taxonID	type	description	language	source
1373087CFFD8FFA4C6A396A72545F79C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting and multiserial. Autozooids distinct, oval, separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst narrow, visible around entire circumference of zooid, often enlarged proximally. Cryptocyst extensively developed, depressed, flat and granular. Frontal surface of autozooids marked by pear-shaped ridge formed proximally and laterally by mural rim and distally by distal rim of opesia. Opesiules absent or present but few in number and small. Orifice trifoliate or semielliptical. Oral spines present, closely spaced, forming an arch distally around the orifice. Cryptocystal closure plates often developed. Ovicell hyperstomial, resting on distal zooid and indenting its mural rim. Growing edge stepped, revealing windows of pore chambers, that of the distal pore chamber the largest, ovoidal and facing frontally. Avicularia absent or present and variously adventitious, interzooidal or vicarious; rostrum acuminate or rounded; pivotal bar entirely calcified or represented by two condyles.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD8FFA4C6A396A72545F79C.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus. Pyrisinella gen. nov.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD8FFA4C6A396A72545F79C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new family is erected to accommodate two new genera (Pyrisinella and Spinisinella) plus an existing genus (Setosinella) which share a sufficient numbers of skeletal morphological characters to suggest that they represent a clade of anascan-grade neocheilostomes distinguishable from other ‘ calloporids’. In all three genera, the small autozooids have a salient mural rim extending to the proximolateral corners of the opesia and joining with the opesial rim to form a pear-shaped ridge around the cryptocyst and opesia, an arch of oral spines over the orifice, and a prominent hyperstomial ovicell. A fourth genus, Megapora, is tentatively referred to Pyrisinellidae, although it differs from the other three genera in that the proximal part of the pear-shaped ridge is located within the cryptocyst rather than representing a true mural rim marking the boundary between the cryptocystal and gymnocystal components of the frontal wall. Although a few genera of Microporidae Gray, 1848 possess a similar pear-shaped ridge, they differ from pyrisinellids in one or more of the following characters: immersed ovicells, lack of gymnocyst, and presence of connecting tubes between the zooids (as in Mollia Lamouroux, 1816).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA5C6A397E82528F092.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids small, distinct, rounded polygonal, longer than broad, separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst convex, narrow, best developed proximally. Cryptocyst extensively developed, depressed, flat and densely granular, bounded by pear-shaped ridge comprising mural rim and distal rim of opesia. Opesia trifoliate. Oral spines present. Ovicell hyperstomial, globular, prominent, smooth with a dumbbell-shaped opening, resting on proximal gymnocyst of distal zooid and indented its mural rim. Intramural buds common. Closure plates depressed beneath level of cryptocyst. Avicularia interzooidal or more commonly adventitious. Distal pore chamber larger than distolateral pore chambers; pore windows oval. Ancestrula having the appearance of a small astogenetically mature autozooid with an indeterminate number of spine bases, budding a single distal zooid.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA5C6A397E82528F092.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Setosinella meniscacantha Taylor & McKinney, 2006.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA5C6A397E82528F092.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin pirum, meaning pear, in reference to the pear-shaped ridge formed by the mural rim and distal rim of the opesia.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA5C6A397E82528F092.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Important differences between this monospecific genus and the Paleocene type species of Setosinella, S. prolifica Canu & Bassler, 1933, are the trifoliate shape of the opesia and lack of opesiules.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA5C6A397E82528F092.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina, USA.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA3C6A3944823C5F123.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NHM BZ 4796 (1 a), Maastrichtian, Prairie Bluff Chalk, Livingston, Sumter County, Alabama, USA. Paratypes: BZ 4796 (1 b), encrusting same shell as holotype; BZ 4810 (2), BZ 5042, Maastrichtian, Ripley Formation, Jefferson, Marengo County, Alabama, USA; BZ 5182, Maastrichtian, Peedee Formation, Ideal Quarry, New Hanover County, North Carolina, USA.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA3C6A3944823C5F123.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, usually irregular in outline shape. Growing edge stepped, implying intrazooidal budding, some incomplete buds present comprising basal wall and stumps of vertical walls (Figs. 7, 8). Distal pore chamber larger than distolateral pore chambers; pore windows oval (mean L = 33 µm, mean W = 16 µm) surrounded by a mural ring. Ancestrula having the appearance of a small astogenetically mature autozooid (mean L = 165 µm, mean W = 140 µm) with an indeterminate number of spine bases; budding a single periancestrular zooid distally (Fig. 2). Autozooids in zone of primary astogenetic change transitional in size between ancestrula and later autozooids. Autozooids small, rhomboidal, longer than broad (mean L / W = 1.20), separated by deep furrows and arranged in well-defined rows. Gymnocyst narrow, usually broadest proximally. Cryptocyst depressed, forming an extensive flat shelf, finely and densely granular, with granules immediately proximally of orifice tending to be aligned in weak radial rows. Mural rim salient, together with distal rim of opesia forming pear-shaped ridge enclosing cryptocyst and opesia. Opesia trifoliate, the larger, distal semielliptical part divided from the shallower proximal part by an indentation in the mural rim (Fig. 5). Six to eight oral spine bases, large and closely spaced, arranged in a prominent crescentic arch around distal rim of orifice; distalmost pair of oral spines hidden by ovicell in ovicellate zooids. Ovicell hyperstomial, globose, prominent, with a dumbbell-shaped opening, resting on proximal gymnocyst of distal zooid and indenting its mural rim (Fig. 6). Intramural buds observed especially in damaged zooids. Closure plates depressed beneath level of cryptocyst, with a sunken pore located almost centrally. Avicularia interzooidal or more commonly adventitious, confined to furrows between autozooids and budded onto autozooidal gymnocyst, most orientated obliquely distally; gymnocyst variably developed, more extensive in interzooidal than adventitious avicularia; cryptocyst granular and broadest proximally; opesia a uniformly tapering teardrop shape; rostrum acuminate, longer than wide; pivotal bar calcified.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA3C6A3944823C5F123.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Taylor & McKinney (2006) originally assigned this species from the Late Cretaceous of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast plains of the USA to Setosinella Canu & Bassler, 1933, having questioned the presence of opesiules in the type species of this genus, S. prolifica. However, new SEM studies have shown that opesiules are present in S. prolifica (see below), whereas they are clearly lacking in Pyrisinella. Small, fan-like outgrowths observed in some of the larger colonies of Pyrisinella meniscacantha from the Prairie Bluff Chalk were considered by Taylor & McKinney (2006) to be peripheral subcolonies budded from the larger colony but new SEM observations show this not to be the case. Instead, they represent new colonies founded by larvae that settled close to the edge of a dormant or dead colony, in some instances within a partly formed zooid at the growing edge.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD9FFA3C6A3944823C5F123.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of Alabama, Mississippi and North Carolina, USA. N (colonies, zooids) Mean SD Range Zooid length 3, 30 361 29 295 – 405 Zooid width 3, 30 304 33 243 – 374 Orifice length 3, 30 83 17 47 – 123 Orifice width 3, 30 98 17 57 – 132 Ovicell length 3, 25 133 21 78 – 167 Ovicell width 3, 25 154 19 126 – 191 Avicularia length 3, 12 139 28 87 – 133 Avicularia width 3, 12 77 12 50 – 90 N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA3C6A394D0236AF4C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids small, distinct, oval, slightly longer than broad, separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst narrow. Cryptocyst extensively developed, depressed, flat and granular; mural rim salient, together with distal rim of opesia forming pear-shaped border around the cryptocyst and opesia; opesiules lacking. Opesia trifoliate, longer than wide, a pair of rounded indentations present in the proximal third. Oral spines present. Ovicell cribrate, ooecium represented by a pair of spine bases arranged parallel to the long axis of the zooid and bordering a depression on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid. Avicularia and ancestrula not observed.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA3C6A394D0236AF4C6.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Spinisinella zagorseki n. sp.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA3C6A394D0236AF4C6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Spini-, in reference to the ovicell ooecium constructed of spines, combined with - sinella, the suffix used for other genera belonging to this family.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA3C6A394D0236AF4C6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The spinose ovicell of this new genus is unique for Pyrisinellidae. Ostrovsky & Taylor’s (2005) review of spinose ovicells in cheilostome bryozoans found these primitive ovicells to be present in ten genera belonging to five families of anascan-grade cheilostomes. Of these genera, the zooidal characters of Spinisinella most closely resemble the Cretaceous (and? Paleocene) monoporellid genus Stichomicropora Voigt, 1949 (see also Taylor & McKinney 2002, 2006), especially Stichomicropora sp. 3 of Ostrovsky & Taylor (2005, pp. 329, 331, fig. 8 A-C) from the Coniacian of Kent. However, the ovicell spine bases of species of Stichomicropora are aligned transversely to the long axis of the zooids, forming either a straight line or a gently curved arch, whereas those of Spinisinella are arranged parallel to the long axis. In addition, Spinisinella has trifoliate opesia and lacks opesiules, compared with Stichomicropora in which the opesia is semielliptical and opesiules are present in the cryptocyst.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA3C6A394D0236AF4C6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cenomanian or Turonian (Upper Cretaceous).	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA1C6A3907B23C5F072.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NMP O- 6751, Cretaceous, Cenomanian or Turonian, Kaňk, Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA1C6A3907B23C5F072.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Kamil Zágoršek (Národní Museum, Prague) in recognition of his significant contribution to the study of bryozoans.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA1C6A3907B23C5F072.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Autozooids small, distinct, separated by deep furrows, oval, slightly longer than wide (mean L / W = 1.14). Gymnocyst narrow, separated from the extensive cryptocyst by a thin salient mural rim forming together with distal rim of opesia a pear-shaped border around the cryptocyst and opesia, highest distally. Cryptocyst deep, shelf-like, flat and finely granular. Opesia trifoliate, longer than wide, a pair of rounded downwards directed denticles separating the larger, distal semielliptical part from the shallower proximal part with a straight or barely convex edge (Fig. 12). Four oral spine bases located distolaterally of the opesia (mean D = 10 µm). Ovicell spinose, ooecium represented by two pairs of spine bases (mean D = 15 µm) arranged in a line parallel to the proximal-distal axis of the zooids, the proximal pair positioned close to the distal oral spine bases of the maternal zooid; a depression on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid is delimited by the pair of spine bases and the straight proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid (Fig. 12). Avicularia and ancestrula not observed.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA1C6A3907B23C5F072.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is immediately distinguishable from other species of pyrisinellids in having a spinose ovicell represented by two pairs of spine bases. The spine bases in living colonies are inferred to have borne basally articulated spines bent towards the median axis of the ovicell to form a cage-like structure. The embryo would have been accommodated in the space between the depression on the proximal gymnocyst of the distal zooid and the overarching spines. Given their close proximity to the ovicell, it is possible that the distalmost pair of oral spines of the maternal zooid also contributed to the ovicell roof. If so, the brood chamber was constructed, unusually, by spines from both the maternal and distal zooids.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFDFFFA1C6A3907B23C5F072.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cenomanian or Turonian? (Late Cretaceous) of the Bohemian Basin, Czech Republic. N (colonies, zooids) Mean SD Range Zooid length 1, 8 201 22 159 – 230 Zooid width 1, 8 176 15 154 – 197 Orifice length 1, 8 65 4 55 – 69 Orifice width 1, 8 57 8 51 – 63 Cryptocyst length 1, 8 83 12 61 – 96 Cryptocyst width 1, 8 130 10 113 – 143 N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD2FFACC6A395F023C5F55E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: USNM 73903, Paleocene, Vincentown, New Jersey, USA; NHML D 33347 (encrusting another bryozoan), details as for holotype.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD2FFACC6A395F023C5F55E.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Growing edge stepped, budding pattern apparently intrazooidal. Pore windows (mean L = 26 µm, mean W = 13 µm) visible in transverse vertical walls at colony growing edge, oval, facing frontally. Ancestrula small (L = 125 µm, W = 100 µm), resembling later autozooids with two solid oral spines. Autozooids small, distinct, separated by deep furrows, rounded hexagonal or oval, longer than wide (mean L / W = 1.46). Gymnocyst narrow, better developed proximally to the opesia, separated from cryptocyst by salient mural rim together with distal rim of opesia forming a pear-shaped outline. Cryptocyst extensive, deep, shelf-like, generally flat except for a very slight median convexity, finely granular and perforated by two small circular opesiules (D = 10 µm) (Fig. 22) usually obscured by sediment or cement. Opesia semielliptical, limited distally by the mural rim and proximally by a transverse salient trabeculum attached to the mural rim. Oral spine bases numbering seven or eight in non-ovicellate zooids, six in ovicellate autozooids, closely spaced in an arch around the distal margin of the opesia; spine diameters ranging from 10 to 20 µm, variability independent of their position in the arch. Ovicells numerous, hyperstomial, globular, prominent, slightly broader than long, smooth, the ectooecium completely calcified, resting on proximal gymnocyst of distal zooid and indenting its mural rim. Avicularia interzooidal numerous, long and narrow, confined to furrows between autozooids, orientated obliquely distally. Gymnocyst variably developed, narrower laterally, more extensive proximally and distally. Cryptocyst generally narrow, broadest proximally. Opesia teardrop shaped. Rostrum longer than wide, truncated distally, the tip open or channeled. Two small sharp condyles present. Vicarious avicularia rare (Fig. 15), triangular, distally orientated, generally observed at the margin of the colony. Gymnocyst narrow, more extensive laterally. Cryptocyst broadest proximally. Rostrum long and narrow, truncated distally, the tip open or channeled.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD2FFACC6A395F023C5F55E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Canu & Bassler (1933) described small, perforated distal kenozooids surmounting some of the autozooids in this species. These structures are reinterpreted here as oval pore windows visible at the growing edge of a colony fouling an older colony in the type specimen. They also reported four oral spines but a greater number (6 - 8) is clearly evident in SEM images of the holotype and the NHML topotype specimen. The latter specimen also provides evidence that the opesiules hypothesized to exist by Canu & Bassler (1933), but not actually observed by them, are indeed present in Setosinella prolifica.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD2FFACC6A395F023C5F55E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thanetian (Paleocene), Vincentown Limesand of New Jersey, USA. N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD0FFAAC6A3900C23C5F6D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: USNM 63932, Eocene (Upper Jacksonian = Priabonian), Ocala Limestone, Old Factory, 1.5 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia, USA; NHML D 34666, details as for holotype.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD0FFAAC6A3900C23C5F6D4.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar. Growing edge stepped implying intrazooidal budding. Pore windows (mean L = 45 µm, mean W = 15 µm) visible in transverse vertical walls at colony growing edge, oval, facing frontally and laterally. Ancestrula not observed intact; apparent ancestrula in holotype represented by basal walls only, approximately 260 µm long and 240 µm wide, budding a distal and two distolateral zooids. Autozooids small, distinct, rounded hexagonal or oval, little elongated (mean L / W = 1.38), separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst slight, broadest proximally. Mural rim thin, salient, together with distal rim of opesia forming a pear-shaped wall around cryptocyst and opesia. Cryptocyst shelf-like, deep, flat, granular. Opesia semicircular, limited distally by the mural rim and proximally by a transverse salient trabeculum attached to the mural rim. An indeterminate number of spine bases in non-ovicellate zooids, six in ovicellate autozooids, forming an arch close to the distal rim of the opesia. Ovicell hyperstomial, globular, prominent, slightly broader than long, smooth, the ectooecium completely calcified, resting on proximal gymnocyst of distal zooid and indenting its mural rim, opening dumbbell-shaped. Avicularia rare, interzooidal, small and triangular.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD0FFAAC6A3900C23C5F6D4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Compared with the type species of the genus, Setosinella prolifica from the Paleocene, this Late Eocene species has larger autozooids and smaller and less frequent avicularia. Unequivocal opesiules and pores were not observed during SEM study of both holotype and topotype but the coarse preservation of the cryptocyst may account for this absence. Canu & Bassler’s solitary photograph of this species (Canu & Bassler, 1920, pl. 30, fig. 4) shows up to about 10 pores (‘ tremopores’) distributed more or less evenly over the cryptocyst, and scanning electron micrographs hint at the possible existence of pores in a few zooids (Fig. 25). Like the opesia and oral spines, these structures have been inked in on top of Canu & Bassler’s photograph. Canu & Bassler (1920) noted the similarity between Amphiblestrum orbiculatum and Micropora but remarked on the difference in the ovicells, which are hyperstomial in A. orbiculatum but endozooecial in Micropora. Canu & Bassler (1920, p. 161) assigned this species to Amphiblestrum on the grounds of the ‘ interopesial avicularia’, oral spines and hyperstomial ovicell explaining that this species is a very divergent type of Amphiblestrum where the opesia is transformed into a real aperture with an operculum. We here reassign the species to Setosinella because of the combination of the following characters: zooids with a narrow gymnocyst separated from the extensive and flat cryptocyst by a thin, salient mural rim that, together with the rim of the opesia forms a pear-shaped wall, hyperstomial ovicell, and semielliptical opesia with a distal arch of oral spines. There are other species assigned to Amphiblestrum (e. g., A. willetti Brown, 1952) which resemble Setosinella but have an ovoidal rather pear-shaped mural rim.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD0FFAAC6A3900C23C5F6D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Priabonian (Late Eocene), Upper Jacksonian of Georgia, USA. N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD6FFABC6A3939123C5F514.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NHML BZ 5849, Langhian (Middle Miocene), Indominco Mine, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia; Paratype: BZ 5850, details as for holotype.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD6FFABC6A3939123C5F514.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin per, through, and fluxus, flow, in reference to the name of the Marie Curie Project ‘ Throughflow’ funding this research.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD6FFABC6A3939123C5F514.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, usually irregular in outline shape. Growing edge stepped implying intrazooidal budding. Oval pore windows (mean 38 µm by 16 µm) exposed along distal, distolateral and proximolateral vertical walls at the colony growing edge. Ancestrula resembling a very small autozooid (mean L = 140 µm, mean W = 120 µm), with up to ten spine bases visible around the entire mural rim, possibly with additional spine bases hidden by surrounding autozooids (Fig. 33); budding a single periancestrular zooid distally. Autozooids small, rounded hexagonal, longer than broad (mean L / W = 1.24), separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst narrow, more developed proximally and laterally of the orifice, separated from the extensive cryptocyst by a thin, salient mural rim which together with distal rim of opesia forms a pear-shaped wall around cryptocyst and opesia. Cryptocyst shelf-like, deep, flat and finely granular, perforated by two small reniform opesiules. Opesia semicircular, limited distally by the mural rim and proximally by a transverse salient trabeculum attached to the mural rim. Nine oral spine bases in non-ovicellate zooids, six in ovicellate autozooids, forming an arch around but somewhat distant (mean D = 28 µm) from the distal edge of the opesia (Fig. 38); spine diameters ranging from 10 to 20 µm independently of their position. Ovicell hyperstomial, globular, prominent, slightly broader than long, smooth, the ectooecium completely calcified, resting on proximal gymnocyst of distal zooid and indenting its mural rim (Fig. 34). Avicularia lacking.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD6FFABC6A3939123C5F514.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Compared with the Paleocene type species of Setosinella, this new Miocene species has slightly more oral spines (9 vs 7 – 8) which are placed significantly more distantly from the distal rim of the opesia and larger autozooids. Furthermore, it lacks avicularia, which also differentiates S. perfluxa from S. orbiculata. Distribution. Langhian (Middle Miocene) of East Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. N (colonies, zooids) Mean SD Range Zooid length 3, 40 374 39 330 – 451 Zooid width 3, 40 300 45 223 – 382 Orifice length 3, 40 57 8 45 – 69 Orifice width 3, 40 84 10 57 – 132 Ovicell length 3, 9 159 12 145 – 187 Ovicell width 3, 9 172 15 147 – 189 Cryptocyst length 3, 40 199 20 125 – 167 Cryptocyst width 3, 40 222 30 131 – 219 N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFA9C6A397E821BDF152.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Lepralia ringens Busk, 1856.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFA9C6A397E821BDF152.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This cold-water monospecific genus is tentatively assigned to Pyrisinellidae. Although the morphology of the autozooids is closely similar to both Pyrisinella and Spinisinella, the pear-shaped ridge characteristic of pyrisinellids is located inwardly of the mural rim and is formed by a cryptocystal elevation (plus the distal rim of the opesia) rather than being coincident with the mural rim at the boundary between the gymnocyst and the cryptocyst. The taxonomic importance of this difference is unclear. The mural rim in anascans is typically located at the highest point of the frontal wall and is the line along which the frontal membrane is attached to the skeleton. It is conceivable that this attachment migrated outwards during the evolution of Megapora from a conventional pyrisinellid ancestor, causing it to lie outwardly of the highest point on the frontal wall.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFA9C6A397E821BDF152.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recent.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFB7C6A3940823C5F0C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NHML 1911.10.1.629, Recent (specimen figured by Hincks, 1880, pl. 22, fig. 1), Shetland (Barlee), 80 − 170 fathoms. NHML 1911.10.1.631, Recent, Porcupine Bight, several encrusting three small pebbles.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFB7C6A3940823C5F0C3.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar, developing small rounded patches. Pore chambers present, distal pore chamber slightly larger than distolateral pore chambers; pore windows oval (mean L = 37 µm, mean W = 10 µm), surrounded by a mural ring, that of the distal pore chamber facing frontally. Ancestrula oval and smaller than astogenetically mature autozooids (L = 223 µm, mean W = 166 µm); gymnocyst absent or hidden by later zooids, cryptocyst densely granular, occupying half of the frontal area, opesia trifoliate with two small oral spines (D = 12 µm) placed distally (Fig. 44). Autozooids in zone of early astogeny transitional in size and morphology between ancestrula and later autozooids (Fig. 43). Autozooids small, rounded hexagonal or oval, longer than broad (mean L / W = 1.27), separated by deep furrows. Gymnocyst narrow, slightly broader proximally. Cryptocyst extensive, coarsely and densely granular, depressed centrally, submarginally raised to form a rounded ridge which together with distal rim of the opesia forms a pear-shaped outline on the frontal wall and around the opesia. Opesia strongly trifoliate, the proximal edge gently convex with rounded indentations at the proximolateral corners; a pair of rounded thick lateral denticles directed downwardly divide the larger, distal semicircular part of the opesia from the smaller but broader proximal part (Fig. 41). Oral spines numbering six, arranged in an arch around the distal edge of the opesia, the most proximal pair almost level with the denticles; distalmost pair of oral spines spaced more widely in ovicellate than non-ovicellate zooids. Complete ovicell not observed but that figured by Hayward & Ryland (1998, p. 197, fig. 58 B) is hyperstomial, prominent, rounded and elongated, with a narrow, median triangular ectooecial window with thickened edges; a small rounded triangular kenozooid with a cryptocystal frontal area and a tiny central lacuna is present immediately distally of each ovicell (Fig. 41). Closure plates developed in some autozooids as distal extensions of the cryptocyst, with a small tuberculum located medially level with the proximal edge of the opesia, which is completely occluded (Fig. 40). Kenozooids of irregular shape frequently present along lateral margins of lobate colonies, slightly smaller (L = 258 − 291 µm, W = 195 − 218 µm) than autozooids; gymnocyst narrow but wider than in autozooids; cryptocyst coarsely and densely granular, continuous over the entire frontal area except for a small, round, lacuna (mean D = 25 µm) near the centre (Fig. 42). Avicularia absent.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFB7C6A3940823C5F0C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. None of the material examined of this species had an intact ovicell; in all instances the roof of the ovicell was broken, revealing a floor consisting of an exterior skeletal wall with planar spherulitic microstructure delineating two lobes on either side of a median depression (Fig. 41). The presence of a small kenozooid distal of each ovicell, which is unique among the species described in this paper, recalls various other cheilostomes (e. g. Bishop & Househam 1987; Ostrovsky et al. 2008), and may signify evolutionary reduction of the zooid distal of the maternal zooid from an autozooid to a kenozooid. Hayward & Ryland (1993) introduced the new genus Apiophragma for M. hyalina Waters, 1904, referring to the shape of the mural rim from the Greek apios, a pear and phragma, a wall. Apiophragma resembles Megapora in its depressed cryptocyst, thick mural rim and distal arc of spines but differs in having only a weakly trifoliate opesia which is much smaller and narrowly bell-shaped, and the presence of opesiules. The inclusion of Apiophragma in the new family Pyrisinellidae should be considered after restudy of the type material of A. hyalina.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
1373087CFFD5FFB7C6A3940823C5F0C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Recent of boreal and arctic areas, widely distributed in the northeast Atlantic, extending southwards, in deep waters, as far as the Shetland Isles and Bergen, Norway (Hayward & Ryland 1998). N (colonies, zooids) Mean SD Range Zooid length 3, 30 414 39 367 – 489 Zooid width 3, 30 333 32 294 – 384 Orifice length 3, 15 100 13 82 – 116 Orifice width 3, 15 93 3 90 – 95 Ovicell length 2, 3 180 3 177 – 182 Ovicell width 2, 3 219 11 206 – 228 N, Number of colonies and number of zooids measured; SD, standard deviation.	en	Martino, Emanuela Di, Taylor, Paul D (2012): Pyrisinellidae, a new family of anascan cheilostome bryozoans. Zootaxa 3534: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213326
