taxon	materials_examined	Specimens examined. AUSTRALIA, Queensland: Cedar Creek, holotype female, in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. TAIWAN, Taihoku, xi. 1926, from Euphorbia, holotype female of flavipes in California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, paratype female in BMNH, London. AUSTRALIA, Queensland: Brisbane, Long Pocket, 2 females, 2 males from Macaranga tanarius buds, 6. iii. 2006; Surfers Paradise, 6 females, 4 males from Macaranga tanarius fls, 31. viii. 2009; Paluma, 1 female from dead lvs, 15. vii. 1995; Cape Tribulation, 4 females, 5 males from Macaranga tanarius fls, 7. vii. 1995, 2 females from Melastoma lvs, 8. x. 2012; Atherton, 7 females, 4 males from Cissus lvs, 1. viii. 2004; Torres Strait Islands — Badu, Boigu, Darnley, Thursday Yam — 15 females, 14 males from Macaranga tanarius fls, 18 - 20. xi. 2009. New South Wales, Crystal Creek, Murwillumbah, 16 females, 6 males from Macaranga tanarius young lvs, 23. xii. 2006. Northern Territory, Darwin, Lee Point, 10 females, 8 males from Hibiscus tiliaceus leaf bracts, 30. xii. 1995; Litchfield, National Park, 3 females, 3 males from Macaranga tanarius lvs, 31. xii. 1995, 1 female, 1 male from Antidesma ghesembilla curled lvs, 31. xii. 1995; Humpty Doo, 2 females, 1 male from Antidesma ghesembilla lvs, 24. xii. 1996. MALAYSIA, Kuala Lumpur, University Botanic Gardens, 3 females, 1 male from Piper lvs, 8. vii. 2006. SINGAPORE, Botanic Gardens, 1 female, 1 male from Melastoma, 28. viii. 2001. SOLOMON ISLANDS, Malaita, 4 females 4 males from Hibiscus tiliaceus lvs, 15. xii. 1975.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF4FFADFF7DFD67FCF2FD4C.taxon	description	Male macroptera: Body and legs dark brown, mid and hind tarsi also apex of fore tibiae paler, fore tarsi yellow; antennal segment III yellow, IV – VI yellow with apex weakly shaded light brown, VII brown on apical half, VIII uniformly brown; major setae brown to dark brown; fore wing clear, very weakly shaded at base. Head longer than wide, narrowed to base (Fig. 9), without sculpture between ocelli, but rest of vertex transversely striate; po setae bluntly pointed, shorter than dorsal eye length, arising almost behind inner margins of eyes; maxillary stylets retracted almost to postocular setae, weakly V-shaped in position, more than one third of head width apart medially with prominent maxillary bridge; mouth cone long and pointed, extending across prosternal basantra; maxillary palps more than 7 times as long as wide. Antennae 8 - segmented; segment III with 3 short sense cones, IV with 4 sense cones; VIII narrowed to base. Pronotum smooth, with narrow band of reticulation along posterior margin; major setae all bluntly capitate; notopleural sutures complete. Fore femora slender; fore tarsal tooth small, less than one fifth as long as tarsal width. Prosternum with basantra well-developed, close under mouth cone; ferna large, triangular; mesopresternum of two triangles, with mesoeusternal anterior margin almost acute medially; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed. Mesonotum with median longitudinal division scarcely one third as long as this sclerite, lateral setae well-developed with blunt apices (Fig. 13). Metanotum medially with sculpture weak, forming narrow longitudinal parallel reticulation laterally, median setae acute. Fore wings almost parallel sided, sub-basal setae S 1 and S 2 with blunt to weakly capitate apices, S 3 bluntly pointed; with about 12 duplicated cilia. Pelta broadly triangular to D-shaped with weak sculpture, campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 28); tergites II – VII each with an additional pair of sigmoid setae anterolateral to wing retaining setae, also 2 or more pairs of straighter setae pointing toward mid-line (Fig. 28); tergite IX setae pointed, S 1 longer than tube, but S 2 minute. Sternites with median pair of marginal setae slender, arising sub-marginally; about 16 small discal setae in irregular transverse row across each sternite; sternite VIII without a pore plate. Measurements (holotype male in microns). Body length 2400. Head, length 270; width across cheeks 160; po setae 60. Pronotum, length 170; median width 250; major setae, am 35, aa 30, ml 35, epim 70, pa 70. Mesonotal lateral setae 45. Fore wing, length 950; sub-basal setae 70, 75, 85. Tergite IV lateral setae 90, 65. Tergite IX setae S 1 210, S 2 18. Tube length 165; longest anal setae 200. Antennal segments III – VIII length 75, 80, 65, 60, 50, 30. Female macroptera: Similar to male but larger; pronotum with small median longitudinal apodeme; fore tarsal tooth almost half as long as tarsal width; tergite IX setae S 2 as long as S 1. Measurements (paratype female in microns). Body length 2700. Head, length 270; po setae 60. Pronotum, length 190; median width 280; major setae, am 35, aa 35, ml 50, epim 70, pa 70. Fore wing length 1000. Tergite IV lateral setae 130, 100. Tergite IX setae S 1 230, S 2 230. Tube length 165; longest anal setae 240. Antennal segments III – VIII length 75, 70, 60, 60, 50, 30. Specimens examined. WEST MALAYSIA, Frasers Hill, holotype male, from Macaranga gigantea, 30. vi. 1999 (Ute Moog 99 / 150), in BMNH. Paratypes: 3 females, 1 male, taken with holotype; EAST MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, Lambir Hills National Park, 1 female and 2 males from female flower of Macaranga gigantea, 15. vi. 2006, 1 female from female flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 25. vi. 2006, 1 female from male bud (or flower) of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 29. vi. 2006, 1 male from female flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 4. vii. 2006, 1 male from male flower of Macaranga hosei (= pseudopruinosa), 10. vii. 2006 (Chikako Ishida); SARAWAK, Jalan Borneo Hts, 1 female, 1 male from Macaranga gigantea, 12. vi. 2000 (Ute Moog 00 / 061). SABAH, Kota Kinabalu, 2 females, 3 males from Macaranga gigantea, 22. ix. 2008. WEST MALAYSIA, Perak, Sepangan, 6 females, 1 male from Macaranga gigantea, 4. iv. 2012. Non-paratype: WEST MALAYSIA, Ulu Gombak, 1 damaged female from Macaranga hosei, 29. iv. 1998.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF4FFADFF7DFD67FCF2FD4C.taxon	discussion	Comments. This species was taken from Macaranga flowers rather less frequently than fialae, and is unusual in having particularly short setae S 2 on tergite IX of males. The abdominal chaetotaxy is similar to that of the unique female from northern India on which fumipennis is based. However, that species has longer and more finely pointed postocular setae, and also longer pronotal setae.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
0E376272FFF5FFADFF7DFD4CFA8FFBBC.taxon	discussion	Described from an unspecified number of individuals collected by Ramakrishna in India, this species has been reported subsequently from Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Cape Verde Islands (zur Strassen 1992). Syntypes of both sexes have been studied together with the recorded specimens from Sudan and Cape Verde Islands. The host association is uncertain, but this thrips has been recorded, together with larvae, from Abutilon (Malvaceae) and from Grewia (Tiliaceae). The mesonotal lateral setae are capitate and about 40 microns long, tergites II – VII each have an extra pair of curved setae anterior to the first pair of sigmoid wing-retaining setae, and tergite IX setae S 2 of males are acute and about 15 microns long and considerably shorter than the iS setae. The yellow area at the apex of the mid and hind tibiae varies from as long as the width of a tibia to at least twice as long as this width.	en	Mound, Laurence A., Okajima, Shûji (2015): Taxonomic studies on Dolichothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae), pollinators of Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia (Euphorbiaceae). Zootaxa 3956 (1): 79-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.4
