identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1371EA016F71FFB84DEAAB92FCB5FB20.text	1371EA016F71FFB84DEAAB92FCB5FB20.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithosia Fabricius 1798	<div><p>Lithosia Fabricius, 1798</p><p>Lithosia Fabricius, 1798, Suppl. Ent. Syst.: 418, 459. TS: Phalaena quadra Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn. 10) 1: 511, by subsequent designation by Latreille, 1810; Considérations générales sur l’Ordre naturel des Animaux: 441 (but attributed to Fabricius, an incorrect authorship).</p><p>Lithosis Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb.: 91. Status: unjustified emendation.</p><p>= Lichenia Sodoffsky, 1837, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6): 85, unnecessary replacement name for Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 .</p><p>Description. Generic characters were already designated by Hampson (1900). Palpi short, semicircular, upturned to the frons hind edge; proboscis fully developed. Antennae with cilia and bristles. Middle tibiae with apical pair of short spurs, hind tibiae with two pairs of short spurs. Forewing long and narrow; costal margin nearly straight. Forewing venation: subcostal vein free; R1 and R2 arise from the discal cell not far from the apex; (R3+R4)+R5 stalked; R2 anastomosing with R3+5 to form the areole; M1 arise from well below upper angle of the discal cell; M2, M3 and Cu1 from hind angle of the discal cell, the two latter sometimes shortly stalked; Cu2 from before middle of discal cell; anal vein free. Hindwing venation: Sc from middle of discal cell, Rs and M1 coincident in male, stalked in female; M2 absent; M3 and Cu1 stalked; Cu2 from middle of discal cell; two anal veins free. Head grey, vertex and occiput orange in males; head entirely yellow in females; proboscis yellow. Thorax, patagia and tegulae orange. Abdomen yellow with a noticeable mixture of dark grey hair-like scales, mostly at basal 1/3 and tip. Wing pattern (Figs 1–12) diagnostic for the genus: male forewings grey, with orange base and dark costal stroke here, hindwings yellow with apical darkening; in female wings yellow, forewing with two dark rounded spots: one between costa and upper angle of discal cell, another between Cu2 and A. Male genitalia (Figs 33–41). Uncus rather broad, downturned at apex, cucullus broad and membranous, sacculus sclerotized, constricted to apex. Harpe present, forming a short and broad process. Juxta short, triangular. Saccus concave apically. Aedeagus short, lacking spines. Vesica with a single cornutus. Female genitalia (Figs 42–45). Papillae anales typical in size and shape, posterior apophyses not longer than papillae anales; however, they have no taxonomic value. Anterior apophyses strongly reduced. Postvaginal plate semiovoid or trapezoid. Antevaginal plate forming two folds on the sides of vaginal sinus. Ductus bursae broad, sclerotized, covered with rather visible spines. Сorpus bursae globular, without signa.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus is characterized by the following features:</p><p>• sexual dimorphism distinct; male forewings rather patternless; female forewings yellow with two black spots; • hindwing venation: Rs and M1 stalked, not coincident in both sexes; three veins arise from the hind angle of the</p><p>discal cell on forewings;</p><p>• male genitalia: harpe present, broad (this is the most conspicuous autapomorphic character);</p><p>• female genitalia: corpus bursae shorter than ductus bursae, the former lacking signa; vaginal sinus with two</p><p>creases on antevaginal plate.</p><p>Range (Fig. 56). The genus have Amphipalearctic distribution, with a gap in Siberia from the Ural Mts. to Eastern Transbaikalia. Possible reasons for this gap was discussed by Dubatolov &amp; Kosterin (2000).</p><p>Remarks. The constitution of this genus was controversial, and until the mid 19th century all smaller Lithosia- Eilema -similar species were included here. They were reorganized by Herrich-Schäffer (1845) in other genera; he used Oeonistis for quadra, and Lithosia for other species of the group. The majority of the Palearctic and some Oriental species in this group, traditionally considered to belong to Eilema, were revised by Dubatolov &amp; Zolotuhin (2011) and was separated into several genera, as first proposed by Moore (1878).</p><p>The name Oeonistis Hübner, [1819] was sometimes used to designate members of Lithosia in the sense of this article, for example by Herrich-Schäffer (1845), Seitz (1910), etc. However, this is incorrect, as Oeonistis was introduced for another group of large Lithosia -like moths of South-East Asia (Watson et al., 1980) with a wide metallic-green band pattern on the pale yellow wings. The type species of Oeonistis, Phalaena entella Cramer &amp; Stoll, 1779, was designated by Moore (1878) and therefore, it is now used for a separate genus comprising 6 species distributed from south-eastern Asia through Sundaland and New Guinea to New Caledonia and Oceania; this group of species has not yet been revised.</p><p>Hampson (1900), Fang (2000) and Witt et al. (2011) included Lithosia subcosteola Druce, 1899 (Fig. 28) into Lithosia . This species was described from Hunan Province of China and is known to occur in the Chinese provinces of Fujian, Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan and Taiwan (Fang, 2000). However, by external characters, it differs significantly from L. quadra, and resembles “ Eilema ” sensu lato -species due to its dark forewings and a pale line along costa. Thus, Kishida (1992) placed this species in Eilema . Male genitalia of L. subcosteola have never been figured and its type was not carefully studied after description. The type specimen is preserved in BMNH (Hampson, 1900) and was not dissected. Therefore it is impossible to conclude its real taxonomic position. Nevertheless, the present authors exclude this species from real Lithosia, and place it temporally in the unrevised “ Eilema ” sensu lato after Kishida (1992).</p><p>Another questionable taxon, Lithosia gynaegrapha de Joannis, 1930, described from Cha Pa (North Vietnam) often has been placed in this genus. The holotype by monotypy, a male, preserved in the MNHN, was dissected during the work of this manuscript. The male genitalia (Fig. 51) and forewing pattern (Figs 29–32) show some similarities with Cybosia Hübner, [1819]. Moreover, its morphology is also not particularly similar to Lithosia . For these reasons, until a full revision is prepared, the authors provisionally place this species within Cybosia: Cybosia gynaegrapha (de Joannis, 1930), comb. nov.</p><p>The poorly known taxon, “ Lithosia ” quadra sikkima Strand, 1922 is raised here to species rank and transferred into Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (see below).</p><p>Thus, the genus Lithosia currently includes only two species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F71FFB84DEAAB92FCB5FB20	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F72FFBC4DEAADD2FAFAFC48.text	1371EA016F72FFBC4DEAADD2FAFAFC48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithosia quadra subsp. quadra (Linnaeus 1758) Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Lithosia quadra quadra (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>(Figs 1–5)</p><p>Phalaena Noctua quadra Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn. 10) 1: 511. Type locality: not stated, probably, Europe (Watson et al., 1980). Lectotype: female (LSL), designated by Mikkola &amp; Honey, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 108: 155. Mikkola &amp; Honey (1993) noted one male as a paralectotype, but this designation is incorrect, because Linnaeus (1758) described this species after female(s) only (see below).</p><p>= Phal.[aena] Noctva flaua O. F. Müller, 1764; Favna insectorvm Fridrichsdalina: 46. TL: "[Fridrichsdal] … In nemore" [Germany].</p><p>= Phalaena Noctua deplana Linnaeus, 1771; Mant. Plant.: 539–540. TL: “Habitat - - -” (no reliable specimen in Linnaeus’ collection: Mikkola &amp; Honey, 1993: 124). Type: male(s). The species was described by Linnaeus with a remark “D.[ominus] Fabricius. Prof.[essor] Haffn.[iae]”—seemingly the specimen is kept at HMUG in the collection of Fabricius (Fig. 2); it is designated here as a lectotype of Phalaena Noctua deplana Linnaeus, 1771 .</p><p>=Lithosie quadrata Walckenaer, 1802; Faune parisienne. Insectes 2: 308. TL: [environs de Paris].</p><p>= Oeonistis quadra insolata Dannehl, 1929, Ent. Zeit. 42: 315. TL: “Terlan, Sigmundskron … Sattniß und den Karawankentalern” [S. Tyrol, Italy].</p><p>A lot of forms are known: albescens Lempke, 1961, atra Torstenius, 1956, confluens Dumont, 1903, depauperata Henriot, 1923, externa Closs, 1919, fasciata Spuler, 1906, flavescens Lempke, 1961, luteomarginata Lambillion, 1906, obscura Schawerda, 1921, pallida van Wisselingh, 1961, seminigra Dufay, 1954, triangularis Lempke, 1961, unipunctata Spuler, 1906, violagrisescens Daniel, 1952. However, all are infrasubspecific therefore not considered in this article.</p><p>Type material studied. EUROPE: 1 ♀ (lectotype of quadra), “ quadra ”, “ quadra 840.”; 1 ♀ (probably, a paralectotype of quadra), “ quadra faem. Angl. Jones”; ENGLAND: 1 ♂ (lectotype of deplana), “ Noct. Diplana / Fabr. p. 215 N o29”.</p><p>Material dissected. SPAIN: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.402, Prov. Gerona, Besalu, M.viii.[19]83, Pavlas leg. (MWM); BULGARIA: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.401, Albena, 21.vi.1971 (MWM); 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.425, Pirin Mts., Bez. Sandanski Liljanovo, vi–vii.1985, W. Thomas leg. (MWM); CRIMEA: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.412, Karadag, 3.vii.1992, Z. Kljutschko leg. (MWM); TURKEY: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.403, Prov. Bolu, 11 km WSW Bolu, 900 m, 3.viii. [19]86, de Freina leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.414, Camlibel-Paß, 1600 m, 27.vii.1977, W. Thomas leg.</p><p>(MWM); 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.415, Kars, Posof, 1400–1700 m, 10–19.vii. [19]80, Eckweiler leg. (MWM); 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.426, Kars, Posof, 2 km NE, 1700 m, 30.vii.1981, Groß, Herbst, R. &amp; A. Hoffman leg. (MWM); GEORGIA: 1 ♀, Tkvibuli, 6–31.vii. [18]95, Kisljakov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Kobulety (Kobuleti), 24.vii. [19]10, N. Satunin leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Chakva (Chakvi), 18.viii. [19]34, V. Nikolskii leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Batumi, 5.viii, 20.viii.1976, S. Sinev leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Bakurian (Bakuriani), 8.viii. [18]80, Christoph leg. (ZISP); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Borshom (now—Borzhomi), 6.vii. [18] 80, 7.vii. [18]98, Christoph &amp; anonymous leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Tiflis (now—Tbilisi), 28.vi. [18]97, E. Koenig leg. (ZISP); 5 ♂, 5 ♀, Lagodekhi, 14.viii. [18] 80, 12.viii. [18] 90, 22.vi, 29.viii. [18] 93, 15.vi, 7.vii, 20–27.vii, 29.viii. [18]96, Mlokossevich leg. (ZISP); ARMENIA: 1 ♂, Gen. Präp. 17.418, Garni, E von Eriwan, 21–23.viii.1995, Kazarjan leg. (MWM); UZBEKISTAN: 1 ♂, Gen. Präp. 17.409, 50 km E Dargan-Ata, Amu Darja river, 10–16.v.1995, A. Karpov leg. (MWM); KAZAKHSTAN: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.410, Saur Mts., Saisan, 10.vi.1990, Schintlmeister coll. (MWM); RUSSIA: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.404, 1 ♀, Gen. Präp. 17.428, NW-Kaukasus, Pjatigorsk, 24.viii.1993, Schintlmeister coll. (MWM).</p><p>Other material studied. ENGLAND: 1 ♂, “ quadra mas / Angl. Jones” (BMNH); SWEDEN: 1 ♀, Baltic Sea near Gotland, 15.vii.1912, L. S. Bagrov leg. (ZISP); GERMANY: 1 ♂, Herrenalb, Schwarzwald, ix.[18]98, O. Adelung leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Kieshof, Greifswald, 24.viii. [19]02, Bundel coll. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Berlin, Eversmann coll. (ZISP); CZECHIA: 1 ♀, Turnov, 22.vii. [19]40, Bundel coll. (ZISP); POLAND: 1 ♂, Stettin (now—Szczecin), 9.vii.1908, A. Djakonow leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Preussen, Allenstein (now—Olsztyn), 7–13.vii. [18]98 (ZISP); LITHUANIA: 1 ♂, Mustula, 3.vi.1975, P. Ivinskis leg. (SZMN); 1 ♀, Oškiuiai, 26.vii.1976, P. Ivinskis leg. (SZMN); HUNGARIA: 1 ♂, Mikepércs, 29.ix.1964 (SZMN); 1 ♀, Ócsa, Nagywrdő, 17.vi.1952, Dr. Kovács leg. (SZMN); 3 ♂, 20 km W Kecskemét, Fülöpháza, 11.ix.1991, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); UKRAINE: 1 ♂, Kiew, Meinhard coll. (ZISP); 2 ♂, Poltava, Dikan’ka, 15.vii, 27.vii.1928, E. Miljanovskij leg. (ZISP); CRIMEA: 9 ♂, 6 ♀, Bakhchisarai, 4 km from the town, 26.vi–8.viii.1993, S. V. Vasilenko leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, Sebastopol, 7.ix. [19]06, W. Pliginski leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Taush. Bazar, 28.vi. [19]07, W. Pliginski leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Mukhalatka, viii.1902, N. Kusnezov leg. (ZISP); 2 ♀, distr. Jaltensis, loc. Mischor, 9.viii.1907, S. Tshetverikov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, southern coast, 18.vii. [19]24, Bundel coll. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Yalta, Nature Reserve, 8.vii.1954, Yu. P. Korshunov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Sudak, 5– 7.vii.[19]71, V. Prasolov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 15 km NE Sudak, Kurortnoe, 5.viii.1988, A. Barkalov leg. (SZMN); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Kertsch, 25.vii. [19] 00, 25.vi, 2.vii.1916, Kiritschenko leg. (ZISP); TURKEY: 2 m $, 1 ♀, Prov. Artvin, 10 km S Zevtinlik, vic. Marlik, 350 m, 30–31.vii.1983, de Freina leg. (MWM); ABKHASIA: 3 ♂, 5 ♀, Sukhumi, 7.x.1936, 9.ix.1945, 8.xi.1949, 3.x.1953, 16.ix.1954, 22.ix.[19]62, Miljanowsky leg. (ZISP); ARMENIA: 2 ♂, 50 km NE Erevan, Tsakadzor, 40° 32' N, 44° 42' E, 1900 m, 5.ix.2012, V. Anikin leg. (SZMN); 9 ♂, 4 ♀, Kafan, 31.vii–6.viii.1969, Bundel leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Gedzhanan (now—Kadzhants), 7500–8000', 16.vii. [19]39, Rjabov leg. (ZISP); 2 ♂, Megri, 9.viii, 24.ix.1963, Azarjan leg. (SZMN); AZERBAIJAN: 1 ♀, Gerust, 3.vii. [18]81, Christoph leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Avrora, 3.vi.1980, M. Danilevsky leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Talysh Mts., Kogui, 900 m, 19.vii.1984, V. Lukhtanov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Talysh, 15 km S- W Masalli, h= 500 m, 2.vi.2005, V. Tikhonov leg. (MWM); IRAN: 1 ♂, Nord Elburs, Caspian Sea, Babolsal, 500 m, vi.2001, G. Müller leg. (MWM); KAZAKHSTAN: 3 ♂, Dzhungar, Boro-Horo Range, 35 km N Panfilov, 1800 m, 28–30.vi.2010, leg. S. Korb, D. Pozhogin, A. Shaposhnikov &amp; L. Tzylin (coll. S. Korb); BELARUS: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Pinsk, Meinhard coll. (ZISP); RUSSIA: Bryansk Province: 9 ♂, 3 ♀, 15 rv SW Bryansk, Poluzh’e, 14–19.vii.1985, V.G. Makhat (SZMN); Belgorod Province: 1 ♂, Borisovka, 13.vii.1984, Kokiev leg. (ZISP); Tver’ Province: 1 ♂, Udomelskii District, 6.viii. [20]06, A.G. Korobkov leg. (ZISP); Ul’yanovsk Province: 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Staraya Maina Distr., 10 km NE Staraya Maina, biostation, 24.vi.1993, V. Zolotuhin leg. (coll. Zolotuhin); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Cherdakly Distr., vill. Staroe Eremkino, by lake, 25.vii.1998, V. Zolotuhin leg. (coll. Zolotuhin); 1 ♀, Melekessky Distr., ‘Fakel’ camp by Dimitrovgrad, coast of Cheremshan River, 20.vi.2006 ex p., S. Pugaev leg. (coll. Zolotuhin); 2 ♂, ♀, Novaya Malykla Distr., outsk. vill. Starya Besovka, coast of Cheremshan River, 27.vi.2010, V. Zolotuhin leg. (coll. Zolotuhin); Samara Province: 1 ♀, Zhigulevskii Nature Reserve, 9.vii.1937, Preobrazhenskii leg. (ZISP); Astrakhan Province: 1 ♂, Akhtubinskii District, a border between sands and river flood-plain, 3.vi.2006, I. Kamskov leg. (SZMN); Krasnodar Province: 1 ♂, Ust’-Labinskii District, stanitsa Voronezhskaya, 6.vi.2008, A. Matov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Tuapse, 1914, N.S. Bryanskii leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Kropotkin, 45° 25' N, 40° 37' E, 20.vi.2004, Tikhonov leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, North Caucasus, Bolshoi Zelenchuk river, 11.vii.1939, Djakovov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, loc. Gelendshik, 2.ix.1915, A. Ohotnikova leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Sochi, Zarya sanatorium, 27.viii.1976, V.V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, Sochi, Agura river, Agura waterfalls, 18.viii.1976, V.V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, Sochi District, Nizhnee Loo, 43.72° N, 39.60° E, 7.vii.2008, Valerskiy leg. (ZISP); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Sochi District, Belye Nochi, 43° 39' N, 39° 37' E, 23–29.vi.2008 Valerskiy leg. (ZISP); Stavropol’ Province: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Stavropol, 14.vii, 22.vii, 16.viii. [1]920, Filipjev leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Stavropol, 21.vii.1984, O. Kosterin leg. (SZMN); 3 ♂, 3 ♀, Zheleznovodsk, without data and 23.vii, 28.vii.1895, 7.vii.[19]15, Bramson, Keler et anonymous leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Pyatigorsk, 15.vii. [19]53 (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Pjatigorsk, 24.viii.1993, Schintlmeister coll. (MWM); 8 ♂, 7 ♀, Mashuk Mt., 20.vi, 5.vii, 25.vii. [19] 37, 17.vi, 23.vi, 27.vi, 4.viii, 27.viii. [19] 38, 23.vi, 5.viii. [19] 39, 22.viii, 27.ix.1940, 5.vii.1949, [Rjabov leg.] (ZISP); Karachaevo-Cherkesia: 6 ♂, 1 ♀, fl. et loc. Teberda, 11–29.vii.1912, S. Tschetwerikov leg. (ZISP); 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Teberda, 5.vii, 20.viii. [19]40, Bundel coll. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Teberda Nature Reserve, Late viii.[1]984, K. Gorodkov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Dombai, 43º 18' N, 41º 38' E, 1590 m, 10–16.viii.2015, Anikin leg. (SZMN); Chechnya: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, loc. Groznyi, 23.vi, 15.vii.1906, N. Rodnenskij leg. (ZISP); Dagestan: 1 ♀, Tarki, 23.vii. [19]46, Rjabov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Lake Ak-gjol, 4.x. [1]939, [Rjabov leg.] (ZISP); 1 ♀, Derbent, 1.ix. [19]33, [Rjabov leg.] (ZISP); 3 ♀, Derbent, 28.viii.1974 (SZMN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 8 km S Makhachkala, Talgi, h= 200 m, 42° 54' N, 47°, 31' E, 24.vi.2004, Kostjuk leg. (MWM); 1 ♀, Kapchugai, 22.viii. [19]40, Rjabov leg. (ZISP); village Arkas, 18.vi. [19]41, Rjabov leg. (ZISP).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 16–22 mm. Forewing ground colour brownish-grey of different hues, orange at basal 1/5; basal part of costal margin black. Outer 1/4 significantly varied in coloration; typically it is dark brown, but sometimes yellow. Hindwings light yellow, with greyish costal area. Cilia coloration either likes the adjacent part of wing, or sometimes black from apex to Cu2 vein. Male genitalia (Figs 33–38). Uncus broad, downturned at apex, with a spine at the tip. Cucullus oval, sometimes slightly extended at apex, membranous, hairy. Sacculus sclerotized, constricted to apex; rounded at tip. Harpe short, broad, like a cockscomb, ventral spines heavier, longer. Juxta triangular. Saccus short, concave apically. Aedeagus short, only twice longer than uncus, cylindrical. Vesica very short, not longer and wider than aedeagus in diameter, with a large but thin single cornutus. Female. Forewing length 20–24 mm. Head and thorax light yellow. Abdomen yellow with a noticeable mixture of dark gray hair-like scales. Wing ground colour yellow. Forewing with two black spots: one between costa and fore angle of discal cell, another between discal cell and anal vein at middle part of the wing. Cilia coloration like the adjacent part of wing, except for the forewing apex, usually marked with black scales. Female genitalia (Figs 42–44). Antevaginal plate forming two simple semi oval folds on sides of vaginal sinus; these folds connected proximally with a sclerotized ring. Ductus covered with spines in distal half only.</p><p>Diagnosis. L. quadra can be separated from the similar L. yuennanensis in zones of sympatry only by genitalia. The characters separating L. quadra from L. yuennanensis are: in males, the harpe (shaped like a cockscomb) and the vesica (very short with a strong spine-like cornutus); in females, the two semi oval folds around vaginal sinus (without rugosity, connected proximally with a sclerotized ring) and the ductus bursae (covered with small spines in distal half only).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 56). Typical Amphipalaearctic species with widely disjunctive range. The Atlantic part of the distribution area occupies most parts of Europe, excluding the central and northern parts of Fennoscandia and Estonia, the northern part of European Russia, south-eastern Spain and southern Greece (Peloponnesus). In Russia, the northern distributional range is following: Darwin Nature Reserve in Tver Province, southern regions of Kirov (Vyatka) Province, central part of Udmurtia. The most eastern records are from the Katav-Ivanovsk Region in Chelyabinsk Province in Ural Mts. (50 km W from the headwater of Ural River), the central and southern parts of Orenburg Province in Russia and the western regions of Kazakhstan. However, the species is not known from arid regions in the south of European Russia (north from the Caucasus) but is not rare in humid localities of the Volga’s low valley and delta. In South-West Asia, L. quadra is known from the northern and central provinces of Turkey, the whole Caucasus and Transcaucasia as well as the north-western parts of Iran and the northern slope of Elburs Mts.; the most eastern locality in Iran is Siaret in the NNW of Shirvan south from the Kopetdagh Mts. A presence of the species in the Saur Mts. at the border between Kazakhstan and China was affirmed by Mr. S. Korb. Sporadic records from Amu-Darja River valley (Uzbekistan), Tomsk Province in West Siberia, Baikal, Kamchatka (Sedykh, 1979) have not been confirmed by recent collectors and appear doubtful although not impossible, at least from Uzbekistan and Kamchatka, the latter might be caused by vagrant specimens. One female from MWM is labeled “ Israel ” (N Dead Sea, zw. Beit HaArava &amp; 5 km N Kalya junction, 12.v 2002, - 60 m, leg. A. Sulak)—this southernmost locality is extremely untypical for the species’ distribution and therefore has to be confirmed. The Pacific part of the distributional area occupies the eastern regions of Transbaikalia, the Amur basin north to Tukuringra Mts., 54° N (Dubatolov et al., 2013, 2015), Bureja Mts., 51° N (Koshkin, 2013), and the north-eastern border of broad-leaved forests along the lower valley of Amur, up to 51° 30' N (Dubatolov, 2009). In Sakhalin, the species occurs up to 52° N (Tshistjakov, 2012), which corresponds to the distribution along the river Amur. Overall the species is distributed in Primorskii Krai in SE Russia; it is also known from Dunbei provinces of China (Heilongjiang, Jiling, Liaonin) (Fang, 2000), North and South Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Yaku) (Kishida, 2011a). A record from Shandong (Fang, 2000) should be studied, as it may belong to the following species.</p><p>Witt et al. (2011: 175) cited L. quadra as “A Trans-Palaearctic species, its range extends from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Pacific Region (Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, eastern China and Taiwan)”. This is partially wrong: the members of the genus are absent from Taiwan, and in eastern and central China L. quadra is replaced by a sibling species, L. yuennanensis (Dubatolov, 2010), see below.</p><p>Bionomics. L. quadra is monovoltine; moths are on the wings from mid June up to early September in the temperate part of Europe. The presence of a full second generation has not been confirmed (Ebert, 1997), but some moths can be occasionally collected in autumn. In subtropical regions (like in West Transcaucasia) moths can fly during autumn till early November (see material). The larvae feed on different tree-lichens; they were found on Peltigera canina and Parmelia spp., and they were also reported feeding on moist leaf litter, as well as living leaves and flowers, and feeding on other caterpillars, such as Lymantria monacha (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ebert, 1997) . Caterpillars hibernate in mid and last instars. Pupation occurs in a weak cocoon under bark and stones. This species prefers locations with high humidity.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. The species was described based on a female only accordingly to the original description given by Linnaeus (1758) as “alis depressis luteis; superiorinus punctis dubious atris”. The name levyi Silbernagel, 1944, was mistakenly attributed to Lithosia by LepIndex [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/ research/projects/lepindex/]. It was originally introduced as a form of Lithosia deplana (Esper, [1787]), now— Katha depressa (Esper, [1787]).</p><p>The populations of the northern Levante and Transcaucasia are separated here as different subspecies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F72FFBC4DEAADD2FAFAFC48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F76FFBD4DEAAD3AFDE0FE2D.text	1371EA016F76FFBD4DEAAD3AFDE0FE2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithosia quadra subsp. soligena Dubatolov, Zolotuhin & Witt	<div><p>Lithosia quadra soligena Dubatolov, Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, ssp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 9–11)</p><p>Type material. Holotype —♂, “Elbursgebirge, Dirin, östl. Gatchsar, 2400–2600 m ” [North Iran, Alborz Mts., Dirin, east from Gatchsar, 2400–2600 m a.s.l.], 28.vi–11.vii.1975, Rose leg. (gen. prep. 17.417) (MWM). Paratypes: 20 ♂, the same data as the holotype; (MWM); 6 ♂, the same data as the holotype, leg. Hoffmann (MWM); 1 ♂, 2 ♀, the same data as the holotype, leg. Schurian (MWM); 4 ♂, 3 ♀, Ostan Mazanderan, Kuh-e- Sovar, Khosh Yeilaq, 1900–2100 m, 1–4.vii.1978, W.L. Blom leg. (1 m, gen. prep. 17.416) (MWM); 1 ♀, Elburs, Kendevan, 2300–2800 m, 21–25.viii.1978, W. Thomas leg. (gen. prep. 17.418) (MWM); 1 ♀, Umg. Shahabad Nationalpark, 1300 m, 21–22.viii.1977, de Freina leg. (gen. prep. 17.419) (MWM).</p><p>Etymology. Soligena (Latin)—born by the sun—because of the pale (sunburn) wing ground colour.</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 18–20 mm. Forewing ground colour brownish-grey, orange at basal 1/5; basal part of costal margin black. Outer part of the forewing yellow with variable saturations, from pale yellow to orange; in any case reduction of dark grey suffusion is typical for this subspecies. Hindwings light yellow, with greyish costal area. Fore wing cilia grey, hind wing cilia yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 36). As in the nominate subspecies; in some specimens, appendages of harpe finer and more slender than in the nominate subspecies. Female. Ground color pale yellow, pattern as in nominate subspecies, and hindwing often almost yellowish white. Female genitalia (Fig. 43). As in the nominate subspecies.</p><p>Diagnosis. The yellow external part on the male fore wing (in contrary to dark external part of nominotypical subspecies and L. quadra dives) is highly diagnostic. Female wing coloration is distinctly paler than in the nominotypical subspecies. The nominate population as well as those of Talysh and Dagestan differ insignificantly (0.2%) in the sequence of COI. See also ‘Distribution’.</p><p>Distribution. L. quadra soligena inhabits the territory of the northern Iran. Eastern Turkey and southern Transcaucasia (Armenia and Azerbaijan) are the transitional territories between two subspecies. It can be considered as well defined geographic subspecies but the absence of natural barriers allows us to trace the presence of intermediate forms in populations from more humid biotopes. Thus, typical yellow winged forms of L. quadra soligena are rather rare in Talysh and only about 10% of the population from northern Iran (Siaret) corresponds to the description. The soligena coloration type is rare at the Great Caucasus, and known mostly as an aberration. However, in Dagestan it occurs in high density, with around 50% of the Dagestan population externally resembling this subspecies. Thus, the authors consider the populations of Eastern Caucasus and of coastal Caspian line to be intermediate to the nominate subspecies.</p><p>Bionomics. L. quadra soligena is a mountain subspecies, occurring mostly of dry or arid biotopes. It inhabits montane sparse forests and rocky bush valleys between 1900 and 2800 m, but sporadically is known from lower altitudes at about 1300 m. Moths were collected at light from late June to late August, but males are known mostly up to late July. Hosts are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F76FFBD4DEAAD3AFDE0FE2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F77FFB24DEAA8D3FB40F85D.text	1371EA016F77FFB24DEAA8D3FB40F85D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithosia quadra subsp. dives (Butler 1877) Butler 1877	<div><p>Lithosia quadra dives (Butler, 1877)</p><p>(Figs 9–11)</p><p>OEeonisis dives Butler, 1877; Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 20: 398. TL: “Yokohama”. BMNH.</p><p>Type material studied. JAPAN: 1 ♂ ([holo] type of dives), “ Type ” (on white ring banded with red), “ Japan / F. M. Jonas / 77-9.”, “OE. dives ♂ / Butler Type ” (BMNH).</p><p>Material dissected. RUSSIA: Transbaikalia (Chita) Province: 1 ♂, Argun river basin, Gazimurskii Zavod District, river Budyumkan, 5 km above the mouth, 8.vii.2002, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); Primorskii Krai: 1 ♂, Yakovlevka, 13–19.vii.1981, P.Ya. Ustjuzhanin leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.400, 17.427, Sikhote-Alin, Kamenushka, 1–7.viii.1991, O. Gorbunov &amp; V. Sytchjov leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, same locality, 14.vii.1993, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); Sakhalin Province, Kurile islands, Kunashir, Ivanovskii Cape, 3.viii.1989, V. V. Dubatolov, V. K. Zintchenko &amp; O. Rusanov leg. (SZMN); NORTH KOREA: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.405, 17.422, Haeju, Su-Jong-San, 18–19.vi.1985, E. Palik leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, Paektusan, 12–18.vii.1985, Z. Mráček leg. (SZMN); JAPAN: Honshu: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.369, Nara Pref., Kogigatake, 1200 m, 30.vi.1970, J. Razowski leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.406, 17.429, Tokyo Pref., Nippara, Okutama, 600 m, 13.ix.1980, A. Schintlmeister leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.413, Tottori Pref., Mt. Daisen, 800 m, 25.vi.1977, S. Kinoshita leg. (MWM); Ryukyu: 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.421, Okayama Pref., Mt. Hirusen, Giboshy-san, 760 m, 8.vii.1977, S. Kinoshita leg. (MWM).</p><p>Other material studied. RUSSIA: Transbaikalia (Chita) Province: 1 ♂, Argun river basin, Gazimurskii Zavod District, river Budyumkan, 5 km above the mouth, 8.vii.2002, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); Amurskaya Province: 5 ♂, 6 ♀, Zeya, 22–31.vii.2009, 29–30.vi.2010, 14–15.vii.2011, 19–27.vii.2013, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); Zeya Nature Reserve: 1 ♂, kordon Km 62nd (Kamenushka), 54° 07' N, 126° 43' E, 23–24.vii.2013, 8 ♂, 2 ♀, kordon Km 52nd (river Bolshaya Erakingra), 54° 05' N, 126° 52' E, 11–13.vii.2011, 15–16.vii.2012, 24–25.vii.2013, 5 ♂, 3 ♀, kordon Km 34th, 53° 59' N, 127° 04.5' E, 12–13.vii, 24–26.vii.2013, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, kordon Km 20th, 53° 52' N, 127° 07' E, 22–23.vii.2013, 46 ♂, 39 ♀, Zeya storage, Tyoplyi Klyuch, 53° 51' N, 127° 22' E, 28–30.vii.2009, 6–8.vii, 14–15.ix.2010, 16–19.vii.2013, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 4 ♀, rivers Malaya Pera and Bolshoi Ergel interfluves, ex larvae, 15–20.vii.1958, Sukhareva &amp; Kuznetsov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Blagoveshchensk vic., Verkhneblagoveshchenskoe, agrobiostation, 6.vii.1998, V. V. Dubatolov &amp; A. N. Streltzov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, Kundur, 23.vii.1990, A. N. Streltzov leg. (SZMN); Jewish Autonomous Region: 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Obluch’e, 16.vi.1990, 14.vii.1994, A. N. Streltzov leg. (SZMN); Khabarovsk Province: 1 ♂, Chegdomyn, 21.vii.2004, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, Lidoga, 49° 30' N, 136° 55' E, 24.ix.2009, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 1 m $, 1 ♀, Komsomolsk-na-Amure, Silinskii Park, 20–21.vii.2007, V. V. Dubatolov &amp; A. Syachina leg. (SZMN); 5 ♂, 1 ♀, Pivan, 50° 31' N, 137° 03.5' E, 18.vii, 12–13.viii.2007, 14–15.vii.2009, 24–25.vii.2010, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); 6 ♂, 8 ♀, Kiselevka, 51° 24' N, 139° E, 26–30.vii.2007, 13–14.vii.2008, 26.vii–4.viii.2010, V. V. Dubatolov &amp; A. Syachina leg. (SZMN); 3 ♂, 9 ♀, North-Eastern slope of Sikhote-Alin Mts., Nature Reserve “Botchinskii”, Kordon Tyoplyi Klyuch, 48° 17.8' N, 139° 34.5 E, by light, 30.vii–4.viii.2014, 11–12.ix.2015, V. V. Dubatolov leg.; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Chabarovka, [1882], Graeser leg. (ZISP); Bolshekhekhtsyrskii Nature Reserve: 5 ♂, 5 ♀, Kordon Chirki at the river Chirki mouth, 48° 16.8' N, 134° 41' E, 14.vii.2005, 25–26.viii.2011, 25–26.vi, 1–2.viii.2012, 3–4.vii.2013, 14–15.vii.2014, 63 ♂, 74 ♀, Kazakevichevo, 17.vii–10.ix.2007, 7.vii–21.ix.2008, 13–22.viii.2009, 6.viii–12.ix.2010, 4–8.viii, 4–5.ix.2011, 22.vii–9.viii, 8–11.ix.2012, 16–26.vii.2014, 46 ♂, 23 ♀, rivulet Sosninskii, 48° 16.2' N, 134° 46.3' E, 26.vii.2007, 19–20.viii.2010, 18–19.vii, 6–7.viii.2011, 1.vii–9.viii.2012, 2–3.vii.2013, 20 ♂, 12 ♀, kordon Sosninskii, 48° 14.3' N, 134° 46.8' E, 450 m, 15–16.vii, 18–19.viii.2010, 25–26.vii.2011, 1 ♂, rivulet Sosninskii headwater, 48° 13.45' N, 134° 46.75' E, 800 m, 25–26.vii.2011, 206 ♂, 136 ♀, Bychikha, 48° 18' N, 134° 49' E, 9.vii–15.viii, 15–18.ix.2005, 5.vii–4.viii, 24.viii–1.ix.2006, 29.vi–10.ix.2007, 30.vi–21.ix.2008, 16.vii–24.viii.2009, 6.vii–20.ix.2010, 17.vii–28.ix.2011, 1.vii–29.ix.2012, 1.vii–11.ix.2013, 7.vii–9.viii, 13–23.ix.2014, 21.vii–1.ix.2015, 5 ♂, 3 ♀, Chirki bog, 48° 09' N, 135° 08' E, 4– 5.vii, 24–25.vii, 5– 6.viii, 9–10.ix.2012, 22–23.vii.2014, 2 ♀, kordon Odyr, 48° 07' N, 134° 52' E, 19.ix.2006, 16–17.vii.2009, V. V. Dubatolov &amp; A. M. Dolgikh leg. (SZMN); Primorskii krai: 1 ♀, river Lefu (Ilistaya), Khalkidon, 2.vii.1980, Nagomatullin leg. (SZMN); 3 ♂, Tjutiche, 17.vii.1914, Kotshubej leg. (ZMKDU); 6 ♂, 5 ♀, Yakovlevka, 13–31.vii.1981, 7–8.viii.1983, P. Ya. Ustjuzhanin leg. (SZMN); 1 ♀, Chernyshevka, 21.vii.1981, V. Bakurov leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 20 km NNW from Chernyshevka, rivulets Tyoplyi &amp; Kamenistyi, 14.vii, 6.viii.1993, V. V. Dubatolov &amp; V. K. Zintchenko leg. (SZMN); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Vinogradovka, 11.vii–5.viii.1929, Djakonov &amp; Filipjev leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, river Suputinka (now—Komarovka) middle flow, 12.vii.1935, A. I. Kurentzov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, river Suputinka, 29–30.vii.1971 (SZMN); 1 ♀, 20 km SE Ussuriisk, dendrarium, 8.vii. [1]982, M. V. Kozlov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, river Maikhe, 24.vii.1972, V. Prasolov leg. (ZISP); 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Suchanskii Rudnik (now—Partizansk), 2–27.viii.1934, Palshkov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Tigrovoe, 21.vii. [19]29, A. I. Kurentzov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Fridman, 18.viii.1993, Dubatolov &amp; Zintchenkjo leg. (SZMN); 2 ♂, Lazo District, Preobrazhenie, 16–17.vii.2007, A. Ovchinnikov leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Razdolnaya, 18.vii. [19]24, Dulkeit leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Vladivostok, Sedanka, 18.vii–7.viii.1918, K. G. Kriger-Voinov.[skii] leg. (ZISP); 1 ♀, Vladivostok vic., Chernaya Rechka (Okeanskaya), viii.1931, Moltrecht leg. (ZISP); 1 ♂, Kedrovaya Pad’ Nature Reserve, 17–20.viii.1953, A. S. Lisetskii leg. (ZISP); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Gamov peninsula, Vitjaz bay, 21–25.vii.1979, V. V. Dubatolov leg. (SZMN); Sakhalin: 8 ♂, 15 ♀, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 14.viii.1989, 2 ♂, Urozhainoe, 15–16.viii.1989, Dubatolov, Zintchenko &amp; Rusanov leg. (SZMN); KUNASHIR: 1 m $, Ivanovskii Cape, 3.viii.1989, V. V. Dubatolov, V. K. Zintchenko &amp; O. Rusanov leg. (SZMN); CHINA: Heilongjiang: 1 ♀, Harbin, vi.[1]903 (ZISP); KOREA: 3 ♀, Paektusan, 12–18.vii.1985, Z. Mráček leg. (SZMN); JAPAN: Hokkaido: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Asahi-Mura, 21–28.vii 1957, coll. Murayana (MWM); 1 ♀, Asahi-Mura, 21.viii 1956, coll. Murayana (MWM); 1 ♀, Obihiro, 16.viii 1960, coll. Murayana (MWM); 1 ♂, Shibecha, 2–4.viii 1975, leg. R. Sato (MWM); Honshu: 1 ♂, Aomori Pref., Tazawako City, Tazawako-See, 500 m, 3.x 1980, leg. Schintlmeister (MWM); 1 ♂, Iwate Prov., Morioka, 1.vii 1954 (MWM); 1 ♂, 1♀, Nagano, Usuitoga b. Karutzawa, 1100 m, 27.vii 1960, leg. Murayama (MWM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Nagano, Sigakogen, 10.vii 1953, leg. Mutuura (MWM); 1 ♂, Nagano Pref., Karuitzawa-Tsuigoi, 700 m, 8.ix 1980, leg. Schintlmeister (MWM); 3 ♂, Mt. Nagano, Tokakushi, 9–26.viii 1964, coll. H. Nashimoto (MWM); 1 ♂, Nagano, Hakubamura, 30.viii 1982, leg. Y. Kishida (MWM); 1 ♂, Gifu, 13.vi 1915 (MWM); 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Tokyo Pref., Nippara, 13.ix 1980, Okutama, 600 m, leg. Schintlmeister (MWM); 1 ♀, Yokohama, 25.ix 1911, leg. H. Hoene (MWM); 1 ♂, Kyoto, Berg Hi-ei; 800 m, 5.vii 1954, leg. Murayama (MWM); 1 ♂, Pref. Kyoto, Kibune, 30.vi 1956, leg. S. Murayama (MWM); 1 ♂, [Hyogo Perf.,] Rokkosan bei Kobe, 1000 m, Ende vii 1934, leg. H. Hoene (MWM); 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Nara Pref., Hogigatake, 30.vi 1970, leg. J. Razowski (MWM); Kyushu: 1 ♀, Fukuoka Pref., Mt. Hikosan, 800 m, 21.viii 1980, leg. Schintlmeister (MWM); 2 ♂, [Nagasaki pref.], [Mt.] Unzen, 20.vii. [1]907, Chersky leg. (ZISP).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 15–21 mm. Similar to that of the nominate subspecies but rather darker and generally larger. Male genitalia (Fig. 37–38). As in the nominate subspecies, with appendages rather heavier. Female. Forewing length 18–25 mm. Wing pattern also slightly darker than in the nominotypical subspecies. Female genitalia (Fig. 44). As in the nominate subspecies.</p><p>Diagnosis. In spite of weak morphological differences we propose to keep the name L. quadra dives for the Far Eastern population of the species because of a distinct gap widely separating West Palearctic and East Asiatic populations. This decision is supported by low, but obvious differences in COI for most specimens investigated (0.12–0.25%). Larger size and darker ground coloration are also generally typical for island Japanese populations; the harpe in male genitalia is also somewhat heavier built.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 56). The subspecies occurs from Eastern Transbaikalia via Amur basin (excluding the river Amur lower reaches), Primorye and Sakhalin to Southern Kurile Islands in South-Eastern Russia; it is also distributed in North Eastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaonin), Korea and Japan.</p><p>Bionomics. L. quadra dives occurs mainly in broad leaved and mixed forests. In the middle part of Amur basin (Khabarovsk suburbs) this subspecies flies from late June or early July till early or middle August; but every year moths of the second (probably not complete) generation appear in late August or early September and fly till the end of September. Hosts are unknown; just ‘lichens’ are given on http://www.jpmoth.org/</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F77FFB24DEAA8D3FB40F85D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F7BFFB64DEAA9B1FCEAFE74.text	1371EA016F7BFFB64DEAA9B1FCEAFE74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithosia yuennanensis (Daniel 1952) Daniel 1952	<div><p>Lithosia yuennanensis (Daniel, 1952)</p><p>(Figs 12–13)</p><p>Oeonistis quadra yuennanensis Daniel, 1952, Bonn. zool. Beitr. 3 (3–4): [319]–320. TL: “[Yuennan] … Likiang” (ZFMK). Lithosia yuennanensis in: Dubatolov 2010; Kishida 2011, Japan Heterocerist’s J. 261: 272.</p><p>Type material studied. CHINA: 1♂ (holotype), “♂ Type / Oenistis / quadra / ssp. yuennani [sic!] Daniel”, “ Typus / ♂”, “Li-kiang ca. 2000 m / Prov. Nord-Yuennan / 8.8.1934. H.Höne” (ZFMK); 1 ♀, “♀ Type / Oenistis / quadra / ssp. yuennani Daniel”, “Allotypus / ♀”, “Li-kiang ca. 2000m / Prov. Nord-Yuennan / 6.8.1934.H.Höne” (ZFMK); 1 ♂ (paratype), “ Paratype / Oen. Quadra / ssp. yuennanensis / Daniel”, “Li-kiang. (China). / Provinz Nord- Yuennan. / 11.8.1934. H. Höne”, “Genital-Präparat / Heterocera / Nr. 17. 368 / Museum Witt München”; 7 ♂, 3 ♀ (paratypes), Li-kiang. (China), Provinz Nord-Yuennan, leg. H. Höne, collected from 5 to 15.viii in 1935 and 1936 (MWM).</p><p>Material dissected. CHINA: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.439–17.440, Sichuan, Qingchenghoushan Mts., 70 km NW Chengdu, 1400 m, 15–20.vi.2005, S., V., M. Murzin leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, Sichuan, Qingchenghou Shan, 70 km NW Chengdu, 1500 m, 7.vi.2005, S. V. Murzin leg. (SZMN); 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.423, Shaanxi, Taibaishan Nat. Park, 33°35’ N, 107°43’E, 1300–1500 m, 20.viii–4.ix.1998, V. Murzin &amp; V. Siniaev leg. (MWM); 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.370–17.371, 13.407–13.408, 13.424, prov. Shaanxi, Tapaishan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, Houzbenzi, 33°51–53’ N, 107°49’ E, 1600 m, vi.1999, 1–12.viii.1999, Dr. Ronald Brechlin leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.411, Beijing, 110 km NW Mentougou, Xiaolongmen Forest Stat., 1100 m, 39°56’ E.B., 116°05’ N.L., 1.viii.2000, Dr. A. Schintlmeister leg. (MWM).</p><p>Other material studied. CHINA: Sichuan: 10 ♂, 4 ♀, Qingchenghoushan Mts, 70 km NW Chengdu, 1500 m, 15–20.vi.2005, S. V. Murzin leg. (MWM); Shaanxi: 50 ♂, 11 ♀, Tapaishan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, Houzbenzi, 33°51–53’ N, 107°49’ E, 1600 m, vi.1999, 1–12.viii.1999, Dr. Ronald Brechlin leg. (MWM); 4 ♂, Tai bai shan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, 1400 m, Houzbenzi, Sept. 1998, 33°51’ N, 107°49’ E, leg. local collector (MWM); 8 ♂, 7 ♀, Taibaishan Nat. Park, 33°35’ N, 107°43’ E, 1300–1500 m, 20.viii–4.ix 1998, leg. V. Murzin &amp; V. Sinjaev (MWM); 6 ♂, Tapaishan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, Houzbenzi, 33°53’ N, 107°49’ E, 1500 m, June 2000, leg. local collector (MWM); 2 ♂, Taibai Shan Mts, 33°53’ N, 107°49’ E, 1500 m, April 2000, leg. Siniaev &amp; C (MWM); 1 ♀, Tapaishan Mts (S), Tsinling Mts, Houzbenzi, 33°53’ N, 107°49’ E, 1600 m, 15.viii–15.x 1999, leg. local collector (MWM); 2 ♀, Daba Shan, Shou-Man vill., 1000–1700 m, 32°14’ N, 108°34’ E, 15.vi–15.vii 2000, leg. Siniaev &amp; Plutenko (MWM); Hubei: 1 ♀, NO Wuhan City, Tapieh Shan, mvi-eviii 1999, 900– 1600 m, leg. J. Li (MWM).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 20–21 mm. Forewing ground colour brown or greyish-brown, orange at basal 1/5; basal part of costal margin black. Outer 1/4 dark brown or dark grey. Hindwings light yellow, with greyish costal area. Cilia colouration like in adjacent part of wing. Male genitalia (Figs 39–41). Uncus moderate in width, downturned at apex, with a small spine at tip. Cucullus oval, extended at apex, membranous, covered with hairs. Sacculus sclerotized, constricted to apex; with a spine at tip. Harpe short, broad, like a simple process with a rounded crest apically. Juxta triangular. Saccus short, apically concave. Aedeagus moderate in length, stout, cylindrical. Vesica long, with long narrow finger-like lobe and a sclerotized blunt claw at its tip. Female. Forewing length 24 mm. Head and thorax light yellow. Abdomen yellow with a noticeable mixture of dark gray hair-like scales. Wing ground colour yellow, but forewings brighter (darker). Forewing with two black spots: one between costa and fore angle of discal cell, another between discal cell and anal vein at middle part of the wing. Cilia colouration like an adjacent part of wing, but at forewing apex marked with black scales. Female genitalia (Fig. 44). Antevaginal plate forms two rugose folds on sides of vaginal sinus; a sclerotized ring is not presented proximally. Ductus bursae broad, sclerotized, covered with more or less visible spines in central and proximal parts. Bursa copulatrix globular, without signi.</p><p>Diagnosis. In spite of the dark grey external fore wing area, which can be narrower in some males of L. yuennanensis, this species can be reliably separated from L. quadra by characters of the genitalia: males present a simple harpe, lacking teeth, a long vesica, with a long narrow finger-like lobe and a sclerotized blunt claw at its tip; females present two folds around a rugous vaginal sinus, and lack a proximal sclerotized ring; the ductus bursae is covered with small spines in central and proximal parts.</p><p>Distribution. China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hubei, Beijing). All these records have been formerly cited as Lithosia quadra (Daniel, 1952; Fang, 1982, 1985, 2000). Although we have studied specimens from Beijing, Shaanxi and Sichuan, we extrapolate its distribution on neighboring territories of Yunnan and Hubei. However, the species might be found in southern part of Dunbei provinces of China, as well as South Korea. Newly found in southern part of Gifu Prefecture in Japan (Honshu) (Miyano, 2011; Kishida, 2011b), based on Dubatolov’s specific determination, but without marking “stat. nov.”.</p><p>Bionomics. Probably bi- or trivoltine, with moths on the wings in April, from June to Early July, and from August to mid September, depending on the altitude, which ranges from 900 to 1600 m. Hosts unknown. Caterpillars are probably hibernating in submature stage.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. In spite of the isolated island status of the Japanese population, these moths do not differ from the continental ones by morphological or DNA characters. The same similarity exists between isolated populations in different mountain systems in the continental China. So the species is treated here as consisting of the single nominotypical subspecies within the whole area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F7BFFB64DEAA9B1FCEAFE74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F7CFFB64DEAAB61FDD4F8FF.text	1371EA016F7CFFB64DEAAB61FDD4F8FF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conilepia Hampson 1900	<div><p>Conilepia Hampson, 1900</p><p>Conilepia Hampson, 1900, Cat. Lepid. Phalaenae Br. Mus. 2: xii, 83, 219. TS: Oeonistis nigricosta Leech, 1889, by original designation.</p><p>Description. Generic characters designated by Hampson (1900). Strongly sexually dimorphic. Proboscis fully developed. Labial palpi very short, porrect. Antennae ciliate. Middle tibiae with apical pair of moderate spurs, hind tibiae with two pairs of moderate spurs. Forewing long and narrow; costal margin nearly straight, but slightly convex between apex and discal cell. Forewing venation: subcostal vein free; R1 and R2 arising from the discal cell not far from the apex; (R3+R4)+R5 stalked; R2 anastomosing with R3+5 to form the areole; M1 arising from well below upper angle of the discal cell; M2 absent; M3 arising from hind angle of the discal cell; Cu1 arising from well before hind angle of the discal cell; Cu2 arising from middle of discal cell, the two latter slightly curved at bases; anal vein free. Hindwing venation: Sc before the middle of discal cell, Rs and M1 coincident; M2 absent; M3 and Cu1 stalked; Cu2 arising from middle of discal cell; two anal veins free. Head dark grey, with occiput yellow in males; head entirely yellow in females. Wing pattern typical for the genus: in male forewings yellow, with dark costal and outer margins, hindwings yellow; in female wings yellow, forewing with two dark spots: one between costa and upper angle of discal cell, another between Cu2 and A. Male genitalia (Figs 46–50): uncus more or less broad, downturned at apex, cucullus short, broad and membranous, sacculus sclerotized, upturned at middle part. Harpe absent. Juxta X-shaped. Saccus broadly triangular. Aedeagus short, lacking spines. Vesica with spinulose and sclerotized plates. Female genitalia (Figs 52–53): papillae anales moderate, posterior apophyses no longer than papillae anales. A ring of IX abdominal segment well visible. Anterior apophyses as long as posterior apophyses. Postvaginal plate unsclerotized. Antevaginal plate poorly sclerotized, but sometimes producing two folds around the vaginal sinus. Ductus bursae moderate, consisting of better sclerotized quadrangular distal part and less sclerotized proximal part. Bursa copulatrix globular, with round sclerotized signa centered with a small spine.</p><p>Bionomics. Subtropical forest mountain genus restricted to mesophytic coenoses. Larvae and hosts are unknown.</p><p>Diagnosis. The genus is characterized by the following features:</p><p>• sexual dimorphism: male forewings yellow with costal pattern; female forewings also yellow with two black</p><p>spots;</p><p>• hindwing venation: Rs and M1 coincident in females; two veins arising near the hind angle of the discal cell on</p><p>forewings; these veins are slightly curved at bases;</p><p>• male genitalia: saccular process upturned medially; cucullus membranose, broad and short (autapomorphic</p><p>characters); harpe absent;</p><p>• female genitalia: corpus bursae slightly longer than ductus, with single round signa; vaginal sinus without</p><p>creases on antevaginal plate.</p><p>Distribution. Pacific-Himalayan: Japan; Taiwan; continental Eastern and Southern China; Vietnam; northern India (Eastern Himalayas), Nepal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F7CFFB64DEAAB61FDD4F8FF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F7EFFB44DEAA9B1FC3CF936.text	1371EA016F7EFFB44DEAA9B1FC3CF936.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conilepia nigricosta subsp. nigricosta	<div><p>Conilepia nigricosta nigricosta (Leech, [1889])</p><p>(Figs 14–17)</p><p>Oeonistis nigricosta Leech, [1889]; Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1888: 598, pl. 30, fig. 11. TL: “ Japan ” (BMNH).</p><p>Type material. JAPAN: 1 ♂ ([holo] type of nigricosta), “ Type ” (on white ring framed with red), “H. Pryer Coll. / Japan.”, “Leech Coll. / 1900-64.”, “ Oeonistis / nigricosta . nov. sp.” (BMNH).</p><p>Material examined. JAPAN: Honshu: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.430, Hyōgo pref., Haga-chō, Onzui Tal, S. Kinoshita leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, Hyōgo Pref., Onzui Tal, Haga-cho, leg. S. Kinoshita (MWM); 1 ♂, Osaka [Pref.], Ibaraki, Kuruma-tsukuri, 13.vii 1980, leg. S. Kinoshita (MWM); 6 ♂, Nara Pref., Hogigatake, 30.vi 1970, leg. J. Razowski (MWM); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Mie [Pref.], Miyama, Fudo-dani, 100 m, 10.vii.1993, Y. Kishida leg. (SZMN); Kyushu: 1 ♀, [Fukuoka Pref.,] Mt. Hikosan, 15.ix 1980, leg. S. Kinosita (MWM); CHINA: Fujian: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.431, “Kuatun (2300m) 27,4Øn.Br. / 117,40ö.L. J. Klapperich / 1. 6. 1938 (Fukien)”, “Sammlung / Daniel”. “Genitalpräparat / Heterocera / Nr. 17.431” (MWM); 1 ♂, Kuatun (2300 m) 27,40 n. Br., 117,40 ö.L., (Fukien), 1.vi 1938, leg. Klapperich (GU 17.431) (MWM); Jiangxi-Fujian border: 1 ♂, gen. prep. 17.432,1 ♀, Gen. Präp. 17.433,Wuy Shan, 50 km SE of Yingian, 27°58’ N, 117° 25’ E, 1000 m, v.2002, Siniaev &amp; local coll. leg (MWM); 22 ♂, 14 ♀, China /WuyShan, 50 km SE of Yingtan, 27º56'N, 117º25'E, 1600 m, May 2002, leg. Siniaev &amp; local coll. (MWM); Guangdong: 1 ♂, Shaoguan, Nanling, 1,000 m, 2–5.vii.2011, Y.Kishida leg. (SZMN).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 15–21 mm. Thorax, patagia and tegulae orange-yellow. Abdomen yellow. Forewing ground colour yellowish-grey, orange at base, dorsal and outer margins. Costa black. Forewing cilia yellow, but with dark scales. Hindwings light yellow, with brown scales along the hind edge of discal cell. Male genitalia (Figs 46–47). Uncus moderate in width, downturned at apex, with a small spine at tip. Cucullus oval, short, membranous, hairy. Sacculus sclerotized, bent upward at rectangular angle at middle part, rounded at apex, not longer than the middle part of cucullus. Juxta X-shaped. Saccus broadly triangular. Aedeagus short, lacking spines. Vesica globular, with a spinulate zone and a small spine-like cornutus. Female. Forewing length 18–19 mm. Head and thorax light yellow. Abdomen yellow with a noticeable mixture of dark grey scales. Wing ground colour yellow, forewings often brighter (darker). Forewing with two black spots: one between costa and fore angle of discal cell, another between discal cell and anal vein at middle part of the wing; the latter is slightly smaller than the fore one and does not touch veins. Cilia colouration like the adjacent part of wing, some black scales visible at apex. Female genitalia (Fig. 52). The less sclerotized proximal part of ductus bursae is more heavily sclerotized comparing with other taxa of the genus; bursa copulatrix without any enlargement.</p><p>Diagnosis. The nominotypical subspecies is well characterized by the presence of broad yellow margination along the dorsal and outer margins of the forewings in males, but the orange coloration along costa is strongly reduced. Male forewings lack black spots. In male genitalia, the nominotypical subspecies is characterized by the presence of a small spine-like cornutus on the vesica. Females are characterized by the light yellow coloration of forewings and the smaller hind black spot on the forewing that does not touch veins.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 57). In Japan, this species is known from the following islands: Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu (Kishida, 2011a). In wing coloration, Japanese specimens do not differ from those in the continental China (Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi). Thus, we considered continental specimens within the nominate subspecies.</p><p>Bionomics. Moths were collected in Japan from June–July and again in September. Kishida (2011a) notices two generations in Japan, but the second generation might be not full. Moths inhabit altitudes from 100 m up to 2300 m above sea level. In continental China they are known from May–July from altitudes from 1000 m up to 2300 m above sea level. Lichens are given as hosts in http://www.jpmoth.org.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F7EFFB44DEAA9B1FC3CF936	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F7EFFB54DEAAE2FFBE6FA8D.text	1371EA016F7EFFB54DEAAE2FFBE6FA8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conilepia nigricosta subsp. paiwan Kishida 1991	<div><p>Conilepia nigricosta paiwan Kishida, 1991</p><p>(Figs 18–21)</p><p>Conilepia nigricosta paiwan Kishida in Kishida &amp; Yazaki, 1991; Japan Heterocerists’ J. 165: 263, figs 1–2. Type locality: “Fushan (400 m) Wulai, Taipei Hsien” [Taiwan].</p><p>Type material. JAPAN: 1 ♂, holotype, Fushan (400 m) Wulai, Taipei Hsien, 23–25.viii.1990 (M. Owada) (NSMT); 1 ♀, paratype, the same locality; figured by Kishida &amp; Yazaki (1991): Figs. 1 (male, holotype) and 2 (female, paratype).</p><p>Material examined. TAIWAN: Prov. Taipei: 3 ♂, Taipingshan N.R., 1300 m, 12.vii 1997, leg. B. Herczig &amp; Y. Y.L i e n (M W M); 1 8 ♂, 3 ♀, Hsiapen, 650 m, 11.vii 1997, leg. B. Herczig &amp; Y. Y.Lien (MWM); Prov. Taoyuan: 1 ♀, gen. prep. 17.438, Ming Chyr Forest Reservation Area, 1160 m, 05–06.x.1996, Gy. Fábián &amp; F. Nemeth leg. (MWM); 1 ♂, 16 km E of Fuhsing, 870 m, 16.vii 1997, 121˚24’E, 24˚50’N, leg. Tibor Csovari &amp; Laszlo Mikus (MWM); 13 ♂, 4 ♀, Ming Chyr Forest Recreation area, 1160 m, 13–14.vii 1996, leg. G. Csorba &amp; L. Nemeth (MWM); 1 ♀, 14 km E of Fushing, 800 m, 4.x 1995, 121˚23’E, 24˚25’N, leg. Csovari &amp; Steger (MWM); Prov. Ilan [Ylan]: 2 ♂, gen. prep. 17.436–17.437, 1200 m, Ming Chyr Forest Reservation Area, 8–9.vii.1997, B. Herczig &amp; S. Kovács leg. (MWM); 17 ♂, 4 ♀, 1200 m, Ming Chyr Forest Recreation Area, 8–9.vii 1997, leg. B. Herczig &amp; S. Kovacs (MWM); Prov. Hualien: 1 ♂, 6 km SE Juisui, 200 m, 22.v 1997, leg. Gy. M. László &amp; G. László (MWM).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 17–19 mm. Thorax, patagia and tegulae orange-yellow. Abdomen yellow with grey scales. Forewing ground colour light yellow, with orange borders at base, dorsal, outer and costal margins, but costal orange border more than twice narrower than others. Costa black, costal line slightly broadened at 1/3 from apex. Forewing cilia black. Hindwings light yellow, with brown scales along the hind edge of discal cell. Male genitalia (Fig. 48) as in nominotypical subspecies, but spine-like cornutus has changed into a small sclerotized plate with a small spine on it; cucullus is smaller, so the tip of sacculus is longer than the central part of sacculus. Female Forewing length 20–22 mm. Wing colouration like in the nominate subspecies, but forewing much brighter and black spots larger, the posterior spot slightly larger than the anterior spot. Female genitalia (Fig. 53) characterized by stronger sclerotization of meduim part of duscus bursae than other parts of genitalia.</p><p>Remarks. C. nigricosta paiwan is well characterized by the black costal line slightly broadened at one-third from apex and often by the presence of a yellow margination along costal margin of forewings in males. Its male genitalia are characterized by the transformation of the cornutus of the vesica into a small plate with a minute spine on it. Females are not as distinctive as males; Kishida &amp; Yazaki (1991) stated that forewings in specimens from Taiwan are orange instead of yellowish orange, with a larger median spot, which we have also observed. Specimens of the nominotypical subspecies that occurs on the mainland are characterized by the entire absence of yellow margination along the costal margin of forewings in males. In male genitalia, the presence of a small spinelike cornutus on vesica, smaller than in the Taiwan population, is distinctive.</p><p>Distribution. Taiwan.</p><p>Bionomics. Mountain subspecies, like the nominotypical one, native to forest zone at the altitudes of 200–1200 m. Moths were collected in May, again in first half of July and then in late August and early October in Taiwan, highly probably producing two or more generations. Hosts are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F7EFFB54DEAAE2FFBE6FA8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F7FFFAA4DEAAC79FE14FCCA.text	1371EA016F7FFFAA4DEAAC79FE14FCCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conilepia sikkima (Strand 1922) Strand 1922	<div><p>Conilepia sikkima (Strand, 1922), comb. &amp; stat. nov.</p><p>(Figs 22–24)</p><p>Lithosia quadra sikkima Strand, 1922; Lep. Cat. 26: 623. TL: “A ♀ from Sikhim” [India, Sikkim]. Holotype: female (BMNH “in Coll. Elwes”).</p><p>Lithosia quadra Hampson, 1900; Cat. Lep. Phalaenae Br. Mus. 2: 221.</p><p>Type material. INDIA: 1 ♀ (holotype of sikkima), “ Type ” (on white ring framed with red), “Sikkim / 1–4000 ft. / Möller.”, “Rothschild / Bequest / B.M. 1939-I. ”, “Collectio / H. J. Elwes.”, “Like Lithosia / quadra ♀ but / F.W. vein 5 absent. / Wait ♂ to decide”, “ Lithosia / quadra / ab. sikkima / Holotype. Strand / Hampson Ab.”.</p><p>Material examined. INDIA: 2 ♂, gen. prep. 17.445, Sikkim, Mt. Kanchenjunga SE, 27° 30’ N, 88° 20’ E, 2000 m, 22–31.vii.1995, Afonin &amp; Sinjaev leg. (MWM); 1 f, Indien, Sikkim, Legship, 500 m, 24–28.vii1990, leg. W. Thomas (MWM).</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 17–18 mm. Thorax, patagia and tegulae orange-yellow. Abdomen yellow with grey scales. Forewing ground colour light yellowish-grey, yellow at base, outer and external 2/3 of dorsal margin. Costa and apex black. Forewing cilia black. Hindwings yellow, with brown scales along the hind edge of discal cell. Hindwing cilia predominantly yellow but black at apex and costal margin. Male genitalia (Fig. 50): uncus moderate in width, downturned at apex, with a small spine at tip. Cucullus oval, extended dorsally, membranous, hairy. Sacculus sclerotized, roundly upturned at apical 1/3, rounded at apex. Juxta X-shaped. Saccus broadly oval. Aedeagus short, lacking spines. Vesica broad T-shaped, with a weak spinulose zone at base, and two strong spike-like cornuti at apex. Female. Forewing length of 21 mm. Head and thorax light yellow. Abdomen yellow. Forewing ground colour bright yellow with two black spots: one between costa and fore angle of discal cell, and the other, transversally elongated from discal cell beyond anal vein, at medial portion of the wing. Forewing cilia yellow, with some black scales at apex. Hindwings light yellow. Female genitalia (Fig. 54): characterized by broad ductus bursae with sclerotized appendix; the sclerotized distal part of ductus is expanded proximally.</p><p>Diagnosis. C. sikkima Strand can be identified by the lighter forewings and a broader black costa; in the male genitalia by the curved sacculus (not rectangular, as in C. nigricosta and C. cao) and two strong spike-like cornuti at the apex of vesica (in other species cornuti are small, but different in number). The female of the species can be diagnosed by transversally elongated dorsal black spot on forewings.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 57). The species was known so far from North-Eastern India: Sikkim. Kishida (2011a) recorded C. nigricosta from Nepal; this determination should be corrected into C. sikkima . Ghosh &amp; Majumdar (2007) and Singh, Singh &amp; Joshi (2014) recorded Lithosia quadra from Mizoram. We consider these records belonging to C. sikkima, which appears to be the only species of the group in the Himalayas.</p><p>Bionomics. Mountain species, known from 2000 m and collected in late July. Hosts are unknown.</p><p>Taxonomic remarks. Despite of strong differences in male genitalia structure, C. sikkima differs externally from C. nigricosta and C. cao in few characters of wing pattern (see above and below). However, the COI analysis shows strong genetic differences between C. sikkima and C. nigricosta (about 3.5%), more than between C. sikkima and C. cao sp. nov. (about 0.33–0.5%); the last pair of species differing strongly both by wing pattern and male genitalia structure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F7FFFAA4DEAAC79FE14FCCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
1371EA016F60FFAB4DEAAAB7FB41FF52.text	1371EA016F60FFAB4DEAAAB7FB41FF52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conilepia cao Dubatolov, Zolotuhin & Witt	<div><p>Conilepia cao Dubatolov, Zolotuhin &amp; Witt, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 25–27)</p><p>Type material. Holotype —♂, VIETNAM: “ Vietnam mer. / Bach-ma Nat. Park / 1200 m / 16’10’’N 107’54’’E / 26.7.– 6.8.1996 leg. / V. Siniaev &amp; E. Afonin / Museum Witt”. Paratypes: 1 ♀, the same data as in the holotype; 1 ♀, C. Vietnam, Gia Lai Pr., K’Bang Dist., vill. Kon Loc, 1110 m, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 14°25’N, 108°23’E, lum., 14–18.III 2012, leg. V. Zolotuhin; these types are preserved in MWM; 1 ♂, gen. prep. AV1591, 1 ♀, gen. prep. AV1623, Central Vietnam, Da Nang province, Ba Na Mt. 1450 m, v.2015, leg. Le Luong Thanh; 2 ♀, the same locality, ix.2015, leg. Le Luong Than; 1 ♂, South Vietnam, Lam Dong province, Lac Duong district, Tay Nguyen Highlands, Nui Ba National Park, xii.2015, leg. Vo Van Nhon; all last specimens are deposited in the private collection of A. V. Volynkin, Barnaul, Russia.</p><p>Ethymology. Cao Dai—the higher godhead of Vietnam also known as all-seeing eye or “The Eye of the Omniscience”.</p><p>Description. Male. Forewing length 15–16 mm. Thorax, patagia and tegulae orange-yellow. Abdomen orangeyellow with grey scales. Forewing ground colour dark yellow, darker at basal 1/4. Costa black along discal cell; apical part of costa yellow. Forewing cilia yellow with black scales at apex. Hindwings light yellow. Hindwing cilia light yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 49): uncus moderate in width, broader at base, downturned at apex, with a small spine at tip. Cucullus nearly quadrangular, short, membranous and hairly. Sacculus sclerotized, bent upward at rectangular angle at middle part, constricted at apex, longer than the middle part of cucullus. Juxta X-shaped. Saccus broadly triangular. Aedeagus short, without any spine. Vesica globular, with a weak spinulose zone and two spike-like cornuti at apex. Female. Forewing length 16–19 mm. Head and thorax light bright yellow. Abdomen yellow. Forewing ground colour bright yellow with two black spots: the anteriormost, nearly quadrangular, between costa and fore angle of discal cell; the other, round, situated between discal cell and anal vein at medial portion of the wing; posterior spot slightly larger than the anterior spot. Forewing cilia yellow, with some black scales at apex. Hindwings light yellow. Female genitalia (Fig. 55): similar to those of C. nigricosta nigricosta, but bursa is oval, elongate, not globular.</p><p>Diagnosis. The new species is well determined by presence of two black spots on forewings and a short black costal line not extended distally to the costal black spot. It is also characterized by male genitalia characters, such as a long saccular process and the presence of two spike-like cornuti at globular apex of vesica. Female looks very similar to C. paiwan, but forewings are not so bright; they are, however, noticeably brighter than in C. nigricosta .</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 57). C. cao is so far known only from Central and South Vietnam.</p><p>Bionomics. Mountain species, restricted to the undisturbed tropical forest at the altitudes 1110–1450 m. Typical biotopes are forested steep slopes of rocky gorges, densely covered with different ever-green trees. The moths were collected in the beginning of the wet season at light in mid March and late June-early July, as well as in December also; probably develops two or three generations per year. Hosts are unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1371EA016F60FFAB4DEAAAB7FB41FF52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dubatolov, Vladimir V.;Zolotuhin, Vadim V.;Witt, Thomas J.	Dubatolov, Vladimir V., Zolotuhin, Vadim V., Witt, Thomas J. (2016): Revision of Lithosia Fabricius, 1798 and Conilepia Hampson, 1900 (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae). Zootaxa 4107 (2): 175-196, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.3
