taxonID	type	description	language	source
1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Nivaliodes negrobueno Pyrcz, Fåhraeus & Boyer sp. nov. Diagnosis and description	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.taxon	description	Adults of medium size, with a FW with costa length between 21 and 28 mm, with brown or blackish brown FWD and HWD, except for a white postdiscal costal patch in the FW, and with an almost uniform underside with some faint white scaling, blackbrown FW and black HW freely sprinkled by snow-white scales, HWV median costal patch whitish. No androconial patch, except for a few vestigial androconial scales detected under the scanning electron microscope in one of the three known species, Nivaliodes puriq (Figs. 7, 8). Wing venation similar to other genera of the Pedaliodes clade (see: Pyrcz et al. 2023). Eyes densely hairy; palpi two times the length of head; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally. Male genitalia: With stout uncus and subunci and, contrary to the species of Pedaliodes, the valva is devoid of any dorsal process, instead with a humped, either slightly irregular or serrate dorsum, and with a short, straight, and wide, tubular aedeagus, differing from the contorted and usually considerably longer aedeagus of Pedaliodes, bearing a sharp apical ending and a widened proximal opening. Female genitalia: Papillae anales prominent, postvaginal lamella wide and strongly sclerotized with a smooth surface, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae mildly sclerotized, medium long and very wide, opening gradually into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no signa, unlike the species of Pedaliodes, which invariably have two parallel signa on corpus bursae. Scale morphology Uppersides of wings are overlaid with two thickly packed layers of flat, cover scales, the top layer with predominantly elongated scales with dentate apices, and the bottom layer with scarcer, wide scales with gently undulating apices, visible only when top layer scales are removed; long, hairy scales are rather sparse and concentrate along outer areas of wings, fringes composed of elongated brushy scales. There are no specialized androconial scales. Scale ultramorphology is homogeneous, with the body of the individual scales being structured by longitudinal ridges and cross ribs connected by trabeculae, with no apparent lower-level lamina (Figs 7, 8).	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.taxon	etymology	Etymology A compound noun: ‘ Nival- ’, root of snowy in Latin, - liodes, an allusion to Pedaliodes. Noun grammatical gender is considered masculine.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF7FFF5FF2AD245B297840E.taxon	discussion	Phylogeny and radiation The genus Nivaliodes is fully supported and sister to the genus Pherepedaliodes Forster, 1964 (type species: Pedaliodes pheretiades Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894), with the two forming a fully supported clade sister to Pedaliodes + the monotypic Dangond Adams & Bernard, 1979 (type species: Dangond dangondi Adams & Bernard, 1979), within the diverse ‘ Pedaliodes clade’ of the subtribe Pronophilina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini) (Fig. 1). The topology of Nivaliodes shows a fully supported Nivaliodes viracocha sp. nov. sister to N. puriq sp. nov. + N. negrobueno sp. nov. The latter clade is not entirely resolved, with a monophyletic N. negrobueno sp. nov. but a paraphyletic N. puriq owing to the position of the sample DLC 127. The latter comes from a different locality from the remaining N. puriq, from which only two specimens are available now, and only one was sequenced. The divergence of Nivaliodes started in the late Pliocene, ~ 3 Mya, and continued through the Pleistocene. The split between Nivaliodes and Pherepedaliodes occurred at the break of the Miocene and Pliocene some 5 Mya, and was preceded marginally by the separation of the Pherepedaliodes + Nivaliodes clade from Pedaliodes, which occurred some 5.6 Mya (Fig. 2).	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A large species with a dark brown upperside, most similar to the other two congeners described below, N. puriq, which is smaller and even darker, blackish brown on the upperside, with more compressed wings, and N. viracocha, which is lighter on the upperside, with a slightly larger FW white patch. Nivaliodes negrobueno also shares some common characters with previously described species, in particular Pedaliodes puracana Krüger, 1924, namely the whitish costal postdiscal patch, somewhat larger in N. negrobueno, and, in particular, the diagnostic for both species, a whitish median patch in CuA 1 – CuA 2, with the difference that it is rather rounded in Pedaliodes puracana compared with elongated in N. negrobueno. Besides, N. negrobueno is larger than Pedaliodes puracana and has more elongated wings with conspicuous FW milky white and black fringes, all brown in Pedaliodes puracana. Description: male (Fig. 3 A – D) Head: Eyes chestnut, hairy, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, ventrally covered with long, dorsally short, blackish brown hairy scales and laterally with milky white scales; frons with a tuss of long, blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracix legs covered with medium brown and blackish brown scales; FW length (27 – 28 mm, mean. 27.4 mm, N = 18), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin and with long intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside blackish brown, lustrous, with a small costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over three spaces, costa, R 4 + 5 – M 1, and M 1 – M 2 widening in the middle, and a faint, elongated median patch in CuA 1 – CuA 2, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside, and the median patch obsolete, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area. HW oval, with an undulating outer margin and with intermittently grey and whitish fringes, shorter than on the FW; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous; HWV ground colour blackish brown, with a heavy whitish ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a very lightly marked, irregular black postdiscal line, edged distally with somewhat denser whitish patch, the unique well-marked pattern is an elongated, white midcostal band extending to vein M 2. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with chestnut scales. Genitalia (Fig. 5 A): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus as long as the dorsum of the tegumen, aligned with tegumen, nearly straight, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately one-third the length of uncus, relatively stout; pedunculus short; saccus wide and relatively deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, slender, with a humped, smooth dorsum and a subacute apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, compressed and spatulate in the proximal area, with an acute tip.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.taxon	description	Description: female (Fig. 3 E – H) FW length 28 mm, lighter coloured on both the upper- and underside, otherwise similar. Genitalia (Fig. 6 A): Papillae anales prominent, covered with long but sparse hair; postvaginal lamella strongly sclerotized, with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae wide, mildly sclerotized, opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. Variation As observed so far, negligible, limited to the slightly variable expression of white elements of wing colour pattern, and the sheen of brown, which might be related to ageing of the individuals. Type material	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂: Perú, Lima, Abra Negrobueno, 12 ° 08 ʹ 53 ″ S, 75 ° 37 ʹ 22 ″ W, 4680 – 4750 m, 2 October 2021, J. Cerdeña, J. Farfán leg., MUSA. Paratypes (17 ♂ and three ♀): One ♂: same data as the holotype, MUSA; two ♂ and one ♀: Junín, Road 24, below Abra Negrobueno, 4580 – 4600 m, 2 October 2021, T. Pyrcz leg., CEPUJ; two ♂: Junín, route 24, Huancayo – Cañete km 222, 12 ° 08 ʹ 52 ″ S, 75 ° 37 ʹ 28 ″ W, 4600 m, P. Boyer leg.; four ♂ and one ♀: Lima, Abra Negrobueno, − 12.1220, − 75.6233, 4541 m, 1 – 28 February 2022, local / C. Fåhraeus; one ♂: Lima, Abra Negrobueno vic., − 12.1220, − 75.6233, 4630 m, 8 November 2021, C. Fåhraeus and local collectors leg., FILS; four ♂: HV, ruta Seclla – Lircay, 13 ° 05 ʹ 19 ″ S, 75 ° 34 ʹ 25 ″ W, 4550 – 4650 m, 28 September 2021, J. Cerdeña, J. Farfán leg., MUSM; one ♀: Huancavelica, route 26 B pk 112, − 13 ° 05 ʹʹ 20 ″ S, − 74 ° 34 ʹ 26 ″ W, 27 September 2021, 4510 – 4600 m, P. Boyer leg., PBF; three ♂: same data, T. Pyrcz leg., CEPUJ.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named asser its type locality, the Abra (Pass) Negrobueno on the border of the departments of Junín and Lima.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF3FFF5FF4AD4C9B4EC8283.taxon	distribution	Distribution Nivaliodes negrobueno was registered from two localities, the Abra Negrobueno on the border of the departments of Junín and Lima, at 4680 – 4750 m, and above the settlement of Huarac Huachay in Ayacucho, at 4550 – 4650 m, the two places being 150 km away (Fig. 10). It is almost certain that the entire distribution of this species is wider and covers most of the high puna, at 4500 – 5000 m, the rocky escarpments of central Peru. It occurs in open, rocky, windswept puna covered with sparse vegetation dominated by bunch grasses (Fig. 11).	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.taxon	description	A medium-sized species, externally most similar to its two congeners, from which it differs by the smaller size, being more compact (less elongated) and even darker, with almost black ground colour. Additionally, the FWD whitish costal patch is slightly smaller, with a straight inner edge, produced in N. negrobueno, and on the HWV the whitish costal patch is very small and narrow, not extending along the postdiscal line as much as in N. negrobueno; also, there are no traces of any reddish or rufous markings on the HWV as found in some specimens of N. negrobueno. Description: male (Fig. 4 A, B) Head: Eyes blackish brown, covered with dense and medium long hair, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, covered with long, dorsally short blackish brown hairy scales, with a lateral row of milky white scales; frons with a tuss of blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracic legs covered with brown and blackish brown scales; FW length (21 – 23 mm, mean: 22.5 mm, N = 3), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin, and with long intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside brown and blackish brown, a shade darker in median half, lustrous, with a small white costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over three spaces, costa, R 4 + 5 – M 1, and M 1 – M 2, widening in the middle, with a straight inner margin, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area, and a row of four to five minute white submarginal dots from costa to cell M 3 – CuA 1. HW rounded, with an undulating outer margin and with intermittently grey and milky white fringes; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous, hairy in median half; HWV ground colour greyish brown, with a heavy whitish and black ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a very lightly marked, irregular black postdiscal line; the unique well-marked pattern is a short midcostal whitish streak. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with dark brown scales. Genitalia (Fig. 5 B): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus as long as the dorsum of tegumen, aligned with tegumen, nearly straight, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately half the length of uncus, stout; pedunculus short, with a sharp extremity curved downwards; saccus wide and deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, slender, with a moderately humped, slightly irregular dorsum and a subacute apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, about the same length throughout, with an acute tip. Description: female (Fig. 4 C, D) FW length 25 mm (N = 2), lighter coloured on both the upperand underside, otherwise similar. Genitalia (Fig. 6 B): Similar to N. negrobueno, with prominent papillae anales, covered with long but rather sparse hair; strongly sclerotized postvaginal lamella with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; short, mildly sclerotized, wide ductus burse, opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. Variation Individual variation is negligible and affects mostly the size of the FWD postdiscal white patch; individuals from Puente Carrizales are characterized by a slightly larger patch. Type material	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂: Perú, Huancavelica, Est de Huari, 4 km east of Trancapampa, HV 109, PK 26, 12 ° 02 ʹ 48 ″ S, 74 ° 55 ʹ 05 ″ W, 3220 m, 29 September 2021, P. Boyer leg., CEPUJ, to be deposited in MUSM. Paratypes (10 ♂ and two ♀): Two ♂, same data as the holotype [PBF]; three ♂: Huancavelica, Trancapampa, 3000 – 3200 m, 29 – 30 September – 1 October 2021, T. Pyrcz leg., CEPUJ; one ♀: Huancavelica, above Trancapampa, 4200 m, 29 – 30 September – 1 October 2021, T. Pyrcz leg., CEPUJ; three ♂: HV [uancavelica], Trancapampa, 30 km east of Huancayo, 3200 m, 30 September 2021, J. Cerdeña leg., MUSM. Additional material: One ♂: Perú, Junín, Puente Carrizales, Route Satipo-Mariposa vers Concepción km 72, − 11.4867, − 74.8859, 3300 – 3450 m, 15 October 2009, P. Boyer leg., [PBF]; one ♂: Junín, Puente Carrizales, 3400 – 3450 m, 5 June 2019, T. Pyrcz leg., CEPUJ.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet of this taxon, ‘ puriq ’, means traveller in Quechua and is an allusion to the apparent dispersalist tendency of this species.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFFCFFFFFF76D223B1E9835A.taxon	distribution	Distribution So far, this species is known from three localities, all of which are within a 60 km radius in the departments of Junín and Huancavelica (Fig. 10). It occurs along the upper limit of cloud forest and in lower puna grasslands.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Externally, this species closely resembles its congeners, V. puriq, from which it differs by the lighter upperside ground colour, and even more closely N. negrobueno, especially when it comes to size, with both being slightly larger than N. puriq, with more elongated wings. In contrast, N. puriq and N. viracocha have a darker, blackish brown HWV ground colour and marginally larger FW costal white patch. In N. viracocha the whitish HWV midcostal streak is nearly obsolete, and strongly produced basally along the vein M 2. Description: male (Fig. 4 E, F) Head: Eyes dark chocolate brown, densely hairy, with a milky white collar; palpi two times the length of head, ventrally covered with long, dorsally short, blackish brown hairy scales, and laterally with short, milky white scales; frons with a tuss of long, blackish brown hair; antennae reaching two-fisshs the length of costa, slender, dark brown, mostly naked, with a club formed gradually, composed of 11 flagellomeres, flattened dorsoventrally; thorax black, dorsally covered with short and sparse, golden brown hairy scales; mesothoracix legs covered with grey scales; FW length (25.0 – 26.5 mm, mean: 25.7 mm, N = 9), with a subacute apex and slightly convex outer margin and with long, intermittent milky white and black fringes; upperside blackish brown, lustrous, with a white costal patch one-third of the way from distal end of discal cell and apex, spreading over four spaces, costa, R 4 + 5 – M 1, and M 2 – M 3 produced basally in the middle, and a faint, barely visible median patch in CuA 1 – CuA 2, no scent patch; underside dull, blackish brown, with the white costal patch as on the upperside and the median patch obsolete, sprinkled with white scales in the subapical and apical area, and with a faint, blackish submarginal line. HW oval, with an undulating outer margin and intermittently grey and whitish fringes; HWD uniform blackish brown, lustrous; HWV ground colour blackish brown, with a heavy whitish ripple pattern covering the entire wing surface without producing any conspicuous pattern except for a zigzagging black submarginal line; the only well-marked pattern is an elongated, white midcostal band extending to vein M 2, strongly produced basally along vein M 1. Abdomen is covered dorsally and laterally with thick black scales and ventrally with chestnut scales. Genitalia (Fig. 5 C): Tegumen with a flat dorsum; uncus massive, as long as the dorsum of tegumen, with a wide base, aligned with tegumen, with a blunt tip; subunci approximately one-third the length of uncus, relatively stout; pedunculus short, with a blunt tip; saccus wide and relatively deep; valvae as long as tegumen + valva, shorter, with a more strongly humped, serrated dorsum than in other two congeners and a blunt apex; aedeagus short, wide, and tubular, compressed and spatulate in the proximal area, with an acute, bifurcated tip.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.taxon	description	Description: female (Fig. 4 G, H) FW length 28 mm, considerably lighter coloured on both the upper- and underside, chestnut, with more prominent FW white markings, otherwise similar. Genitalia (Fig. 6 C): Papillae anales prominent, covered with long but sparse hair; postvaginal lamella strongly sclerotized, with a smooth surface, wide, enclosing a spacious antrum; ductus bursae wide, mildly sclerotized, gradually opening into a large, pear-like corpus bursae, with a smooth surface, no apparent signa. Type material	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype ♂: Perú, Ayacucho, Viracochán, − 12.5685 − 74.3089, 4180 m, 1 – 30 June 2022, C. Fåhraeus and local collectors leg., FILS [to be deposited in MUSM]. Paratypes: Eight (seven ♂ and one ♀): same data, seven FILS, one CEP-UJ.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.taxon	etymology	Etymology This species is named asser its type locality, Viracochán, and incidentally is an allusion to Wiraqucha, the chief creator deity of the pre-Inca and Inca mythology.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
1732B317FFF9FFE2FF7BD344B1BE808A.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is known only from its type locality above the locality of Viracochán in the department of Ayacucho (Fig. 10). It occurs in open puna habitats.	en	Pyrcz, Tomasz, Mahecha-J., Oscar, Boyer, Pierre, Lachowska-Cielik, Dorota, Cerdeña, Jose, Farfán, Jackie, Garlacz, Rafał, Lorenc-Brudecka, Jadwiga, Bálint, Zsolt, Fåhraeus, Christer, Zając-Garlacz, Kamila S., Espeland, Marianne (2024): A snow-dwelling tropical buưerfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (2): 1-20, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae112
