identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1038878A025FFFADA89D4C8EFD10FF41.text	1038878A025FFFADA89D4C8EFD10FF41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ecuadoriphasma Chiquetto-Machado & Cancello 2021	<div><p>ECUADORIPHASMA GEN. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 27, 28; TABLE 2)</p> <p>Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EB085417-33FB-4E1F-8EE0-286845CF16DF Paraphasma Redtenbacher, 1906: 117 (in part). – Zompro, 2004: 159 (in part). – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 251 (in part).</p> <p>Type species: Paraphasma cognatum Redtenbacher, 1906 by present designation.</p> <p>Justification: Our phylogenetic hypothesis (Fig. 25) shows Paraphasma cognatum at the base of clade L, which also includes representatives of two other genera of Pseudophasmatidae. This result is based solely on the external morphology of this species, because its phallic organ was not examined. Clade L has low RBS (= 4) and only two homoplastic synapomorphies (characters 21:1 and 25:2), but nevertheless the cladogram indicates that P. cognatum is not closely related to the true Paraphasma (clade Q). Therefore, and taking into account the morphological singularity of P. cognatum among the representatives of Pseudophasmatidae, the erection of a new genus was the best option for the placement of this species. Below we present the diagnosis of the new genus Ecuadoriphasma and the redescription of its single species, which was only superficially described by Redtenbacher (1906). The new genus is assigned to Stratocleinae (Pseudophasmatidae).</p> <p>Etymology: The name refers to Ecuador, the only country from which this genus is known. Phasma is Greek for 'ghost' and is also a genus of stick insects.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Winged, small and delicate stick insects, with moderate sexual dimorphism (sexes fairly similar in terms of general aspect and size; females only about 20% longer than males). Distinguishable from other genera of Stratocleinae by the following features: tegmina fairly elongate (anal region at least 3.5× longer than wide), acuminate between apical and posterior margins, with non-spiniform shoulder pad (Figs 27E, 28D); hindwings of male relatively short, not surpassing the abdominal segment VI (Fig. 27A, B); profemur of female curved and compressed basally, with distinct but not strongly raised anterodorsal carina; male with tergum X posteriorly emarginate and cerci weakly incurved, tapering in apical region and with rounded apex (Fig. 27C, D: Ce); vomer approximately symmetric, with wide and short basal region and simple apex (Fig. 27F); subgenital plate of male distinctly divided into an anterior and a posterior region, with the anterior region producing from its lateral margins a symmetric pair of discreet, slender projections (Fig. 27D: SPa, SPp, arrow); sternum VII of female with a rounded indentation in the posterior margin but lacking a distinct praeopercular organ (Fig. 28F, G: S7).</p> <p>ECUADORIPHASMA COGNATUM (REDTENBACHER,</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A025FFFADA89D4C8EFD10FF41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
1038878A025EFFABA8BF4E88FE42F8CF.text	1038878A025EFFABA8BF4E88FE42F8CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphasma fasciatum (Gray 1835)	<div><p>PARAPHASMA FASCIATUM (GRAY, 1835)</p> <p>Phasma fasciatum Gray, 1835: 24. – Burmeister, 1838: 585. – De Haan, 1842: 123. – Westwood, 1859: 120.</p> <p>Olcyphides fasciatus – Kirby, 1904a: 410. – Rehn, 1906: 278. – Rehn, 1907: 165.</p> <p>Paraphasma fasciatum – Redtenbacher, 1906: 116. – Giglio-Tos, 1910: 10. – Passerin d’Entrèves, 1981: 55. – Zompro, 2004: 159. – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 251. – Conle et al., 2020: 126.</p> <p>Remarks: The type material of Paraphasma fasciatum is probably lost (O. Conle, personal communication; Brock et al., 2020). Its vague type locality ‘Brazil’ and brief original description, based solely on colour features, are equally applicable to most species of Paraphasma. Several specimens (not type material) from diverse localities (e.g. Paraguay, Guyana, the Brazilian states of Amazonas, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro) were identified as P. fasciatum by authors such as Redtenbacher (1906), Rehn (1906, 1907) and Giglio-Tos (1910). Furthermore, the NHMW material identified by Brunner von Wattenwyl and Redtenbacher as P. fasciatum is clearly composed of more than one species. In conclusion, the identity of this species can only be clarified if the type is found, so Paraphasma fasciatum is here considered a nomen dubium and as such could not be included in the phylogenetic analysis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A025EFFABA8BF4E88FE42F8CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
1038878A025DFFAAA8444A7FFD9CF8D2.text	1038878A025DFFAAA8444A7FFD9CF8D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphasma laterale (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>PARAPHASMA LATERALE (FABRICIUS, 1775)</p> <p>Mantis lateralis Fabricius, 1775: 275. – Fabricius, 1787: 227. – Gmelin, 1789: 2054. – Olivier, 1792: 634. – Fabricius, 1793: 15. – Lichtenstein, 1796: 78 (in part). – Zimsen, 1964: 615.</p> <p>Phasma lateralis – Fabricius, 1798: 188. – Latreille, 1807: 87. – Serville, 1831: 58 (in part). – Le Peletier de Saint Fargeau &amp; Serville, 1825: 101 (in part).</p> <p>Phasma laterale – Lichtenstein, 1802: 15 (in part). – De Haan, 1842: 123 (in part). – Gray, 1835: 22 (in part). – Westwood, 1859: 122 (in part).</p> <p>Phocylides lateralis – Giglio-Tos, 1895: 806 (probable misidentification).</p> <p>Olcyphides lateralis – Caudell, 1904: 186 (probable misidentification).</p> <p>Prexaspes lateralis – Kirby, 1904a: 414. – Brock, 1998b: 34.</p> <p>Stratocles lateralis – Redtenbacher, 1906: 104 (in part).</p> <p>Prexaspes (Prexaspes) lateralis – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 282. – Brock et al., 2016: 180.</p> <p>Paraphasma lateralis – Conle et al., 2020: 70, 126.</p> <p>Phasma hopii Gray, 1835: 25. syn. nov.</p> <p>Phasma hopei – Westwood, 1859: 117.</p> <p>Olcyphides hopii – Kirby, 1904a: 410. – Rehn, 1907: 165 (probable misidentification). – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 231. – Brock et al., 2016: 176.</p> <p>Stratocles hopei – Redtenbacher, 1906: 107.</p> <p>Phasma lineolatum Serville, 1839: 273. – De Haan, 1842: 123. – Westwood, 1859: 120. – Kirby, 1904a: 410 (= Olcyphides hopii). – Giglio-Tos, 1910: 10 (= Phasma fasciatum Gray, 1835). – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 231 (= Olcyphides hopii).</p> <p>Phocylides lineolatus – Stål, 1875: 97. – Giglio-Tos, 1910: 10 (= Phasma fasciatum Gray, 1835).</p> <p>Stratocles dentatus Toledo Piza, 1937: 7–8. – Toledo Piza, 1946: 155. syn. nov.</p> <p>Paraphasma dentatum – Zompro &amp; Domenico, 2005: 257. – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 251.</p> <p>Remarks: The transfer of this species from Prexaspes to Paraphasma by Conle et al. (2020) is corroborated by our phylogenetic hypothesis, which shows P. laterale as the sister of Paraphasma sp. 1 (Fig. 25: clade U) within Paraphasma sensu nov. These species share two exclusive synapomorphies, i.e. the cerci with distinctly concave apical region (character 47:1) and the phallic organ with the inner face of the dorsal lobe with a small sclerotized region (63:1).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A025DFFAAA8444A7FFD9CF8D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
1038878A0253FFA9A8A24E4BFAFFFDB1.text	1038878A0253FFA9A8A24E4BFAFFFDB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraphasma Redtenbacher 1906	<div><p>PARAPHASMA REDTENBACHER, 1906</p> <p>Paraphasma Redtenbacher, 1906: 114, pl. IV, fig. 17 (♀) (type species: Paraphasma marginale Redtenbacher, 1906 by subsequent designation). – Handlirsch, 1930: 760, fig. 804 (♀). – Bradley &amp; Galil, 1977: 203. – Vanschuytbroeck &amp; Cools, 1981: 24. – Clark Sellick, 1997: 121, fig. 128 (egg). – Zompro, 2000: 95 (type species designation). – Bragg, 2001: 640. – Zompro, 2002: 6 (repetition of type species designation). – Zompro, 2004: 158, 317, fig. 92a,b (♂, ♀). – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 251. – Conle et al., 2011: 32. – Jourdan et al., 2014: 493. – Conle et al., 2020: 126.</p> <p>Oestrophora Redtenbacher, 1906: 124, pl.V, fig.2 (♂) (type species: Oestrophora triangulifera Redtenbacher, 1906 by monotypy). – Bragg, 2001: 638. – Zompro, 2004: 102, fig. 53a,b (♂, ♀). – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 231. syn. nov.</p> <p>Mantis – Fabricius, 1775: 274 (in part). – Fabricius, 1787: 227 (in part). – Fabricius, 1793: 12 (in part).</p> <p>Necroscia – Westwood, 1859: 128 (in part).</p> <p>Olcyphides – Kirby, 1904a: 410 (in part). – Rehn, 1907: 165. – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 231 (in part).</p> <p>Phasma – Fabricius, 1798: 186 (in part). – Latreille, 1807: 87 (in part). – Serville, 1831: 57 (in part). – Gray, 1835: 22 (in part). – Burmeister, 1838: 583 (in part). – Serville, 1839: 266 (in part). – De Haan, 1842: 123 (in part). – Westwood, 1859: 117 (in part).</p> <p>Prexaspes – Kirby, 1904a: 413 (in part). – Brock, 1998b: 34. – Otte &amp; Brock, 2005: 282 (in part).</p> <p>Stratocles – Redtenbacher, 1906: 102 (in part).</p> <p>Paraphasma. Paraphasma sensu nov. (Fig. 25: clade Q) is supported by three exclusive synapomorphies, all related to the phallic organ, and two homoplastic ones. The three exclusive synapomorphies are: dorsal sclerite of the phallic organ distinctly wider than long (character 55:2); presence of the ‘locking’ sclerite of the ventral lobe (68:1); base apodemes forming spatulate expansions (77:1). The other two synapomorphies, both convergently present in other nodes of the tree and secondarily lost within clade Q, are the tegmina with spiniform shoulder pad (16:1) and the male subgenital plate with acuminate posterior margin (42:2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A0253FFA9A8A24E4BFAFFFDB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
1038878A025BFF90A84B4EDAFEE1FBC8.text	1038878A025BFF90A84B4EDAFEE1FBC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Prexaspes quadratus (Bates 1865)	<div><p>PREXASPES QUADRATUS (BATES, 1865) AND PREXASPES PAULENSIS (REHN, 1918)</p> <p>Prexaspes quadratus was originally described as Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 (Bates, 1865) and transferred to Paraphasma by Redtenbacher (1906), who ignored the previous assignment of this species to Prexaspes by Kirby (1904a). Prexapes paulensis was originally described as Paraphasma by Rehn (1918). Both species were recently transferred from Paraphasma to Prexaspes by Conle et al. (2020) – in the case of P. quadratus, re-establishing a combination originally proposed by Kirby (1904a).</p> <p>The changes performed by Conle et al. (2020) are corroborated by our phylogenetic hypothesis, which shows a clade formed by the two species plus Prexaspes sp. (Fig. 25: clade E), with RBS = 14 and nine synapomorphies (although only one exclusive, i.e. character 31:1), distant from the Paraphasma clade. The general morphology of P. quadratus and P. paulensis is indeed typical of many Prexaspes species, with specimens of both sexes small and slender, body with cryptic tones of green or brown, tegmina fairly elongate and bearing a sharp spine (Supporting Information, Fig. S6), and male subgenital plate not convex and with a pair of slender lateral projections covered by tergum IX (Figs 19F, 20G). The historical assignment of these two species to Paraphasma is probably due to some superficial similarities between Prexaspes and Paraphasma, such as the absence of the ventromedian carina on the meso- and metafemur, the (frequently present) tegmina spine and the delicate aspect of most species. Nevertheless, these genera differ markedly in the terminalia of both sexes and in the phallic organ morphology.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A025BFF90A84B4EDAFEE1FBC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
1038878A025DFFA9ABBC4D69FD36F81F.text	1038878A025DFFA9ABBC4D69FD36F81F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonophasma Kirby 1904	<div><p>Trigonophasma – Kirby, 1904a: 372 (in part).</p> <p>Species included: Paraphasma conspersum Redtenbacher, 1906; Paraphasma fasciatum Gray, 1835 (nomen dubium); Paraphasma laterale (Fabricius, 1775); Paraphasma maculatum Gray, 1835; Paraphasma marginale Redtenbacher, 1906; Paraphasma minus Redtenbacher, 1906; Paraphasma trianguliferum (Redtenbacher, 1906) comb. nov.; Paraphasma sp. 1; Paraphasma sp. 2; Paraphasma sp. 3; Paraphasma amabile Redtenbacher, 1906 (note: although P. amabile should be transferred to another genus, we are not transferring this species in the present work).</p> <p>Remarks: As a consequence of transferring Oestrophora triangulifera to Paraphasma, the monotypic Oestrophora is here synonymized with</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1038878A025DFFA9ABBC4D69FD36F81F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I.;Cancello, Eliana M.	Chiquetto-Machado, Pedro I., Cancello, Eliana M. (2021): Cladistic analysis of Paraphasma (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) highlights the importance of the phallic organ for phasmid systematics. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193
