taxonID	type	description	language	source
17781E172C06FF8C4C0EFC07A222FE1B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The genus name commemorates the French prelate, diplomat and naturalist, Bishop Guillaume Pellicier (1527 – 1568) of Montpellier, whom King Francis I sent as an ambassador to Venice, after Scévole de Sainte- Marthe ‘ the most learned man of his century’. Trees of mangrove tidal wetlands, columnar, somewhat tiered; crowns often acute; branches distally arcuate, with conspicu- ous circular leaf scars and stubs of stalks of fallen fruits at intervals. Bark dark, roughly fissured, grey; stem slender. Trunk buttressed at base, swollen, markedly fluted below, ridges each originating as an acropetally developed series of short aerial roots; roots at stem base, no pneumatophores. Foliage comprised of 7 – 11 leaves arranged spirally in a rosette around the apical shoot, phyllotaxis regular, 2 / 5. Stipules and bud scales absent. Leaves subsessile; blades asymmetric, oblonglanceolate, broadest at the middle, glabrous, leathery to coriaceous, base abruptly narrowed to the insertion with 2 glands, occasionally one (extrafloral nectary), margins initially with a series of prominent but ephemeral glandular-denticulate glands (presumed salt glands), apex bluntly rounded, surfaces dark glossy green; young leaves involute in bud. Flowers hermaphroditic, axillary, up to 14 cm wide at anthesis; lower single bract broadly oblong, green, with or without 2 glands towards base of pedicel; bracteoles 2, opposite, foliaceous, involute, white or reddish, without basal glands; sepals 5, imbricate, unequal, free, caducous, mostly whitish; petals 5, free, entire, ligulate, white or reddish, much longer than sepals, tapered distally to a blunt point; stamens 5, free, up to 6 cm long, alternate with petals, filaments thread-like, closely appressed (but not adnate) within grooves of the ovary, anthers long sagittate, subequal, 2 - thecate, dehiscing by elongated slits, connective narrow, projected into an apical mucro; pistil long-conical, almost equally divided into a ridged ovary and a smooth style, the ovary imperfectly 2 - celled, occasionally 1 - celled by abortion, with a single large, campylotropous ovule in each cell; stigma punctiform. Fruits coriaceous capsules, napiform in lateral outline, irregularly longitudinally furrowed, apically tapering to a point with the persistent style remnant as a woody but brittle beak, at first green but (with maturity) becoming reddish brown with resinous pustules, inner layer spongy. Seeds consisting solely of two large cotyledons; endosperm lacking; radicle pointed; plumule hooked, long, slender, reddish; germination semi-epigeal, rapid separation of cotyledons and radicle, and straightening of plumule. Distribution — Two species in the Atlantic-East Pacific region occurring along both Atlantic and Pacific coasts of southern Central America and Northern South America.	en	Duke, N. C. (2020): A systematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorial America. Blumea 65 (2): 107-120, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04
17781E172C06FF8E4F41FCD0A58DFBA2.taxon	description	Pelliciera rhizophorae Planch. & Triana (‘ Pelliceria ’) var. (ss) benthamii Planch. & Triana in Triana & Planch. (1862) 381. — Type: Sutton Hayes 76 (holo K!), Panama, Pacific entrance to the Canal, Rio Grande.	en	Duke, N. C. (2020): A systematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorial America. Blumea 65 (2): 107-120, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04
17781E172C06FF8E4F41FCD0A58DFBA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet ‘ benthamii ’ honours the 19 th century botanist George Bentham. Trees, to 5 m high. Foliage comprised of 9 – 11 leaves, apical shoots 6.4 – 9.8 cm long. Leaves 9.5 – 12.2 by 2.8 – 3.2 cm, 3.4 – 4 times longer than wide, widest 5.0 – 6.4 cm from base, wide-side 1.7 – 1.9 cm wide, margins dentate with glands, 13 – 15 per 20 mm in central part of blade, often shed with age, distance of furthest gland from leaf base 0.9 – 1.1 cm (Fig. 1). Bracts 8.2 – 9.2 by 2.9 – 3 cm, 2.7 – 3.2 times longer than wide, widest 2.8 – 3.9 cm from base, narrow-side dentition often present, wide-side dentition present, length of non-dentate portion 1.6 – 1.7 cm, teeth 12 – 22 per 2 cm (Fig. 1); bracteoles narrow, 7.3 – 8.9 by 2.5 – 3 cm, 2.9 – 3.1 times longer than wide, widest 4.1 – 4.4 cm from base, narrow-side dentition absent, wide-side dentition present mostly towards distal end (Fig. 1), mostly red or rarely whitish green. Flowers: sepals 1.7 – 2.2 by 1.3 – 1.7 cm, 1.3 – 1.4 times longer than wide, glands 99 – 280, gland-free margin at apex 5.6 – 7.7 mm wide, gland-free margin at sides 2.9 – 3.1 mm long; petals lanceolate, 6.3 – 7.4 by 1.4 – 1.6 cm, 3.8 – 5.2 times longer than wide, widest 0.9 – 1.3 cm from base, pink or red with a white midvein, rarely white; anthers 2.6 – 3.3 cm long; pistil 5.9 – 7.5 cm long, ovary 2.8 – 4.1 by 5 – 5.2 mm, style 3.2 – 3.4 cm by 2.6 – 2.8 mm, surface percentage ribbed vs smooth 47 – 54 %. Fruits c. 9.3 by 5.5 by 4 cm, c. 1.7 times longer than wide, less than 1.5 cm in width; wall to 6 mm thick at base. Paired cotyledons c. 5.5 by 4.7 by 3 cm, c. 1.2 times longer than wide, individually c. 1.6 cm wide, plumule base c. 0.7 cm wide, stem base c. 0.6 cm wide. Distribution — Pelliciera benthamii has a restricted distribution (less than 15 sites) in the Atlantic-East Pacific region, partly on the Pacific coast of Panama, but also on the Atlantic coast of northern Colombia. Habitat & Ecology — Pelliciera benthamii often grows in closed canopy stands, or as undercanopy in forests dominated by other species like Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. and P. rhizophorae. It occurs mostly in estuarine locations within larger freshwater dominated tidal systems. Plants are evergreen with leaf emergence and leaf fall occurring all year round. Flowering: April to June; fruiting: November to December (Duke & Pinzón 1993 a – b). Flowers were visited by various nectar eating birds, moths, bats and hummingbirds. Hummingbirds were observed gathering nectar from individual stand patches by way of trapline foraging. The sugar content of flower nectaries was around 11.8 ± 1.6 % w / w fructose, 14.4 ± 1.5 % w / w glucose and 15.7 ± 3.7 % w / w sucrose. In addition, there were extra-floral nectaries at the base of each leaf, the use of which appeared to support ants and other insects, as well as hummingbirds (Von Prahl 1987, Gutiérrez et al. 1989). Conservation status — Populations of P. benthamii are often distant from each other, and propagules are buoyant and considered likely to be dispersed by water (Rabinowitz 1978 a – b). Genetic evidence indicates that there has been minimal gene flow between populations (Castillo-Cárdenas et al. 2015 a – b). The total area of occupancy is less than 100 km 2. The quality of habitat for this rare mangrove species is seriously threatened where it occurs close to human development. The conservation status of this newly recognised taxon is best listed as Vulnerable and Threatened (see http: // www. iucnredlist. org /). Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA, Atlantic coast, near Cartegena, N 10 ° 08 ' W 75 ° 35 ', 6 Aug. 1985, Zarucchi JL 3971 (MO, PMA); Atlantic coast, Bolivar, Isla Baru, N 10 ° 08 ' W 75 ° 42 ', 6 Aug. 1985, Zarucchi & Cuadros 3971 (K, MO). – PANAMA, Pacific coast, Chame, Chame Point, 2014, Ramirez & Castillo 100446, 99753 (PMA); Canal Zone, Balboa, Dec. 1909, Howe n. s. (NY); Canal Zone, Pacific entrance to the Canal, east of Santa Fe east, 16 July 1966, Tyson, Dwyer, Blum & Duke 4678 (K); Canal Zone, Diablo Heights, 2014, ‘ Variant B’, Buitrago & Castillo 109428, 99839 (PMA).	en	Duke, N. C. (2020): A systematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorial America. Blumea 65 (2): 107-120, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04
17781E172C04FF8E4C0EFBD5A391FA5C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet ‘ rhizophorae ’ refers to similarities in root structures with the family Rhizophoraceae. Trees, to 12 (– 18) m high. Foliage comprised of 7 – 10 leaves, apical shoots 8.5 – 11.8 cm long. Leaves 11.7 – 12.7 by 3.5 – 3.7 cm, 3.3 – 3.5 times longer than wide, widest 6.3 – 6.7 cm from base, wide-side 2 – 2.1 cm wide, margins entire on narrow side, dentate with glands on the wider margin, 12 – 15 per 20 mm in central part of blade, often shed with age, distance of furthest gland from leaf base 0.8 – 1 cm (Fig. 1). Bract 10.4 – 12.7 by 3.1 – 3.8 cm, 3 – 3.4 times longer than wide, widest 1.8 – 3 cm from base, narrow-side dentition absent, wide-side dentition present, length of non-dentate portion 1.7 – 1.9 cm, teeth c. 14 per 2 cm (Fig. 1); bracteoles foliaceous, 8.7 – 8.9 by 3.6 – 4.5 cm, 2 – 2.5 times longer than wide, widest 3.6 – 4.2 cm from base, narrow-side and wide-side dentition absent, whitish green. Flowers: sepals 2 – 2.4 by 1.6 – 1.9 cm, 1.1 – 1.4 times longer than wide, glands 196 – 400, gland-free margin at apex 5.3 – 7.3 mm wide, gland-free margin at sides 2.8 – 4.3 mm long (Fig. 1); petals oblong to lanceolate, 6.9 – 7.3 by 1.2 – 1.4 cm, 4.9 – 6.1 times longer than wide, widest 1.2 – 1.7 cm from base, white mostly, rarely tinged pink with a white midvein; anthers 2.5 – 3.9 cm long; pistil 6.7 – 7.3 cm long, ovary 3 – 4.1 cm by 4.7 – 6.6 mm; style 2.8 – 3.8 cm by 2.4 – 2.8 mm, surface percentage ribbed vs smooth 44 – 59 %. Fruits 10.5 – 12.3 by 7.2 – 8.5 by 4.3 – 4.7 cm, c. 1.5 times longer than wide, thick, less than 2 cm in width; wall 6.9 – 7 mm thick at base. Paired cotyledons 7.7 – 8.3 by 6.6 – 7.4 by c. 2.9 cm, 1 – 1.3 times longer than wide, individually 1.5 – 1.7 cm thick, plumule base 1 – 1.1 cm wide, stem base 0.6 – 0.7 cm wide. Distribution — Pelliciera rhizophorae has a limited distribution (c. 48 populations) in the Atlantic-East Pacific region, mostly on the Pacific coast of the Central American Isthmus and northern South America (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia to Ecuador), but with notable occurrences also on the Atlantic coast (Honduras, Nicaragua to Panama and possibly to Uraba Gulf in Colombia (Blanco-Libreros pers. comm.; Appendix 1, Map 1). The genus has a broad relict fossil range extending from Mexico and throughout the Caribbean region across northern South America to Brazil, to Nigeria and Europe across the north Atlantic. Habitat & Ecology — Pelliciera rhizophorae occurs often as closed canopy stands at low to mid-intertidal positions of downstream to intermediate estuarine locations within larger freshwater dominated estuaries. Plants are evergreen with leaf emergence and leaf fall occurring all year round. Flowering: April to June; fruiting: November to December (Duke & Pinzón 1993 a – b). Flowers were visited by various nectar eating birds, moths, bats and hummingbirds. Hummingbirds gathered nectar by trapline foraging. The sugar content of sepal nectaries was around 14.1 % w / w fructose, 15.8 % w / w glucose and 13.7 % w / w sucrose. In addition, there were extra-floral nectaries at the base of each leaf. All these nectaries were used by ants and other insects (Collins et al. 1971), as well as by hummingbirds (Von Prahl 1987, Gutiérrez et al. 1989, Von Prahl et al. 1990). Conservation status — Populations of P. rhizophorae are often distant from each other, and propagules are partially buoyant and appear to be dispersed by water (Rabinowitz 1978 a – b). Genetic evidence indicates there has been minimal gene flow between populations (Castillo-Cárdenas et al. 2015 a – b). The total area of P. rhizophorae populations is estimated to be less than 500 km 2. The quality of habitat for this uncommon species is declining throughout its range (e. g., Blanco-Libreros et al. 2015), primarily due to coastal development. The IUCN Red List status for P. rhizophorae needs to be revised from Vulnerable under criterion B (see http: // www. iucnredlist. org /) to a higher threatened level, in consideration of this revision. Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA, Pacific coast, Dept. del Choco, trocha de Utria al Valle, June 1950, Fernandez 263 (COL 34074); Pacific coast, Dept. del Valle, Buenaventura Bay, mangrove, May 1922, Killip 5222 (AA, NY, US); Pacific coast, Dept. de Narino, Tumaco, June 1955, Romero­ Castaneda 5298 (COL 65857, 65858). – COSTA RICA, Pacific coast, Punta Mala, Mar. 1892, Tonduz 6723 (US). – ECUADOR, Prov. Esmeraldas, Borbon on Rio Santiago, May 1943, Little 6423 (US). – HONDURAS, Atlantic coast, Gracias a Dios, Barra de Karataska, June 2014, Helder Perez 129217 (EAP). – PANAMA, Pacific coast, Prov. Bocas del Toro, Mouth of Cricamola river, 2014, ‘ Variant A’, Ramirez & Buitrago n. s. (PMA).	en	Duke, N. C. (2020): A systematic revision of the vulnerable mangrove genus Pelliciera (Tetrameristaceae) in equatorial America. Blumea 65 (2): 107-120, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2020.65.02.04
