identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
160AC713C671FF832A9C992F37D57D4E.text	160AC713C671FF832A9C992F37D57D4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar Gonzalez-Sponga 1998	<div><p>Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998</p><p>Mesabolivari [sic] González-Sponga, 1998: 27. Type species by original designation: M. pseudoblechroscelis González- Sponga, 1998.</p><p>Mesabolivar: Huber 2000: 189 . Huber 2015: 5. Machado 2007: 50.</p><p>Autana González-Sponga, 2011b: 40 . Type species by original designation: A. autanensis González-Sponga, 2011 . Synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Caruaya González-Sponga, 2011b: 40 . Type species by original designation: C. anseriformis González-Sponga, 2011 . Synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 418.</p><p>Kaliana Huber, 2000: 271 . Type species by original designation: K. yuruani Huber, 2000 . Synonymized in Astrin et al. 2007: 23.</p><p>Rioparaguanus González-Sponga, 2005: 104. Type species by original designation: R. spinosus González-Sponga, 2005 . Synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 418.</p><p>Teuia Huber, 2000: 313 . Type species by original designation: Teuia beckeri Huber, 2000 . New synonymy.</p><p>Justification of synonymy. The genus Teuia was originally proposed for a single species ( T. beckeri) that has a highly unusual procursus (partly wrapped around the bulbal process; Huber 2000: figs 1259–1260) but lacks an epigynal pocket (Huber 2000: fig. 1263) and contiguous male cheliceral apophyses (Huber 2000: fig. 1262). The new species M. sepitus described below shares the distinctive morphology of the procursus and was collected only 130 km from the type locality of Teuia beckeri . However, M. sepitus has an epigynal pocket and contiguous male cheliceral apophyses. Molecular data (Eberle et al., unpublished data; see Appendices 1–2) also support a position of this new species within the Southern clade of Mesabolivar . Teuia is thus synonymized with Mesabolivar, and T. beckeri is transferred accordingly: Mesabolivar beckeri (Huber, 2000), comb. n.</p><p>Note, however, that the name Teuia is an available name in case Mesabolivar is split (e.g. for the “Southern clade” in Appendices 1-2). Another genus that might be revalidated in such a context is Kaliana Huber, 2000 . As indicated above (Introduction), I do not implement such drastic formal changes here for two reasons: (1) current evidence is rather limited as far as taxon sampling and support values are concerned; (2) the gain of such formal changes is dubious if the diagnosability of the resulting genera is not improved.</p><p>Notes. For recent updates on generic diagnosis and description, see Huber (2015). Most of the new species described below fit this generic concept that dates back to Huber (2000) and was further developed in Machado (2007). The two key features are (1) an epigynum with median groove or pocket (e.g., Figs 20, 112, 223), and (2) male cheliceral apophyses with a pair of contiguous frontal apophyses (e.g., Figs 18, 118, 215). Most species that do not fit this concept are part of what is below informally described as the ‘ difficilis group’. Several species in this group of litter-dwelling species do not share any of the diagnostic characters. However, molecular data consistently place them among Mesabolivar . The same is true for individual representatives of other species groups proposed below, for example in the togatus group. In addition, it is now fairly evident that the two key features are shared by certain representatives of the closely related genus Carapoia (e.g., C. lutea, C. tapajos, C. maculata). In its current scope, a morphological diagnosis that covers all species of Mesabolivar is probably impossible.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C671FF832A9C992F37D57D4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C67DFF8A2A9C9B2D314C78B1.text	160AC713C67DFF8A2A9C9B2D314C78B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar acrensis Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar acrensis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 1–2, 13–15, 18–22, 32–38</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are easily distinguished from most known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 14; distinctively widened and strongly curved distal element; very similar in M. pseudoblechroscelis; compare Fig. 14 with figs 5.07–08 in Machado 2011); from two most similar species ( M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. maraba) also by bulbal process (Fig. 15; shape of distal structures); from most species (except M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. maraba, M. huambisa) also by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 18–19; pair of slender apophyses, straight in lateral view), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 20–21, 32–37; large median depression, lateral margins slightly diverging towards anterior, bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed slightly towards posterior - epigynum possibly indistinguishable from M. maraba, due to variation, see below); from M. maraba and other putatively close relatives also by female internal genitalia (Figs 22, 38; elongated pore-plates converging towards posterior) (female of M. pseudoblechroscelis unknown).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the type locality.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Acre: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21497–98), 2♂ 23♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18942–43), Rio Branco, Reserva Florestal Humaitá (9.749°S, 67.666°W), 180 m a.s.l., 28.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Acre: 1 juv., together with paratypes; 1♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-309), same data as types . 2♂ 17♀, ZFMK (Ar 18944), Rio Branco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.625/lat -10.08)">Fazenda Experimental Catuaba</a> (10.08°S, 67.625°W), 225 m a.s.l., 26–27.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16- 306), same data; 1♂ 8♀, ZFMK (Ar 18945), Rio Branco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.619&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.078" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.619/lat -10.078)">Fazenda Experimental Catuaba</a> (10.078°S, 67.619°W), 200 m a.s.l., 29.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Assigned tentatively. BRAZIL: Acre: 3♂ 10♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 18946), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.596" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.767/lat -7.596)">Cruzeiro do Sul</a>, forest near airport (7.596°S, 72.767°W), 200 m a.s.l., 30.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho, E.O. Machado) ; 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-313), same data .</p><p>Amazonas: 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18947), Guajará, forest at Fazenda Colorado, ‘site 2’ (7.528°S, 72.655°W), 210–240 m a.s.l., 31.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho, E.O. Machado).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.3, carapace width 1.05. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 45 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.80/ 0.55. Leg 1: 30.1 (7.1 + 0.5 + 7.2 + 13.5 + 1.8), tibia 2: 4.7, tibia 3: 3.4, tibia 4: 5.0; tibia 1 L/d: 76. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.14, 0.15, 0.15, 0.15.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with barely visible darker median mark, ocular area also slightly darkened; sternum orange; legs ochre to light brown, with indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally; subdistal rings barely visible), tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen greenish-gray, with dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, without ventral mark.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 1; ocular area raised (higher than usual in genus); carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus slightly swollen and whitish, with sclerotized margin; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of long, slender apophyses, straight in lateral view (Figs 18–19).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 13–14; coxa with conical retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis; femur very large, proximally with retrolateral apophysis and prolateral hump set with short hairs; tarsus with small dorsal processes, with one strong and several regular hairs bent towards dorsal (Fig. 14); procursus distally widened and strongly curved towards dorsal, with large ventro-distal sclerite separated from proximal part by whitish area; bulbal process with distinctive distal structures (Fig. 15).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs (i.e. short hairs perpendicular to leg segment); retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Males from Cruzeiro do Sul and Guajará appear identical in shape to those from Rio Branco, but the light area of the procursus is transparent rather than whitish and the black ventro-distal sclerite is slightly narrower (but the width of this sclerite is variable even among specimens from Rio Branco). Tibia 1 in six males from Rio Branco (incl. holotype): 6.4–9.2 (mean 7.7); in five males from Cruzeiro do Sul and Guajará: 8.8–10.3 (mean 9.6).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 2) but carapace ochre-brown rather than yellow to orange, with larger brown median mark; ocular area slightly lower than in males; dark rings and whitish tips of femora and tibiae more distinct; clypeus less swollen and margin not sclerotized. Tibia 1 in 44 females from Rio Branco: 3.5–5.1 (mean 4.3). Epigynum as in Figs 20–21 and 32–33; anterior plate with large median depression bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed slightly towards posterior; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 22, 38, with elongated pore-plates converging towards posterior and distinctive median dark anterior structure.</p><p>Females from Cruzeiro do Sul and Guajará tend to have slightly longer and more pointed epigynal processes and slightly narrower median depressions; however, this varies even within localities (Figs 34–37). As in males, females from Cruzeiro do Sul and Guajará tend to have longer legs: tibia 1 in 11 females: 4.8–5.9 (mean 5.5).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found close to the ground, in webs that were mostly hidden in the leaf litter, under logs, or in small cavities in the ground. A small part of the domed sheet was visible from outside, and turned into a funnel towards the back, where the spider(s) were hiding. When disturbed, they vibrated rapidly with small amplitude or tried to run away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities near Rio Branco and from two localities near Cruzeiro do Sul in Acre and Amazonas states (Brazil) (Fig. 722).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C67DFF8A2A9C9B2D314C78B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C67BFF952A9C9D76306B7A75.text	160AC713C67BFF952A9C9D76306B7A75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar maraba Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar maraba sp. n.</p><p>Figs 3–4, 16–17, 23–25, 39–41</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are easily distinguished from two most similar known relatives ( M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. acrensis) by male pedipalp (procursus with distinctively shaped distal element; bulbal process with ventral sclerotized area and bifid dorso-distal flap; Figs 16–17); from most species (except M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. acrensis, M. huambisa) also by armature of male chelicerae (identical in shape to those of M. acrensis, cf. Figs 18– 19; pair of slender apophyses, straight in lateral view), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 23–24; large median depression, lateral margins slightly diverging towards anterior, bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed slightly towards posterior - epigynum possibly indistinguishable from M. acrensis, due to variation, see description of M. acrensis above); from M. acrensis and other putatively close relatives also by female internal genitalia (Figs 25, 39; elongated pore-plates in transversal position, wider apart than in M. huambisa) (female of M. pseudoblechroscelis unknown).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21499–21500), 5♂ 6♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18948), Marabá, forest near road, ‘site 1’ (5.414°S, 49.074°W), 140 m a.s.l., 7–8.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-238), same data as types.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.234/lat -0.057)">Assigned</a> tentatively. BRAZIL: Amapá: 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18949), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 4’ (0.057°S, 51.234°W), 25 m a.s.l., 13.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-255), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.7, carapace width 1.2. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 90 µm, distance AME-AME 55 µm, diameter AME 55 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.60. Leg 1: 36.2 (8.8 + 0.5 + 8.8 + 16.1 + 2.0), tibia 2: 6.1, tibia 3: 4.4, tibia 4: 6.3; tibia 1 L/d: 80. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, 0.17, 0.20, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with large brown median mark, ocular area also darkened posteriorly laterally; sternum orange; legs ochre, with indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally; subdistal rings barely visible), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; abdomen greenish, with dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, without ventral mark.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 3; ocular area raised (higher than usual in genus); carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus slightly swollen, with sclerotized margin; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. Identical in shape to M. acrensis (cf. Figs 18–19), but slightly larger.</p><p>PALPS. In general as in M. acrensis (cf. Figs 13–14), but larger (e.g., femur length: 1.14 vs. 0.86); procursus distally clearly different from M. acrensis (Fig. 17); bulbal process with ventral sclerotized area and bifid dorsodistal flap (Fig. 16).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Some males with indistinct dark mark behind gonopore. Tibia 1 in five other males from type locality: 7.1–10.2 (mean 8.7). The single male from Amapá has a slightly different procursus tip (slightly larger relative to base of procursus) and is therefore assigned tentatively (cf. female below). Tibia 1 in this male: 9.6.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but carapace ochre-brown rather than yellow to orange, with larger brown median mark; ocular area slightly lower than in males; dark rings and whitish tips of femora and tibiae more distinct; clypeus less swollen and margin not sclerotized. Tibia 1 in seven females from type locality: 4.1–5.5 (mean 4.7). Epigynum as in Figs 23–24 and 40–41; anterior plate with large median depression bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed slightly towards posterior; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 25, 39, with elongated pore-plates in transversal position and far apart, and distinctive median dark anterior structure.</p><p>In the three females from Amapá, the margins of the median depression are approximately parallel and the conical lateral processes are slightly shorter; they are therefore assigned tentatively (cf. male above). tibia 1 in two females: 5.7 (both; legs 1 missing in third female).</p><p>Natural history. At Marabá, the spiders were mostly found under large palm leaves on the ground. In Macapá, they occupied small cavities in the ground and the spaces under the exposed roots of trees.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Pará state and from specimens assigned tentatively from Amapá state (Brazil) (Fig. 722).</p><p>Note. The illustrations in Machado (2011) of species “sp. 07” strongly remind of the present species. It is not clear which specimens were used for the illustrations: the types from Rio Branco (Acre) or the specimens from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço (Pará). The latter locality is approximately between and fairly close to the localities listed above (485 km from the type locality Marabá, 190 km from Macapá), while Rio Branco is more than 2100 km west and much less likely to have the same species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C67BFF952A9C9D76306B7A75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C664FF942A9C9C3536527BE5.text	160AC713C664FF942A9C9C3536527BE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar huambisa Huber 2000	<div><p>Mesabolivar huambisa Huber, 2000</p><p>Figs 5–6, 26–31, 42–47</p><p>Mesabolivar huambisa Huber, 2000: 191, figs 738–747 (♂ ♀, Peru, Ecuador). [Machado 2007: 88; see Notes below].</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( M. acrensis, M. maraba, M. pseudoblechroscelis) by screw-shaped sclerite prolaterally on bulbal process (Figs 29–31); also by shape of procursus (Figs 26–28; distinctive distal elements) and by shape of epigynum (Figs 42–47; median cavity very wide, not reaching anterior epigynal margin; lateral pair of processes directed towards ventral) (female of M. pseudoblechroscelis unknown).</p><p>Type material. PERU: Loreto: ♂ holotype, 21♂ 18♀ paratypes, MUSM, Rio Samiria (4°43’S, 74°18’W), v– vi.1990 (T. Erwin et al.), examined (Huber 2000; 1♂ 1♀ paratypes reexamined for present study).</p><p>Other material examined (all assigned tentatively; see Notes below). BRAZIL: Amazonas: 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.93&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.244" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.93/lat -4.244)">Ar</a> 18950), forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.93&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.244" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.93/lat -4.244)">Tabatinga</a> (4.244°S, 69.92– 69.93°W), 90 m a.s.l., 2–4.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-321), same data .</p><p>Pará: 2♂ (and 1♀ abdomen transferred from Br 16-226a), ZFMK (Ar 18951), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.429/lat -1.424)">Belém</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.429/lat -1.424)">Parque Estadual do Utinga</a>, ‘site 1’ (1.424°S, 48.429°W), 25 m a.s.l., 6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ (♀ abdomen transferred to ZFMK Ar 18951) in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-226a), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Males and females with pair of small brown marks behind ocular area. Male clypeus swollen and with sclerotized rim as in putative close relatives; male palpal tarsus with some bent hairs, one of them thicker than others; ventral membranous structure on bulbal process highly expandable (Fig. 29); femur 3 thicker than other femora (reexamined ♂ paratype with tibia 1 length 12.0, diameters of femora at half length: 0.20, 0.22, 0.30, 0.20).</p><p>Natural history. Both in Tabatinga and in Belém, the spiders were found on tree trunks, usually at about 0.5– 2 m above the ground. They built small domed webs with a diameter of only ~ 10–15 cm, with one side of the dome attached to the tree bark; here the spiders sat with the fontal side facing down. Males and females were sometimes seen to sit side by side.</p><p>Distribution. Possibly widely distributed from Peru and Ecuador (maybe Bolivia) to the estuary of the Amazon River (Fig. 723), but see Notes below.</p><p>Notes. The newly examined specimens differ slightly from the reexamined paratypes, but the significance of this variation is unclear. In males from Belém the tip of the procursus is less curved and the dorsal process is larger (Fig. 28); in males from both Belém and Tabatinga, the proximal part of the procursus is less curved ventrally (Figs 27, 28); in males from Belém, the screw-shaped sclerite on the bulbal process is smaller (Fig. 31); in females from both Belém and Tabatinga, the epigynal processes are more pointed (Figs 45, 47). In general, palps, chelicerae, and epigyna are smaller in specimens from both Belém and Tabatinga than in the paratypes, but sample sizes are small and leg length seems to be similar: tibia 1 in five newly examined males: 11.5–13.2 (mean 12.2); in one female: 6.7. Newly examined males tend to have thinner legs and less thickened femora 3 (diameters of femora at halflength in one male: 0.17, 0.18, 0.20, 0.17).</p><p>The specimens from Brazil (Acre) and Bolivia assigned to M. huambisa in Machado (2007) are also problematic. They were later considered to represent two new undescribed species (Machado 2011, “sp. 05” and “sp. 09”), but the drawings (I did not examine the specimens) of the Bolivian specimens strongly resemble the specimens from Belém.</p><p>In sum, species limits appear difficult to establish in this group, and future studies should aim at large scale geographic sampling and inclusion of molecular data.</p><p>In the original description of the female internal genitalia, “large membranous structures of unknown function reaching into lateral apophyses” were illustrated (Huber 2000: 194, fig. 745). These structures are silk glands and have no relation with the female genitalia (except for filling the available space in the epigynal processes).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C664FF942A9C9C3536527BE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C665FF962A9C9D85366778E9.text	160AC713C665FF962A9C9D85366778E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar amazonicus Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar amazonicus sp. n.</p><p>Figs 7–8, 48–54, 69–71</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (Fig. 49; distinctively widened and strongly curved distal element, much smaller than in similar species, i.e. M. acrensis, M. maraba, M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. huambisa); also by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 50–51; distinctive undulating shape of apophyses in lateral view), by shape of epigynum (Figs 52–53, 69–70; large median depression, lateral margins diverging toward anterior, bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes; very similar to M. huambisa but median pocket reaching further back in lateral view), and by female internal genitalia (Figs 54, 71; similar to M. maraba and M. huambisa; pore-plates larger and slightly curved towards posterior) (female of M. pseudoblechroscelis unknown).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the type locality.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Amazonas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21501–02), 2♂ 2♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18952), forest near Humaitá, ‘site 1’ (7.464°S, 63.231°W), 65 m a.s.l., 20.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-283), same data as types . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18953), forest near Humaitá, ‘site 3’ (7.512°S, 63.393°W), 80 m a.s.l., 22.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-291), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.6, carapace width 1.2. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 90 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 55 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.55. Leg 1: 37.2 (9.0 + 0.5 + 9.0 + 16.3 + 2.4), tibia 2: 5.9, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 6.2; tibia 1 L/d: 86. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.16, 0.17, 0.19, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with large slightly darker median mark, ocular area also slightly darkened; sternum ochre-orange; legs ochre to light brown, with indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen greenish-gray, with dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, small ventral mark behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 7; ocular area raised (higher than usual in the genus); carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus slightly swollen and whitish, with sclerotized margin; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of long cylindrical apophyses, undulating in lateral view, with strongly sclerotized hooked tips (Figs 50–51).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 48–49; coxa with conical retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with retrolateral apophysis; femur very large, proximally with retrolateral apophysis and prolateral ridge set with short hairs; tarsus with small dorsal processes, with one strong and two regular hairs bent towards dorsal; procursus distally widened and strongly curved towards dorsal; bulb with distally bifid process.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 8.8, 8.9, 9.2. Prosoma variably orange.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 8) but carapace ochre-brown rather than yellow to orange, with larger brown median mark; ocular area slightly lower than in males; dark rings and whitish tips of femora and tibiae more distinct; clypeus less swollen and margin not sclerotized. Tibia 1 in six females: 5.5–6.0 (mean 5.8). Epigynum as in Figs 52–53, 69–70; anterior plate with large median depression bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed slightly towards anterior; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 54, 71, with elongated transversal pore-plates and distinctive median anterior structure.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in small sheltered spaces in the leaf litter, under logs, or in small cavities in the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality and a nearby site only, both in Amazonas state (Brazil) (Fig. 722).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C665FF962A9C9D85366778E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C667FF932A9C9E8E37787805.text	160AC713C667FF932A9C9E8E37787805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar jamari Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar jamari sp. n.</p><p>Figs 9–10, 55–57, 59–60, 63–65, 72–74</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are easily distinguished from most known congeners by extremely long distal element of procursus (Figs 56–57; similar only in M. tapajos); from M. tapajos by other details of tarsus and procursus (smaller tarsal process, position of dorsal process on procursus; compare Figs 57 and 58), by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 59–60; apophyses stronger), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 63–64; larger median depression bordered posteriorly by pocket with distinctive hood; conical lateral processes shorter; epigynum very similar to M. exlineae, but see Note below).</p><p>Note. The epigynum illustrated in Huber (2000) for Mesabolivar exlineae (Mello-Leitão, 1947) is very similar to the one shown here for M. jamari (compare Fig. 63 with Huber 2000: fig. 768). Unfortunately, M. exlineae is burdened with several problems: (1) the geographic origin is dubious. Mello-Leitão (1947a) gives “Pebas (Perú)” [3.31°S, 71.86°W, 110 m a.s.l.], while the label in the supposed type vial (BMNH 1940.12.30.108) reads “Capachica” [15.64°S, 69.83°W, 3850 m a.s.l.]. Previously, I considered Capachica the type locality and Mello- Leitão’s published locality an error (Huber 2000); however, Capachica is a high altitude place with a relatively dry climate, while all putatively close relatives ( M. pseudoblechroscelis, M. huambisa, M. paraensis, M. maraba, M. acrensis) come from low altitude and high-precipitation areas. (2) The female illustrated in Huber (2000) may not be the holotype. As noted earlier (Huber 2000), Mello-Leitão’s (1947a) illustration of the epigynum looks quite different, even though the text mentions “two horns”. In sum, the supposed type vial in BMNH may be mislabeled, and the true type of M. exlineae may be lost or misplaced and originate from Pebas indeed.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rondônia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21503–04), 4♂ 5♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18954), Floresta Nacional do Jamari, ‘sites 2 &amp; 3’ (9.22°S, 62.93°W – 9.26°S, 62.92°W), 110 m a.s.l., 24.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rondônia: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-301), same data as types ; 1♀ (apparently teratological, see below; assigned tentatively), ZFMK (Ar 18955), same data as types . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18956), Floresta Nacional do Jamari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.198" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.082/lat -9.198)">Gran Piedra</a> (9.198°S, 63.082°W), 160 m a.s.l., 25.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.7, carapace width 1.25. Distance PME-PME 110 µm, diameter PME 130 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.60. Leg 1: 39.5 (9.7 + 0.5 + 9.6 + 17.5 + 2.2), tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.4, tibia 4: 6.8; tibia 1 L/d: 83. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.19, 0.20, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-orange, with black median line and pair of whitish areas beside ocular area; ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum medially slightly darker (orange to light brown); legs ochre to light brown, with darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; abdomen greenish-gray, with dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, no ventral marks.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 9; ocular area raised (higher than usual in the genus); carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus slightly swollen and whitish, with sclerotized margin; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of long cylindrical apophyses with strongly sclerotized hooked tips (Figs 59–60).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 55–56; coxa with conical retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with finger-shaped retrolateral apophysis; femur very large, proximally with retrolateral apophysis and prolateral hump set with short hairs; tarsus with large rounded dorsal process, with one strong and two regular hairs bent towards dorsal; procursus with widened median section, dorsal process, and long distal process apparently provided with gland and duct (Fig. 57); bulb with distally bifid process.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in four other males: 9.5, 9.6, 9.8, 10.7. Two males asymmetric with respect to trichobothria on palpal tibiae: one male with both trichobothria very proximally on one side; other male without proximal trichobothrium on one side.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 10) but carapace ochre-brown rather than orange, with large brown median mark. Tibia 1 in seven females: 5.5–6.0 (mean 5.8). Epigynum as in Figs 63–64, 72–73; anterior plate with large median depression bordered posteriorly by large pocket; pair of conical lateral processes directed obliquely towards posterior; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 65, 74, with roughly triangular poreplates and distinctive median structure (arrow in Fig. 65; curved median tube, possibly to accommodate long processes of procursi). One female from type locality with much lower epigynal processes, apparently teratological; tibia 1 in this female: 5.4.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found very close to the ground, in webs that were mostly hidden in the leaf litter, under logs, or in small cavities in the ground. A small part of the domed sheet was visible from outside, and the spiders were resting in the back.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Rondônia state (Brazil) only (Fig. 722).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C667FF932A9C9E8E37787805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C662FF922A9C99D531217F31.text	160AC713C662FF922A9C99D531217F31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar tapajos Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar tapajos sp. n.</p><p>Figs 11–12, 58, 61–62, 66–68, 75–77</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are easily distinguished from most known congeners (except M. jamari) by extremely long distal element on procursus (Fig. 58); from M. jamari by other details of tarsus and procursus (compare Figs 57 and 58; larger tarsal process, smaller widened part of procursus, more distal position of dorsal process of procursus); from M. jamari and other putatively close relatives also by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 61–62; cylindrical apophyses relatively slender), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 66–67, 75–76; relatively small median depression with indistinct pocket; pair of conical lateral processes slender, tips slightly curved backwards).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21505–06), 4♂ 6♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18957–58), Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, km 83 (3.049°S, 54.928°W), 95 m a.s.l., 14–18.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 1 juv., together with paratypes . 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16- 258), same data as types . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18959), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.941/lat -2.875)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-269), same data . 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18960), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.94" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.933/lat -2.94)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 72, ‘site 2’ (2.940°S, 54.933°W), 140 m a.s.l., 17.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Assigned tentatively. BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18961), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.046" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.938/lat -4.046)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 221 (4.046°S, 54.938°W), 80 m a.s.l., 16.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.3, carapace width 1.1. Distance PME-PME 100 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.75/ 0.55. Leg 1: 36.7 (8.6 + 0.5 + 8.8 + 16.9 + 1.9), tibia 2: 5.6, tibia 3: 3.9, tibia 4: 6.0; tibia 1 L/d: 93. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.14, 0.14, 0.15, 0.14.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with slightly darker lateral margins and large light brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area; clypeus not darkened; sternum medially slightly darker (orange to light brown); legs ochre, with darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally; indistinct), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; abdomen greenish-gray, with dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, small ventral mark behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 11; ocular area raised (higher than usual in the genus); carapace with distinct median furrow; sternum unmodified; clypeus swollen, whitish, with sclerotized rim.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of long tapering apophyses with slender, slightly curved tips (Figs 61–62).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. jamari (cf. Figs 55–56), but slightly smaller (femur length: 0.64 vs. 0.72; femur maximum width: 0.26 vs. 0.32); only tarsus and procursus clearly different (Fig. 58): larger tarsal process, smaller widened part of procursus, more distal position of dorsal process of procursus.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with 25 pseudosegments, indistinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 8.9, 9.2, 9.7.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 12) but dark mark on carapace larger, clypeus unmodified, dark rings on legs more distinct, sternum in most females with distinct light brown median mark. Tibia 1 in nine females: 4.9– 5.6 (mean 5.2). Epigynum as in Figs 66–67, 75–76; anterior plate with median depression bordered posteriorly by pocket; pair of conical lateral processes, tips slightly bent towards posterior; posterior plate simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 68, 77, with small pore-plates and distinctive median structure (curved median tube, possibly to accommodate long processes of procursi). One female from ~ 110 km S of type locality (“km 221”) with pocket in slightly more anterior position and shorter legs (tibia 1: 4.4); assigned tentatively.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found close to the ground, in webs that were mostly hidden in the leaf litter, often in large rolled up leaves. Males and females were sometimes found together, hiding in the back of the shelter.</p><p>Distribution. Known from Floresta Nacional de Tapajós in Pará state (Brazil) only (Fig. 722).</p><p>Note. This species is possibly identical to “sp. 06” in Machado (2011), described from a single male specimen from Altamira (~ 300 km E Tapajos).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C662FF922A9C99D531217F31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C663FF992A9C99B6376D787C.text	160AC713C663FF992A9C99B6376D787C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar macushi Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar macushi sp. n.</p><p>Figs 90–97, 104–105, 128–129</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( M. aurantiacus, M. cyaneus, M. spinosus) by shape of procursus (Figs 96–97; short distal sclerite with small subdistal parallel side branch), by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 92–93; pair of strongly curved, blade-shaped frontal apophyses), and by female external and internal genitalia (Figs 94–95, 128–129; epigynum without pocket, without processes; small pore-plates; weakly sclerotized median sac-like structure).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name honors the Macushi, an indigenous people living in eastern Venezuela, southern Guyana, and northern Brazil; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: ♂ holotype, ZFMK (Ar 18962), forest near base of Salto Angel (5°58.0’N, 62°31.7’W), ~ 720 m a.s.l., domed webs near ground, 7.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Other material examined. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 1♀ 2 juvs, together with holotype.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.7, carapace width 1.7. Distance PME-PME 180 µm, diameter PME 170 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 35 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.15/ 0.85. Leg 1: 61.7 (14.7 + 0.7 + 14.1 + 27.9 + 4.3), tibia 2: 9.1, tibia 3: 6.8, tibia 4: 8.7; tibia 1 L/d: 88. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.21, 0.23, 0.26, 0.23.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with large brown mark covering most of posterior half, ocular area brown, clypeus not darkened, sternum light brown; legs light brown, without dark or light rings; abdomen ochregray, with many dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, with small light brown plate in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus similar to M. aurantiacus (cf. Figs 78, 80); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of strongly curved, blade-shaped frontal apophyses (Figs 92–93) with finely granulated surface.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 90–91; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with short rounded ventral process; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, widened distally; tarsus with three small dorsal processes; procursus S-shaped, short distal process with small subdistal parallel side branch (Figs 96–97); genital bulb process slender, with weakly sclerotized bifid distal process (Figs 104–105).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~60 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male; tibia 1: 12.4. Epigynum as in Figs 94, 128; anterior plate without pocket, with very indistinct and shallow median furrow, lateral parts more heavily sclerotized but not elevated; in lateral view slightly protruding towards posterior edge; posterior plate large, simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 95, 129, with small pore-plates, weakly sclerotized median sac.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were collected from domed webs hidden in sheltered cavities of the ground. Distribution. Known from type locality in Bolívar state (Venezuela) only (Fig. 725).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C663FF992A9C99B6376D787C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C668FF982A9C9E3D30FA7EBD.text	160AC713C668FF982A9C9E3D30FA7EBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leitao 1930)	<div><p>Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello-Leitão, 1930)</p><p>Figs 78–81, 98–99, 106–107</p><p>Blechroscelis aurantiacus Mello-Leitão, 1930: 61, fig. 13 (♂, Brazil: Pará).</p><p>Blechroscelis irroratus Mello-Leitão, 1947a: 160, figs 4–5 (♂♀, Brazil: Pará). Synonymized in Huber 2000: 206.</p><p>Blechroscelis virescens Mello-Leitão, 1947a: 161, fig. 6 (♂, Guyana). Synonymized in Huber 2000: 206.</p><p>Psilochorus cambridgei Mello-Leitão, 1947a: 163 (♂♀, Brazil: Pará); name preoccupied ( Psilochorus cambridgei Gertsch &amp; Davis, 1937).</p><p>Psilochorus browningi Roewer, 1951: 455; new name for Psilochorus cambridgei Mello-Leitão, 1947a . Synonymized in Huber 2000: 206.</p><p>Mesabolivar aurantiacus: Huber 2000: 206, figs 42, 43, 81, 801–810.</p><p>Autana autanensis González-Sponga, 2011b: 40, pl. 1, figs 1–7 (♂, Venezuela). Synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Misidentification</p><p>Mesabolivari pseudoblechroscelis: González-Sponga 1998: 27, figs 40–41 (♀ paratype only).</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Huber 2000). Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( M. spinosus, M. cyaneus, M. macushi) by male procursus (distinctive ventral process and sclerite embedded in membrane; Figs 98–99), by tip of male bulbal process (Figs 106–107; mostly membranous with slender process, similar to M. macushi), and by epigynal pocket continuing anteriorly into long furrow (Huber 2000: fig. 808). From M. spinosus also by much more slender palpal femur.</p><p>Type material. Blechroscelis aurantiacus Mello-Leitão, 1930: BRAZIL: Pará: 2♂ syntypes, MNRJ, Cuminá [1.35°S, 56.05°W], no further data, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Blechroscelis irroratus Mello-Leitão, 1947: BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀ type (? – see Huber 2000), BMNH (1897.9.21 501–508), Breves [1.68°S, 50.47°W], leg. F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Blechroscelis virescens Mello-Leitão, 1947: GUYANA: 1♂ type (? – see <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.5/lat 5.1)">Huber</a> 2000), BMNH (1897.8.5.3.8), Higher Potaro River [~ 5.1°N, 59.5°W], examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Psilochorus cambridgei Mello-Leitão, 1947: BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀ type, BMNH (1897.9.20 501–508), Breves [1.68°S, 50.47°W], no further data, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Autana autanensis González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Amazonas: ♂ holotype, MIZA (MAGS 1162), Municipio Autana, Rio Autana (4°55’N, 67°24’W, 250 m), iii.1989 (S. Obispo), not examined.</p><p>New material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 10♂ 4♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.429/lat -1.424)">Ar</a> 18963), Belém, Parque Estadual do Utinga, ‘site 1’ (1.424°S, 48.429°W), 25 m a.s.l., 5.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16- 234), same data . 14♂ 9♀, ZFMK (Ar 18964–65), Belém, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.41/lat -1.433)">Parque Estadual do Utinga</a>, ‘site 2’ (1.433°S, 48.410°W), 25 m a.s.l., 5–6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-228a), same data . 8♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18966), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.074&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.414" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.074/lat -5.414)">Marabá</a>, forest near road, ‘site 1’ (5.414°S, 49.074°W), 140 m a.s.l., 7–8.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-237), same data . 3♂ 9♀, ZFMK (Ar 18967), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.674&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.931" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.674/lat -5.931)">Serra Pelada</a> (5.931°S, 49.674°W), 140 m a.s.l., rocky hill, 9.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-242), same data . 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 18968), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.972/lat -2.847)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 1’ (2.847°S, 54.972°W), 180 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 3♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18969), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.941/lat -2.875)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18970), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.94" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.933/lat -2.94)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 72, ‘site 2’ (2.940°S, 54.933°W), 140 m a.s.l., 17.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18971), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.928&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.049" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.928/lat -3.049)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 83 (3.049°S, 54.928°W), 95 m a.s.l., 14–18.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 5♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18972), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.046" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.938/lat -4.046)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 221 (4.046°S, 54.938°W), 80 m a.s.l., 16.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-276), same data .</p><p>Amapá: 7♂ 10♀, ZFMK (Ar 18973), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 1’ (0.051°S, 51.136°W), 25 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-246), same data . 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18974), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 2’ (0.051°S, 51.123°W), 20 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho). 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18975), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 4’ (0.057°S, 51.234°W), 25 m a.s.l., 13.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-254), same data .</p><p>Amazonas: 9♂ 11♀, ZFMK (Ar 18976), Manaus, Reserva Ducke (2.932°S, 59.970°W), 80 m a.s.l., 5– 6.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-332), same data . 9♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 18977), Presidente Figueiredo, Maroaga Cave and surrounding forest (2.050°S, 59.972°W), 110–150 m a.s.l., 7.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-340), same data . 6♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 18978–79), forest near Humaitá, ‘site 2’ (7.563°S, 63.116°W), 65 m a.s.l., 20–21.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-287), same data . 7♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18980), forest near Humaitá, ‘site 3’ (7.512°S, 63.393°W), 80 m a.s.l., 22.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♂ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-293), same data . 12♂ 9♀, ZFMK (Ar 18981), forest near Tabatinga (4.244°S, 69.92–69.93°W), 90 m a.s.l., 2–4.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-324), same data .</p><p>Rondônia: 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18982), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.107&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.107/lat -9.193)">Floresta Nacional do Jamari</a>, ‘site 1’ (9.193°S, 63.107°W), 130 m a.s.l., 23.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-294), same data . 3♂, ZFMK (Ar 18983), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.92/lat -9.26)">Floresta Nacional do Jamari</a>, ‘sites 2 &amp; 3’ (9.22°S, 62.93°W – 9.26°S, 62.92°W), 110 m a.s.l., 24.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 18984), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.082/lat -9.195)">Floresta Nacional do Jamari</a>, ‘sites 4 &amp; 5’ (9.193°S, 63.037°W – 9.195°S, 63.082°W), 110–150 m a.s.l., 25.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Acre: 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18985), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.625/lat -10.08)">Rio Branco</a>, Fazenda Experimental Catuaba (10.08°S, 67.625°W), 225 m a.s.l., 26–27.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.619&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.078" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.619/lat -10.078)">Ar</a> 18986), same locality at 10.078°S, 67.619°W, 200 m a.s.l., 29.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 18987), Rio Branco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.749" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.666/lat -9.749)">Reserva Florestal Humaitá</a> (9.749°S, 67.666°W), 180 m a.s.l., 28.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-308), same data.</p><p>VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18988), km 102 from El Dorado (6°04’N, 61°24’W), ~ 500 m a.s.l., near ground, 2.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber) . 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18989–90), km 44 from El Dorado (6°25’N, 61°38.5’W), ~ 200 m a.s.l., near ground, 2.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>GUYANA: Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G010), 4.42 km S Gunn's Strip, bank of Essequibo river (1.613°N, 58.638°W), 240 m a.s.l., 6–15.vii.1999 (J.A. Coddington et al.).</p><p>TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: Trinidad: 6♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G001), Arena Forest [10.56°N, 61.23°W], 29.vi.2002 (C.K. Starr, J.N. Sewlal).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 108 newly examined males: 10.5–18.9 (mean 15.2); in 85 newly examined females: 8.1–13.6 (mean 10.8). Femora 3 in most males strongly enlarged and of different color than other legs (reddish rather than dark brown to black; Fig. 78); only very small males with barely enlarged femora 3 (e.g., diameters of femora in male with tibia 1 length 16.7: 0.24, 0.24, 0.43, 0.24; in male with tibia 1 length 13.6: 0.19, 0.19, 0.23, 0.19); femora 3 in males from Maroaga Cave near Presidente Figueiredo not or only slightly lighter than other femora. Most males with spines on metatarsi 2 and 3, rarely only on metatarsi 2, only on metatarsi 3, or without spines (very small males); prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Coloration of males usually similar to females (Figs 78, 80), abdomen sometimes more reddish but with same pattern of dark internal marks; only in males from Reserva Ducke abdomen strongly reddish with few indistinct darker marks (Fig. 79). Most females with pair of anterior epigynal humps (cf. Huber 2000: figs 808–809), barely visible or absent in females from Reserva Ducke, Tabatinga, and Catuaba; anterior margin of epigynal plate in females from these localities more rounded than in females from other localities.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large domed webs with a diameter of up to 50 cm, usually among buttresses of trees and under large tree logs, but sometimes also under large dead leaves on the ground (e.g., palm leaves; Manaus), or higher among the vegetation (especially juveniles). There seemed to be a locality-specific tendency with respect to the degree of exposure: at some localities the webs were mostly hidden in large sheltered spaces (Marabá, Tapajós, Jamari, Rio Branco), in others, most webs were rather exposed, often with the sun directly reaching the spiders (Belém, Humaitá, Tabatinga). They were also found in the twilight zone of caves, where they occupied the lower spaces up to 1 m above the ground (Maroaga Cave near Figueiredo; unnamed cave in Serra Pelada). At some localities, the spiders were extremely abundant. When disturbed, they started swinging strongly, moving the entire webs with them. In Arena Forest (Trinidad), Sewlal &amp; Starr (2008) found ~25% of M. aurantiacus webs containing the nabid bug Arachnocoris trinitatis.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in northern South America (Fig. 724).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C668FF982A9C9E3D30FA7EBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C66AFF9B2A9C9FC536997D01.text	160AC713C66AFF9B2A9C9FC536997D01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar cyaneus (Taczanowski 1874)	<div><p>Mesabolivar cyaneus (Taczanowski, 1874)</p><p>Figs 100–101, 108–109</p><p>Pholcus cyaneus Taczanowski, 1874: 103, pl. 2, fig. 6 (♂♀, Brazil: Amapá; see Note below). Blechroscelis cyanea: Mello-Leitão 1940b: 175 .</p><p>Blechroscelis rubristernus Caporiacco, 1947: 22 (♂♀, Guyana). Caporiacco 1948: 627, figs 19–21. Mesabolivar rubristernus: Huber 2000: 204, figs 796–800.</p><p>Mesabolivar cyaneus: Huber 2000: 190 . Huber &amp; Zhu 2001: 152 (synonymy of M. rubristernus).</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most similar known relative ( M. spinosus) by more slender and longer procursus (compare Figs 101 and 103), bulbal process distally simpler (compare Figs 109 and 111), and by female external and internal genitalia (epigynum narrower; relatively smaller internal sclerotized structure, compare Huber 2000: figs 799–800 and Figs 112, 114).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL (see Note below): Amapá: ♂ lectotype, 1♂ paralectotype, MIZW, “Uassa-Guyane française” [Rio Uaça, ~ 4.13°N, 51.53°W], leg. K. Yelski, examined (Huber &amp; Zhu 2001).</p><p>Note. Taczanowski (1874) described the species from “Uassa et de Saint Laurent de Maroni”. Huber &amp; Zhu (2001) designated a lectotype from “Uassa”. According to various authors (e.g., Mlíkovský 2009), this locality is now Rio Uaça in the state of Amapá, Brazil.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.391666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.016667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.391666/lat 6.016667)">New</a> records. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19650), km 109 from El Dorado (6°01’N, 61°23.5’W), ~ 800 m a.s.l., domed webs near ground, 3.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber) . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19651), km 102 from El Dorado (6°04’N, 61°24’W), ~ 500 m a.s.l., near ground, 2.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in four newly examined males: 14.5, 14.9, 16.0, 16.4; in two females: 10.8, 10.9. Tibia 1 L/d in two males: 78, 81; male leg femora 3 of different color (pale yellowish in ethanol rather than brown to black) and much wider than other femora (diameters femora 1–4 in one male: 0.21, 0.22, 0.41, 0.21). Male palpal trochanter with indistinct ventral hump (not with finger-shaped apophysis as in M. aurantiacus and M. spinosus). In most females, the distinctive median sclerotized sac(?) in the internal female genitalia (cf. Huber 2000: fig. 800) is clearly visible through the cuticle.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed, ranging from northeastern Brazil (Amapá) to eastern Venezuela (Fig. 725).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C66AFF9B2A9C9FC536997D01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C66AFF9A2A9C9BE637F07D1C.text	160AC713C66AFF9A2A9C9BE637F07D1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar spinosus (Gonzalez-Sponga 2005)	<div><p>Mesabolivar spinosus (González-Sponga, 2005)</p><p>Figs 102–103, 110–114, 130–132</p><p>Rioparaguanus spinosus González-Sponga, 2005: 104, pl. 3, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela). Mesabolivar spinosus: Huber et al. 2014a: 418 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most similar known relative ( M. cyaneus) by wider and shorter procursus (compare Figs 101 and 103), by bulbal process with complex distal structures (compare Figs 109 and 111), and by female external and internal genitalia (epigynum wider; relatively larger internal sclerotized structure, compare Figs 112, 114 and Huber 2000: figs 799–800); from M. aurantiacus also by much wider palpal femur, by absence of ventral process on procursus, and by simple epigynal pocket (not extending anteriorly into long furrow).</p><p>Type material. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 4♂ 2♀ 2 juvs types (see Note below), MIZA (MAGS 1176), Municipio Heres, Río Paragua, base of Cerro Guaiquinima (5.800°N, 63.533°W), 920–1344 m a.s.l., 5.ii.1990 and 21.ii.1990 (E. Toro, L. Jaspe, M.A. González-Sponga); examined.</p><p>Redescription. Male (type, see Note below)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.8, carapace width 1.5. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 140 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.65. Leg 1: 56.0 (13.9 + 0.7 + 13.5 + 25.1 + 2.8), tibia 2: 9.2, tibia 3: 7.2, tibia 4: 9.1. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.18, 0.18, 0.29, 0.19.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-orange with dark median line, ocular area light brown; sternum pale ochre-orange, margins brown; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (pale ochre-yellow), without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark internal marks, ventrally with indistinct plate in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus similar to M. aurantiacus (cf. Figs 78, 80); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With one pair of frontal apophyses close to median line, similar to M. aurantiacus (cf. Huber 2000: fig. 807) but slightly shorter.</p><p>PALPS. In general similar to M. aurantiacus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 805–806) but with much wider palpal femur; coxa and trochanter apparently identical to M. aurantiacus, femur proximal retrolateral apophysis also as in M. aurantiacus, but femur distally much wider; procursus as in Figs 102–103, similar M. cyaneus, without ventral process (in contrast to M. aurantiacus); bulbal process with complex distal elements (Figs 110–111).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 12.4, 14.1, 16.3. Femur 3 in smallest male barely wider than other femora.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Total body length 3.0, 4.5. Tibiae 1 missing in both females. Epigynum as in Figs 112–113, 130–131; anterior plate wider than long, with median pocket, round internal sclerotized structure clearly visible through cuticle. Internal genitalia as in Figs 114, 132, with pair of small pore-plates.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Venezuela only (Fig. 725).</p><p>Notes. In the original description, González-Sponga (2005) mentions 2♂ 2♀ (♂ holotype “1176a”, 1♀ paratype “1176b”, and 1♂ 1♀ paratypes without explicit number). The MIZA collection has two vials, both labeled “1176”, one containing a single male, the other 3♂ 2♀ 2 juvs. While there is no reasonable doubt that this is the type material, it remains unclear why there are more specimens than reported in the original description, and which specimen is the holotype.</p><p>The separated male does not seem to be the holotype. Its tibia 1 is much longer (16.3) than that reported by González-Sponga (2005) for the holotype (12.9). Two of the other three males come close to this measurement (12.4, 13.5). The two vials possibly represent the two collecting dates. Since the conspecificity of all these specimens is beyond doubt, the males are here simply all considered “ types ”. There is no need at this point to treat these specimens as syntypes and to select a lectotype.</p><p>The total body lengths reported in the original description are clearly wrong (♂ 5.70, ♀ 6.65).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C66AFF9A2A9C9BE637F07D1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C66BFFA42A9C9B9D32A27DA4.text	160AC713C66BFFA42A9C9B9D32A27DA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar tabatinga Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar tabatinga sp. n.</p><p>Figs 82–84, 115–121, 133–134</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (pair of long frontal apophyses S-shaped in lateral view, Figs 117–118), by details of male palp (Figs 115–116; femur with ventro-distal protrusion, straight procursus with slender tip, bulbal process with bifid tip), by female pedipalp tibiae slightly widened, and by female external and internal genitalia (epigynum with pair of processes and anterior pocket, distinctive shape of pore-plates; Figs 119–121, 133–134).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Amazonas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21507–08), 10♂ 30♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 18991–92), forest near Tabatinga (4.244°S, 69.92– 69.93°W), 90 m a.s.l., 2–4.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-329), same data as types.</p><p>Assigned tentatively. ECUADOR: Orellana: 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 18993–94), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.398&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.674" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.398/lat -0.674)">Yasuní Station</a> [0.674°S, 76.398°W], botanical trail, night collecting, 4.xii.2009 (P. Michalik; PM-EC-068/069).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.0, carapace width 1.35. Distance PME-PME 100 µm, diameter PME 140 µm, distance PME-ALE 90 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.60. Leg 1: 49.4 (11.9 + 0.5 + 11.7 + 22.5 + 2.8), tibia 2: 7.7, tibia 3: 5.6, tibia 4: 7.6; tibia 1 L/d: 98. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.18, 0.19, 0.20, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-orange, carapace with black median line, light brown mark behind ocular area and slightly darker lateral margins; legs with darker rings subdistally on femora and tibiae, more distinct rings proximally on tibiae, tips of femora and tibiae light; abdomen ochre-gray, with some dark internal marks dorsally on posterior half.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 82; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of strongly protruding, S-shaped (in lateral view) frontal apophyses (Figs 117–118).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 115–116; coxa with conical retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with finger-shaped retrolateral apophysis; femur with retrolateral process proximally and rounded prolateral protrusion set with short hairs, ventro-distally with large rounded protrusion; tarsus with three dorsal processes; procursus straight, with spine-like terminal process slightly bent; genital bulb process distally divided into dorsal semitransparent flap and ventral partly sclerotized element.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with very short hairs (only metatarsi dorsally with hairs of usual length); without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in seven other males from type locality: 9.2–11.7 (mean 10.5). Abdomen color ranges from greenish-gray (with dorsal marks) to orange (without dorsal marks). The two males from Ecuador differ slightly in the shape of the cheliceral apophyses (not bent upwards basally) and in the distal spine-like process of the procursus (slightly longer and straight). They are therefore assigned tentatively.</p><p>Female. Unusually different from male in coloration and leg length: never orange, carapace ochre-yellow, dark mark behind ocular area and dark rings on legs more distinct than in males, abdomen always greenish-gray with dorsal (and sometimes also lateral) marks (Fig. 83). Tibia 1 in 30 females: 4.9–6.3 (mean 5.6). Pedipalp tibiae slightly widened. Epigynum as in Figs 119–120, 133; anterior plate with pair of low processes and deep anterior pocket (continues into heavily sclerotized tube), with dark median furrow between pocket and posterior margin; posterior plate large, medially anteriorly excavated. Internal genitalia as in Figs 121, 134, with distinctively shaped pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found from ground level up to 1 m above the ground (rarely even higher). On the ground, the webs were mostly hidden under large leaves or in empty nuts where the spiders were resting; higher up in the vegetation or on trees, the webs led into dead curled leaves. When disturbed, the spiders vibrated rapidly and eventually ran away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Amazonas state (Brazil) and from specimens assigned tentatively from Ecuador (Fig. 725).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C66BFFA42A9C9B9D32A27DA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C655FFA62A9C9A5830FA78CD.text	160AC713C655FFA62A9C9A5830FA78CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar eberhardi Huber 2000	<div><p>Mesabolivar eberhardi Huber, 2000</p><p>Figs 85–87</p><p>Mesabolivar eberhardi Huber, 2000: 198, figs 184, 194, 769–781 (♂ ♀).</p><p>Blechroscelis acuoso González-Sponga, 2011a: 24, pl. 1, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Blechroscelis araguanus González-Sponga, 2011a: 24, pl. 2, figs 1–9 (♂, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Blechroscelis blechroscelis González-Sponga, 2011a: 25, pl. 3, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Blechroscelis copeyensis González-Sponga, 2011a: 26, pl. 4, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Blechroscelis cordillerano González-Sponga, 2011a: 26, pl. 5, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Blechroscelis andinensis González-Sponga, 2011a: 27, pl. 6, figs 1–9 (♂♀, Venezuela); synonymized in Huber et al. 2014a: 419.</p><p>Type material. Mesabolivar eberhardi Huber, 2000: VENEZUELA: Monagas: ♂ holotype, 2♂ 6♀ paratypes, AMNH, Caripe, Cueva del Guacharo [10.17°N, 63.55°W], 20–21.viii.1987 (S. &amp; J. Peck).</p><p>Blechroscelis acuoso González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Bolívar: ♂ holotype, 2♂ 10♀ paratypes, MIZA (MAGS 1317), Municipio Caroní, Parque “La Llovizna” [8°18.5’N, 62°40.5’W, 50 m a.s.l.], 10.x.1991 (M. García de González, A.R. Delgado de González, M.A. González Sponga), not examined.</p><p>Blechroscelis araguanus González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Aragua: ♂ holotype, MIZA (MAGS 1055), Municipio Santos Michelena, La Montañita, carretera Tejerías-Tiara (10°08’N, 67°09.33’W, 1200 m a.s.l.), 18.iv.1990 (A.R. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.1555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.1555/lat 10.133333)">Delgado de González</a>, M.A. González Sponga), not examined.</p><p>Blechroscelis blechroscelis González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Bolívar: ♂ holotype, 1♂ 7♀ paratypes, MIZA (MAGS 1180), Municipio Raúl Leoni, Cerro Gauquinima (5° 45.5°N, 63°34’W, 650 m a.s.l.; coordinates in original publication wrong), 5.ii.1990 (E. Toro, L. Jaspe), not examined.</p><p>Blechroscelis copeyensis González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Nueva Esparta: ♂ holotype, 3♀ paratypes, MIZA (MAGS 1394), Municipio Marcano, Parque Nacional Cerro Copey (11°02’N, 63°53.46’W, 100 m a.s.l.), 26.ii.1994 (M. García de González), not examined.</p><p>Blechroscelis cordillerano González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Mérida: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MIZA (MAGS 660), Municipio Campo Elías, carretera Mérida-Jají (8°34.3’N, 71°20.43’W, 1800 m a.s.l.), 30.viii.1981 (A.R. Delgado de González, J.A. González D., M.A. González Sponga), not examined.</p><p>Blechroscelis andinensis González-Sponga, 2011: VENEZUELA: Trujillo: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MIZA (MAGS 1294), Municipio Boconó, carretera Boconó-Niquitao (9°06.73’N, 70°23.87’W, 2000 m a.s.l.), 18.ii.1991 (A.R. Delgado de González, M.A. González Sponga), not examined.</p><p>New records. VENEZUELA: Monagas: 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18995), forest with coffee near Cueva del Guacharo (10°10’N, 63°33’W), ~ 1050–1100 m a.s.l., 1.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber). 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 18996), path from Cueva del Guacharo to Salto la Palia (10°10.5’N, 63°33.5’W), ~ 1100 m a.s.l., 30.xi.2002 (B.A. Huber). 1♂ 2♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 18997), Cueva del Guacharo (10°10’N, 63°33’W), ~ 1060 m a.s.l., first 150 m of cave, 30.xi.2002 (B.A. Huber); 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven02/100-21), same data.</p><p>Bolívar: 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18998), Canaima, near Salto Ara (6°14.5’N, 62°51’W), ~ 400 m a.s.l., near ground, 5.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber); 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven02/100-35), same data. 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 18999), forest near Salto El Sapo at Canaima (6°14.5’N, 62°51’W), ~ 400 m a.s.l., near ground, 8.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Lara: 9♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19000), Parque Nacional Yacambú, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.708333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.583336/lat 9.708333)">Sendero Ecológico</a> (9°42.5’N, 69°35’W), ~ 1550 m a.s.l., near buildings and along road, 15–16.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, O. Villarreal, B. Striffler, A. Giupponi) ; 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven 02/100-62), same data .</p><p>Sucre: 4♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19001), Cascada el Chorro (10°23.5’N, 63°38’W), ~ 160 m a.s.l., near ground at river, 30.xi.2002 (B.A. Huber); 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven 02/100-49), same data .</p><p>Aragua: 9♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19002), Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, Rancho Grande (10°21’N, 67°41’W), ~ 1150 m a.s.l., in building, 12.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber) . 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19003), Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, forest near Rancho Grande (10°21’N, 67°41’W), ~ 1150 m a.s.l., near ground, 12.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber). 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19004), Parque Nacional Henri Pittier at 10°21.5’N, 67°43’W, ~ 730 m a.s.l., 11.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber). 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19005), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.691666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.691666/lat 10.35)">Parque Nacional Henri Pittier</a> at 10°21’N, 67°41.5’W, ~ 1000 m a.s.l., 11.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber) . 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19006), Parque Nacional Henri Pittier near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.74167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.74167/lat 10.383333)">Hacienda la Trilla</a> (10°23’N, 67°44.5’W), ~ 130 m a.s.l., near ground, 12.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Capital: 7♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19007–08), Parque Nacional El Ávila (10°31’N, 66°51’W), ~ 1000–1300 m a.s.l., 25.xi.2002 (B.A. Huber). 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven 02/100-5), same data .</p><p>COLOMBIA: Santander: 1♂ 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, USNM, Jardin Botanico del Pacifico, Piedecuesta, Mesa de los Santos (6.942°N, 73.036°W), 19–20.i.2014 (Team CarBio).</p><p>BRAZIL: Pará: 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19009), Belém, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.429/lat -1.424)">Parque Estadual do Utinga</a>, ‘site 1’ (1.424°S, 48.429°W), 25 m a.s.l., 6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-227a), same data but 5.x.2016 . 13♂ 8♀, ZFMK (Ar 19010), Belém, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.41/lat -1.433)">Parque Estadual do Utinga</a>, ‘site 2’ (1.433°S, 48.410°W), 25 m a.s.l., 6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-231a), same data.</p><p>Rondônia: 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19011), Floresta Nacional do Jamari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.198" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.082/lat -9.198)">Gran Piedra</a> (9.198°S, 63.082°W), 160 m a.s.l., 25.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-302), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 57 newly examined males: 8.9–15.1 (mean 12.1); in 44 females: 6.4–10.8 (mean 8.7). Procursus with distinctive retrolateral pocket subdistally. The “prolateral subterminal spine” of the bulbal process mentioned in Huber (2000: 200) is in fact retrolateral and very indistinct (less distinct than shown in Huber 2000: fig. 775). Diameters of femora 1–4 (at half length) in medium-size male: 0.25, 0.26, 0.33, 0.24. Most females with distinct transversal ridges at anterior end of epigynal groove, and one or more irregular pockets between ridges.</p><p>As mentioned earlier (Huber 2000: 201), the tip of the procursus (shape of the two distal processes) varies slightly among localities; variation also occurs in the relative size of the genital bulb (the globular part) and details of the epigynum (distinctness and number of anterior transversal ridges and pocket(s) between ridges).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were mostly found in large sheltered spaces among tree buttresses or rocks, under logs and in cavities of the ground, but they also occupied the twilight zone of caves (e.g., Cueva del Guacharo; in crevices and cavities in the first 150 m from the entrance), abandoned buildings (e.g., Rancho Grande; in corners, together with Priscula venezuelana Simon), or road cuts (e.g., Yacambú). At Jamari (Gran Piedra), the spiders were sitting extremely well camouflaged on an overhanging rock surface from which the slightly domed webs extended towards another rock about 30–50 cm away. For further data on web structure, malefemale cohabitation, and chivalrous behavior, see Eberhard &amp; Briceño (1983, 1985).</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in northern South America (Fig. 724).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C655FFA62A9C9A5830FA78CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C657FFA02A9C9EAD37D07999.text	160AC713C657FFA02A9C9EAD37D07999.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar anseriformis (Gonzalez-Sponga 2011)	<div><p>Mesabolivar anseriformis (González-Sponga, 2011)</p><p>Figs 88–89, 122–127, 135–137</p><p>Mesabolivar sp. 4: Astrin et al. 2006: 444 (CO1 sequences).</p><p>Caruaya anseriformis González-Sponga, 2011b: 41, pl. 2, figs 1–7 (♂, Venezuela). Mesabolivar anseriformis: Huber et al. 2014a: 418 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by male pedipalp (Figs 122–123; long and widely curved procursus with hinged tip, complex bulbal process with retrolateral apophysis), by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 124; pair of apophyses overhanging fangs), and by epigynum (Figs 125–126, 135–136; strongly protruding anterior plate with pair of shallow pockets on scape-like posterior process).</p><p>Type material. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: ♂ holotype, 1♂ paratype, MIZA (MAGS 938), Municipio Gran Sabana, Salto Caruay (5°12.2’N, 62°23.2’W), 1000 m a.s.l., 30.iv.1986 (S. Callizo), not examined (but see Notes below).</p><p>Material examined. VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 8♂ 2♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19012), km 109 from El Dorado to Santa Elena de Uairen (6.013°N, 61.391°W), ~ 800 m a.s.l., domed webs from ground to ~ 2 m, 3.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber); 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven02/100-52), same data. 2♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven02/100-17), km 118 from El Dorado to Santa Elena de Uairen (5.965°N, 61.392°W), ~ 1250 m a.s.l., 3.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber). 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19013), km 126 from El Dorado to Santa Elena de Uairen (5.949°N, 61.439°W), ~ 1400 m a.s.l., 3.xii.2002 (B.A. Huber); 4♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Ven02/100-14), same data.</p><p>Redescription. Male (ZFMK Ar 19012)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.9, carapace width 1.2. Distance PME-PME 150 µm, diameter PME 90 µm, distance PME-ALE 110 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.85/ 0.60. Leg 1: 51.4 (12.4 + 0.5 + 11.9 + 23.7 + 2.9), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 4.8, tibia 4: 6.3; tibia 1 L/d: 99. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.16, 0.26 (0.30 in distal third), 0.18, 0.15.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow, slightly orange medially, with dark median line and brown lateral marginal bands; ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum orange; legs brown, without light or dark rings, coxae 1 and 4 whitish; abdomen greenish gray, posteriorly with dark internal marks, ventrally with light orange plate in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 88–89; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With one pair of frontal apophyses overhanging fangs, not close to median line (Fig. 124).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 122–123; coxa with small retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with large rounded retrolateroventral process; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally and small unsclerotized ventral process distally; procursus widely curved, distal part hinged; bulbal process with distinctive retrolateral apophysis.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines; with curved hairs dorsally on all femora, tibiae, and metatarsi, on metatarsi 2 also ventrally and laterally; few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~50 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in four other males: 10.8, 10.9, 11.2, 11.7. Femora 2 in smaller males barely wider than other femora. Some males with few dark marks also anteriorly on abdomen.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width; without curved hairs on legs. Tibia 1 in 2 females: 7.3, 7.8. Epigynum as in Figs 125–126, 135–136; anterior plate strongly protruding, with pair of shallow pockets on scape-like posterior process; posterior plate simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 127, 137, with pair of small pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The type specimens were collected from between tree buttresses (González-Sponga 2011b).</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in Bolívar state, Venezuela (Fig. 725).</p><p>Notes. I have not directly examined the two male type specimens in MIZA. However, photos of one of the specimens were kindly provided by Quintin Arias and all diagnostic structures seem to be identical.</p><p>In contrast to González-Sponga (2011b), it is not the femora 3 that are wider, but femora 2.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C657FFA02A9C9EAD37D07999	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C652FFAF2A9C9F8C30557DA4.text	160AC713C652FFAF2A9C9F8C30557DA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling 1891)	<div><p>Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling, 1891)</p><p>Figs 138–139, 150–152, 156–159, 188–190</p><p>Pholcus togatus Keyserling, 1891: 172, pl. 5, figs 118, 118a–c (♂, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Coryssocnemis togatus /-a: Moenkhaus 1898: 95. Mello-Leitão 1918: 103. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description; Mello-Leitão added poorly specified records; see Notes below).</p><p>Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891: 171, pl. 5, figs 116, 116a (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Synonymized in Huber 2000: 219.</p><p>Blechroscelis coruleus / coerulea: Moenkhaus 1898: 101 . Mello-Leitão 1918: 108. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description).</p><p>Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918: 98 –99, figs 10–11 (♂♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Transferred to Mesabolivar in Huber 2000: 191 . First synonymized in Machado 2007: 84 (not formally published). New synonymy (see Notes below).</p><p>Blechroscelis aurantia Mello-Leitão, 1940c: 210 (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Transferred to Mesabolivar in Huber 2000: 191 . First synonymized in Machado 2007: 84 (not formally published). New synonymy (see Notes below).</p><p>Mesabolivar togatus: Huber 2000: 219 –222, figs 851–863 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Machado 2007: 85 (Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, São Paulo). Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281 (Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Possible and probable misidentifications</p><p>Blechroscelis coerulea /-us: Mello-Leitão 1940a: 21 (Brazil: Pará). Mello-Leitão 1947b: 233 (Brazil: Paraná). See Notes below. Mesabolivar togatus: Machado 2007: 85 (Brazil: Bahia, Sergipe) (see M. baianus below). Astrin et al. 2006: 444 (specimens from Taiobeiras only; see M. baianus below).</p><p>Notes. I have not seen Mello-Leitão’s (1918) specimens from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. His records may be correct but no locality data beyond states are given. On the other hand, his later records from Pará and Paraná (Mello-Leitão 1940a, 1947b) are here considered dubious. Extensive recent collections from along the entire Brazilian Atlantic Forest from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio Grande do Norte as well as from Pará do not include M. togatus south of São Paulo state and north of Espírito Santo state. Pará in particular is far from the confirmed range of this species. The Paraná records might be valid but need confirmation. The specimens from Bahia and Sergipe listed in Machado (2007) were not checked but are likely to represent the similar new species M. baianus rather than M. togatus (Fig. 726).</p><p>The synonymy of Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918 (from Rio de Janeiro, Pinheiro, 22.52°S, 44.00°W) with Mesabolivar togatus was first suggested by Machado (2007), based on the apophyses of the male chelicerae. The types are apparently lost (Silva Moreira et al. 2010) but the distribution data of M. togatus and its most similar congeners (Figs 726, 727) further support this synonymy.</p><p>The situation is more complicated with M. aurantius (Mello-Leitão, 1940), originating from Rio de Janeiro, Goytacazes [21.83°S, 41.27°W]. In a previous revision I reported on a vial in MNRJ with the correct collection number 58250 (Huber 2000: 191); it contained a penultimate female. Later, Machado (2007) reported on a vial with the same collection number, containing an adult female that he found to be identical to M. togatus . Even though Mello-Leitão described a very different epigynum (“muito alto, bicorne” = “very high, with two horns”), Machado (2007) considered this discrepancy to be overruled by the Code (ICZN 1999, Art. 61). In 2010, the female holotype was considered lost (Silva Moreira et al. 2010). The identity of the holotype appears unsolvable, so I adopt Machado’s (2007) decision here as I did previously (Huber 2015).</p><p>Finally, M. nigridentis (Mello-Leitão, 1922) from Maranhão, Pindaré (3.664°S, 45.425°W), was also synonymized with M. togatus in Machado (2007), based on Mello-Leitão’s description of the male chelicerae (the types are apparently lost; Silva Moreira et al. 2010). However, the oblique pair of apophyses is not a character unique to M. togatus, and distribution data of M. togatus and its most similar congeners (Figs 726, 727) strongly argue against this synonymy. Thus, M. nigridentis is here considered a valid species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Huber 2000; fig. 860; Figs 150–152; two pairs of frontal apophyses, one oblique pair distally and one strongly projecting pair proximally), by shape of procursus (Huber 2000: figs 856–857, Figs 158–159; widely curved, distal prolateral process and membranous structures), and shape of epigynum (Huber 2000: figs 862–863, Figs 156–157; oval anterior plate with posterior margin divided into three lobes by whitish membrane); from the very similar M. baianus by details of distal cheliceral apophyses (larger angle between outer margins in frontal view; barely visible in lateral view; compare Figs 150–155), and by shapes of lobes on anterior epigynal plate (median lobe wider; lateral lobes narrower; compare Figs 156, 157 and 162, 164).</p><p>Type material. Pholcus togatus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 2♂ syntypes, BMNH (1890.7.1.8328), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.196/lat -21.413)">Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro</a> [Miracema, 21.413°S, 42.196°W?], leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ♀ holotype, BMNH, no further locality data, leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Psilochorus fluminensis Mello-Leitão, 1918: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: Unspecified number of ♂ and ♀ syntypes, apparently lost (see Notes above), Pinheiro [= Pinheiral according to Silva Moreira et al. 2010; 22.52°S, 44.00°W], no further data.</p><p>Blechroscelis aurantia Mello-Leitão, 1940: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ♀ holotype, apparently lost (see Notes above), Goytacazes [21.83°S, 41.27°W], 1936–1937 (M. Rosa).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 18♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19014), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú (22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W), 140–280 m a.s.l., 23.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19015–16), same data but 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-97), same data but 23–24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 7♂ 11♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Ar</a> 19017), same locality at 22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W, ~ 300–400 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19018), Cachoeiras de Macacu, forest fragment near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.733334/lat -22.4)">Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú</a> (~ 22°24’S, 42°44’W), ~ 300 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi) ; 8♂ 19♀, ZFMK (Ar 19019–20), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9–59.1’S, 41°57.2– 57.6’W), 480–590 m a.s.l., 30.ix.–1.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) . 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19021), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., day, 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19022), same data but 26.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi, A. Kury) ; 2♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-111), same data but 25–26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 2♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19023), Paraty, degraded forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Morro do Forte</a> (23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~ 10–30 m a.s.l., 23.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-30), same data; 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19024), ~ 3.5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.731667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.191668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.731667/lat -23.191668)">Paraty</a> (23°11.5’S, 44°43.9’W), degraded forest, ~ 50 m a.s.l., 21.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-16), same data . 3♀ in pure ethanol ZFMK (Br 07/100-28), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Espírito Santo: 13♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19025), Mimoso do Sul, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.023333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.39/lat -21.023333)">Finca Tacutinga</a>, forest fragment (21°01.4’S, 41°23.4’W), 240 m a.s.l., 4.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10- 92), same data .</p><p>São Paulo: 10♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19026), São Paulo, Jardim Zoológico de São Paulo (23.65°S, 46.62°W), 13.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber); 5♂ 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 03/100-29), same data .</p><p>Assigned tentatively. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: 3♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19027), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.138332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.138332/lat -18.368334)">Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado</a>, ‘site 1’ (18°22.1’S, 40°08.3’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 29.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.361668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.166668/lat -18.361668)">Ar</a> 19028), same data but ‘site 2’ (18°21.7’S, 40°10.0’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l . 10♂ 15♀, ZFMK (Ar 19029), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.146667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.146667/lat -19.055)">Reserva Biológica de Sooretama</a>, ‘site 1’ (19°03.3’S, 40°08.8’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l., 27.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez- González) ; 1♂ 1♀ 5 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-128), same data; 4♂ 4♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.108334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.011667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.108334/lat -19.011667)">Ar</a> 19030), same data but ‘site 2’ (19°00.7’S, 40°06.5’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 28.ix.2011.</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 72 newly examined males: 11.6–18.0 (mean 15.6); in 79 newly examined females: 9.1–14.7 (mean 11.7). Femora 2 and 3 in most males much wider than other femora, in some barely wider (e.g.: male 1: tibia 1 16.7, femora 1–4 diameters 0.24, 0.39, 0.35, 0.24; male 2: tibia 1 17.9, femora 1–4 diameters 0.22, 0.25, 0.31, 0.22; male 3: tibia 1 13.5, femora 1–4 diameters 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.19). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Slight variation in male chelicerae: distal apophyses sometimes proximally slightly wider (São Paulo, male from forest fragment near Guapiaçú); proximal apophyses proximally sometimes thicker (Paraty, Rio das Pedras, Sooretama, Corrego do Veado; Fig. 152). Procursus tip varies slightly and may be indistinguishable from that of M. baianus, but membranous dorsal flap appears to be consistently indistinct (arrow in Fig. 158). Epigynal median flap consistently wide, but slightly rounder in specimens from northern Espírito Santo (Córrego do Veado, Sooretama; Figs 157, 190). Lateral lobes in these specimens also slightly different (wider than usual); therefore, specimens from these two localities are assigned tentatively.</p><p>Natural history. This was often the seemingly most abundant pholcid species. In a quantitative survey at Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, M. togatus was the second most abundant spider species, outnumbered only by another pholcid species, Carapoia lutea (Castanheira et al. 2016) . The spiders were collected from large webs (up to 60 cm diameter) among tree buttresses, rocks, logs, and in cavities of road cuts, usually up to 50 cm above the ground. There seemed to be no or a very limited tangle of lines above the sheet. During the day, the spiders were found resting on the rock/tree/soil surface, not in the dome.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in the Brazilian states São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo (Fig. 726). For dubious records from other states, see Notes above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C652FFAF2A9C9F8C30557DA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C65EFFA92A9C9A4537E2787D.text	160AC713C65EFFA92A9C9A4537E2787D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar baianus Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar baianus sp. n.</p><p>Figs 140, 153–155, 160–164, 191–193</p><p>Mesabolivar caipora: Huber 2015: 7, figs 24–25, 55–56 (misidentified females; see Notes below).</p><p>Mesabolivar togatus: Astrin et al. 2006: 444 (misidentified specimens from Taiobeiras only; see Notes below).</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 153–155; two pairs of frontal apophyses, one oblique pair distally and one strongly projecting pair proximally), by shape of procursus (Figs 160–161; in general as in M. togatus, but membranous dorsal flap more distinct: arrow in Fig. 160), and shape of epigynum (Figs 162, 164; in lateral view like M. togatus, cf. Huber 2000: fig. 862; oval anterior plate with posterior margin divided into three lobes by whitish membrane); from the very similar M. togatus by details of distal cheliceral apophyses (smaller angle between outer margins in frontal view; clearly visible in lateral view; compare Figs 150–155), and by shapes of lobes on anterior epigynal plate (median lobe narrower; lateral lobes wider; compare Figs 156, 157 and 162, 164).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the type locality.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14309), 11♂ 11♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19031), Reserva Biológica de Una, ‘site 2’ (15°10.6’S, 39°03.5’W), ~ 50–100 m a.s.l., 4.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 2♂ 4♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.078335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.183333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.078335/lat -15.183333)">Ar</a> 19032), same locality but ‘site 1’ (15°11.0’S, 39°04.7’W), ~ 70–100 m a.s.l., 4.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 2♀ 5 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-171), same data, ‘sites 1 &amp; 2’ . 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19033), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.198334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.821667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.198334/lat -13.821667)">Reserva Ecológica da Michelin</a>, ‘site 1’ (13°49.3’S, 39°11.9’W), ~ 140 m a.s.l., 5.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 6♂ 10♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.241665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.841666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.241665/lat -13.841666)">Ar</a> 19034), same locality but ‘site 2’ (13°50.5’S, 39°14.5’W), ~ 140 m a.s.l., 6.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-190), same data; 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-194), same data but ‘sites 1 &amp; 2’ . 2♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.4775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.869833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.4775/lat -12.869833)">Ar</a> 19035), near Santa Teresinha, Reserva Jequitibá (12°52.19’S, 39°28.65’W), 530 m a.s.l., 13.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 6♂ 11♀, ZFMK (Ar 19036), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.28/lat -16.47)">Parque Nacional do Pau Brasil</a>, ‘site 1’ (16°28.2’S, 39°16.8’W), ~ 65 m a.s.l., 30.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez- González, M. Alves Dias) ; 6♂ 12♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.351665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.428333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.351665/lat -16.428333)">Ar</a> 19037), same locality but ‘site 2’ (outside park limits) (16°25.7’S, 39°21.1’W), ~ 60 m a.s.l., 1.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 3♂ 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-155), same data .</p><p>Assigned tentatively. BRAZIL: Bahia: 8♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19038), Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita (15°23.3’–23.4’S, 39°33.7’–34.0’W), ~ 750–850 m a.s.l., 2–3.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez- González, M. Alves Dias) ; 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-163), same data . 10♀, ZFMK (Ar 12620) (erroneously assigned to M. caipora in Huber 2015), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.258335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.461667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.258335/lat -12.461667)">Mata de São João</a>, building (12°27.7’S, 38°15.5’W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 8.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Minas Gerais: 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G004), Taiobeiras [15.8°S, 42.22°W], iv.2002 (A.J. Santos).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.8, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 190 µm, distance PME-ALE 160 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 65 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.2/ 0.7. Leg 1: 71.3 (17.5 + 0.8 + 16.8 + 32.9 + 3.3), tibia 2: 12.0, tibia 3: 7.1, tibia 4: 11.2; tibia 1 L/d: 93. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.22, 0.24, 0.31, 0.22.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre to light brown, with large dark brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area; sternum ochre-yellow; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark bluish marks, ventrally with light brown plate in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 140, very similar to M. togatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 851–852); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses, proximal pair strongly projecting, distal pair oblique, angle between outer margins ~70°, clearly visible in lateral view (Figs 153–154).</p><p>PALPS. In general as in M. togatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 855–856); palps in these two species may be indistinguishable, but the membranous dorsal flap on the procursus appears to be consistently more distinct in M. baianus (arrow in Fig. 160).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;45 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 34 other males: 14.7–18.4 (mean 16.4). Sternum often with orange color. Males from Serra Bonita and Taiobeiras with shorter proximal cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 155); specimens from these localities are therefore assigned tentatively.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in 50 females: 9.7– 13.5 (mean 12.0). Epigynum as in Figs 162, 164; anterior plate oval, posterior margin divided into three lobes by whitish membrane, median lobe narrow (about as wide as long); lateral lobes of similar shape; large but simple posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 163, 192, with pair of large pore-plates in roughly vertical lateral position, slightly diverging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large, rather flat sheet webs, mostly close to the ground in sheltered spaces among rocks and large trees, rarely higher up and more exposed.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in Bahia state (Brazil), possibly ranging into Minas Gerais and Sergipe states (Fig. 726); some of the specimens identified as M. togatus in Machado (2007) (from Sergipe: Caverna dos Aventureiros and Laranjeiras; and Bahia: Central, “Abrigo Waldemar II” – precise locality not identified) may actually belong to this species (judging from ranges of examined specimens).</p><p>Notes. The females assigned erroneously to M. caipora in Huber (2015) are extremely similar to this species; they are thus tentatively assigned to it. However, the internal genitalia differ slightly (compare Huber 2015: figs 25 and 56 and Figs 163, 192 herein) and the legs of those specimens are consistently shorter (tibia 1: 7.3–9.5 vs. 9.7–13.5). In the absence of males from this locality (Mata de São João, Bahia), the identity of these females remains unclear.</p><p>The specimens from “Taisbeiras” (typo for Taiobeiras) identified as M. togatus in Astrin et al. (2006) closely resemble unambiguous M. baianus but are tentatively assigned to this species for the lack of males from this locality. Their genetic distance to specimens from São Paulo sequenced in Astrin et al. (2006) supports the distinction between M. togatus and M. baianus (CO1, raw p-distance: 6.6%, K2P-corrected: 7.0%).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C65EFFA92A9C9A4537E2787D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C658FFA92A9C9E3D37027E2A.text	160AC713C658FFA92A9C9E3D37027E2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar similis Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar similis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 141–142, 165–171, 194</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 165–166; two pairs of frontal apophyses, one oblique pair distally and one smaller conical pair proximally), by shape of procursus (Figs 167–169; in general as in M. togatus, cf. Huber 2000: fig. 856; widely curved, with distal prolateral process and membranous structures), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 170; in lateral view like M. togatus, cf. Huber 2000: fig. 862; oval anterior plate with posterior margin divided into three lobes by whitish membrane); from two most similar congeners ( M. togatus, M. baianus) by much smaller proximal cheliceral apophyses (Figs 165–166); from M. baianus also by shapes of lobes on anterior epigynal plate (median lobe wider; lateral lobes narrower; Figs 170, 194).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the similarity of this species to M. togatus; adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, UFMG (21509), 1♂ 1♀ (♀ abdomen only, prosoma in pure ethanol) paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19039), Fazenda Morro de Pedra (12°31.6’–31.8’S, 40°36.1–36.4’W), 490 m a.s.l., 14.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 2♀ (one ♀ abdomen with ♂ paratype) in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br15-182), same data as types. 2♂ 1 ♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 278), Maracás, near Sede da Ferbasa (13.471°S, 40.438°W), 955 m a.s.l., 11–13.iii.2012 (E. Araújo, A. Medeiros).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.5, carapace width 1.7. Distance PME-PME 125 µm, diameter PME 170 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 65 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.67. Leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 11.1, tibia 3: 6.4, tibia 4: 10.0. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): –, 0.26, 0.26, 0.19.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with wide dark brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area, no lateral marks; clypeus not darkened; sternum orange to light brown; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark bluish marks, ventrally with orange to light brown plate in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 141; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses, proximal pair small and conical, distal pair oblique, angle between outer margins ~100° (Figs 165–166).</p><p>PALPS. In general like in M. togatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 855–856); palps in these two species may be indistinguishable (the minimal differences between Figs 158–159 and Figs 167, 169 may partly be due to slightly different angles of view and may be in the same order of magnitude as intraspecific variation).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs.</p><p>Male (variation). Other male lighter, slightly smaller; carapace width: 1.3; leg 1: 57.3 (13.5 + 0.7 + 12.9 + 27.1 + 3.1), tibia 2: 9.3, tibia 3: 6.3, tibia 4: 9.1.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 142). Tibia 1: 8.5 (missing in second female). Epigynum as in Figs 170, 194, very similar to M. togatus, especially to females from Bahia assigned tentatively to M. togatus (compare Figs 190 and 194). Internal genitalia as in Fig. 171, also very similar M. togatus (compare Figs 171 and 189).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large sheltered spaces among rocks and logs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities in Bahia state (Brazil) (Fig. 727).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C658FFA92A9C9E3D37027E2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C659FFAA2A9C9953372C7B79.text	160AC713C659FFAA2A9C9953372C7B79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar camacan Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar camacan sp. n.</p><p>Figs 172–177, 195–196</p><p>Diagnosis. Males are distinguished from similar congeners ( M. maxacali, M. baianus, M. buraquinho, M. bonita, M. amadoi) by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 172, 173; two pairs of distinctive frontal apophyses; distal pair wider than in M. maxacali; proximal pair larger than in M. buraquinho; more clearly different from other species) and by shape of procursus (Figs 174, 175; very short prolateral apophysis, wide prolatero-dorsal flap); females differ from similar congeners by shape of epigynum (Figs 176, 195; anterior plate shorter and wider than in M. baianus; median sclerite narrower than in M. togatus and in M. similis).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14310), 1♀ paratype, ZFMK (Ar 19040), Município de Camacan, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita (15°23.3’–23.4’S, 39°33.7’– 34.0’W), ~ 750–850 m a.s.l., 2–3.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br11-166), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 5.6, carapace width 2.2. Distance PME-PME 210 µm, diameter PME 170 µm, distance PME-ALE 180 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 90 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.4/ 1.0. Leg 1: 70.4 (17.3 + 0.9 + 16.9 + 31.3 + 4.0), tibia 2: 12.4, tibia 3: 7.5, tibia 4: 11.2; tibia 1 L/d: 80. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.29, 0.32, 0.36, 0.29.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with large dark brown median mark; sternum ochre-orange; legs dark brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (whitish to yellowish), black rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark internal marks, ventrally with light orange-brown area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in putative close relatives (e.g., M. buraquinho; cf. Fig. 143); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of distinctive frontal apophyses (Figs 172–173), distal pair rounded, near median line, proximal pair pointed (in lateral view), in more lateral position.</p><p>PALPS. In general similar to M. buraquinho (cf. Figs 178–179), M. togatus (Huber 2000: figs 855–856), and M. bonita (Huber 2015: figs 62–63); procursus distally wide, prolateral apophysis very short (Figs 174–175).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;45 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but much smaller; the conspecificity is thus uncertain. Tibia 1 in two females: 9.6, 11.3. Epigynum as in Figs 176, 195; anterior plate with distinctive posterior margin (whitish areas are part of anterior plate); posterior plate simple and large. Internal genitalia as in Figs 177, 196, with pair of large pore-plates in vertical lateral position, more or less parallel.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Bahia state (Brazil) only (Fig. 727).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C659FFAA2A9C9953372C7B79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C65BFFB62A9C9D0C372878CD.text	160AC713C65BFFB62A9C9D0C372878CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar buraquinho Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar buraquinho sp. n.</p><p>Figs 143–144, 178–185, 197</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by shape of procursus (Figs 179–181; widely curved, slender tip with prolateral apophysis), by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 182; pair of large frontal apophyses near median line and pair of small apophyses more proximally), and by shape of epigynum (Fig. 184; trapezoidal anterior plate with dark central depression); from most similar known species ( M. caipora) only by cheliceral armature (compare Fig. 182 and Huber 2015: fig. 54); epigyna of M. buraquinho and M. caipora almost identical, but median depression apparently consistently slightly smaller in M. buraquinho; compare Figs 184 and 186).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraíba: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21510–11), 11♂ 13♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19041–42), Jardim Botânico Benjamin Maranhão, "Mata do Buraquinho" (7°08.31’S, 34°51.46’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Paraíba: 2 juvs, together with paratypes; 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-246), same data as types . 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19043), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1466665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.01/lat -7.1466665)">Mata do Cafundó</a>, ‘site 1’ (7°08.8’S, 35°00.6’W), 80 m a.s.l., 1.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-243), same data . 10♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19044), Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo, " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.853333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.853333/lat -7.065)">Mata do Amém</a> " (7°03.9’S, 34°51.2’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-251), same data . 13♂ 8♀, ZFMK (Ar 19045), near Rio Tinto, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.086834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.809167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.086834/lat -6.809167)">Reserva Biológica de Guaribas</a>, ‘site 1’ (6°48.55’S, 35°05.21’W), 30 m a.s.l., 3.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-253), same data . 1♂ 3♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19046), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.16/lat -6.74)">Reserva Biológica de Guaribas</a>, ‘site 2’ (6°44.4’S, 35°09.6’W), 170 m a.s.l., 3.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-256), same data .</p><p>Pernambuco: 4♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19047), near Bonito, forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.711666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.546667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.711666/lat -8.546667)">Cachoeira da Gruta</a> (8°32.8’S, 35°42.7’W), 380 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19048), near Bonito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.571667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.511666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.571667/lat -8.511666)">Alto da Serra</a> (8°30.7’S, 35°34.3’W), 750–800 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-224), same data . 5♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19049), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.178333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.726666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.178333/lat -8.726666)">Reserva Biológica de Saltinho</a> (8°43.6’S, 35°10.7’W), 50 m a.s.l., 26.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-226), same data . 1♂ 8♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19050), near São Vicente Ferrer, ‘site 1’, forest near road (7°37.3’S, 35°27.8’–28.0’W), 400–450 m a.s.l., 28.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-232), same data .</p><p>Alagoas: 6♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19051), near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.909668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.327333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.909668/lat -9.327333)">Murici</a>, degraded forest near road (9°19.64’S, 35°54.58’W), 140 m a.s.l., 17.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 3♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-193), same data . 2♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19052), near Murici, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.838333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.838333/lat -9.246667)">Estação Ecológica de Murici</a> (9°14.8’S, 35°50.3’W), 350–400 m a.s.l., 18.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-200), same data . 8♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19053–54), Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (9°14.5’–14.0’S, 36°26.5’–27.2’W), 650–700 m a.s.l., 20–21.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-212), same data . 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19055), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.095/lat -8.971666)">Usina Serra Grande</a>, forest above sugarcane plantations (8°58.3’S, 36°05.7’W), 450–550 m a.s.l., 22–23.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-216), same data .</p><p>Bahia: 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19056), near Santa Teresinha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.4885&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.8446665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.4885/lat -12.8446665)">Serra da Jibóia</a>, along small brook (12°50.68’S, 39°29.31’W), 500 m a.s.l., 13.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-175), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19057), near Santa Teresinha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.4765&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.8555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.4765/lat -12.8555)">Serra da Jibóia</a>, near hilltop (12°51.33’S, 39°28.59’W), 800 m a.s.l., 13.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.4775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.869833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.4775/lat -12.869833)">Ar</a> 19058), near Santa Teresinha, Reserva Jequitibá (12°52.19’S, 39°28.65’W), 530 m a.s.l., 13.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15- 177), same data . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19059), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.198334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.821667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.198334/lat -13.821667)">Reserva Ecológica da Michelin</a>, ‘site 1’ (13°49.3’S, 39°11.9’W), ~ 140 m a.s.l., 5.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.0, carapace width 1.6. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 140 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.05/0.65. Leg 1: 56.9 (14.0 + 0.7 + 13.9 + 25.2 + 3.1), tibia 2: 9.6, tibia 3: 5.6, tibia 4: 9.2; tibia 1 L/d: 107. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.23, 0.29, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with large dark median mark including ocular area; sternum orange to light brown; legs dark brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (whitish to yellowish); abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light orange-brown area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 143; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses (Figs 182–183), one pair large, rounded, near median line, other pair small, pointed, more proximally.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 178–179; apparently indistinguishable from M. caipora, but tip of procursus slightly wider (Figs 180, 181). Coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, widened distally; tarsus with small dorsal process; procursus widely curved, with narrow retrolateral flap, small prolateral apophysis, and membranous distal structures; bulb large, with long slightly tapering process, without side branch.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 68 other males: 9.4–14.7 (mean 12.4).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 144) but all femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in 59 females: 6.3–11.1 (mean 9.2). Epigynum as in Fig. 184; anterior plate simple, trapezoidal, slightly protruding but without processes, with dark, round to oval central depression; posterior plate large. Internal genitalia as in Figs 185, 197, with pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging anteriorly; arc-shaped ‘valve’ projects beyond anterior margin of epigynal plate (Fig. 185), in some females visible in ventral view through cuticle.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs sheltered among rocks, in hollow trees, under logs, and in large cavities of the ground. At Mata do Amém, they seemed to share the microhabitat with M. spinulosus . Distribution. Widespread from Bahia state to Paraíba state (Brazil) (Fig. 727).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C65BFFB62A9C9D0C372878CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C647FFB62A9C9EAD36547FD7.text	160AC713C647FFB62A9C9EAD36547FD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar caipora : Huber 2015	<div><p>Mesabolivar caipora Huber, 2015</p><p>Figs 145–146, 186–187, 198–199</p><p>Mesabolivar caipora Huber, 2015: 7 –8, figs 10, 52–54 (♂ only; ♀ misidentified, see Note below; Brazil: Bahia).</p><p>Note. In the original description of this species, females were explicitly assigned with hesitation, and newly collected larger samples of males and females (see below) show that this assignment was wrong. The identity of the females assigned to M. caipora in Huber (2015) remains unclear (see Note under description of M. baianus).</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Huber 2015). Males are easily distinguished from known congeners by unique cheliceral armature (Huber 2015: fig. 54; distinctive oblique processes similar to M. togatus but without proximal modification). Male palps appear indistinguishable from those of M. buraquinho . Females differ from most known congeners by round sclerotized depression on anterior epigynal plate (Fig 186, 198–199); they are barely distinguishable from females of M. buraquinho (compare Figs 184 and 186; median depression apparently consistently slightly larger in M. caipora).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, IBSP (166455), 1♂ paratype, ZFMK (Ar 12619), Mata de São João (12°28.1’– 12°28.3’S, 38°13.5’– 38°14.7’W), ~ 110 m a.s.l., 8.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Bahia: 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19060), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-38.245&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.471666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -38.245/lat -12.471666)">Mata de São João</a>, ‘site 1’ (12°28.3’S, 38°14.7’W), ~ 110 m a.s.l., 8.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Sergipe: 4♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19061–62), near Santa Luzia do Itanhy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.418335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.378333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.418335/lat -11.378333)">Mata do Crasto</a> (11°22.70’S, 37°25.10’W), 20 m a.s.l., 15.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-187), same data . 13♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19063–64), Parque Nacional de Itabaiana (10°45.8’–46.0’S, 37°20.4’W), 170–220 m a.s.l., 16.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-189), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2015). Tibia 1 in 16 newly examined males: 10.4–13.3 (mean 11.9). Femora 2 and 3 in some males much wider than other femora, in others barely wider. In males from Sergipe, the cheliceral apophyses are slightly less diverging proximally: distance between apophyses proximally (outer margin) in six males from Sergipe: 240–280 µm; in male paratype from Bahia: 320 µm.</p><p>Females in general similar to males but all femora same diameter; tibia 1 in seven females: 7.6–10.3 (mean 8.8). Epigynum anterior plate with dark but shallow median sclerotized depression. Internal genitalia as in Fig. 187, with pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging anteriorly; arc-shaped ‘valve’ projects beyond anterior margin of epigynal plate, in some females visible in ventral view through cuticle.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large (up to 30 cm diameter) rather flat webs close to the ground, in well sheltered spaces under logs and in hollow trees.</p><p>Distribution. Known from three localities in northeastern Bahia and Sergipe states (Brazil) (Fig. 727).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C647FFB62A9C9EAD36547FD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C647FFB32A9C99AC37E37F69.text	160AC713C647FFB32A9C99AC37E37F69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar bico Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar bico sp. n.</p><p>Figs 200–208, 241–242</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners (other species of the togatus group) by male cheliceral armature (Figs 204–205; one pair of long frontal apophyses in proximal position), and by epigynum with pair of processes and distinctive median pocket (very wide, in anterior position; Figs 206, 241); from the similar M. ceruleiventris (Mello-Leitão, 1916) (male unknown) by epigynal pocket ‘open’ towards anterior epigynal rim (compare Fig. 206 and Huber 2000: fig. 826), by shape and position of pore-plates in internal female genitalia (anteriorly wider apart, shorter; compare Fig. 208 and Huber 2000: fig. 827), and possibly by smaller size (body length ~3 vs. 4 mm; tibia 1 &lt;9.0 vs. 9.3 mm in the holotype of M. ceruleiventris); from other similar species also by wide and short prolateral apophysis on male palpal procursus (Figs 202–203).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the beak-shaped (in lateral view) male cheliceral apophyses (Portuguese bico = beak); noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14311), 3♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19065), Parque Nacional do Pau Brasil, ‘site 2’ (outside park limits) (16°25.7’S, 39°21.1’W), ~ 60 m a.s.l., 1.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 2♂ 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-156), same data as types . 5♂ 7♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.28/lat -16.47)">Ar</a> 19066), Parque Nacional do Pau Brasil, ‘site 1’ (16°28.2’S, 39°16.8’W), ~ 65 m a.s.l., 30.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 2♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-148), same data .</p><p>Espírito Santo: 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19067), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.138332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.138332/lat -18.368334)">Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado</a>, ‘site 1’ (18°22.1’S, 40°08.3’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 29.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19068), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.361668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.166668/lat -18.361668)">Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado</a>, ‘site 2’ (18°21.7’S, 40°10.0’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l., 29.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.9, carapace width 1.1. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.55. Leg 1: 51.6 (12.7 + 0.5 + 12.5 + 23.2 + 2.7), tibia 2: 8.3, tibia 3: 5.3, tibia 4: 7.9; tibia 1 L/d: 125. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.12, 0.13, 0.13, 0.12.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with very large brown median mark including ocular area; sternum ochre-orange; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (yellowish), without dark rings; abdomen pale gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark internal marks, ventrally with orange-brown area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus similar to putative close relatives (e.g., M. caipora; cf. Fig. 145); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With one pair of curved frontal apophyses in proximal position (Figs 204–205).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 200–201; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, distally strongly widening; tarsus with dorsal conical process; procursus proximally curved, distally with short and wide prolateral apophysis (Figs 202–203); genital bulb with large tapering process partly sclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 1.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in ten other males: 10.7–12.9 (mean 11.7). Males from Córrego do Veado with slightly less curved male cheliceral apophyses.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 12 females: 6.9–8.7 (mean 7.8). Epigynum as in Figs 206, 241; anterior plate with pair of processes and very large median pocket in anterior position; posterior plate simple and large. Internal genitalia as in Figs 208, 242, with pair of large pore-plates in lateral position, converging dorsally and anteriorly. Females from Córrego do Veado with slightly narrower epigynal pocket, but this is variable even within populations.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in sheltered spaces very close to the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities in Bahia and Espírito Santo states (Brazil) (Fig. 728).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C647FFB32A9C99AC37E37F69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C642FFB22A9C990E364D7DC1.text	160AC713C642FFB22A9C990E364D7DC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar mimoso Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar mimoso sp. n.</p><p>Figs 209–214, 243–244</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar relatives ( M. cyaneomaculatus, M. madalena, M. claricae, M. inmanis) by combination of: armature of male chelicerae (Figs 209–210; presence of distinct proximal apophyses, in contrast to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. claricae); procursus tip with short prolateral apophysis (Fig. 211; in contrast to M. madalena and M. inmanis); by indistinct epigynal pocket bordered by pair of low humps (Figs 213, 243).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: ♂ holotype, MNRJ (14312), 1♂ 1♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19069), Mimoso do Sul, Finca Tacutinga, forest fragment (21°01.4’S, 41°23.4’W), 240 m a.s.l., 4.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19070), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Paraty</a>, degraded forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Morro do Forte</a> (23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~ 10–30 m a.s.l., 23.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-34), same data . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (RJ15), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.48/lat -22.18)">Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba</a> [~ 22.18°S, 41.48°W], iii.2011 (A. Pérez-González, G. Cardoso).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.5, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 150 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.65. Leg 1: 50.4 (12.7 + 0.5 + 12.3 + 22.1 + 2.8), tibia 2: 8.8, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4: 8.0; tibia 1 L/d: 95. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.16, 0.19, 0.22, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-orange with large brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area; sternum ochre-orange; legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (whitish), without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light orange-brown plate in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Figs 148–149); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses, one pair proximal, rounded, one pair distal near median line, pointed (Figs 209–210).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 813, 816), proximal segments apparently identical in shape and size; procursus prolateral apophysis shorter (Figs 211–212); bulbal process very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus .</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in other male: 12.3 (missing in third male).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in one female: 9.2 (missing in other females). Epigynum as in Figs 213, 243; anterior plate semicircular, with indistinct median pocket (rather a depression without clear margins), and pair of low lateral humps; simple large posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 214, 244, with pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging anteriorly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states (Brazil) (Fig. 727).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C642FFB22A9C990E364D7DC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C643FFBC2A9C9BBB378C7FBE.text	160AC713C643FFBC2A9C9BBB378C7FBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar madalena Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar madalena sp. n.</p><p>Figs 215–218, 223–224, 245–246</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most similar known species ( M. inmanis) by male cheliceral armature (larger proximal apophyses; compare Figs 215 and 219), by evenly curved posterior margin of epigynal plate (Figs 223, 245), by epigynal pocket farther away from posterior epigynal margin, and by internal female genitalia (Figs 224, 246; distinctive V-shaped sclerite; pore-plate outer margins parallel). From other similar relatives ( M. mimoso, M. cyaneomaculatus, M. claricae) by combination of: armature of male chelicerae (Figs 215–216; presence of distinct proximal apophyses, in contrast to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. claricae); procursus tip with long prolateral apophysis (Figs 217–218; in contrast to M. mimoso); by absence of epigynal processes (Figs 223, 245; in contrast to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. claricae).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14313), 5♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19071), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9–59.1’S, 41°57.2–57.6’W), 480–590 m a.s.l., 30.ix.– 1.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br10-77), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.6, carapace width 1.8. Distance PME-PME 150 µm, diameter PME 190 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 40 µm, diameter AME 70 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.2/ 0.7. Leg 1: 73.3 (18.0 + 0.8 + 17.7 + 33.1 + 3.7), tibia 2: 12.3, tibia 3: 7.7, tibia 4: 11.3; tibia 1 L/d: 98. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.24, 0.28, 0.28, 0.24.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with large brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area, with pair of light marks laterally behind ocular area; sternum orange; legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (whitish), without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light brown area in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets. BODY. Habitus very similar M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Figs 148–149); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses, one pair proximal, small and rounded, one pair distal near median line, pointed and very thin in frontal view (Figs 215–216).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 813, 816), proximal segments apparently identical in shape but larger (femur length 0.83 vs. 0.67–0.73 in M. cyaneomaculatus); procursus distal part (Figs 217–218) and bulbal process very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. inmanis .</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 1.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;45 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 17.3, 19.5, 19.5. Some males with dark brown legs. One male with very thick femora 2, femora 1–4 width (at half length): –, 0.42, 0.32, 0.30.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in four females: 14.0, 14.0, 14.4, 14.7. Epigynum as in Figs 223, 245; anterior plate semicircular, without processes, posterior margin strongly but evenly curved, with median pocket not close to posterior margin; simple large posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 224, 246, with V-shaped sclerite and pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging dorsally, outer margins parallel.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) only (Fig. 728).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C643FFBC2A9C9BBB378C7FBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C64DFFBF2A9C986131827F81.text	160AC713C64DFFBF2A9C986131827F81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar inmanis Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar inmanis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 147, 219–222, 225–226, 247–248</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most similar known species ( M. madalena) by male cheliceral armature (smaller proximal apophyses; compare Figs 215 and 219), by distinctive shape of posterior margin of epigynal plate (Figs 225, 247), by epigynal pocket close to posterior epigynal margin, and by internal female genitalia (Figs 226, 248; without V-shaped sclerite; pore-plate outer margins diverging anteriorly). From other similar relatives ( M. mimoso, M. cyaneomaculatus, M. claricae) by combination of: armature of male chelicerae (Figs 219–220; presence of distinct proximal apophyses, in contrast to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. claricae); procursus tip with long prolateral apophysis (Figs 221–222; in contrast to M. mimoso); by absence of epigynal processes (Figs 225, 247; in contrast to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. claricae).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the large size of this species (Latin inmanis = large, frightful); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14314), 6♂ 12♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19072), Vargem Alta, Fazenda Monte Verde (20°27.6–28.2’S, 40°59.5’– 41°00.2’W), 1000–1200 m a.s.l., 2– 3.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br10-82), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 6.0, carapace width 2.2. Distance PME-PME 150 µm, diameter PME 200 µm, distance PME-ALE 170 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 70 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.6/ 1.2. Leg 1: 83.2 (19.5 + 0.9 + 20.0 + 37.7 + 5.1), tibia 2: 14.4, tibia 3: 9.3, tibia 4: 13.7; tibia 1 L/d: 98. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.28, 0.35, 0.32, 0.30.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with large brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area; sternum ochre to light brown; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter (whitish), without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light brown area in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 147, very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Figs 148–149); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses, proximal pair very small and rounded, distal pair near median line, pointed and very thin in frontal view (Figs 219–220).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 813, 816), proximal segments apparently identical in shape but larger (femur length 0.77 vs. 0.67–0.73 in M. cyaneomaculatus); procursus distal part (Figs 221–222) and bulbal process very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. madalena .</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;50 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in five other males: 16.9–17.6 (mean 17.4). Some males with lighter brown legs.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in 12 females: 13.2– 16.4 (mean 14.3). Epigynum as in Figs 225, 247; anterior plate semicircular, without processes, with distinctive shape of posterior margin (with pair of projections), median pocket close to posterior margin; simple large posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 226, 248, without V-shaped sclerite, pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging dorsally, outer margins diverging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. Most specimens were found in a cave, among rocks and on the cave roof. Outside the cave they built their webs in sheltered spaces under large rocks.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Espírito Santo state (Brazil) only (Fig. 727).</p><p>Note. Astrin et al. (2006) sequenced CO1 of a female specimen from Parque Estadual de Cantareira (23.417°S, 46.617°W), named “sp. 7” (ZFMK, Br03/100-14b). The epigynum of this specimen closely resembles the present species (Fig. 249). However, considering the large geographic distance (670 km) and the absence of further specimens from intermediate localities, this female is here not assigned to the present species but interpreted as representing a different, undescribed species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C64DFFBF2A9C986131827F81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C64EFFBE2A9C9866319D7E46.text	160AC713C64EFFBE2A9C9866319D7E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling 1891)	<div><p>Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling, 1891)</p><p>Figs 148–149, 227–232, 250</p><p>Pholcus cyaneo-maculatus Keyserling, 1891: 173, pl. 5, figs 119 a–d (♂♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Blechroscelis cyaneo-maculatus/-a: Moenkhaus 1898: 100 –101. Mello-Leitão 1918: 107–108, figs 22–23. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description, Mello-Leitão also copied Keyserling’s figures; both without adding new data).</p><p>Psilochorus cyaneomaculatus: Mello-Leitão 1947c: 2 (Brazil: Minas Gerais).</p><p>Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus: Huber 2000: 210, figs 811–819 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Machado 2007: 81 (Brazil: Minas Gerais, São Paulo). Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo).</p><p>Probable and certain misidentifications (see Notes below)</p><p>Psilochorus cyaneomaculatus: Mello-Leitão 1943: 155 (Brazil: Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul). Blechroscelis cyaneo-maculatus: Mello-Leitão 1947b: 233 (Brazil: Paraná). Mesabolivar cyaneomaculatus: Huber 2015: 57 (Brazil: Espírito Santo).</p><p>Notes. I have not seen Mello-Leitão’s (1943, 1947b) specimens from Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, and Pernambuco, but consider these records dubious. Extensive recent collections along the entire Brazilian Atlantic Forest from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio Grande do Norte do not include M. cyaneomaculatus outside Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states. In particular, Rio Grande do Sul and Pernambuco are far from the confirmed range of this species. The Paraná records might be valid but need confirmation. The Minas Gerais record in Mello-Leitão (1947c) receives some support from Machado’s (2007) record from this state. Finally, my own previous record from Espírito Santo (Huber 2015) is based on two females (ZFMK, Ar 19073, Br10-83) that are very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus but have lower epigynal processes in a more anterior position; they probably represent a different, undescribed species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Huber 2000: fig. 812; one pair of frontal apophyses near median line), shape of procursus (Huber 2000: figs 813–816, Figs 227–229; widely curved, distinctive distal structures), and shape of epigynum (Huber 2000: figs 817–818, Figs 230–232; trapezoidal anterior plate with pair of apophyses and median pocket); from the very similar M. claricae by longer and more slender procursus with different distal elements (compare Figs 227–229 and 233–235), and by larger epigynum (width&gt;0.9, vs. &lt;0.8 in M. claricae) with anterior pair of low humps (compare Figs 230–232 and 236– 237).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂ 1♀ syntypes, BMNH (1890.7.1.8325–7), Rio de Janeiro City(?), no further locality data, leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 6♂ 3♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19074–77), ~ 4 km NW Penedo (22°24.5’S, 44°33.0’–33.4’W), forest along river, 700–770 m a.s.l., 14–16.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-6, Br 07/100-43), same data . 4♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19078), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 09-107), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., 25–26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G007), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.59/lat -22.45)">Itatiaia</a> [22.45°S, 44.59°W], 8–15.vi.2001 (H. Japyassú).</p><p>São Paulo: 3♂ 4♀ 3 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19079), Paranapiacaba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.778334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.31/lat -23.778334)">Estação Biológica do Alto da Serra</a> (23°46.7’S, 46°18.6’W) 14–15.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 03/100-21), same data . 3♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.298332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.298332/lat -22.615)">Ar</a> 19080), Ubatuba, Fazenda Angelim (22°36.9’S, 52°17.9’W), 16–18.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber) . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19081), São Paulo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.417" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.617/lat -23.417)">Parque Estadual de Cantareira</a> (23.417°S, 46.617°W), 20.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 03/100-14a), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in nine newly examined males: 13.1–17.7 (mean 15.6); in 11 newly examined females: 10.4–13.7 (mean 12.2). Male tibia 2/tibia 4 length (N=2): 1.05, 1.08. Femora 2 and 3 in some males much wider than other femora, in others barely wider. Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Epigynal processes slightly variable (in lateral view; Figs 231–232).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large sheltered spaces among rocks and logs, also under bridges. They built rather flat webs that seemed to have no or a very limited tangle of lines above the sheet. During the day, the spiders sat on the rock or log; when disturbed, they ran into the web and started swinging with large amplitude and high frequency.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Minas Gerais, possibly ranging into Paraná state (Fig. 729).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C64EFFBE2A9C9866319D7E46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C649FFBB2A9C984637627F4D.text	160AC713C649FFBB2A9C984637627F4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar claricae Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar claricae sp. n.</p><p>Figs 233–240, 251–252</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 238–239; one pair of frontal apophyses near median line), shape of procursus (Figs 233–235; widely curved, distinctive distal structures, without prolateral apophysis), and shape of epigynum (Figs 236–237, 251; trapezoidal anterior plate with pair of apophyses and median pocket); from the very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus by shorter and wider procursus with different distal elements (compare Figs 227–229 and 233–235), and by smaller epigynum without anterior pair of low humps (compare Figs 230–232 and 236–237).</p><p>Etymology. Named for Clarice Lispector (1920–1977), Brazilian writer, daughter of Russian-Jewish immigrants, author of Perto do coração selvagem.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14315), 6♂ 19♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19082–83), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9’–59.1’S, 41°57.2’–57.6’W), 480–590 m a.s.l., 30.ix.–1.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 4♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-78), same data as types . 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19084), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú (22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W), 140–280 m a.s.l., 23.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09- 101), same data but 23–24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂, ZFMK ( Ar 19085), same data but 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Ar</a> 19086), same locality at 22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W, ~ 300–400 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.7, carapace width 1.35. Distance PME-PME 110 µm, diameter PME 150 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 40 µm, diameter AME 45 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.65. Leg 1: 57.6 (13.7 + 0.5 + 13.5 + 26.8 + 3.1), tibia 2: 8.7, tibia 3: 5.5, tibia 4: 8.3; tibia 1 L/d: 104. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.23, 0.23, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-orange with large brown median mark including posterior part of ocular area, with pair of light marks laterally behind ocular area; sternum orange-brown; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter yellowish, without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with orange-brown area in front of gonopore, very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Figs 148–149); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With one pair of frontal apophyses close to median line (Figs 238–239).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. Huber 2000: figs 813, 816), proximal segments apparently identical in shape but slightly smaller (see Variation below); procursus distal part (after bend) clearly shorter and wider, with different distal elements (Figs 233–235); bulbal process in general very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus but clearly shorter (length about 0.4 vs. 0.6).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in nine other males: 12.4–14.1 (mean 13.2). Palpal femur length 0.60–0.62 (vs. 0.67– 0.73 in M. cyaneomaculatus).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but all leg femora approximately same width. Tibia 1 in 14 females: 8.7– 10.3 (mean 9.5). Epigynum as in Figs 236–237, 251; anterior plate trapezoidal, with pair of short processes (slightly variable in size even within localities) and median pocket near posterior margin; simple posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 240, 252, with V-shaped (or U-shaped) sclerite and pair of large pore-plates in tentshaped lateral position, converging anteriorly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities in Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) (Fig. 728).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C649FFBB2A9C984637627F4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C64AFFC42A9C999432B57DC1.text	160AC713C64AFFC42A9C999432B57DC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar azureus (Badcock 1932)	<div><p>Mesabolivar azureus (Badcock, 1932)</p><p>Figs 253–254, 261–265, 271, 292–293</p><p>Blechroscelis azurea Badcock, 1932: 8, fig. 3 (♂♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Synonymized with Blechroscelis cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling, 1891) in Mello-Leitão 1946: 55 .</p><p>Mesabolivar azureus: Huber 2000: 227 (transferred and removed from synonymy with M. cyaneotaeniatus). Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281.</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from very similar M. brasiliensis by shape of procursus (more evenly curved; tip with distinctive bifid process; Figs 262, 271) (females of the two species appear barely distinguishable but M. azureus females tend to have shorter abdomens); from M. kathrinae and M. pallens by thicker procursus tip (compare Figs 271–273); from M. kathrinae also by presence of epigynal pocket (Fig. 264); from other congeners by combination of: relatively small pedipalps and epigynum (compared to body size), relatively long leg femora (male femur 1/ tibia 1: 1.3), thickened male femora 2 (in most males except smallest); and pale greenish coloration (in life; in ethanol pale ochre-yellow and greenish-gray).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 1♂ lectotype (designated herein), BMNH (1932.9.2.2), 1♀ paralectotype, BMNH (1932.9.2.3), “Corcavada” [Corcovado, 22.95°S, 43.21°W], 3.viii.1926 (G.S. Carter, L.C. Beadle), examined.</p><p>Note. A lectotype is chosen because the two syntypes are not conspecific. In agreement with ICZN (1999), Recommendation 74B, the male is chosen because the only illustration in the original description is of the male palp.</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 5♂ 11♀, ZFMK (Ar 19087), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Cachoeiras de Macacu</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú</a> (22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W), ~ 300–400 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 1♂ 3♀, same locality at 22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W, 140–300 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber); 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-105), same locality at 22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W, 140–280 m a.s.l., 23– 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 1♂, USNM, near Petrópolis, Independência [22.551°S, 43.212°W], 5.v.1932 (D.M. Cochran). 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19088), Paraty, degraded forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Morro do Forte</a> (23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~ 10–30 m a.s.l., 23.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-33), same data . 2♂ 7♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19089–91), ~ 4 km NW Penedo (22°24.5’S, 44°33.0’–33.4’W), forest along river, 700–770 m a.s.l., 14– 16.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Bahia: 3♂ 4♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19092), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.078335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.183333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.078335/lat -15.183333)">Reserva Biológica de Una</a>, ‘site 1’ (15°11.0’S, 39°04.7’W), ~ 70–100 m a.s.l., 4.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-178), Reserva Biológica de Una (15°10’–11’S, 39°03’–04’W), ~ 50–100 m a.s.l., 4.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez- González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Description. Male (ZFMK Ar 19087)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.0, carapace width 1.05. Distance PME-PME 100 µm, diameter PME 70 µm, distance PME-ALE 60 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.7/ 0.5. Leg 1: 48.0 (13.3 + 0.5 + 10.4 + 21.3 + 2.5), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 5.3, tibia 4: 6.8; tibia 1 L/d: 80. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.16, 0.23 (0.25 in distal third), 0.14, 0.14.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma ochre-yellow, carapace with dark median line; legs ochre-yellow to light brown, femora and tibiae with whitish tips (Fig. 253); abdomen monochromous greenish-gray (in life greenish with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally).</p><p>BODY. Habitus as Figs 253–254; ocular area weakly raised; carapace with distinct but shallow median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of apophyses distally close to laminae (weakly protruding; not visible in lateral view) and pair of indistinct light processes proximally (Fig. 263).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 261–262; coxa very large relative to palp size (i.e. palps very small relative to body size; Fig. 254), with strong retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with rounded retrolateral apophysis proximally and rounded ventral protrusion distally; procursus strongly curved, with distinctive widened tip with bifid, apparently hinged process (Fig. 271); bulbal process distally with slightly sclerotized pointed process.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~50 indistinct pseudosegments.</p><p>Male (variation). Males from Penedo with barely visible proximal cheliceral processes and minimally less widened procursus tip; males from Bahia with slightly thicker procursus tip. Tibia 1 in 12 other males: 8.1–10.7 (mean 9.9). Males from Paraty with shortest legs (tibia 1: 8.1, 8.7) and with femora 2 barely wider than other femora. Some males with dark mark in gonopore area.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but femora 2 not thicker than other femora. Tibia 1 in 22 females: 6.9–8.4 (mean 7.4). Anterior epigynal plate as in Figs 264, 292, small, weakly sclerotized, barely protruding, with median pocket close to posterior margin, internal membranous ‘valve’ clearly visible through cuticle in most females; posterior plate indistinct, in some females barely visible. Internal genitalia as in Figs 265, 293, with large oval pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs freely suspended among the vegetation, usually about 1–2 m above the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in Rio de Janeiro state and from one locality in southern Bahia state (Brazil) (Fig. 730).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C64AFFC42A9C999432B57DC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C635FFC62A9C9BA630537B01.text	160AC713C635FFC62A9C9BA630537B01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar pallens Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar pallens sp. n.</p><p>Figs 266–270, 272, 294–295</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most known congeners by pale coloration, cylindrical abdomen, and relatively small male palps and epigynum. From most similar congener ( M. kathrinae) by wider procursus (compare Figs 272 and 273), presence of proximal processes on male chelicerae (Fig. 268), and by presence of median pocket on epigynum (Figs 269, 294). Females are externally barely distinguishable from M. brasiliensis and M. azureus; males of these two species have very different procursi (compare Figs 271, 272, 274–279).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the pale greenish coloration of this species (Latin pallens = pale, greenish); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14316), 1♂ 2♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19093), Vargem Alta, Fazenda Monte Verde (20°27.6’–28.2’S, 40°59.5’– 41°00.2’W), 1000–1200 m a.s.l., 2– 3.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Espírito Santo: 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br10-84), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.3, carapace width 1.1. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 90 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.75/ 0.55. Leg 1: 46.8 (12.7 + 0.4 + 10.1 + 20.9 + 2.7), tibia 2: 6.9, tibia 3: 5.3, tibia 4: 6.7; tibia 1 L/d: 75. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, 0.18 (distal third: 0.22), 0.15, 0.14.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with indistinct darker mark behind ocular area; ocular area and clypeus not darkened; sternum light brown to orange; legs light to dark brown, with distinct black rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; abdomen greenish gray, without dorsal pattern, ventrally with light brown plate in front of gonopore and indistinct darker median band behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Similar to M. azureus (cf. Fig. 254); ocular area slightly raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 268, with pair of simple distal apophyses close to median line and pair of small proximal processes.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 266–267; very small relative to body size; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur long, with retrolateral process proximally, widened distally; tarsus with small dorsal process; procursus strongly bent, with distinctive distal black spine and retrolateral membranous process with small tines (Fig. 272); bulb with weakly sclerotized conical process, without side branch.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~50 pseudosegments, fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in two other males: 10.0, 10.5.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in four females: 7.7, 7.9, 8.0, 8.5. Epigynum very small and simple, weakly sclerotized, with small median pocket, internal blueish to greenish ‘valve’ visible through cuticle; posterior plate simple (Figs 269, 294). Internal genitalia as in Figs 270, 295, with round pore-plates embedded in large sclerite.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in strongly domed webs freely suspended among the vegetation.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality only (Fig. 730).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C635FFC62A9C9BA630537B01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C637FFC62A9C9DE630587EB7.text	160AC713C637FFC62A9C9DE630587EB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar kathrinae Huber 2015	<div><p>Mesabolivar kathrinae Huber, 2015</p><p>Figs 255–256, 273, 296</p><p>Mesabolivar kathrinae Huber, 2015: 8, figs 4, 11, 26–27, 57–61, 75–77 (♂♀, Brazil: Bahia).</p><p>Diagnosis. (amended; see Huber 2015). Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( M. pallens, M. azureus, M. brasiliensis) by slender procursus (compare Figs 271–279) (but see Note below) and by epigynum without median pocket (Huber 2015: figs 26, 60; Fig. 296).</p><p>Note. A very similar species occurs in Paraná state (Fazenda Experimental Gralha Azul, 25.667°S, 49.270°W; specimens in ZFMK Ar 19104 and Br10-59; “Br10-4” in Fig. 730). Males seem to be slightly larger but otherwise identical in all details; females differ by having a shallow but distinct median epigynal pocket (Fig. 297).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, IBSP (166456), 7♂ 3♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 12621), Reserva Biológica de Una, ‘site 2’ (15°10.6’S, 39°03.5’W), ~ 50–100 m a.s.l., 4.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Bahia: 5♂ 6♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 272), Maracás, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.438&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.471" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.438/lat -13.471)">Sede da Ferbasa</a> (13.471°S, 40.438°W), 955 m a.s.l., 11–13.iii.2012 (E. Araújo, A. Medeiros).</p><p>Alagoas: 27♂ 23♀, ZFMK (Ar 19094–95), near Murici, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.838333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.838333/lat -9.246667)">Estação Ecológica de Murici</a> (9°14.8’S, 35°50.3’W), 350– 400 m a.s.l., 18.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-198), same data; 12♂ 14♀ 5 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19096), same data but 19.v.2015; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-205), same data .</p><p>Pernambuco: 5♂ 4♀ 6 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19097), near Bonito, forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.711666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.546667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.711666/lat -8.546667)">Cachoeira da Gruta</a> (8°32.8’S, 35°42.7’W), 380 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-223), same data . 6♂ 16♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19098–99), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.178333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.726666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.178333/lat -8.726666)">Reserva Biológica de Saltinho</a> (8°43.6’S, 35°10.7’W), 50 m a.s.l., 26.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Paraíba: 2♂ 2♀ 3 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19100), Jardim Botânico Benjamin Maranhão, " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.857666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1385" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.857666/lat -7.1385)">Mata do Buraquinho</a> " (7°08.31’S, 34°51.46’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15- 247), same data . 2♂ 2♀ 4 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19101), Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo, " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.853333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.853333/lat -7.065)">Mata do Amém</a> " (7°03.9’S, 34°51.2’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15- 248), same data .</p><p>Amapá: 6♂ 4♀ 6 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19102–03), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 1’ (0.051°S, 51.136°W), 25 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-247), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2015). Tibia 1 in 56 newly examined males: 7.2–10.7 (mean 9.4); in 62 females: 6.3–8.6 (mean 7.4). Male and female leg femora distally wider than proximally; male femora 2 thicker distally than other femora (femora maximum width in large male: 0.17, 0.25, 0.17, 0.18). ‘Valve’ in internal female genitalia sometimes dark and clearly visible through cuticle, sometimes not visible from outside.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in weakly domed webs freely suspended among the vegetation, usually about 0.5–1.5 m above the ground. Males and females sometimes shared a web.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in NE Brazil (Fig. 730).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C637FFC62A9C9DE630587EB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C630FFC32A9C9808300F7BC9.text	160AC713C630FFC32A9C9808300F7BC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus 1898)	<div><p>Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus, 1898)</p><p>Figs 274–279, 298–299</p><p>Litoporus brasiliensis Moenkhaus, 1898: 110, pl. 5, figs 6, 6a–c (♂, Brazil: São Paulo). Mello-Leitão 1918: 95, figs 5–6 (copy of Moenkhaus 1898).</p><p>Blechroscelis viridis Mello-Leitão, 1918: 105, figs 19–20 (♂, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Mello-Leitão 1947c: 2 (dubious record, see Notes below). Synonymized in Huber 2000: 217.</p><p>Mesabolivar brasiliensis: Huber 2000: 217, figs 843–850 (Brazil: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná). Ramalho et al. 2008: 454 (São Paulo). Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281 (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro). Castanheira et al. 2016: 13 (Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners ( M. kathrinae, M. azureus, M. pallens) by shape of procursus (Figs 274–279; without distal spine-like process; bent rather than evenly curved as in M. azureus; with widened rather than slender tip as in M. kathrinae and M. pallens); from M. kathrinae also by male chelicerae (Huber 2000: fig. 843; distal apophyses in more distal position; presence of indistinct proximal processes) and by epigynum with median pocket (pocket absent in M. kathrinae). Females of M. brasiliensis, M. pallens, and M. azureus may be indistinguishable externally (Figs 292, 294, 298–299).</p><p>Type material. Litoporus brasiliensis Moenkhaus, 1898: BRAZIL: São Paulo: ♂ lectotype, 1♀ paralectotype (designated in Huber 2000), MZSP, Poço Grande, “margem do Rio Juquiá” [23.756°S, 46.667°W], i.1898 (W. Moenkhaus), examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Blechroscelis viridis Mello-Leitão, 1918: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 3♂ syntypes, MNRJ, Pinheiro [22.52°S, 44.00°W], no further data, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: São Paulo: 2♂ 3♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19105), Ubatuba, Fazenda Angelim (23.394°S, 45.063°W), 16–18.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber); 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br03/100-7), same data. 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19106), São Paulo City, Parque Estadual de Cantareira (23.417°S, 46.617°W), 20.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber); 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br03/100-16), same data. 5♂ 4♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G002), São Paulo City, Parque Estadual de Cantareira, 28.vi.2001 (R. Pinto da Rocha, C. Rheims).</p><p>Rio de Janeiro: 3♂, ZFMK ( Ar 19107–08), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) . 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19109), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Assigned tentatively (see Notes below). BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 4♂ 3♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19110), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú (22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W), 140–300 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 3♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19111), same locality at 140–280 m a.s.l., 23.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) . 1♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19112), Reserva Ecológica Rio das <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.991667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.1/lat -22.991667)">Pedras</a> (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’W), 50 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 6♂ 4♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19113–14), same locality at 50–200 m a.s.l. (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 3♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-113), same locality, 25–26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 4♂ 3♀, MNRJ (14317), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., night, 25.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi, A. Kury) ; 1♀, MNRJ (14318), same data but day . 4♂ 2♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19115), ~ 3.5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.731667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.191668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.731667/lat -23.191668)">Paraty</a> (23°11.5’S, 44°43.9’W), degraded forest, ~ 50 m a.s.l., 21.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-19), same data . 4♂ 1♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19116), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G005), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.561&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.496" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.561/lat -22.496)">Itatiaia</a> [22.496°S, 44.561°W], 8–15.vi.2001 (H.F. Japyassú).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 32 newly examined males: 8.8–13.1 (mean 11.3); in 30 newly examined females: 6.8–10.4 (mean 8.7). Male femora 2 usually wider than other femora, especially distal thirds. Femora significantly longer than tibiae (e.g., male tibia 1 length 83% of femur 1 length). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Tip of procursus variable, possibly indicating presence of more than one species (Figs 274–279; see Notes below). Proximal processes on male chelicerae sometimes distinct, sometimes barely visible in dissecting microscope. Female femora all about same diameter. Epigynum slightly variable in size and shape, depending on degree of sclerotization of anterior plate and on distinctness of internal ‘valve’ visible through cuticle.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs freely suspended among the vegetation, mostly ~ 0.5– 1 m above the ground. The webs seemed to consist of two sheets: a domed upper sheet where the spider rested (diameter ~ 20 cm), with a tangle of silk lines above the dome, and a lower rather flat sheet slightly below the dome.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed from eastern Paraná state to Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (Fig. 731) (but see Notes below).</p><p>Notes. As already noted previously (Huber 2000), two species might be included: the ‘true’ M. brasiliensis with a procursus as shown in Figs 274–276 (slender, with distinct dorsal widening), and a possible second species with a procursus as shown in Figs 277–279. The male chelicerae and the epigyna do not seem to differ between these two ‘morphs’ or ‘species’.</p><p>‘True’ M. brasiliensis also seem to have a consistently shorter abdomen and shorter legs. Tibia 1 length in ten males of ‘true’ M. brasiliensis: 8.8–11.5 (mean 9.9); in 22 males of the possible second species: 10.8–13.1 (mean 11.8). Tibia 1 length in seven females of ‘true’ M. brasiliensis: 6.8–8.1 (mean 7.6); in 23 females of the possible second species: 8.0–10.4 (mean 9.0).</p><p>Geographically, the ‘true’ M. brasiliensis is more southern, the possible second species more northern, but there is considerable overlap in southern Rio de Janeiro state, where both ‘morphs’ or ‘species’ were found to even share localities (Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras, Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near Paraty).</p><p>The species is not formally split here because I have not (re)examined all material available in collections. Ideally, a much denser sampling combined with molecular species delimitation methods should be done before splitting (or not splitting) this species.</p><p>Mello-Leitão (1947c) reported the species (under Blechroscelis viridis) from Minas Gerais, Carmo do Rio Claro. I have not seen his specimens (not specified) but consider the record dubious because of the distance to confirmed records. Ramalho et al. (2008) reported the species from “Estação Ecológica de Boracéia (22°11’S, 48°46’W), Salesópolis” but give wrong coordinates (of the town Boracéia: 22.18°S, 48.77°W; instead of the Ecological Station near Salesópolis: ~23.63°S, 45.83°W).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C630FFC32A9C9808300F7BC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C632FFCD2A9C9C1031527C34.text	160AC713C632FFCD2A9C9C1031527C34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling 1891)	<div><p>Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling, 1891)</p><p>Figs 257–258, 280–283, 300–303</p><p>Pholcus cyaneotaeniatus Keyserling, 1891: 176, pl. 6, figs 121, 121a–b (♂♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Blechroscelis cyaneotaeniatus: Moenkhaus 1898: 99 –100 (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo). Mello-Leitão 1918: 107–108. (Both authors just translated Keyserling’s original description).</p><p>Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus: Huber 2000: 225, figs 55, 883–894 (Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Pará – see Notes below). Machado 2007: 75 (Brazil: Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, São Paulo). Ramalho et al. 2008: 454 (São Paulo). Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281 (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo). Castanheira et al. 2016: 12 (Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from similar congeners ( M. tamoio, M. sai, M. kaingang) by tip of procursus (compare Huber 2015: figs 136–138 and Figs 280–283, 285), by male chelicerae (with only one pair of distal apophyses, without proximal apophyses; Huber 2000: fig. 891) and by shape of epigynum (Figs 300–303; pocket in posterior position, without thick cuticular rim surrounding pocket). Distinguished from all other known congeners by dorsal widening of procursus (Figs 280–283), and by male femora with prolatero-dorsal stripes of short vertical hairs (Huber 2015: figs 157–159). From most other congeners also by single rows of blunt spines on male metatarsi 2 and 3 (Huber 2000: figs 889 and 890; similar spines are otherwise only known in some representatives of the ‘ aurantiacus group’, i.e. M. aurantiacus, M. cyaneus, M. eberhardi, M. huanuco; Huber 2000).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ♂ lectotype, 3♀ paralectotypes (designated in Huber 2000), BMNH (0321–4), Miracema [21.413°S, 42.196°W] and “St. Antonio am Rio Pomba ” [= <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.185&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.545" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.185/lat -21.545)">Santo Antônio de Pádua</a>, 21.545°S, 42.185°W], date not given, leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19117), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9’–59.1’S, 41°57.2’–57.6’W), 480–590 m a.s.l., 30.ix.–1.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 2♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-75), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19118), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú (22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W), 140–280 m a.s.l., 23.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-99), same data but 23–24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂, ZFMK ( Ar 19119), same data but 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Ar</a> 19120), same locality at ~ 300–400 m a.s.l. (22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W), 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) . 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19121), Reserva Ecológica Rio das <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.991667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.1/lat -22.991667)">Pedras</a> (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’W), 50 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 6♂ 1♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19122–23), same locality at 50–200 m a.s.l. (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 09-115), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., 25– 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 5♂ 7♀ 4 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19124–27), ~ 4 km NW Penedo (22°24.5’S, 44°33.0’–33.4’W), forest along river, 700–770 m a.s.l., 14–16.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber); 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-7, 36), same data . 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G003), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.59/lat -22.45)">Itatiaia</a> [22.45°S, 44.59°W], 8–15.vi.2001 (H. Japyassú) . 12♂ 3♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19128–29), Paraty, degraded forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Morro do Forte</a> (23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~ 10–30 m a.s.l., 23.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-29), same data . 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19130), Cachoeira do Tobogã near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.791668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.211666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.791668/lat -23.211666)">Paraty</a> (23°12.7’S, 44°47.5’W), ~ 220 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-18), ~ 3.5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.731667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.191668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.731667/lat -23.191668)">Paraty</a> (23°11.5’S, 44°43.9’W), degraded forest, ~ 50 m a.s.l., 21.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) . 1♂ 4 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-23), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>São Paulo: 15♂ 4♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br03/100-32, 33, 34), São Paulo, Jardim Zoológico (23.65°S, 46.62°W), 13.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Santa Catarina: 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19131), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -27.058)">Serra do Itajaí National Park</a> (27.058°S, 49.084°W), Chuva Trail, 300 m a.s.l., 15.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19132), Itapoá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.651665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.096666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.651665/lat -26.096666)">Reserva Volta Velha</a> (26°05.8’S, 48°39.1’W), 20 m a.s.l., 27–28.ix.2010 (B.A. Huber, J. Ricetti).</p><p>Paraná: 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19133–34), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Lange National Park</a>, forest along river above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Fazenda Niteroi</a> (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♂ 3♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19135), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Lange National Park</a>, forest above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Hotel Mata Atlântica</a> (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-141), same data .</p><p>Espírito Santo: 8♂ 9♀, ZFMK (Ar 19136), Vargem Alta, Fazenda Monte Verde (20°27.6’–28.2’S, 40°59.5’– 41°00.2’W), 1000–1200 m a.s.l., 2–3.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González); 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-81), same data . 1♂ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19137), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.146667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.146667/lat -19.055)">Reserva Biológica de Sooretama</a>, ‘site 1’ (19°03.3’S, 40°08.8’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l., 27.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 1♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.108334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.011667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.108334/lat -19.011667)">Ar</a> 19138), same locality at ‘site 2’ (19°00.7’S, 40°06.5’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 28.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) . 4♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19139), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.138332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.368334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.138332/lat -18.368334)">Reserva Biológica Córrego do Veado</a>, ‘site 1’ (18°22.1’S, 40°08.3’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 29.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-136), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.361668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.166668/lat -18.361668)">Ar</a> 19140), same locality at ‘site 2’ (18°21.7’S, 40°10.0’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l., 29.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Bahia: 2♂ 9♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.351665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.428333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.351665/lat -16.428333)">Ar</a> 19141), Parque Nacional do Pau Brasil, ‘site 2’ (outside park limits) (16°25.7’S, 39°21.1’W), ~ 60 m a.s.l., 1.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias) ; 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-157), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 45 newly examined males: 12.1–17.3 (mean 14.2); in 41 newly examined females: 8.8–13.6 (mean 10.9). Male femora 2 and 3 usually wider than other femora, especially distal thirds. Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Tip of procursus variable, possibly indicating presence of more than one species (Figs 280–283; see Notes below). Female legs without spines, all femora approximately same diameter. Epigynum slightly variable in size and shape, with or without sclerotized ridges originating at both sides from pocket (Figs 300–303), possibly indicating presence of more than one species (see Notes below).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were often found in high densities in disturbed areas, for example in ferns along trails and in road cuts. Individual webs were sometimes attached to each other. The webs were often quite exposed, with direct sunlight reaching the spiders. The webs were mostly found ~ 0.5–2 m above the ground, and consisted of two sheets, a domed upper sheet, diameter ~ 20–30 cm, and a rather flat lower sheet about 10 cm below the dome. When disturbed, the spiders first moved away, then started swinging with large amplitude and high frequency, and eventually dropped to the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed from eastern Santa Catarina state to southern Bahia (Brazil) (Fig. 732) (but see Notes below).</p><p>Notes. As already noted previously (Huber 2014), the record for Pará, Belém in Huber (2000) is dubious and probably a result of mislabeling. Intensive recent collecting in Belém and in many other localities in Pará state has not resulted in this species, which - being large and conspicuous - is very unlikely to be missed when present.</p><p>The newly examined material suggests that two species might be included: the ‘true’ M. cyaneotaeniatus with a procursus as shown in Figs 280–281 (without retrolateral oblique sclerite, with longer ventral sclerite, with slightly curved tip), and a possible second species with a procursus as shown in Figs 282–283.</p><p>The epigyna seem to show congruent variation: ‘true’ M. cyaneotaeniatus with dark ridges originating at both sides from pocket (Figs 300–301; see also Huber 2000: fig. 892), the possible second species without such ridges (Figs 302–303).</p><p>In the male paralectotype, both pedipalps are missing, and the palps shown in Huber (2000) are from a different specimen (Parque Nacional Tijuca, “road to Paineiras”, ~22.948°S, 43.204°W). However, the female paralectotypes agree with what is here called the ‘true’ M. cyaneotaeniatus, so the decision of what should be the ‘true’ M. cyaneotaeniatus seems unproblematic.</p><p>Geographically, the ‘true’ M. cyaneotaeniatus is more southern (Santa Catarina to southern Espírito Santo), the possible second species more northern (Rio de Janeiro to southern Bahia), but there is considerable overlap in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo states.</p><p>The species is not formally split here because I have not (re)examined all material available in collections. Ideally, a much denser sampling combined with molecular species delimitation methods should be done before splitting (or not splitting) this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C632FFCD2A9C9C1031527C34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C63CFFCE2A9C9ACF301B7FDC.text	160AC713C63CFFCE2A9C9ACF301B7FDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar kaingang Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar kaingang sp. n.</p><p>Figs 259–260, 284–291, 304–305</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by male procursus (Figs 285, 287–288; small dorsal process, retrolateral ridge, prolateral pointed process); also by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 286; distal apophyses close to lamellae, small proximal processes) and shape of epigynum (Figs 289–290, 304; oval, with posterior pocket on slightly projecting ‘scape’).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name honors the Kaingang, a Native American ethnic group spread out over the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul and the southeastern state of São Paulo; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraná: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21512–13), 10♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19142), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest above Hotel Mata Atlântica (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200– 300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Paraná: 5♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-140), same data as types . 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19143), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Lange National Park</a>, forest along river above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Fazenda Niteroi</a> (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-133), same data . 4♂, SMNK (ECS 756, 759), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.7/lat -23.38)">Reserva Natural do Rio Cachoeira</a> [~ 23.38°S, 48.70°W], 19.xi./ 15.xii.2007 (F. Raub, L. Scheuermann).</p><p>Santa Catarina: 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19144), Itapoá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.651665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.096666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.651665/lat -26.096666)">Reserva Volta Velha</a> (26°05.8’S, 48°39.1’W), 20 m a.s.l., 27– 28.ix.2010 (B.A. Huber, J. Ricetti); 4 juvs in pure ethanol , ZFMK (Br 10-68), same data .</p><p>Assigned tentatively. BRAZIL: Paraná: 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19145), São José dos Pinhais, Serro e <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.056667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.691668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.056667/lat -25.691668)">Gemido</a> (25°41.5’S, 49°03.4’W), ~ 1000 m a.s.l., in hollow trees, 25.ix.2010 (B.A. Huber, J. Ricetti) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-60), same data . 1♀ (and one ♂ palp and ♂ chelicerae transferred from ZFMK Br 10-58), ZFMK (Ar 19146), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.27/lat -25.666666)">Rio Grande</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.27/lat -25.666666)">Fazenda Experimental Gralha Azul</a> (25°40.0’S, 49°16.2’W), 910 m a.s.l., 26.ix.2010 (B.A. Huber, J. Ricetti) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-58), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.7, carapace width 1.7. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 160 µm, distance PME-ALE 150 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.2/ 0.7. Leg 1: 61.2 (14.7 + 0.8 + 14.4 + 27.3 + 4.0), tibia 2: 10.8, tibia 3: 8.9, tibia 4: 9.3; tibia 1 L/d: 90. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.23, 0.25, 0.25, 0.23.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with large dark median mark including ocular area, clypeus not darker; sternum orange; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally pale greenish gray with small ochre-yellow area in front of gonopore and indistinct ochre-yellow area in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 259; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With distal apophyses close to lamellae, weakly projecting (not visible in lateral view), proximal processes very small (Fig. 286).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 284–285; coxa with distinct retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with hooked retrolateral apophysis proximally, distally widening; procursus with small dorsal process, distinctive retrolateral ridge and small prolateral pointed process (Figs 285, 287–288); genital bulb with large tapering process mostly membranous.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 1.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 12 other males from Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park: 13.1–16.4 (mean 14.4). Proximal cheliceral processes barely visible in some males. In males from near Curitiba (Serro e Gemido and Fazenda Experimental Gralha Azul) the proximal cheliceral processes are larger, and the procursus differs slightly (prolateral apophysis stronger, proximal part relatively more slender); specimens from these localities are therefore assigned tentatively; tibia 1 in males from Serro e Gemido: 12.9, 14.0, 15.3.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 260). Tibia 1 in nine females from Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park and Volta Velha: 10.6–14.1 (mean 12.4). Epigynum as in Figs 289–290, 304; simple oval anterior plate weakly projecting, without processes, with pocket at posterior margin; posterior plate short and wide. Internal genitalia as in Figs 291, 305, with pair of bean-shaped pore-plates converging anteriorly. In females from near Curitiba (Serro e Gemido and Fazenda Experimental Gralha Azul), the posterior margin of the epigynal plate is slightly straighter; they are assigned tentatively (tibia 1 in three females: 9.6, 11.7, 13.5).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large sheltered spaces among rocks and logs, and in hollow logs. At Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park they shared the microhabitat with M. bicuspis . When disturbed they started swinging with large amplitude and high frequency but did not run away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several sites in Paraná and Santa Catarina states (Brazil) (Fig. 733); western specimens (from near Curitiba) are assigned tentatively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C63CFFCE2A9C9ACF301B7FDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C63FFFCB2A9C981E37E379B5.text	160AC713C63FFFCB2A9C981E37E379B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar amadoi Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar amadoi sp. n.</p><p>Figs 306–314</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 310–311; two pairs of frontal apophyses), tip of procursus (Figs 308–309; distinctive shape of prolateral process), and shape of epigynum (Figs 312–313; anterior plate with large central whitish depression and pair of apophyses); from most similar known species ( M. bonita) by apophyses on epigynum (absent in M. bonita) and by positions and sizes of male cheliceral apophyses (proximal apophyses smaller; distal apophyses in more proximal position).</p><p>Etymology. Named for Jorge Amado (1912–2001), Brazilian writer, author of Gabriela, Cravo e Canela.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MNRJ (14319), 14♂ 10♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19147–48), Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Serra Bonita (15°23.3’–23.4’S, 39°33.7’–34.0’W), ~ 750– 850 m a.s.l., 2–3.x.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González, M. Alves Dias).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 1♂ 9♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br11-161), same data as types.</p><p>Espírito Santo: 3♂ 16♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19149–50), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.146667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.146667/lat -19.055)">Reserva Biológica de Sooretama</a>, ‘site 1’ (19°03.3’S, 40°08.8’W), ~ 90 m a.s.l., 27.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 6♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-126), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.3, carapace width 1.3. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.55. Leg 1: 38.7 (11.0 + 0.5 + 10.8 + 14.6 + 1.8), tibia 2: 7.6, tibia 3: 4.9, tibia 4: 7.3; tibia 1 L/d: 94. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.14, 0.15, 0.22, 0.15.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs light brown, carapace with large dark median mark, clypeus not darker; tips of femora and tibiae lighter yellowish, legs without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light brown area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in putative close relatives ( M. bonita, M. pau; cf. Huber 2015: figs 12–13); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses (Figs 310–311), both pointed in lateral view, distal pair rounded in frontal view.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 306–307; apparently indistinguishable from M. bonita (direct comparison with M. bonita paratype); even details of procursus tip (Figs 308–309) apparently identical.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 15 other males: 9.4–11.2 (mean 10.2).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 25 females: 5.9–8.5 (mean 7.0). Epigynum as in Figs 312–313; anterior plate with large central whitish depression bordered by posterior ridge and pair of apophyses near posterior margin; simple posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Fig. 314, with pair of large pore-plates in tent-shaped lateral position, converging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs built in sheltered spaces close to the ground. Distribution. Known from two localities in Bahia and Espírito Santo states (Brazil) (Fig. 734).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C63FFFCB2A9C981E37E379B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C63AFFD52A9C9E3C30BD78E9.text	160AC713C63AFFD52A9C9E3C30BD78E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar spinulosus (Mello-Leitao 1939)	<div><p>Mesabolivar spinulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1939)</p><p>Figs 315–318, 340–345</p><p>Blechroscelis spinulosus Mello-Leitão, 1939: 173 (♂♀, Brazil: Paraíba).</p><p>Mesabolivar spinulosus: Huber 2000: 212, figs 820–825. Machado 2007: 75 (Brazil: Paraíba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí, Bahia). Carvalho &amp; Avelino 2010: 6 (Piauí).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraíba: ♂ lectotype, 1♀ paralectotype (designated in Huber 2000), MNRJ (58365), Soledade [7.07°S, 36.37°W], date unknown, leg. R. von Ihering (examined: Huber 2000).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Paraíba: 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19151), near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.81333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.1866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.81333/lat -7.1866665)">Campina Grande</a> (7°11.2’S, 35°48.8’W), 430 m a.s.l., 30.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-238), same data . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19152), near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.901665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.3511667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.901665/lat -7.3511667)">Queimadas</a>, rocky outcrop near road (7°21.07’S, 35°54.10’W), 500–550 m a.s.l., 30.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-236), same data . 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19153), Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo, " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.853333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.853333/lat -7.065)">Mata do Amém</a> " (7°03.9’S, 34°51.2’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Rio Grande do Norte: 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19154), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.066833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2283335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.066833/lat -6.2283335)">Parque Estadual Mata de Pipa</a>, outside park limits (6°13.70’S, 35°04.01’W), 50 m a.s.l., 4.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 3♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19155), degraded forest along <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.284832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.284832/lat -5.4935)">Maxaranguape River</a> (5°29.61’S, 35°17.09’W), 20 m a.s.l., 4.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-259), same data . 5♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19156), Caatinga near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.921333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5721664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.921333/lat -5.5721664)">João Câmara</a> (5°34.33’S, 35°55.28’W), 130 m a.s.l., 5.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-260), same data . 5♂ 5♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.560333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0365" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.560333/lat -5.0365)">Ar</a> 19157), near Baraúna, Furna Feia cave (5°02.19’S, 37°33.62’W), 100 m a.s.l., 6.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-261), same data . 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19158), near Baraúna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.5615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.038833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.5615/lat -5.038833)">Caverna</a> dos <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.5615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.038833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.5615/lat -5.038833)">Macacos</a> (5°02.33’S, 37°33.69’W), 100 m a.s.l., 6.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-263), same data . 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19159), near Baraúna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.5395&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.051833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.5395/lat -5.051833)">Gruta do Pinga</a> (5°03.11’S, 37°32.37’W), 150 m a.s.l., 7.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-269), near Felipe Guerra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.623833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.623833/lat -5.5266666)">Lajedo do Arapuá</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.623833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.623833/lat -5.5266666)">Caverna do Sabonete</a> (5°31.60’S, 37°37.43’W), 70 m a.s.l., 8.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19160), near Felipe Guerra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.616&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5308332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.616/lat -5.5308332)">Lajedo do Arapuá</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-37.616&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5308332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -37.616/lat -5.5308332)">Gruta do Vale</a> (5°31.85’S, 37°36.96’W), 60 m a.s.l., 8.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Pernambuco: 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19161), rocky outcrop near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.6275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.8341665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.6275/lat -7.8341665)">João Alfredo</a> (7°50.05’S, 35°37.65’W), 360 m a.s.l., 29.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 4 juvs in pure ethanol , ZFMK (Br 15-234), same data .</p><p>Ceará: 1♂ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 298), Parque Nacional de Ubajara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.9/lat -3.833)">Gruta do Morcego Branco</a> (3.833°S, 40.900°W), 535 m a.s.l., 4.ix.2012 (L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Piauí: 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 269), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.202" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.687/lat -5.202)">Parque Municipal da Pedra do Castelo</a> (5.202°S, 41.687°W), 23.vii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♂ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 275), same data but 26.ii.2012 . 1♂ 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 0270), Ilha Grande de Santa Izabel, Povoado Saquinho (2.767°S, 41.805°W), 27.ii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 300), Parnaíba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.779&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.037" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.779/lat -3.037)">Distrito de Irrigação</a> dos Tabuleiros Litorâneos do Piauí (3.037°S, 41.779°W), 29.ii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho) . 3♂ 4♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 271, 274), Coronel José Dias, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.5/lat -8.8)">Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara</a> [~ 8.8°S, 42.5°W], 7–10.vi.2012 (L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 284), Coronel José Dias, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.478&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.478/lat -8.767)">Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara</a>, near Desfiladero das Andorinhas (8.767°S, 42.478°W), 6.vi.2011 (L.S. Carvalho) . 3♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 276, 282), Floriano, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.762" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.055/lat -6.762)">Fazenda do Colegio Agricola de Floriano</a> (6.762°S, 43.055°W), 5.i.2012 (L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Bahia: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-181), Fazenda Morro de Pedra (12°31.6’–31.8’S, 40°36.1’–36.4’W), 490 m a.s.l., 14.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Measurements of a male from near Campina Grande: Total body length 4.1, carapace width 1.65. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 140 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 70 µm. Leg 1: 45.0 (11.9 + 0.7 + 11.6 + 18.7 + 2.1), tibia 2: 8.1, tibia 3: 6.1, tibia 4: 7.8; tibia 1 L/d: 64. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.30, 0.27, 0.24, 0.24. Retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%.</p><p>Body size and leg length extremely variable. Body length in largest male: 5.7. Tibia 1 in 31 newly examined males: 8.8–17.6 (mean 12.2). Spines in males most numerous on femora 1 and 2, fewer on femora 3 and 4 and on tibiae 1–3; apparently never present on tibiae 4; large males with disproportionately more spines than small males.</p><p>Females in general similar to male; spines usually present, in small females only on femora and tibiae 1, in large females on all femora and on tibiae 1–3 like in males. Body size and leg length extremely variable like in males. Tibia 1 in 30 newly examined females: 7.2–14.4 (mean 9.6). Epigynum anterior plate slightly variable in shape, even within localities (Figs 340–345); anterior processes sometimes rather pointed, sometimes rounded. Sternum color variable (orange to brown).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders occupied a wide range of habitats, from forests to very dry Caatinga vegetation and caves. At Mata do Amém, they shared the space among buttresses with M. buraquinho; at João Câmara, they were found on cacti, in direct sunlight; at Furna Feia and Pinga Caves they were found both within the cave and outside, where several specimens were greenish, possibly as a result of eating greenish insect larvae (Fig. 318). For further data on defense behavior and microhabitat in populations from Piauí, gathered by L.S. Carvalho, see Huber et al. (2014b).</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in northeastern Brazil (Fig. 734).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C63AFFD52A9C9E3C30BD78E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C624FFD72A9C9E8E360F78E9.text	160AC713C624FFD72A9C9E8E360F78E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar murici Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar murici sp. n.</p><p>Figs 319, 327–333, 346–348</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from known congeners by distal elements of procursus (Figs 327–328, 331; subdistal heavily sclerotized elements and distal partly membranous process), by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 329–330; large proximal whitish processes and pointed apophyses distally near median line) and shape of epigynum (Figs 332, 346; simple anterior plate with median pocket and lateral whitish areas, large posterior plate).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Alagoas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21514–15), 9♂ 10♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19162), near Murici, Estação Ecológica de Murici (9°14.8’S, 35°50.3’W), 350–400 m a.s.l., 18.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Alagoas: 2♂ 4♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.853333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.853333/lat -9.25)">Ar</a> 19163), same locality as types but at 9°15.0’S, 35°51.2’W, 200 m a.s.l., 19.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19164), Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (9°14.5’–14.0’S, 36°26.5’–27.2’W), 650–700 m a.s.l., 20–21.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19165), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.095/lat -8.971666)">Usina Serra Grande</a>, forest above sugarcane plantations (8°58.3’S, 36°05.7’W), 450–550 m a.s.l., 22–23.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Pernambuco: 4♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19166), near Bonito, forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.711666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.546667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.711666/lat -8.546667)">Cachoeira da Gruta</a> (8°32.8’S, 35°42.7’W), 380 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-218), same data . 3♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19167), near Bonito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.571667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.511666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.571667/lat -8.511666)">Alto da Serra</a> (8°30.7’S, 35°34.3’W), at buildings, 750–800 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 5.2, carapace width 2.4. Distance PME-PME 190 µm, diameter PME 190 µm, distance PME-ALE 150 µm, distance AME-AME 50 µm, diameter AME 90 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.65/ 0.90. Leg 1: 72.2 (18.8 + 0.9 + 17.5 + 29.6 + 3.5), tibia 2: 12.7, tibia 3: 9.7, tibia 4: 11.5; tibia 1 L/d: 80. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.39, 0.39, 0.38, 0.35.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre, with large dark median mark including ocular area; clypeus not darker; sternum ochre-yellow, slightly darker medially; legs dark brown, femora and tibiae distally lighter; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally with dark internal marks, ventrally with orange area in front of gonopore and ochre-yellow area in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 319; ocular area weakly raised; carapace with deep median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With large proximal whitish processes and pointed apophyses distally near median line (Figs 329–330).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 327–328; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral process proximally, distally ventrally widening; tibia distally ventrally with rounded process; tarsus with retrolatero-dorsal processes carrying tarsal organ; procursus proximally simple, distally complex and distinctive, with apparently hinged prolateral element; genital bulb with large tapering process partly sclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, with many short spines on femora and tibiae 1–3 on all sides (very few spines dorsally); without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 18 other males: 13.2–18.3 (mean 15.7). Smallest males with very few spines on legs.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male, also with spines on legs, especially on femora and tibiae 1–2. Tibia 1 in 23 females: 11.3–15.9 (mean 13.8). Epigynum as in Figs 332, 346; anterior plate with small median process at anterior margin, with pocket and distinctive whitish lateral areas; posterior plate very large. Internal genitalia as in Figs 333, 347–348, with large roundish pore-plates and distinctive median structure.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in cavities along road cuts and among tree roots close to the ground. On a large bamboo, the webs reached up to ~ 1 m above the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in Alagoas and Pernambuco states (Brazil) (Fig. 734).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C624FFD72A9C9E8E360F78E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C626FFD72A9C9E8E363C7EBA.text	160AC713C626FFD72A9C9E8E363C7EBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar serrapelada Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar serrapelada sp. n.</p><p>Figs 320–321, 334–339, 349–351</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (Figs 334–335; distinctive hinged distal sclerite and large prolateral sclerite) and by shape of epigynum (Figs 337–338, 349–350; anterior plate with strongly protruding process carrying pocket at tip).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21516–17), 1♂ 2♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19168), Serra Pelada (5.931°S, 49.674°W), 140 m a.s.l., rocky hill, 9.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-243), same data as types.</p><p>Piauí: 3♂ 4♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 277, 294), Alvorada do Gurguéia, Fazenda Escola da Universidade Federal do Piauí (8.375°S, 43.692°W), 15–17.ii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho). 1♀ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 281), Coronel José Dias, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara [~ 8.8°S, 42.5°W], 26.ii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho); 1♂ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 283), Coronel José Dias, Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, near Desfiladero das Andorinhas (8.767°S, 42.478°W), 6.vi.2011 (L.S. Carvalho). 1♂ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 273), Castelo do Piauí, Parque Municipal da Pedra de Castelo (5.202°S, 41.687°W), 23.vii.2012 (L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.2, carapace width 1.15. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 100 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.75/ 0.55. Leg 1: 31.2 (8.4 + 0.5 + 8.1 + 12.4 + 1.8), tibia 2: 5.3, tibia 3: 4.1, tibia 4: 5.2; tibia 1 L/d: 65. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.19, 0.17, 0.15, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow, with brown median band including posterior part of ocular area; clypeus with light brown mark in lower part; sternum orange; legs pale ochre to light brown, with slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae whitish; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark internal marks, ventrally with orange plate in front of gonopore, dark internal median band behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 320; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of simple apophyses close to laminae (Fig. 336).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 334–335; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with rounded retrolateral process proximally, distally widening; procursus slightly curved, with distinctive hinged distal sclerite and large prolateral sclerite; genital bulb with long and slender bulbal process, mostly weakly sclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. With spines in several rows ventrally on femora and tibiae 1 and 2; without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 8.5, 8.6, 9.7.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but legs without spines and sternum color variable (orange like in males or dark brown). Tibia 1 in six females: 5.1–7.4 (mean 6.5). Epigynum as in Figs 337–338, 349–350; anterior plate trapezoidal, with strongly protruding posterior process carrying pocket at tip; posterior plate simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 339, 351, with large pore-plates and distinctive median folds protruding into body cavity.</p><p>Natural history. At the type locality, the spiders were found in domed webs among and under rocks on the dry hillside; they were absent from the forested area close to a little stream.</p><p>Distribution. Apparently widely distributed in northeastern Brazil (eastern Pará to Piauí) (Fig. 734).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C626FFD72A9C9E8E363C7EBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C621FFD02A9C9F8C373C7FDB.text	160AC713C621FFD02A9C9F8C373C7FDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar amanaye Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar amanaye sp. n.</p><p>Figs 322, 352–358, 369–371</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most known congeners by strong ridges ventrally on procursus (Fig. 353); from the only similar known species ( M. xingu) by armature of male chelicerae (pair of hooked proximal apophyses, only one pair of lateral apophyses; compare Fig. 355 and Huber 2000: fig. 904). Females differ from congeners by shape of epigynum (Figs 356–357): strongly protruding, oval in ventral view, with pair of small humps and median pocket on process of posterior rim; the female of M. xingu is unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name honors the Amanayé, a Tupi-Guaranian people in northeastern Brazil, living between the cities of Belém and Brasília in the state of Pará; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21518–19), 4♂ 3♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19169–70), Marabá, forest near road, ‘site 2’ (5.360°S, 49.058°W), 120 m a.s.l., 10–11.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 2♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-244), same data as types . 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-239), Marabá, forest near road, ‘site 1’ (5.414°S, 49.074°W), 140 m a.s.l., 7– 8.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.2, carapace width 1.45. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 55 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.60. Leg 1: 34.5 (9.1 + 0.5 + 9.0 + 14.0 + 1.9), tibia 2: 6.0, tibia 3: 4.5, tibia 4: 5.8; tibia 1 L/d: 67. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.23, 0.24, 0.22, 0.21.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with light brown margins and wide dark brown median band including ocular area; clypeus light brown; sternum ochre-yellow, labium light brown; legs brown, without dark rings, femora and tibiae distally lighter; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark internal marks, ventrally with orange-brown plate in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 322; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus with sclerotized rim but otherwise unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of diverging hooked apophyses proximally, pair of small pointed apophyses in midsection, and pair of straight apophyses distally close to laminae (Figs 354–355).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 352–353; coxa with strong retrolateral apophysis curved towards distal; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral process proximally, distally strongly widening; tibia-tarsus joints shifted in clockwise direction in distal view; tarsus with dorsal process; procursus with 8–9 strong ventral ridges, distally with membranous and sclerotized elements; genital bulb with distinct apophysis lodged at tarsal process, bulbal process mostly membranous, with rounded ventral hump at basis.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in four other males: 9.6, 10.1, 10.2, 10.2.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in three females: 6.8, 7.7, 7.7. Epigynum as in Figs 356–357, 369– 370; anterior plate strongly protruding, with pocket on median process and pair of small lateral processes; posterior plate simple. Internal genitalia as in Figs 358, 371, with large pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in sheltered spaces among tree buttresses.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Pará state (Brazil) only (Fig. 735).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C621FFD02A9C9F8C373C7FDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C621FFDC2A9C985037A87F86.text	160AC713C621FFDC2A9C985037A87F86.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar guaycolec Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar guaycolec sp. n.</p><p>Figs 323–324, 359–364, 372–373</p><p>Mesabolivar “CAS 344”: Huber 2014: 139.</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most known congeners (except M. xingu, M. amanaye) by series of parallel ridges ventrally on procursus (Fig. 360). From M. xingu and M. amanaye by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 361–362; three pairs of frontal processes of distinctive shape and in distinctive pattern), and by shape of epigynum (square-shaped, with sclerotized round internal pouch visible through cuticle; Figs 363, 372) (female of M. xingu unknown).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. ARGENTINA: Formosa: ♂ holotype, CAS (9058810), 5♂ 4♀ paratypes, CAS (9027305), 25 km N Formosa, Estancia Guaycolec [25.985°S, 58.16°W, 185 m a.s.l.], 26.ii.–10.iii. 1999 (S.L. Heydon, J.M. Ledford).</p><p>Other material. None</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.4, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.55. Leg 1: 45.6 (11.7 + 0.5 + 11.5 + 19.9 + 2.0), tibia 2: 7.2, tibia 3: 5.2, tibia 4: 6.9; tibia 1 L/d: 88. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.20, 0.20, 0.18, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with brown median mark including ocular area; clypeus not darkened; legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae whitish, slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen pale gray, with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally, light brown mark in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 323–324; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With three pairs of frontal apophyses; only most proximal pair visible in lateral view (Figs 361– 362).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 359–360; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral process proximally, widened distally; procursus with ~7 ventral parallel ridges, proximal ridges indistinct, procursus tip distinctive; genital bulb process mostly unsclerotized, with fine sclerotized tip.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, indistinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 9.7, 11.5, 16.9.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in three females: 7.3, 8.2, 8.2. Epigynum as in Figs 363, 372; anterior plate square-shaped, with medially slightly protruding posterior margin and sclerotized round internal pouch visible through cuticle, without external pocket; posterior plate large but weakly sclerotized and barely visible. Internal genitalia as in Figs 364, 373, with large pore-plates, distinctive posterior folds, and internal pouch originating from uterus externus and directed towards ventral cuticle.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Formosa Province (Argentina) only (Fig. 735).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C621FFDC2A9C985037A87F86	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C62DFFDF2A9C9868361C7D89.text	160AC713C62DFFDF2A9C9868361C7D89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar rudilapsi Machado et al. 2007	<div><p>Mesabolivar rudilapsi Machado et al., 2007</p><p>Figs 325–326, 365–368, 374–377</p><p>Mesabolivar rudilapsi Machado et al. 2007a: 57, figs 12–18 (♂, Brazil: Santa Catarina).</p><p>Note. This species was previously known from the male holotype only. Here I newly describe the female and provide new records from Santa Catarina and Paraná states. The new Santa Catarina record below is within the range of coordinates given for the type specimen (which is lost, see below). A neotype is not designated because this is “a species about whose identity there is no doubt” and I do not see the “exceptional need” and other conditions specified in ICZN (1999), Article 75.2–3.</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Machado et al. 2007a). Females of this species are easily distinguished from known congeners by unique shape of epigynum (Figs 365–367): strongly protruding, with pair of distal humps and large pocket on anterior face.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, IBSP (62448), Parque Municipal Nascentes do Ribeirão Garcia (27°01’– 27°06’S, 49°04’– 49°10’W), 290–910 m a.s.l., pitfall trap, 24.x.2004 (R.C. Francisco); not examined (according to Machado 2011, the type has been lost in the Butantan fire of May 2010).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19171), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.088&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.088/lat -27.058)">Itajaí National Park</a> (27.049– 27.058°S, 49.083– 49.088°W), Chuva Trail, night collecting at river bank, 300 m a.s.l., 16.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Paraná: 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19172), Saint-Hilaire / Lange National Park, forest along river above Fazenda Niteroi (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-131), same data; 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19173), same data but night collecting; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14- 137), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19174), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Lange National Park</a>, forest above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Hotel Mata Atlântica</a> (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂, SMNK (ECS 760–61), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.7/lat -23.38)">Reserva Natural do Rio Cachoeira</a> [~ 23.38°S, 48.70°W], 19.xi.2007 (F. Raub, L. Scheuermann).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Machado et al. 2007a). Tibia 1 in five newly examined males: 9.5–11.2 (mean 10.2). Femora 2 and 3 in some males much wider than other femora, in others barely wider (diameters femora 1–4 in 2 males: 0.12, 0.15, 0.16, 0.13; 0.15, 0.25, 0.23, 0.16). Tip of procursus varies slightly among localities; males from Reserva Natural do Rio Cachoeira with small ventral process between ridges and tip.</p><p>Females in general similar to male (Fig. 326); all leg femora approximately same diameter. Tibia 1 in five females: 5.9–7.3 (mean 6.6). Epigynum as in Figs 365–367, 374–376, anterior plate strongly protruding, slightly directed towards anterior, with pair of low distal humps and large pocket on anterior face; posterior plate simple. Internal genitalia relatively small, with distinctively shaped and arranged pore-plates (Figs 368, 377).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in small sheltered spaces close to the ground. When disturbed they vibrated vigorously and eventually ran away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Santa Catarina and Paraná states (Brazil) (Fig. 735).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C62DFFDF2A9C9868361C7D89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C62EFFDB2A9C9AD030007D71.text	160AC713C62EFFDB2A9C9AD030007D71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar chapeco Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar chapeco sp. n.</p><p>Figs 378–379, 390–399, 433</p><p>Mesabolivar iguazu: Huber 2014: 139 (only specimens from Puerto Libertad and Arroyo Uruguay km 30).</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners ( M. uruguayensis, M. iguazu, M. yucuma) by long proximal processes on male chelicerae (Figs 392–393; similar in M. iguazu, where distal apophyses are more prominent in lateral view); also by male procursus (Figs 397–399; with distinctive distal sclerotized and membranous elements), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 394–395, 433; anterior plate straight in lateral view, with pair of low processes and pocket on dark sclerotized process at posterior margin).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21520–21), 4♂ 7♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19175), Chapecó National Forest (27.103°S, 52.779°W), 620 m a.s.l., 27.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14-193), same data as types.</p><p>Assigned tentatively. ARGENTINA: Misiones: 2♂ 2♀, MACN (Ar 4019), “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6/lat -25.916666)">Pto.</a> 17 de Octubre ” [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.6/lat -25.916666)">Puerto Libertad</a>, 25°55’S, 54°36’W, 220 m], x.1953 (Schiapelli, De Carlo) ; 1♂, MACN (Ar 4312), same data but xi.1954 . 5♂, MACN (Ar 2889, 2984, 3262), same data, “km 30”, xi.1949 – ii.1950 (J.A. Cranwell, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.566666/lat -25.866667)">Partridge</a>). 1♂, MACN (Ar 19962), Arroyo Uruguay, km 30 [25°52’S, 54°34’W, 200 m], date unreadable, leg. Partridge.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.8, carapace width 1.6. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 140 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 40 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.05/ 0.75. Leg 1: 42.3 (10.8 + 0.7 + 10.4 + 18.1 + 2.3), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 5.3, tibia 4: 6.9; tibia 1 L/d: 69. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.26, 0.30, 0.30, 0.25.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with large dark median mark including ocular area and brown lateral margins; clypeus not darker; sternum pale orange; legs brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with orange to light brown area in front of gonopore and indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 378; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of small apophyses distally close to median line and pair of distinctive long processes proximally (Figs 392–393).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 390–391; coxa with distinctive retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, distally strongly widening; procursus weakly curved, with distinctive sclerotized and membranous elements distally (Figs 397-399); genital bulb with long process partly sclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males from type locality: 9.9, 10.0, 10.1. Legs sometimes lighter, with subdistal darker rings. Males from Argentina (Puerto Libertad, Arroyo Uruguay) appear indistinguishable but are assigned tentatively because the females from Puerto Libertad appear slightly different (see below); tibia 1 in two males from Puerto Libertad: 9.6, 10.5.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 379). Tibia 1 in eight females from type locality: 7.1–7.7 (mean 7.6). Epigynum as in Figs 394–395, 433; anterior plate with pair of low processes and pocket on sclerotized process at posterior margin; posterior plate barely visible, reduced to pair of light brown marks. Internal genitalia as in Fig. 396, with pair of pore-plates in lateral position, converging anteriorly. Females from Puerto Libertad with slightly smaller epigynal humps; tibia 1: 6.0 (missing in second female).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were abundant in sheltered spaces, usually close to the ground.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Santa Catarina state (Brazil) and from Misiones (Argentina) (Argentinean specimens assigned tentatively) (Fig. 737).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C62EFFDB2A9C9AD030007D71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C62AFFDA2A9C9B04363A7A3D.text	160AC713C62AFFDA2A9C9B04363A7A3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar yucuma Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar yucuma sp. n.</p><p>Figs 380–381, 400–407, 434–436</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners ( M. uruguayensis, M. iguazu, M. chapeco) by short proximal processes on male chelicerae (Figs 403–404; similar in M. bicuspis); also by male procursus (Figs 400–402; with distinctive distal sclerotized and membranous elements, dorsal transversal ridge as in M. chapeco), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 405–406, 434–435; anterior plate slightly curved in lateral view, with pair of low processes and pocket on dark sclerotized process at posterior margin).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21522–23), 12♂ 13♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19176), Turvo National Park, near Salto do Yucumã (27.136°S, 53.882°W), 175 m a.s.l., 28.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: 1♂ 4♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-194), same data as types . 6♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19177–78), Turvo National Park, forest near Pousadas das Fontes (27.256°S, 53.877°W), 470 m a.s.l., 27.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho). 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19179), Turvo National Park, Lagoas Trail near headquarters (27.231°S, 53.849°W), 400 m a.s.l., 29.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-200), same data . 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19180), Turvo National Park, near western entrance (27.244°S, 53.963°W), 400 m a.s.l., 29.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.7, carapace width 1.45. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.55. Leg 1: 39.6 (10.3 + 0.5 + 9.9 + 16.7 + 2.2), tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.9, tibia 4: 6.5; tibia 1 L/d: 71. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.22, 0.25, 0.24, 0.21.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with large dark median mark including ocular area and brown lateral margins; clypeus not darker; sternum orange to light brown; legs dark brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen greenish gray, with darker internal marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with orange to light brown area in front of gonopore and very indistinct plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 380; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of small apophyses distally close to median line and pair of low processes proximally (Figs 403–404).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. chapeco (cf. Figs 390–391), coxa with same distinctive retrolateral apophysis; tarsus without retrolateral hump (in contrast to M. argentinensis); procursus weakly curved, with distinctive sclerotized and membranous distal elements (Figs 400–402), with transversal ridge as in M. chapeco .</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 18 other males: 8.3–11.5 (mean 10.0). Some males with legs light brown, sternum ochre-yellow.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in 16 females: 6.6–8.8 (mean 7.3). Epigynum as in Figs 405–406, 434–435; anterior plate with pair of low processes and pocket on protruding posterior margin; posterior plate large but indistinct. Internal genitalia as in Figs 407, 436, with pair of large pore-plates in lateral position.</p><p>Natural history. The webs were found among tree roots near the ground, under logs, and in other sheltered spaces. Parts of the webs often were exposed to direct sunlight. When disturbed, the spiders vibrated strongly and ran back into the protective shelter.</p><p>Distribution. Known from Turvo National Park in Rio Grande do Sul state (Brazil) only (Fig. 737).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C62AFFDA2A9C9B04363A7A3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C62BFFE42A9C9CF036327B79.text	160AC713C62BFFE42A9C9CF036327B79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar iguazu Huber 2000	<div><p>Mesabolivar iguazu Huber, 2000</p><p>Figs 382–383, 408–410, 437–438</p><p>Mesabolivar iguazu Huber, 2000: 215; figs 138, 830–839 (♂ ♀, Argentina, Brazil). Huber 2014: 139 (except specimens from Puerto Libertad and Arroyo Uruguay km 30; see M. chapeco).</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Huber 2000). Distinguished from similar congeners ( M. uruguayensis, M. chapeco, M. yucuma) by long proximal processes on male chelicerae (Huber 2000: fig. 834; similar in M. chapeco, where the distal apophyses are much less prominent in lateral view); also by male procursus (Figs 408–410; distinctive distal sclerotized and membranous elements), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 437–438 and Huber 2000: figs 837– 838; anterior plate with pair of processes and pocket at posterior margin; similar M. charrua and M. yucuma).</p><p>Type material. ARGENTINA: Misiones: ♂ holotype, AMNH, Parque Nacional Iguazú [25.66°S, 54.47°W], 206 m a.s.l., palm forest, 8.xii.1990 – 6.i.1991 (S. &amp; J. Peck).</p><p>New records. ARGENTINA: Misiones: 5♂ 18♀, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.448334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.678333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.448334/lat -25.678333)">Ar</a> 19974), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Área Cataratas [25°40.7’S, 54°26.9’W], 4.ix.1963 (collector not given) ; 7♂ 6♀, MACN ( Ar 4313), same locality, xi.1954 (Schiapelli, De Carlo) ; 1♂, MACN ( Ar 20052), same locality, 16.viii.1959 (Nuñez) ; 1♂ 1♀, MACN ( Ar 20016), same locality, 13.i.1966 (Galiano) ; 1♀, ZIMG (II-28332), same locality, 1.iii.2012 (G. Rubio) . 1♀, MACN ( Ar 20088), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Área Cataratas, Sendero Macuco, 15.vii.1993 (M. di Vitteti) ; 1♂, MACN ( Ar 20086), same locality, 8–15.ii.1995 (M.J. Ramirez) ; 1♂ 2♀, MACN ( Ar 22113–15), same locality, 18–21.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.) . 1♂ 1♀, ZIMG (II-28333–34), same locality, 24.ii.2012 (P. Michalik) . 1♀ 2 juvs, MACN (Ar 4017), Parque Nacional Iguazú, x.1950 (Schiapelli, De Carlo) ; 4♂ 2♀, MACN ( Ar 20077), same locality, 8– 15.ii.1995 (M.J. Ramirez) ; 1♂, MACN ( Ar 20107), same locality, vii.1983 (P.A. Goloboff) ; 2♂ 2♀, MACN ( Ar 20079), same locality, vii.1985 (M. Ramirez) . 1♀, MACN (Ar 20096), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Palmital, 5 km W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.2/lat -25.666666)">Yacuí</a> [25°40’S, 54°12’W], 8–15.ii.1995 (M.J. Ramirez) . 1♀, MACN (separated from Ar 20049), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Ruta National 101 y <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.168335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.168335/lat -25.68)">Arroyo Yacuí</a> [25°40.8’S, 54°10.1’W, 230 m], i.1966 (Galiano) . 1♂, ZIMG (28335), Parque Nacional Iguazú, “ Apepu ”, 29.ii.2012 (collector not given) . 1♂, MACN (separated from Ar 19971), Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero, NE San Pedro [~ 26.5°S, 54°W, 500 m], 27–29.x.1995 (M. Ramirez) . 1♂, MACN (Ar 20091), Parque Provincial Uruguaí [25°52’S, 54°34’W, 200 m], Refugio Caá-Porá, 3 km W <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.566666/lat -25.866667)">Deseado</a>, 14– 15.ii.1995 (M. Ramirez) . 1♂, MACN (Ar 4314), Departamento Frontera, San Antonio [26°03’S, 53°44’W, 530 m], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.733334/lat -26.05)">Refugio Piñalitos</a>, ix.1954 (Schiapelli, De Carlo) . 1♂, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.883335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.883335/lat -26.466667)">Ar</a> 4046), Departamento Frontera, Tobuna [26°28’S, 53°53’W, 580 m], ii.1952 (M. Partridge).</p><p>BRAZIL: Paraná: 29♂ 15♀, ZFMK (Ar 19181), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.44/lat -25.69)">Foz do Iguaçu National Park</a> (25.63– 25.69°S, 54.43– 54.44°W), 200–230 m a.s.l., 31.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14- 205), same data . 17♂ 15♀ 3 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19182–83), Foz do Iguaçu National Park, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.807&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.149" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.807/lat -25.149)">Céu Azul</a> (25.130°S, 53.823°W to 25.149°S, 53.807°W), 620–690 m a.s.l., 2.xi.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-208), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 65 newly examined males: 7.6–12.1 (mean 10.5). Femora 2 and 3 in some males clearly wider than other femora, in others barely wider (e.g., diameters of femora in small male: 0.19, 0.21, 0.21, 0.19; in large male: 0.30, 0.37, 0.35, 0.31). Legs densely covered with short hair, tibiae dorsally with single row of long hairs. Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Proximal cheliceral processes vary slightly in diameter (even among specimens from a single collecting event) but are consistently long.</p><p>Females in general similar to males but all femora same diameter; tibia 1 in 50 females: 5.6–9.3 (mean 7.6). Epigynum humps vary slightly in shape (in lateral view), even within samples from a single collecting event.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs close to the ground. When disturbed, they started swinging with large amplitude and ran back into the protective shelter.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in the Iguazu Falls area (Argentina, Brazil) (Fig. 737).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C62BFFE42A9C9CF036327B79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C615FFE42A9C9D3E36007FBB.text	160AC713C615FFE42A9C9D3E36007FBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar charrua Machado et al. 2013	<div><p>Mesabolivar charrua Machado et al., 2013</p><p>Figs 384–385, 439–440</p><p>Mesabolivar charrua Machado et al., 2013: 404, figs 15–30 (♂ ♀, Uruguay, Brazil). Huber 2015: 59.</p><p>Type material. URUGUAY: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, FCE (2361), Maldonado, Sierra de Ánimas (34°42’S, 55°20’W), 18.vi.1950 (L.C. de Zolessi), not examined. Further paratypes from other localities in Uruguay and Brazil, see Machado et al. (2013).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 9♂ 6♀, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.13" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.965/lat -29.13)">Ar</a> 19184), Serra Geral National Park, Churriado Canyon (29.137°S, 49.953°W to 29.130°S, 49.965°W), forest near river, 150–250 m a.s.l., 20.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-163), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19185), Aparados da Serra National Park, forest at southern margin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.161" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.08/lat -29.161)">Itaimbezinho Canyon</a> (29.161°S, 50.080°W), 940 m a.s.l., 22.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-174), same data . Rio Grande do Sul: 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19186), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.392&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.392/lat -29.43)">São Francisco de Paula National Forest</a> (29.430°S, 50.392°W), 890 m a.s.l., 23.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-182), same data . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19187), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.818&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.321" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.818/lat -29.321)">Canela National Forest</a> (29.321°S, 50.818°W), 790 m a.s.l., 24.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-187), same data; 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19188), same data but night collecting.</p><p>Description (amendments; see Machado et al. 2013). Tibia 1 in 14 newly examined males: 10.0–13.7 (mean 12.4); in 11 females: 9.1–11.2 (mean 9.8). Tibia 1 L/d in two males: 78, 81; male leg femora 2 and 3 wider in large males (diameters femora 1–4 in 2 males: 0.25, 0.29, 0.28, 0.25; 0.19, 0.19, 0.19, 0.18). Male legs sometimes with short spine-like hairs dorsally on tibiae and metatarsi (specimens from Canela). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Male eye measures: distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 160 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 70 µm. Prolateral sclerite on procursus appears rather pointed in prolateral view (fig. 19 in Machado et al. 2013 shows the tip of the procursus in rather ventral view, and the prolateral sclerite is shown as being uniformly sclerotized while in all specimens above it is only partly sclerotized and thus appears pointed rather than obtuse). Carapace in males and females with dark brown, wide median band, with indistinct light brown lateral marginal bands. Sternum in males and females orange rather than brown. Large males with very dark brown legs. Epigynal processes in newly examined females variable but slightly smaller than shown in Machado et al. (2013: fig. 23).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs among tree roots and rocks close to the ground. When disturbed, they started swinging with large amplitude.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in Uruguay and southern Brazil (Machado et al. 2013; Fig. 736).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C615FFE42A9C9D3E36007FBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C615FFE62A9C987F30BF7D39.text	160AC713C615FFE62A9C987F30BF7D39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar argentinensis (Mello-Leitao 1938)	<div><p>Mesabolivar argentinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1938)</p><p>Figs 411–418, 441–442</p><p>Litoporus argentinensis Mello-Leitão, 1938: 92, fig. 3 (♀, Argentina: Buenos Aires Province).</p><p>Mesabolivar argentinensis (Mello-Leitão): Huber 2000: 215, figs 840–842 (♀). Huber 2014: 139 (except specimen from P.N. El Palmar and part of specimens from Santa Maria; see Notes below).</p><p>Blechroscelis globulosus (Nicolet, 1849): Mello-Leitão 1941: 108, figs 5–6 (misidentification; see Notes below). Mesabolivar globulosus (Nicolet, 1849): Huber 2014: 139 (misidentification; see Notes below).</p><p>Notes. In a recent summary on the Pholcidae of Argentina (Huber 2014), I followed Mello-Leitão’s (1941) assignment of the widespread Argentinean Mesabolivar to M. globulosus (Nicolet) . A more detailed study of the available specimens and of Nicolet’s (1849) original description suggests that this was wrong. Nicolet’s (lost) specimen(s) had a globular abdomen and a monochromous carapace; the Argentinean specimens (in Huber 2014 and below) have a slightly elongated abdomen (similar to M. iguazu, M. chapeco, etc.; cf. Figs 378–385) and a pale carapace with distinct brown median mark.</p><p>At the same time, the female type specimen of M. argentinensis shares with the specimens listed below two characters that distinguish this species from similar relatives: the absence of paired humps on the anterior epigynal plate (Figs 417–418, 441–442) and the absence of lateral dark marks on the carapace. It seems thus justified to assign all the Argentinean specimens below to M. argentinensis, even though none of them is even close to the type locality, Monte Veloz in Buenos Aires Province. New material from Buenos Aires Province is needed to test this assignment.</p><p>Two specimens assigned to M. argentinensis in Huber (2014) (one male from P.N. El Palmar and one of two males from Santa Maria) are in fact M. uruguayensis Machado et al., 2013 .</p><p>Mello-Leitão’s (1941) drawing of the palp of “ Blechroscelis globulosus ” (his fig. 5) clearly shows the distal spine-like process of the procursus distinctive for what is here considered to be M. argentinensis (cf. Figs 411– 414). His drawing of the epigynum appears different (compare Mello-Leitão 1941: fig. 6 with Fig. 417 herein) but this is due to different angles of view: his drawing is in ventro-posterior view, the drawing herein is in ventral view.</p><p>The identity of Mesabolivar globulosus (Nicolet, 1849) (type locality: Chile, Valdivia) remains a mystery.</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Huber 2000). Distinguished from similar congeners ( M. iguazu, M. uruguayensis, M. chapeco) by absence of dark lateral marks on carapace, by absence of paired humps on anterior epigynal plate (Figs 417–418, 441–442), by male cheliceral armature (Figs 415–416; proximal processes short, rounded, and directed towards lateral; distal apophyses barely visible in lateral view), by details of male palp (tarsus with low but distinct retrolateral hump, procursus with distinctive distal spine-like process and prolaterodorsal sclerite; Figs 411–414), and by first leg femora wider than other leg femora.</p><p>Type material. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: ♀ holotype, MLP (14031), Monte Veloz [35.45°S, 57.28°W], without date, leg. C. Bruch, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.448334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.678333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.448334/lat -25.678333)">Other</a> material examined. ARGENTINA: Misiones: 1♀, MACN (part of Ar 4350), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Área Cataratas [25°40.7’S, 54°26.9’W], xi.1954 (R.D. Schiapelli, J.A. De Carlo, J.M. Viana, M.E. Galiano) . 1♂, MACN (part of Ar 4879), Santa María [27.89°S, 55.35°W, 150 m a.s.l.], x.1956 (M.J. Viana).</p><p>Catamarca: 2♂ 1♀ several juvs, MACN (Ar 19940, 20050), Mutquin [28.317°S, 66.117°W], 2000 m a.s.l., i.1996 (O. de Ferrariis) . 1♀ 2 juvs, MACN (Ar 20015), El Rodeo [28.217°S, 65.867°W, 1100 m a.s.l.], i.1957 (M.E. Galiano).</p><p>Santiago del Estero: 1♂, MACN (Ar 4319), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.6/lat -27.33)">Weisburd</a> [27.33°S, 62.60°W, 160 m a.s.l.], 23.ix.1947 (W. Partridge).</p><p>Mendoza: 1♀, MACN (Ar 19958), [Dpto. Las Heras: 32°51’S, 68°49’W], Papagallos, vii.1975 (A. Roig) . 1♀, MACN (Ar 22139), Ruta Provincial 52, camino a Villavicencio (32°32.8’S, 68°57.4’W) 1250 m a.s.l., 30.viii.2008 (C. Grismado, M. Izquierdo, A. Ojanguren, Martínez).</p><p>Tucuman: 1♀, MACN (Ar 20076), Amaichá del <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.92/lat -26.6)">Valle</a> [26.60°S, 65.92°W, 1900 m a.s.l.], 17.viii.1995 (M.J. Ramírez, P.A. Goloboff).</p><p>La Rioja: 1♀ 1 juv., MACN (Ar 20109), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.5/lat -29.17)">Chilecito</a> [29.17°S, 67.5°W, 1100 m a.s.l.], 27–30.i.1956 (M.E. Galiano) . 1♀, MACN (Ar 20064), Ruta 40 camino a <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.52/lat -28.92)">Famatina</a> [~ 28.92°S, 67.52°W, 1700 m a.s.l.], ix.1981 (A. González) . 1♀, MACN (part of Ar 20023), La Rioja, no further locality data, xi.1959 (J.M. Viana).</p><p>Salta: 1♀, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.6/lat -25.67)">Ar</a> 20115), La Salamanca, 7 km S Alemanía [~ 25.67°S, 65.60°W, 1300 m a.s.l.], 18.vii.1995 (P.A. Goloboff, M.J. Ramírez) . 1♂ in pure ethanol, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.61/lat -25.62)">Ar</a> 32453), Alemanía, Ruta Provincial 68, km 80 [25.62°S, 65.61°W], 3.xi.2004 (C.J. Grismado, L.A. Compagnucci).</p><p>San Juan: 1♂ 2♀ 3 juvs, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.25/lat -31.0)">Ar</a> 20036), 50 km N Marayes [~ 31.0°S, 67.25°W, 700 m a.s.l.], 12.iv.1979 (A. Roig).</p><p>Cordoba: 1♀ several juvs, MACN (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-31.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.98333/lat -31.8)">Ar</a> 13530), 2 km E Nono (31°48’S, 64°59’W), 900 m a.s.l., 3–9.ii.2008 (M. Ramírez).</p><p>Description. Male (MACN Ar 20036)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.1, carapace width 1.6. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 130 µm, distance PME-ALE 120 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 55 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.6. Leg 1: 35.0 (9.5 + 0.7 + 9.2 + 13.6 + 2.0), tibia 2: 6.1, tibia 3: 4.9, tibia 4: 6.1; tibia 1 L/d: 54. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.30, 0.29, 0.25, 0.25.</p><p>COLOR. Specimen bleached, mostly pale ochre-yellow, carapace with distinct brown median mark, without lateral marks, clypeus not darkened, sternum and legs light brown; leg femora and tibiae with subdistal darker rings; abdomen pale gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with purple marks, ventrally with small light brown area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in M. iguazu (cf. Fig. 382); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses (Figs 415–416), proximal pair weakly sclerotized, rounded and distinctively diverging in frontal view; distal pair similar to putative close relatives, strongly sclerotized and close to median line, barely visible in lateral view.</p><p>PALPS. In general similar to M. iguazu and M. chapeco (cf. Huber 2000: figs 830, 833; Figs 390–391 herein); coxa apophysis as in M. iguazu (not with distinct distal process as in M. chapeco), tarsus with low but distinct retrolateral hump; procursus weakly curved, with distinctive distal elements (spine-like process, prolatero-dorsal sclerite, membranous elements; Figs 411–414).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 8.0, 9.1, 9.2.</p><p>Female (amendments; see Huber 2000)</p><p>Tibia 1 in nine females: 6.1–7.8 (mean 7.1). Epigynal plate evenly protruding towards posterior, with median pocket near posterior margin, without humps (Figs 417–418; 441–442); posterior epigynal plate large but barely visible. Some females with slightly more prominent ‘scape’ (process carrying epigynal pocket) than others.</p><p>Distribution. Apparently widely distributed in northern Argentina (Fig. 736). Mello-Leitão’s (1941) records suggest that this species ranges even further north into Jujuy Province.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C615FFE62A9C987F30BF7D39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C617FFE02A9C9BFE37617D39.text	160AC713C617FFE02A9C9BFE37617D39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar catarinensis Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar catarinensis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 386–387, 419–426, 443–445</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from known congeners by male procursus (Figs 422–423; subdistal sclerotized process and bifid membranous tip), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 424–425, 443–444; anterior plate with posterior membranous indentation; pocket on sclerotized process); from most congeners also by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 421; simple pair of apophyses close to median line, without proximal modification).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective derived from the type locality.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21524–25), 3♂ 2♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19189), São Joaquim National Park (28.034°S, 49.611°W), fern forest along small stream, ~ 1100–1200 m a.s.l., 18.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-161), same data as types . 2♂, ZFMK (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.13" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.965/lat -29.13)">Ar</a> 19190), Serra Geral National Park, Churriado Canyon (29.137°S, 49.953°W to 29.130°S, 49.965°W), forest near river, 150–250 m a.s.l., 20.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19191), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.024&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.179" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.024/lat -29.179)">Serra Geral National Park</a>, forest along road at ~ 1000 m a.s.l. (29.179°S, 50.024°W), 21.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 3♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-168), same data . 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19192), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.008&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.182" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.008/lat -29.182)">Serra Geral National Park</a>, forest along road at ~ 700 m a.s.l. (29.182°S, 50.008°W), 21.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19193), Aparados da Serra National Park, forest at northern margin of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.081&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.159" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.081/lat -29.159)">Itaimbezinho Canyon</a> (29.159°S, 50.081°W), 940 m a.s.l., 22.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-176), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 5.0, carapace width 2.0. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 160 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 40 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.20/ 0.85. Leg 1: 56.0 (13.7 + 0.8 + 14.3 + 24.3 + 2.9), tibia 2: 9.7, tibia 3: 7.6, tibia 4: 9.3; tibia 1 L/d: 75. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.26, 0.30, 0.29, 0.27.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with large dark median mark including ocular area, clypeus not darker; sternum orange; legs dark brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen greenish gray, with indistinct internal darker marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally small orange area in front of gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 386; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With one pair of small, strongly sclerotized apophyses distally, close to median line, without proximal processes (Fig. 421).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 419–420, small relative to body size; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, distally strongly widening; procursus with distinctive distal processes: subdistal sclerotized process with tiny side branch and bifid membranous tip (Figs 422–423); genital bulb with large tapering process partly sclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;40 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in nine other males: 13.3–15.5 (mean 14.1). Procursus of males from Serra Geral and Aparados da Serra National Parks with slightly larger bifid membranous tip.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male; legs often lighter. Tibia 1 in five females: 8.9–12.8 (mean 11.5). Epigynum as in Figs 424–425, 443–444, relatively small; anterior plate with distinctive whitish area (indentation) and elevated median process with pocket; posterior plate relatively large. Internal genitalia as in Figs 426, 445, with pair of roughly triangular pore-plates and distinctive posterior arc.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in domed webs in sheltered cavities near the ground. When disturbed, they started swinging and moved back into the protective shelter.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities in Santa Catarina state (Brazil) (Fig. 737).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C617FFE02A9C9BFE37617D39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C611FFED2A9C9BFE36717B5C.text	160AC713C611FFED2A9C9BFE36717B5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar bicuspis Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar bicuspis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 388–389, 427–432, 446</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by male procursus (Fig. 428; pair of unique distal processes); also by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 429–430; two pairs of frontal processes; similar to M. yucuma) and shape of epigynum (Fig. 431; roundish, with posterior pocket separated from sclerotized part by whitish area).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the distinctive pair of blade-like processes of the procursus (Latin cuspis = blade, spear, sting); noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraná: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21526–27), 4♂ 8♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19194), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest along river above Fazenda Niteroi (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Paraná: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-132), same data as types . 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19195), same data but night collecting; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-138), same data . 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19196), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest above Hotel Mata Atlântica (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho)</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.3, carapace width 2.0. Distance PME-PME 180 µm, diameter PME 180 µm, distance PME-ALE 130 µm, distance AME-AME 45 µm, diameter AME 60 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.30/ 0.85. Leg 1: 72.2 (18.0 + 0.9 + 17.5 + 32.7 + 3.1), tibia 2: 11.5, tibia 3: 8.7, tibia 4: 11.1; tibia 1 L/d: 95. Femora 1– 4 width (at half length): 0.28, 0.33, 0.33, 0.28.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow to orange, with large dark median mark, clypeus not darker; sternum orange; legs ochre brown, tips of femora and tibiae lighter, without dark rings; abdomen greenish gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally pale greenish gray with small light brown area in front of gonopore and larger light brown area in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 388; ocular area raised; carapace with deep median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of frontal apophyses: one pair weakly sclerotized proximally, one pair strongly sclerotized distally, close to median line (Figs 429–430).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 427–428; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, distally strongly widening; tarsus with two dorsal conical processes; procursus proximally simple, with two distinctive distal processes; genital bulb with large process partly sclerotized. LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, with spine-like short hairs dorsally on all tibiae and metatarsi; without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 1.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~45 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in five other males: 15.7–18.3 (mean 17.0).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but without spine-like hairs on legs. Tibia 1 in 13 females: 11.6–14.5 (mean 12.9). Epigynum as in Fig. 431; simple and relatively small anterior plate weakly curved, without processes, with posterior pocket separted from anterior sclerotized area by whitish cuticle; posterior plate short and wide. Internal genitalia as in Figs 432, 446, with pair of pore-plates in lateral position, converging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in large sheltered spaces among rocks and logs, and in hollow logs. At Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park they shared the microhabitat with M. kaingang .</p><p>Distribution. Known from two neighboring sites in Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, Paraná state (Brazil) only (Fig. 737). The single male specimen from Santa Catarina, Porto Belo, Bombas [27.15°S, 48.52°W; ~ 170 km S of Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park], described in Machado (2011) as “sp. 14” may belong to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C611FFED2A9C9BFE36717B5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C61CFFEC2A9C9D8437B27821.text	160AC713C61CFFEC2A9C9D8437B27821.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar itajai Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar itajai sp. n.</p><p>Figs 447–448, 470–480, 520</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by modifications of male chelicerae (Figs 472, 475; pair of rounded frontal processes), by shape of procursus (Fig. 471; proximally strongly bent towards ventral), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 476–479; unique membranous scape with terminal pocket).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21528–29), 1♀ paratype, ZFMK (Ar 19197), Serra do Itajaí National Park, 3a Vargem Trail (27.065°S, 49.098°W), ~ 450 m a.s.l., 15.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-150), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -27.058)">Serra do Itajaí National Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -27.058)">Chuva Trail</a> (27.058°S, 49.084°W), 300 m a.s.l., 15.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.7, carapace width 1.1. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.85/ 0.50. Leg 1: 23.5 (5.6 + 0.4 + 5.9 + 10.0 + 1.6), tibia 2: 3.9, tibia 3: 3.0, tibia 4: 5.7; tibia 1 L/d: 59. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.17, 0.19, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace and clypeus ochre-yellow; sternum light brown; legs light brown, without dark or light rings; abdomen dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark bluish marks, ventrally pale greenish gray with large light brown areas in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 447; ocular area raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus with sclerotized margin but otherwise unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With unique pair of large, rounded processes proximally, and pair of smaller pointed apophyses distally in front of laminae (Figs 472, 475).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 470–471; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur proximally slender, without retrolateral apophysis, distally strongly widening and bending towards ventral; tarsus with distinctive dorsal process and one spine; procursus proximally strongly bent towards ventral, distally with complex system of sclerotized and membranous elements (Figs 473–474); genital bulb with large main process partly sclerotized and with small sclerite distally, long semitransparent element originating proximally from main bulbal process.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~35 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but slightly darker. Tibia 1 in three females: 4.2, 4.3, 4.4; tibia 4 longer than tibia 1 (4.4–4.6). Epigynum as in Figs 476–479; anterior epigynal plate strongly protruding, with distinctive membranous scape directed towards anterior, tip of scape with pocket; posterior plate short and wide, also projecting, with two pairs of spines at lateral margins. Internal genitalia as in Figs 480, 520, with pair of elongated pore-plates diverging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in leaf litter and small cavities in the ground. When disturbed, they vibrated with high frequency and small amplitude.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Santa Catarina state (Brazil) only (Fig. 738).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C61CFFEC2A9C9D8437B27821	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C61EFFEB2A9C99E832557AE1.text	160AC713C61EFFEB2A9C99E832557AE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar niteroi Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar niteroi sp. n.</p><p>Figs 449–451, 481–487, 521</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most known congeners by shape of male palp (very similar to M. itapoa, cf. Huber 2015: figs 193–194; wide femur; distinctive shape of procursus; genital bulb with slightly sclerotized process and long membranous side branch), by shape of male chelicerae (Figs 481–482; distinctive pair of processes), by pair of posterior processes on female sternum, and by shape of epigynum (Figs 484–486; distinctive processes on anterior plate; rows of stronger hairs on small sclerotized plates behind epigynum); from very similar M. itapoa by male chelicerae (apophyses much less projecting in lateral view, compare Fig. 482 and Huber 2015: fig. 198), by anterior epigynal plate (only one pair of processes in posterior view, compare Figs 486, 488); also by shorter processes on female sternum (&lt;100 µm long vs. 150 µm in M. itapoa).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraná: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21530–31), 2♂ 1♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19198), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest along river above Fazenda Niteroi (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Paraná: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-130), same data as types ; 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19199), and 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-136), same data but night collecting . 1♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19200), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest above Hotel Mata Atlântica (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-142), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.3, carapace width 1.05. Distance PME-PME 95 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME 25 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.75/0.55. Leg 1: 21.3 (5.1 + 0.5 + 5.5 + 9.2 + 1.0), tibia 2: 3.4, tibia 3: 2.5, tibia 4: 4.4; tibia 1 L/d: 69. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.22, 0.20, 0.14.</p><p>COLOR. Carapace pale ochre, with darker margins and three pairs of darker radial lines, ocular area and clypeus also darker; sternum ochre-brown; legs ochre to light brown, without light or dark rings; abdomen greenish grey with dark bluish marks dorsally and laterally; genital plate in front of gonopore slightly darker.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 449–450; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 481–482, with distinctive pair of wide frontal projections, similar M. itapoa but less projecting in lateral view.</p><p>PALPS. Very similar M. itapoa (see Huber 2015: figs 193–194), but proximal segments slightly stronger (femur maximum diameter 340 µm vs. 300 µm; tibia maximum diameter 240 µm vs. 210 µm); procursus slightly different in shape (compare Fig. 483 and Huber 2015: fig. 196; proximal ventral process larger, narrowing towards distal); bulbal process in dorsal view slightly different (distal sclerite narrower).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 4.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;15 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 4.7, 5.2, 5.6.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 451) but sternum with pair of processes at posterior margin; processes not as long and slender as in M. itapoa (rather conical, 70–100 µm long, vs. 150 µm in M. itapoa). Tibia 1 in eight females: 3.0–3.5 (mean 3.2). Anterior epigynal plate strongly protruding, with only one pair of short processes, without pocket but with strongly sclerotized plate on frontal side (Figs 484–486); posterior plate narrow and weakly developed, with row of 3–4 stronger hairs on small sclerotized plates on each side. Internal genitalia as in Figs 487, 521, very small relative to epigynum, with tiny elongate pore-plates embedded in transversal sclerite.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in small wet cavities in the ground. When disturbed, they vibrated with high frequency and small amplitude and eventually ran away quickly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two neighboring sites in Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, Paraná state (Brazil) only (Fig. 438).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C61EFFEB2A9C99E832557AE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C61AFFEA2A9C9C86372C78CC.text	160AC713C61AFFEA2A9C9C86372C78CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leitao 1918)	<div><p>Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leitão, 1918)</p><p>Figs 459, 522–524</p><p>Physocyclus difficile Mello-Leitão, 1918: 112, figs 28–29 (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Physocyclus difficilis: Bonnet 1958: 3650 .</p><p>Mesabolivar difficilis: Huber 2000: 235, figs 924–933 (♂ ♀). Machado 2007: 52. Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281. Castanheira et al. 2016: 13.</p><p>Misidentification (see Note below)</p><p>Mesabolivar difficilis: Bonaldo et al. 2009: 220 .</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 4♂ 4♀ syntypes (? – see Huber 2000), MNRJ, Pinheiro [22.52°S, 44.00°W], leg. C. de Mello-Leitão, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19201), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.991667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.1/lat -22.991667)">Reserva Ecológica Rio</a> das <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.991667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.1/lat -22.991667)">Pedras</a> (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’W), 50 m a.s.l., night, 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂, ZFMK ( Ar 19202), same data but day, 26.ix.2009 ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-110), same locality, 25–26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂ 4♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19203) and 1♂ 1♀, MNRJ (14320), same locality at 22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W, 50–200 m a.s.l., day, 26.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi) . 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G009), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.57/lat -22.49)">Itatiaia</a> [22.49°S, 44.57°W], 8–15.vi.2001 (H. Japyassú).</p><p>São Paulo: 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19204), Ubatuba, Fazenda Angelim (23°23.6’S, 45°03.7’W), leaf litter, 16– 18.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in six newly examined males: 4.3–5.1 (mean 4.7); in eight females: 3.2–4.0 (mean 3.7). Male leg femora 2 and 3 wider than others (diameters femora 1–4 in one male: 0.20, 0.28, 0.26, 0.19). Male eye measures: distance PME-PME 75 µm, diameter PME 125 µm, distance PME-ALE 60 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 30 µm.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in leaf litter and under logs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in the Serra da Mantiqueira Mountains, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo sates, Brazil (Fig. 738); the species may be even more widely distributed, assuming that Machado’s (2007) record for Minas Gerais state is correct.</p><p>Note. The female specimens from Reserva Ducke (Manaus) identified by Bonaldo et al. (2009) as M. difficilis were reexamined (3♀, SMNK-ARA 3008, 12794, 12821). They clearly belong to a different species, most easily distinguished from M. difficilis by the epigynum in lateral view (apophyses shorter and directed towards ventral, not towards frontal (compare Figs 522 and 528). In addition, the sternum in these females is provided posteriorly with much longer and slightly stronger hairs; in M. difficilis, all hairs on the female sternum are more or less of equal length. Newly collected females from a nearby locality (Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo, near Maroaga Cave, 2.050°S, 59.972°W) (2♀, ZFMK Ar 19205, and 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK, Br16-342) are very similar to the females from Reserva Ducke but have slightly stronger epigynal apophyses (Figs 525–527). Legs of Amazonian specimens tend to be shorter than in M. difficilis (tibia 1 in five females: 2.7–3.0, mean 2.8). Since no males of these Amazonian species are known, they are not formally described here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C61AFFEA2A9C9C86372C78CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C61BFFEA2A9C9EAD305F7C67.text	160AC713C61BFFEA2A9C9EAD305F7C67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar huberi Machado et al. 2007	<div><p>Mesabolivar huberi Machado et al., 2007</p><p>Figs 460–462</p><p>Mesabolivar huberi Machado et al., 2007a: 56, figs 1–11 (♂♀, Brazil: Santa Catarina).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♂ 2♀ paratypes, IBSP (62438–62441), Blumenau, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.166668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.166668/lat -27.1)">Parque Natural Municipal Nascentes do Ribeirão Garcia</a> (27°01’– 27°06’S, 49°04’– 49°10’W, 290–910 m a.s.l.), 23.i.2005 (holotype) and 18.iv.2004 (paratypes) (R.C. Francisco), not examined (according to Machado 2011, the types have been lost in the Butantan fire of May 2010) .</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19206), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.098&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.098/lat -27.065)">Serra do Itajaí National Park</a> (27.065°S, 49.098°W), 3a Vargem Trail, ~ 450 m a.s.l., 16.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-156), same data but 15.x.2014 . 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-149), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -27.058)">Serra do Itajaí National Park</a> (27.058°S, 49.084°W), Chuva Trail, 300 m a.s.l., 15.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Machado et al. 2007a). Tibia 1 in three newly examined males: 4.4, 4.8, 4.9; in three females: 3.3, 3.4, 3.5. Male leg femora 3 slightly wider than others (diameters femora 1–4 in one male: 0.15, 0.15, 0.17, 0.14). Male eye measures: distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 100 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Epigynal processes in newly examined females variable but slightly shorter than shown in Machado et al. (2007a: fig. 10).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in the same microhabitat as M. itajai, but apparently only within the ground, not in the leaf litter. When disturbed, they did not vibrate nor run away but just remained still.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Santa Catarina (Brazil) only (Fig. 738) (the new records above are within the range of coordinates given for the type specimens).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C61BFFEA2A9C9EAD305F7C67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C61BFFF72A9C9A0B37B37805.text	160AC713C61BFFF72A9C9A0B37B37805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar saci Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar saci sp. n.</p><p>Figs 452–453, 489–497, 531</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most congeners by subdistal lateral constriction of male chelicerae (Fig. 492); also by details of male palp (procursus S-shaped in dorsal view, Fig. 491; femur very large relative to tibia, Figs 489–490), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 494–496; anterior plate with pair of large processes, median pocket, and small median anterior process); from the very similar M. constrictus by tip of procursus in dorsal view (compare Figs 491, 499), by proximal anterior processes on male chelicerae (compare Figs 493, 500), and by pair of epigynal processes only weakly curved backwards (compare Figs 495, 504).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named for a character in Brazilian folklore (Saci) who grants wishes to anyone who manages to trap him (I did!); noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21532–33), 1♂ 3♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19207), São Joaquim National Park (28.034°S, 49.611°W), fern forest along small stream, ~ 1100–1200 m a.s.l., 18.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14-160), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.0, carapace width 1.0. Distance PME-PME 90 µm, diameter PME 80 µm, distance PME-ALE 70 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length (in other male; sternum in holotype damaged): 0.70/0.50. Leg 1: 8.5 (2.2 + 0.3 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 0.3; see variation below), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 1.3, tibia 4: 2.3; tibia 1 L/d: 26. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.18, 0.20, 0.22, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, legs without light or dark rings; abdomen dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark bluish marks, ventrally pale greenish gray with light brown marks in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 452; ocular area raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of large frontal apophyses and two pairs of smaller processes, one frontal, one lateral; with distinctive subdistal constriction (Figs 492–493).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 489–490; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter ventrally protruding; femur large, with retrolateral process proximally; tarsus with simple dorsal process; procursus S-shaped in dorsal view (Fig. 491), with distinctive distal sclerotized and membranous elements; bulb with simple process distally divided in two parallel cylinders, one slightly sclerotized, the other transparent.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 9%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with only 5 pseudosegments (see variation below).</p><p>Male (variation). The distal segments of the only leg 1 of the holotype have unusual (probably teratological) lengths (metatarsus too long, tarsus too short); leg 1 in other male: 8.6 (2.2 + 0.3 + 2.3 + 3.1 + 0.7); tarsus 1 in this male with ~15 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 453). Tibia 1 in four females: 1.8, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0. Epigynum as in Figs 494–496; complex anterior plate with small anterior median process, large median pocket, and pair of large processes weakly curved backwards; posterior plate anteriorly raised, with variably distinct median process at posterior margin. Internal genitalia as in Figs 497, 531, small relative to external genitalia, with pair of oval poreplates close together (pore-plates appear round in Fig. 497 because they are higher anteriorly than posteriorly). One female with whitish abdomen.</p><p>Natural history. This species was found among dense roots of ferns in the soil. One egg sac contained ~ 10 eggs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Santa Catarina state (Brazil) only (Fig. 739).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C61BFFF72A9C9A0B37B37805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C606FFF72A9C9EE537B37E46.text	160AC713C606FFF72A9C9EE537B37E46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar constrictus Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar constrictus sp. n.</p><p>Figs 454–456, 498–505, 532</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most congeners (except M. saci) by subdistal constriction of male chelicerae (Fig. 498); also by details of male palp (procursus S-shaped in dorsal view, Fig. 499; femur very large relative to tibia; cf. Fig. 490), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 501–504; anterior plate with pair of large processes, median pocket, and small median anterior process); from the very similar M. saci by tip of procursus in frontal view (compare Figs 491, 499), by absence of proximal anterior processes on male chelicerae (compare Figs 493, 500), and by pair of epigynal processes strongly bent backwards (compare Figs 495, 504).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the unusual constriction in the male chelicerae (Latin constrictus = compressed, squeezed, contracted); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21534–35), 3♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19208), Três Barras National Forest (26.242°S, 50.301°W), 800 m a.s.l., 14.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 5♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14-146), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.8, carapace width 0.87. Distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 80 µm, distance PME-ALE 60 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.67/ 0.47. Leg 1: 8.8 (2.0 + 0.3 + 2.1 + 3.0 + 0.7), tibia 2: 1.4, tibia 3: 1.1, tibia 4: 2.1; tibia 1 L/d: 23. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.18, 0.24, 0.24, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, legs without light or dark rings; abdomen dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark bluish marks, ventrally pale greenish gray with light brown marks in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 454; ocular area raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of strong frontal processes and distinctive subdistal constriction (Figs 498, 500).</p><p>PALPS. In general very similar to M. saci (cf. Figs 489–490); only procursus in dorsal view clearly different (Fig. 499).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 8.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~15 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 2.0, 2.1, 2.1. One male with whitish abdomen (Fig. 455).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in five females: 1.6–1.9 (mean 1.8). Epigynum as in Figs 501–504; complex anterior plate with small anterior median process, median pocket, and pair of large processes strongly bent backwards; posterior plate anteriorly raised. Internal genitalia as in Figs 505, 532, very small relative to external genitalia, with pair of round pore-plates close together.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in relatively humid places under logs and branches on the ground, in tiny webs built in small holes in the ground. One egg sac contained ~ 10 eggs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Santa Catarina state (Brazil) only (Fig. 739).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C606FFF72A9C9EE537B37E46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C600FFF22A9C9FEE321C7EE4.text	160AC713C600FFF22A9C9FEE321C7EE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar sepitus Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar sepitus sp. n.</p><p>Figs 457–458, 506–515, 533</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most similar known species ( M. beckeri; see Note below) by modifications of male chelicerae (Figs 510–511; median pair of apophyses much longer); also by male pedipalp (Figs 506–507, 509; shape of procursus: ventral process, distal and prolateral flaps), and by shape of epigynum (Figs 512–514; anterior plate strongly elevated, with pair of indistinct humps and anterior pocket). From all other known congeners also by massive procursus partly wrapped around weakly sclerotized process of genital bulb.</p><p>Note. This species is very similar in several respects to a species originally described as Teuia beckeri Huber, 2000 . The proximal palpal segments are almost identical (femur much larger than tibia; tibia distally strongly projecting on retrolateral-ventral side), both species share the unique procursus partly wrapped around the weakly sclerotized process of the genital bulb, and both species share two pairs of processes proximally on the male chelicerae (compare Figs 506–511 and Huber 2000: figs 1259–1262). Teuia beckeri was placed in its own genus because the main putative synapomorphies of Mesabolivar were missing: the median epigynal pocket and the corresponding pair of male cheliceral apophyses close to the median line. The species newly described here clearly shows both of these characters. Molecular data (Eberle et al., unpublished data; see Appendices 1–2) place M. sepitus in the difficilis group of Mesabolivar . As a consequence, the monotypic genus Teuia Huber, 2000 is here synonymized with Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1998, and the type species is transferred accordingly: Mesabolivar beckeri (Huber, 2000), n. comb.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the bulbal process being enveloped or enwrapped by the procursus (Latin sepitus = confined, hedged, surrounded); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21536–37), 4♂ 13♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19209–10), Serra Geral National Park, Churriado Canyon (29.137°S, 49.953°W), forest near river, 150 m a.s.l., 20.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Santa Catarina: 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-164), same data as type material . 3♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19211), Serra Geral National Park, forest along road at ~ 700 m a.s.l. (29.182°S, 50.008°W), 21.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-169), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.0, carapace width 1.3. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 110 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.95/ 0.60. Leg 1: 24.1 (6.1 + 0.5 + 6.4 + 9.6 + 1.5), tibia 2: 3.9, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.8; tibia 1 L/d: 67. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.16, 0.35, 0.13. Tibiae 3 also clearly thicker than other tibiae.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with slightly darker radiating marks, brown around ocular area; sternum light brown; legs ochre-brown, without dark or light rings; abdomen dorsally and laterally densely covered with bluish marks, ventrally with large light brown area in front of gonopore, without darker area in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 457; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 510–511; with two pairs of processes proximally: one pair of long pointed apophyses with curved tips near median line and one pair of shorter processes with rounded tips laterally.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 506–507; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur very long, proximally slender with retrolateral process, distally widened; tibia much smaller than femur, distally strongly projecting on retrolateral-ventral side; tarsus with small dorsal process; procursus with large prolateral flap partly wrapped around bulbal process, distally with membranous and sclerotized elements (Fig. 509); genital bulb with simple weakly sclerotized process (Fig. 508).</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in seven other males 5.7–6.6 (mean 6.2).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 458) but all femora (and tibiae) approximately same width. Tibia 1 in 19 females: 4.2–4.7 (mean 4.5). Epigynum as in Figs 512–514; anterior epigynal plate simple, protruding, with anterior pocket and pair of indistinct humps; posterior plate with pair of anterior sclerites, lighter median area and posterior wide sclerotized margin. Internal genitalia as in Figs 515, 533, with pair of oval pore-plates converging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in small cavities in the ground, under dead wood and among the basis of bromeliad leaves. When disturbed, they ran a small distance and vibrated rapidly with small amplitude. Distribution. Known from two neighboring sites in Serra Geral National Park, Santa Catarina state (Brazil) (Fig. 739).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C600FFF22A9C9FEE321C7EE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C60CFFFD2A9C9FC530517F99.text	160AC713C60CFFFD2A9C9FC530517F99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar cavicelatus Machado et al. 2007	<div><p>Mesabolivar cavicelatus Machado et al., 2007</p><p>Figs 463–465, 516–519, 534–537</p><p>Mesabolivar sp. 5: Astrin et al. 2006: 444 (molecular data: CO1, 16S).</p><p>Mesabolivar cavicelatus Machado et al. 2007b: 171, figs 24–33 (♂♀, Brazil: São Paulo).</p><p>Diagnosis. (amendments; see Machado et al. 2007b). This species is similar to M. tandilicus (Mello-Leitão, 1940) (see redescription in Machado et al. 2013). Males of the two species can be distinguished by the cheliceral armature (frontal apophyses more proximal and longer in M. tandilicus; compare Machado et al. 2007b: figs 24–25 with Machado et al. 2013: figs 1–2) and by the tip of the procursus (more complex modifications in M. tandilicus; compare Fig. 516 with Machado et al. 2013: fig. 6); females of M. tandilicus differ by presence low processes at posterior margin of epigynal plate (Huber 2000: fig. 828; Machado et al. 2013: fig. 8).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: São Paulo: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, IBSP (53009–10), São Paulo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-23.416666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-46.616665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -23.416666/lat -46.616665)">Parque Estadual de Cantareira</a> (46°37’S, 23°25’W), 2–7.v.2005 (holotype) and 13–20.xii.2001 (paratype) (F. Yamamoto), not examined (according to Machado 2011, the types were lost in the Butantan fire of May 2010) .</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 22♂ 15♀ 5 juvs, ZFMK ( Ar 19212–16), ~ 4 km NW Penedo (22°24.5’S, 44°33.0’–33.4’W), forest along river, 700–770 m a.s.l., 14–16.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 2♂ 8♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br07/100-8, 13, 39).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.062&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.392" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.062/lat -23.392)">Assigned</a> tentatively. BRAZIL: São Paulo: 19♂ 36♀, ZFMK (Ar 19217–18), Ubatuba, Fazenda Angelim (23.392°S, 45.062°W), 16–18.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber) ; 4♂ 11♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 03/100-4), same data .</p><p>Paraná: 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19219), Saint-Hilaire / Lange National Park, forest along river above Fazenda Niteroi (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-129), same data; 2♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19220), and 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-135), same data but night collecting . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19221), Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park, forest above Hotel Mata Atlântica (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Machado et al. 2007b). Male eye measurements: distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 90 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 15 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Tibia 1 in 42 newly examined males: 4.2–5.6 (mean 4.7); in 55 newly examined females: 2.9–3.8 (mean 3.3). Tibia 2/tibia 4 length in four males: 0.94–0.96; in two females: 0.91, 0.90 (in original description: 1.46 – female tibiae mismeasured). Femora 2 and 3 in some males much wider than other femora, in others barely wider (diameters femora 1–4 in two males: 0.14, 0.15, 0.16, 0.14; 0.20, 0.30, 0.29, 0.21). Male tibia 1 L/d: 48. Retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1.</p><p>Specimens from Ubatuba and from Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park differ slightly and are therefore assigned tentatively: males with slightly different procursus tip (compare Figs 516, 517); females differ slightly in shape of dark sclerotized arc in internal genitalia (compare Figs 518, 519). Note, however, that the difference between Figs 518 and 519 results in part from slightly different angles of view: the genitalia of the female from Penedo (Fig. 518) are shown in slightly posterior view (in better agreement with fig. 33 in Machado et al. 2007b) while Fig. 519 shows the cleared genitalia in perfect ventral view. The pore-plates do not seem to differ among specimens from different localities.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in leaf litter. At Saint-Hilaire/Lange National Park they occupied a slightly higher level in the litter than M. niteroi; at Penedo, they occupied a slightly deeper level than M. goitaca, with their small webs entirely hidden under the leaves (not partly exposed as in M. goitaca). When disturbed, they either vibrated rapidly with small amplitude or ran away.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed from eastern Paraná state to western Rio de Janeiro state (Brazil) (Fig. 738), but note that specimens from Paraná are assigned tentatively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C60CFFFD2A9C9FC530517F99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C60CFFFF2A9C981E363F7CFD.text	160AC713C60CFFFF2A9C981E363F7CFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar turvo Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar turvo sp. n.</p><p>Figs 466–469, 538–544</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (Figs 539–540; slender with pointed tip), by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 541–542; pair of frontal apophyses not close to median line), and shape of epigynum and internal female genitalia (Figs 543–544; oval anterior plate without pocket and processes; very large posterior plate; distinctive internal structure connecting pore-plates).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21538–39), 2♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19222), Turvo National Park, Lagoas Trail near headquarters (27.231°S, 53.849°W), 400 m a.s.l., 29.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul: 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-199), same data as types . 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19223), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.882&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.136" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.882/lat -27.136)">Turvo National Park</a>, near Salto do Yucumã (27.136°S, 53.882°W), 175 m a.s.l., 28.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Paraná: 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19224), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.584&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.362" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.584/lat -25.362)">Iratí Forest</a> Reserve (25.362°S, 50.584°W), 850 m a.s.l., 13.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14-145).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.4, carapace width 1.0. Distance PME-PME 110 µm, diameter PME 90 µm, distance PME-ALE 70 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.75/ 0.50. Leg 1: 23.6 (6.0 + 0.4 + 6.1 + 9.5 + 1.6), tibia 2: 3.6, tibia 3: 2.4, tibia 4: 4.1; tibia 1 L/d: 76. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.11, 0.21, 0.17, 0.12.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, carapace with dark median line, legs without light or dark rings; abdomen greenish-gray, dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally pale with light brown mark in front of gonopore, without mark in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 466–467; ocular area raised; carapace with shallow but distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of strong frontal apophyses, tips of apophyses apparently with one modified hair each (Figs 541–542).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 538–539; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral process proximally, distally widening; tibia very short; tarsus with two retrolatero-dorsal processes; procursus very simple, without processes, slender with pointed tip, in dorsal view slightly S-shaped (Fig. 540); genital bulb with large process mostly whitish.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;20 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in three other males: 5.8, 5.8 (Turvo National Park), 4.8 (Iratí Forest Reserve).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Figs 468–469) but femora 2 and 3 not thicker than others. Tibia 1 in six females from Turvo National Park: 3.8–4.4 (mean 4.0); in three females from Iratí Forest Reserve: 3.4, 3.7, 3.7. Epigynum as in Fig. 543; simple oval anterior plate, slightly protruding, internal sclerite visible through cuticle; posterior plate very large, simple, with dark internal mark medially. Internal genitalia as in Fig. 544, with distinctive sclerite connecting pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in small cavities in the ground, often in the more humid places under dead branches. When disturbed, they ran a short distance and then stopped moving or vibrated very slightly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two localities in Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states (Brazil) (Fig. 738).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C60CFFFF2A9C981E363F7CFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C60EFFF92A9C997E379D7D71.text	160AC713C60EFFF92A9C997E379D7D71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mesabolivar borgesi Huber 2018	<div><p>Mesabolivar borgesi sp. n.</p><p>Figs 545–551</p><p>Mesabolivar “MACN 197”: Huber 2014: 139.</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by tip of procursus (strongly S-shaped; Fig. 546), by armature of male chelicerae (three pairs of frontal apophyses; Figs 547–548), and shape of epigynum (posterior margin trilobed, without pocket; Fig. 549).</p><p>Etymology. Named for Argentine writer Jose Luis Borges (1899–1986).</p><p>Type material. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: ♂ holotype, MACN ( Ar 38625) , 2♂ paratypes, MACN (Ar 20003), Vuelta de Obligado, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.82&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.82/lat -33.59)">Caverna La Salamanca</a> [33°35.4’S, 59°49.2’W, 5 m], 29.vii.1972 (C. Cesar) .</p><p>Other material examined. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: 1♂, MACN (20065), Vuelta da Rocha [34°38.4’S, 58°21.8’W, 15 m] xii.1972 (Cesar). 1♀, MACN (19970), Ciudad Buenos Aires, Palermo [34°35’S, 58°26’W, 15 m], i.1931 (J.B. Daguerre). 2♀, MACN (12278), Reserva Natual Otamendi, Sección "Los Guardianes de la Barranca" (34°14.7’S, 58°53.7’W), 16 m, forest, 10.iii.2007 (C. Grismado et al.). 1 juv., MACN (12336), Reserva Natual Otamendi, “senderos varios”, 25.iii.2007 (C. Grismado).</p><p>Chaco: 1♂, MACN (72), Resistencia [27°27’S, 58°59’W, 50 m], without date, leg. J.B. Daguerre.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.2, carapace width 1.3. Distance PME-PME 120 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 30 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.9/ 0.55. Leg 1: 38.7 (10.1 + 0.5 + 9.7 + 16.3 + 2.1), tibia 2: 6.3, tibia 3: 4.6, tibia 4: 6.1; tibia 1 L/d: 81. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.18.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol; specimen strongly bleached). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-orange, carapace with brown median band, ocular area light brown; clypeus not darkened; legs without dark rings; abdomen pale gray, with purple internal marks dorsally and laterally.</p><p>BODY. Habitus similar to members of the iguazu group (cf. Figs 378, 380); ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus and sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With three pairs of frontal apophyses and rounded unsclerotized protrusion proximally near median line (Figs 547–548).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 545–546; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small apophysis; femur with weakly sclerotized retrolateral process proximally, strongly widened distally; procursus strongly S-shaped, with distinctive tip; genital bulb process mostly unsclerotized.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~20 pseudosegments, barely visible in dissecting microscope.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in four other males: 6.7, 8.7, 9.2, 9.6.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male. Tibia 1 in two females: 5.9, 6.4. Abdominal marks variably distinct, in one female absent. Epigynum as in Figs 549–550; posterior margin trilobed, without pocket, with series of anterior transversal sclerotized furrows; without posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Fig. 551, with pore-plates in vertical lateral position and distinctive median structure.</p><p>Distribution. Known from Buenos Aires and Chaco provinces (Argentina) (Fig. 740).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C60EFFF92A9C997E379D7D71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C608FFF92A9C9B36318C7DBE.text	160AC713C608FFF92A9C9B36318C7DBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia Gonzalez-Sponga 1998	<div><p>Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998</p><p>Carapoia González-Sponga, 1998: 18 –19. Type species by original designation: C. paraguaensis González-Sponga, 1998 . Huber 2000: 238; 2005: 542–543; 2016: 5–11.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C608FFF92A9C9B36318C7DBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C60AFF052A9C9F8C36497F81.text	160AC713C60AFF052A9C9F8C36497F81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia munduruku Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia munduruku sp. n.</p><p>Figs 552–553, 564–572, 625–627</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar congeners ( C. fowleri, C. ocaina) by shape of procursus (distinctive bifid tip; Figs 565, 568–570), by armature of male chelicerae (pair of small frontal apophyses set with modified hairs and further patch of modified hairs proximal of apophyses; Figs 566–567), and by female external and internal genitalia (roughly triangular epigynal plate; distinctive median internal sclerite between pore-plates, the latter consisting of many platelets; Figs 571–572, 625–627).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name honors the Munduruku, an indigenous people of Brazil traditionally living in the Tapajós river valley; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21540–41), and 22♂ 11♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19225–26), Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, km 83 (3.049°S, 54.928°W), 95 m a.s.l., 14–18.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-260), same data as types . 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19227), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.972/lat -2.847)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 1’ (2.847°S, 54.972°W), 180 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19228), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.941/lat -2.875)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 11♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19229), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.046" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.938/lat -4.046)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 221 (4.046°S, 54.938°W), 80 m a.s.l., 16.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-275), same data . 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19230), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.064&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.896" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.064/lat -2.896)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 72, ‘site 1’, near river (2.896°S, 55.064°W), 40 m a.s.l., 17.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-279), same data . 4♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19231), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.94" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.933/lat -2.94)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 72, ‘site 2’ (2.940°S, 54.933°W), 140 m a.s.l., 17.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 4.8, carapace width 1.8. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 130 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.1/ 0.65. Leg 1: 52.7 (12.4 + 0.7 + 12.0 + 24.8 + 2.8), tibia 2: 7.1, tibia 3: 5.3, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 L/d: 75. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.30, 0.34, 0.38, 0.33; also tibiae 3 significantly thicker than other tibiae.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre, with brown lateral margins, brown triangular mark posteriorly, orange-brown mark behind ocular area; ocular area not darkened; clypeus with orange median band; sternum orange; legs brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae slightly lighter; abdomen pale orange-gray, few internal dark marks laterally, ventrally with brown plate in front of gonopore, long median mark behind gonopore, indistinct large light brown plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 552; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 566–567, pair of small frontal apophyses set with ~15 modified hairs each and further patch of ~15 modified hairs proximal of apophysis.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 564–565; coxa with small retrolateral each apophysis; trochanter with small ventral process; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally that is curved towards prolateral at its tip, indistinct dorsal hump; procursus straight, with bifid tip, one branch sclerotized, one membranous; genital bulb with slender curved apophysis, bulbal process with large mostly membranous dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, with curved hairs on all tibiae, on femora 1 and 4 (few), and on metatarsi 1 (few), few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~35 pseudosegments, distally very distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 39 other males: 9.9–12.1 (mean 11.3). Some males with fewer curved hairs on legs (e.g., only tibiae 1 and few on tibiae 4). Abdominal pattern variable: sometimes without long median ventral mark, rarely with dark marks also dorsally.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 553) but without curved hairs on legs, all femora (and tibiae) approximately same width, and with dark rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally). Tibia 1 in 24 females: 7.3–9.3 (mean 8.2). Epigynum as in Figs 571, 625; anterior plate roughly triangular, brown, weakly protruding; with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane behind anterior plate; narrow and barely visible posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 572, 627, with large oval pore-plates consisting of many platelets, distinctive median sclerite between pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were very abundant from close to the ground up to about 1 m, juveniles even higher. Webs often appeared unusually ‘dirty’, and consistently had a second, flat sheet of silk under the domed main sheet. Most females had large brown genital plugs (Fig. 626).</p><p>Distribution. Known from several sites in Floresta Nacional de Tapajós in Pará state (Brazil) (Fig. 741).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C60AFF052A9C9F8C36497F81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F4FF042A9C986637FB7B79.text	160AC713C6F4FF042A9C986637FB7B79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia ocaina Huber 2000	<div><p>Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000</p><p>Figs 554–556</p><p>Carapoia ocaina Huber, 2000: 242, figs 19–20, 131, 179, 955–961 (♂ ♀, Peru, Brazil). Huber 2005: 555, figs 85, 86, 99. Carvalho et al. 2010: 433.</p><p>Type material. PERU: Loreto: ♂ holotype, 5♂ 8♀ paratypes, MUSM, Rio Samiria (4°43’S, 74°18’W), 21– 28.v.1990 (D. Silva “&amp; Ernesto”).</p><p>New record. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 10♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19232), forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.93&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.244" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.93/lat -4.244)">Tabatinga</a> (4.244°S, 69.92°– 69.93°W), 90 m a.s.l., 2–4.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-323), same data .</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in nine newly examined males: 10.4–12.4 (mean 11.1); in two females: 7.7, 8.3. Diameters of femora 1–4 in large male: 0.29, 0.34, 0.36, 0.32. Most males with pale reddish abdomen (in ethanol; in live orange-red; Fig. 554). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in strongly domed, rather small webs (diameter about 20 cm), consistently with a second, flat sheet of silk under the domed main sheet. In the lines above the domed main sheet there were sometimes Argyrodes kleptoparasites.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed between Manaus (Brazil) and the Peruvian Andes (Fig. 741).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F4FF042A9C986637FB7B79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F5FF042A9C9D3E31667F0F.text	160AC713C6F5FF042A9C9D3E31667F0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia fowleri Huber 2000	<div><p>Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000</p><p>Figs 557–560</p><p>Carapoia fowleri Huber, 2000: 243, figs 18, 962–972 (♂ ♀, Brazil, Guyana?). Huber 2005: 555, figs 87, 88, 97.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Amazonas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, MCZ, Cabo Frio Reserve [~ 2.2°S, 60.0°W], ~ 80 km N Manaus, 1989–1992 (H.G. Fowler).</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 3♂, ZFMK (Ar 19233), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.932" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97/lat -2.932)">Manaus</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.932" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97/lat -2.932)">Reserva Ducke</a> (2.932°S, 59.970°W), 80 m a.s.l., 5–6.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-333), same data . 3♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19234), Presidente Figueiredo, forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.972/lat -2.05)">Maroaga Cave</a> (2.050°S, 59.972°W), 110–150 m a.s.l., 7.xi.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-341), same data .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.136&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.051" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.136/lat -0.051)">Assigned</a> tentatively. BRAZIL: Amapá: 6♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19235), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 1’ (0.051°S, 51.136°W), 25 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-251), same data . 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19236), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 2’ (0.051°S, 51.123°W), 20 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 13 newly examined males: 9.9–12.4 (mean 11.1); in six females: 6.4–7.9 (mean 7.3). Diameters femora 1–4 in large male: 0.24, 0.28, 0.29, 0.27. Most males with curved hairs dorsally on tibiae 1 and 4, sometimes also ventrally on tibiae 1, rarely also on femora 1 and 4. Coloration sexually dimorphic: males with orange prosoma, females with pale ochre prosoma with brown marks (Figs 557, 559). Prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1. Specimens from Amapá assigned tentatively because pattern of modified hairs on male chelicerae differs slightly (group of ~6 hairs proximally, similar to specimens collected by F.O. Cambridge in Santarém, Breves, and along the “Lower Amazon”; see Huber 2000).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were mostly found in strongly domed, relatively small webs (compared to body size and leg length) among low vegetation close to the ground, exposed rather than hidden in sheltered spaces; juveniles were sometimes found at up to 1 m above ground level. Webs often appeared unusually ‘dirty’, and consistently had a second, flat sheet of silk under the domed main sheet. One female with egg-sac occupied a globular web of only about 6 cm diameter.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed between Manaus and Belém along the Lower Amazon (Brazil) (Fig. 741), possibly also in Guyana (see Huber 2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F5FF042A9C9D3E31667F0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F5FF062A9C99E4373C7C35.text	160AC713C6F5FF062A9C99E4373C7C35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia tapajos Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia tapajos sp. n.</p><p>Figs 561–563, 573–580, 631–632</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (strongly curved, distinctive bifid tip; Figs 574–577), by bulbal processes (slender apophysis with proximal serration, large dorsal protrusion; Fig. 573), by armature of male chelicerae (pair of frontal apophyses near median line close to laminae and pair of low lateral humps more proximally; Fig. 578), and by female external and internal genitalia (semicircular epigynum with distinctive scape-like process carrying pocket; large oval pore-plates consisting of many platelets; Figs 579– 580, 631–632).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21542–43), and 3♂ 5♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19237), Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, km 67, ‘site 1’ (2.847°S, 54.972°W), 180 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-262), same data as types . 1♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19238), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.941/lat -2.875)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.9, carapace width 0.9. Distance PME-PME 60 µm, diameter PME 75 µm, distance PME-ALE 60 µm, distance AME-AME 10 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.57/ 0.40. Leg 1: 20.8 (4.6 + 0.3 + 5.0 + 9.5 + 1.4), tibia 2: 3.1, tibia 3: 2.3, tibia 4: 2.7; tibia 1 L/d: 71. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, 0.16, 0.16, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow with brown median band and lateral margins, ocular area only laterally brown; clypeus brown; sternum brown; legs light brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen bluish gray, many internal dark marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with large brown genital plate and brown book lung covers, short median mark behind genital plate.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 561–562; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 578, pair of frontal apophyses near median line close to laminae and pair of low humps more proximally.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 573–574; coxa with small retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally with small sclerite pointing towards prolateral, small dorsal hump; procursus strongly curved, with distinctive bifid tip (Figs 575–577); genital bulb with slender apophysis with serrated sclerotized ridge, large mostly membranous dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~20 pseudosegments, poorly visible in dissecting microscope.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in four other males: 4.3, 4.7, 5.1, 5.1.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 563). Tibia 1 in ten females: 3.5–3.9 (mean 3.8). Epigynum as in Figs 579, 631; anterior plate semicircular, dark brown, weakly protruding, with distinctive mostly membranous scapelike process carrying pocket; with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane behind anterior plate; narrow posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 580, 632, with large oval pore-plates consisting of many platelets.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were collected from leaf litter and small cavities in the ground. Their small webs usually extended beyond the shelter in which males and females were often found together. When disturbed they vibrated very rapidly and ran away quickly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Pará state (Brazil) only (Fig. 741).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F5FF062A9C99E4373C7C35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F7FF022A9C9ABC36497805.text	160AC713C6F7FF022A9C9ABC36497805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia tenuis Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia tenuis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 581, 601–607, 628–630</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (very slender in lateral view, distinctive bifid tip; Figs 602–603), by bulbal processes (strong apophysis, large dorsal protrusion; Fig. 601), by armature of male chelicerae (pair of strongly curved frontal apophyses; Figs 604–605), and by female external and internal genitalia (trapezoidal epigynum with whitish central area; small elongated pore-plates; Figs 606–607, 628– 630).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the slender abdomen of this species (Latin tenuis = slender); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21544–45), and 4♂ 3♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19239), Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, km 83 (3.049°S, 54.928°W), 95 m a.s.l., 14–18.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-257), same data as types . 4♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19240), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.972/lat -2.847)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 1’ (2.847°S, 54.972°W), 180 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-265), same data . 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19241), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.941&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.941/lat -2.875)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♂ 4♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19242), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.94" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.933/lat -2.94)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 72, ‘site 2’ (2.940°S, 54.933°W), 140 m a.s.l., 17.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 4♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19243), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.938&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.046" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.938/lat -4.046)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 221 (4.046°S, 54.938°W), 80 m a.s.l., 16.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16- 274), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.8, carapace width 1.5. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 120 µm, distance PME-ALE 100 µm, distance AME-AME 35 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.0/ 0.66. Leg 1: 56.5 (14.3 + 0.7 + 12.9 + 26.3 + 2.3), tibia 2: 7.7, tibia 3: 5.7, tibia 4: 7.3; all femora significantly longer than tibiae (e.g., femur 3: 7.7); tibia 1 L/d: 103. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.21, 0.21, 0.24, 0.20.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown median band with transversal element and lateral marginal bands, ocular area not dark, clypeus with light brown mark near rim; sternum pale ochre to whitish, labium brown; legs dark brown, without dark rings, tips of femora 1 (only!) and of all tibiae lighter; abdomen pale ochre-brown, many internal dark marks dorsally and laterally arranged in bands, ventrally with long median mark behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus similar to C. kaxinawa (cf. Figs 582–583); ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 604–605, with pair of strongly curved frontal apophyses.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 601–602; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small prolatero-ventral process; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally with small sclerite pointing towards prolateral; tibia relatively long; procursus straight, very slender in lateral view, with bifid tip (Fig. 603); genital bulb very large, with rugose process (arrow in Fig. 601), with strong apophysis, large mostly membranous dorsal protrusion, short transparent ventral process (arrow in Fig. 602).</p><p>LEGS. With many short spines on all femora (all sides except dorsal), few spines also proximally on tibiae 3 (ventrally only); with many curved hairs on tibiae 1 (all sides), few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~35 pseudosegments, quite distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 11 other males: 10.5–12.8 (mean 11.5). Smaller males with leg spines restricted to proximal parts of femora (distally gradually replaced by regular short hairs).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 581) but without leg spines and curved hairs. Tibia 1 in 12 females: 7.9–9.9 (mean 8.6). Epigynum as in Figs 606, 628; anterior plate trapezoidal with whitish central area, weakly protruding in anterior and posterior thirds; diverging sclerites apparently present but poorly developed and barely visible in most specimens; posterior plate barely visible. Internal genitalia as in Figs 607, 630, with small elongated pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders built their domed webs close to the ground (approximately 10–20 cm above ground level), exposed rather than hidden under leaves or other objects. Some females had large bipartite genital plugs (Fig. 629).</p><p>Distribution. Known from several sites in Floresta Nacional de Tapajós in Pará state (Brazil) (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F7FF022A9C9ABC36497805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F3FF022A9C9EE537617EBA.text	160AC713C6F3FF022A9C9EE537617EBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia kaxinawa Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia kaxinawa sp. n.</p><p>Figs 582–584, 608–615, 633–634</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (straight, with distinctive dorsal rounded process and wide tip, with retrolateral membranous side branch; Figs 609–611), by armature of male chelicerae (pair of frontal apophyses; Figs 612–613), and by female external and internal genitalia (semicircular epigynum with distinctive bipartite internal arc visible through cuticle; large pore-plates consisting of many platelets and distinctive sclerites bordering pore-plates and connected to posterior diverging sclerites; Figs 614– 615, 633–634).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name honors the Kaxinawá, an indigenous people of Brazil and Peru; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Amazonas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21546–47), and 1♂ 4♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19244–45), Guajará, forest at Fazenda Colorado, ‘site 2’ (7.528°S, 72.655°W), 210–240 m a.s.l., 31.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho, E.O. Machado).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Amazonas: 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-319), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.8, carapace width 0.85. Distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 80 µm, distance PME-ALE 70 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 30 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.55/ 0.35. Leg 1: 33.0 (8.0 + 0.3 + 7.9 + 14.8 + 2.0), tibia 2: 4.6, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4: 4.3; tibia 1 L/d: 118. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.08, 0.09, 0.09, 0.09.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown median mark with transversal element and marginal brown marks; ocular area, clypeus, and sternum pale ochre-yellow; legs light brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen greenish gray, with internal dark marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with elongate brown mark in front of genital plate, long bluish median mark behind genital plate.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 582–583; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 612–613, with pair of frontal apophyses.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 608–609; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolatero-ventral process proximally, without dorsal hump; procursus straight, with distinctive dorsal rounded process, sclerotized tip with transparent side branch (Figs 610–611); genital bulb without apophysis, dorsal protrusion of bulbal process weakly developed, partly covering procursus dorsally, very small ventral transparent process (arrow in Fig. 608).</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;25 pseudosegments, very indistinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in other male: 9.8.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 584) but clypeus with brown mark (pair of bands below eye triads connected near rim). Tibia 1 in four females: 6.7, 7.1, 7.1, 7.7. Epigynum as in Figs 614, 633; anterior plate semicircular, weakly protruding, with distinctive bipartite internal arc visible through cuticle; with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane behind anterior plate; narrow indistinct posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 615, 634, with large pore-plates consisting of many platelets.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were collected from strongly domed webs that were mostly quite exposed among low vegetation, usually approximately 10–20 cm above ground level.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Amazonas state (Brazil) only (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F3FF022A9C9EE537617EBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6FCFF0C2A9C981C374C7F31.text	160AC713C6FCFF0C2A9C981C374C7F31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitao 1947) Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947) comb. n.</p><p>Figs 585–587</p><p>Blechroscelis cambridgei Mello-Leitão, 1947a: 160, fig. 3 (♂♀, Brazil: Pará). Mesabolivar cambridgei: Huber 2000: 228, figs 895–901.</p><p>Notes. In Huber (2000: 191), this species was considered part of a “miscellaneous group [of Mesabolivar], certainly polyphyletic, whose representatives did not fit convincingly into any other genus”. Machado’s (2007) cladistic analysis suggested inclusion in the genus Carapoia . Morphological characters supporting this position are the dorsal membranous protrusion of the bulbal process (Huber 2000: fig. 896) and the pair of sclerites embedded in membrane behind the epigynum (Huber 2000: fig. 901). Our recent molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Eberle et al., unpublished data) strongly supports this view (Appendices 1–2). Therefore, the species is here formally transferred to Carapoia .</p><p>The holotype (erroneously called “ lectotype ” twice in Huber 2000) originates from Santarém, Pará. Our recent collecting effort near Santarém (at Floresta Nacional de Tapajós) did not produce this species. Instead, the material listed below is from ~ 450–700 km ENE to ESE of Santarém. It seems to differ slightly from the type material in the position of the male cheliceral apophyses (slightly more proximal). For this reason, the specimens below are assigned tentatively. The details of the procursus tip seem to be identical to the holotype. All newly examined females have a very indistinct median crest posteriorly on the epigynum. This crest is barely visible in ventral view and it is possibly for that reason that it is not shown in Huber 2000: fig. 901 (based on a paratype specimen from Monte Alegre collected in 1896).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype (?—see Huber 2000), 1♀ paratype, BMNH, Santarem [2.43°S, 54.64°W], forest, leg. F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, examined (Huber 2000). Further paratypes from Monte Alegre [2.00°S, 54.08°W], Breves [1.68°S, 50.47°W], and “Lower Amazon” (see Huber 2000).</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.429/lat -1.424)">New</a> records (specimens assigned tentatively, see above). BRAZIL: Pará: 9♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19246), Belém, Parque Estadual do Utinga, ‘site 1’ (1.424°S, 48.429°W), 25 m a.s.l., 5.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-235), same data . 12♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19247–48), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.433" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.41/lat -1.433)">Parque Estadual do Utinga</a>, ‘site 2’ (1.433°S, 48.410°W), 25 m a.s.l., 5–6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16- 230a), same data . 6♂ 6♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19249), Marabá, forest near road, ‘site 1’ (5.414°S, 49.074°W), 140 m a.s.l., 7–8.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 1♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-236), same data . 2♂ 2♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19250), Marabá, forest near road, ‘site 2’ (5.360°S, 49.058°W), 120 m a.s.l., 10–11.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Amapá: 6♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19251), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 1’ (0.051°S, 51.136°W), 25 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19252), forest SW Macapá, ‘site 2’ (0.051°S, 51.123°W), 20 m a.s.l., 12.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 33 newly examined males: 10.3–14.8 (mean 12.4); in 22 females: 7.9–10.7 (mean 9.4). As pointed out previously (Huber 2000), there is variation in male leg hairs. In addition to spines ventrally on all femora, large males tend to have spines also ventrally on tibiae 2 and 3 (or only tibiae 3). Curved hairs (in high density) occur in small and large males but only on tibiae 1. Females do not have spines, but most females have curved hairs, either on both tibiae and metatarsi 1 or only on metatarsi 1. Male (and female) femora all of approximately same width; diameters femora 1–4 in large male: 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.22. Most specimens with distinctive transversal dark band on carapace behind ocular area (in addition to median band in thoracic furrow).</p><p>Natural history. At Belém and Macapá, the domed webs were rather exposed among vegetation, partly even in direct sunlight; in Marabá, they were mostly closer to the ground, sometimes even under large dead leaves on the ground. When disturbed, the spiders vibrated but were easy to catch.</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed along the lower Amazon river, Brazil (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6FCFF0C2A9C981C374C7F31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6FDFF092A9C99CB33C07C85.text	160AC713C6FDFF092A9C99CB33C07C85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia rubra Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia rubra sp. n.</p><p>Figs 588–589, 616–624, 635–636</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (slender in dorsal view, distinctive bifid tip; Figs 620–622), by armature of male chelicerae (pair of diverging frontal apophyses pointing downward; Figs 618–619), and by female external and internal genitalia (roughly round epigynal plate; indistinct sclerites embedded in membrane behind epigynum, connected anteriorly to distinctive round sclerites; oval pore-plates close together and converging anteriorly; Figs 623–624, 635–636).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the red coloration of this species, especially in adult males (Latin ruber, rubra = red); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21548–49), and 12♂ 5♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19253), Floresta Nacional de Tapajós, km 67, ‘site 2’ (2.875°S, 54.941°W), 190 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-271), same data as types . 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19254), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.847" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.972/lat -2.847)">Floresta Nacional de Tapajós</a>, km 67, ‘site 1’ (2.847°S, 54.972°W), 180 m a.s.l., 15.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 16-266), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 5.3, carapace width 1.8. Distance PME-PME 130 µm, diameter PME 130 µm, distance PME-ALE 90 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 45 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.1/ 0.7. Leg 1: 73.1 (18.3 + 0.7 + 16.9 + 34.7 + 2.5), tibia 2: 11.1, tibia 3: 7.9, tibia 4: 9.6; all femora significantly longer than tibiae (e.g., femur 3: 10.2); tibia 1 L/d: 113. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.23, 0.24, 0.25, 0.23.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace pale ochre-yellow with brown lateral marginal bands, median line, and mark behind ocular area; ocular area and clypeus without dark marks; sternum ochre yellow except orange mark behind light brown labium; legs dark brown, without dark rings, tips of femora 1 and of all tibiae lighter; abdomen ochreyellow, without internal dark marks, ventrally with indistinct median marks in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 588; ocular area slightly raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 618–619, with pair of strong frontal apophyses slightly diverging and pointing straight downward.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 616–617; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small prolatero-ventral process; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally; tibia relatively long; procursus straight, slender in dorsal view, with bifid tip (Figs 620–622); genital bulb large, with small pointed process (arrow in Fig. 616), long apophysis, large mostly membranous dorsal protrusion, and short transparent ventral process (arrow in Fig. 617).</p><p>LEGS. With many short spines on all femora (all sides except dorsal), few spines also proximally on tibiae 2 and 3 (ventrally only); with many curved hairs dorsally on tibiae 1, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 2.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~35 pseudosegments, quite distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 12 other males: 13.3–17.6 (mean 14.7). Smaller males with leg spines restricted to proximal parts of femora (distally gradually replaced by regular short hairs), without spines on tibiae; abdomen in few (small) males with two pairs of lateral/dorsal bands consisting of dark internal marks, and ventral median band behind gonopore.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 589), with pair of brown marks on clypeus, internal marks on abdomen usually present and distinct; dark band behind epigynum sometimes present. Spines and curved hairs present in some (large) females only. Tibia 1 in nine females: 9.1–13.7 (mean 11.9). Epigynum as in Figs 623, 635; anterior plate roundish, only weakly protruding; ‘diverging’ sclerites present but poorly developed and rather parallel to each other; posterior plate narrow, light brown. Internal genitalia as in Figs 624, 636, with oval poreplates close together and converging anteriorly, with distinctive round sclerites connected to ‘diverging’ sclerites.</p><p>Natural history. The webs of this species reminded of M. aurantiacus, but they were more exposed, sometimes even reached by direct sunlight. This made the red spiders (especially the males) extremely well visible against the dark background of the forest floor.</p><p>Distribution. Known from two neighboring sites in Floresta Nacional de Tapajós in Pará state (Brazil) (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6FDFF092A9C99CB33C07C85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6F8FF0B2A9C9965373C7AC5.text	160AC713C6F8FF0B2A9C9965373C7AC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia utinga Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia utinga sp. n.</p><p>Figs 590–592, 637–643, 659–660</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by shape of procursus (heavily sclerotized rounded tip; Figs 639–640), by armature of male chelicerae (one pair of small frontal apophyses; Fig. 641), and by female internal genitalia (oval pore-plates and distinctive lateral sclerites connected to posterior diverging sclerites; Figs 643, 660).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality; noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pará: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21550–51), and 5♂ 7♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19255), Belém, Parque Estadual do Utinga, ‘site 2’ (1.433°S, 48.410°W), 25 m a.s.l., 5–6.x.2016 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pará: 7♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br16-229), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.8, carapace width 1.2. Distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.8/ 0.55. Leg 1: 28.0 (6.4 + 0.4 + 6.7 + 12.8 + 1.7), tibia 2: 4.0, tibia 3: 3.0, tibia 4: 3.8; tibia 1 L/d: 74. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.20, 0.23, 0.26, 0.23.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre with brown median band and lateral margins, ocular area only laterally brown; clypeus lower part dark; sternum medially brown, lateral posterior parts light ochre; legs light brown, without dark rings, tips of femora and tibiae lighter; abdomen greenish gray, many internal dark marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with dark brown genital plate, light brown book-lung covers, dark median band behind genital plate, indistinct light brown plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 590–591; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 641, with one pair of small frontal apophyses, without modified hairs.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 637–638; coxa large relative to other segments, with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally, small dorsal hump; procursus very simple, with heavily sclerotized rounded tip (Figs 639–640); genital bulb with slender pointed apophysis and large mostly membranous dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3.5%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in five other males: 6.9–7.7 (mean 7.3).</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 592). Tibia 1 in six females: 4.4–5.5 (mean 4.9). Epigynum as in Figs 642, 659; anterior plate semicircular, dark brown, weakly protruding; with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane behind anterior plate; barely visible posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 643, 660, with oval pore-plates and distinctive lateral sclerites connected to posterior diverging sclerites.</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in the leaf litter, at the basis of trees, and in small cavities of the ground. When disturbed they did not vibrate but ran away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Pará state (Brazil) only (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6F8FF0B2A9C9965373C7AC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6FAFF142A9C9CA537F77DC1.text	160AC713C6FAFF142A9C9CA537F77DC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia pulchra Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia pulchra sp. n.</p><p>Figs 593–595, 644–651, 661–662</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most similar known species ( C. suassunai) by shape of epigynum (compare Figs 648–649 and Figs 655–656; anterior epigynal plate without pair of processes at posterior margin; central depression not divided into two large round depressions); also by armature of male chelicerae (compare Figs 646– 647 and Figs 653–654; pair of frontal apophyses thinner, in more lateral position, pointing more forward) and by slightly shorter procursus with longer dorso-distal apophysis (compare Figs 651, 652).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is an adjective, Latin pulcher, pulchra = beautiful.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Alagoas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21552–53), and 10♂ 14♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19256–57), Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (9°14.5’–14.0’S, 36°26.5’–27.2’W), 650–700 m a.s.l., 20–21.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Alagoas: 7 juvs, together with female paratypes; 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-211) same data as types . 1♂ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19258), near Murici, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.838333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.246667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.838333/lat -9.246667)">Estação Ecológica de Murici</a> (9°14.8’S, 35°50.3’W), 350–400 m a.s.l., 18.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19259), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.095/lat -8.971666)">Usina Serra Grande</a>, forest above sugarcane plantations (8°58.3’S, 36°05.7’W), 450–550 m a.s.l., 22– 23.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, same data, ZFMK (Br 15-215).</p><p>Paraíba: 3♂ 6♀, ZFMK (Ar 19260), Floresta Nacional da Restinga de Cabedelo, " <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.853333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.065" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.853333/lat -7.065)">Mata do Amém</a> " (7°03.9’S, 34°51.2’W), 30 m a.s.l., 2.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1♂ 4♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-249), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.6, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME-PME 140 µm, diameter PME 130 µm, distance PME-ALE 90 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.90/ 0.60. Leg 1: 37.2 (9.1 + 0.5 + 9.0 + 16.5 + 2.1), tibia 2: 5.5, tibia 3: 3.8, tibia 4: 4.7; tibia 1 L/d: 69. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.21, 0.22, 0.22, 0.21.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-orange, carapace median line darker, legs without dark rings; abdomen pale greenish gray, with few dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with ochre-orange areas in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 593; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of long slender frontal apophyses and whitish area between apophyses and laminae (Figs 646–647).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 644–645; coxa with retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with retrolateral process proximally, distally slightly widening; tarsus simple, with flat procursus (i.e. narrow in dorsal view), distally with dorsal apophysis and ventral membranous process (Fig. 651); genital bulb without apophysis, with large conical process mostly membranous, with transparent worm-shaped ventral process (arrow in Fig. 645).</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, with many short spines on first legs only (femora: mostly pro- and retrolaterally, over entire length; tibiae: first half only, only laterally); with curved hairs dorsally on metatarsi 1–3 (proximally) and on tibiae 2–3 (few); with short vertical hairs in two dorsal rows on all tibiae; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 3%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in 14 other males: 7.8–9.7 (mean 8.7).</p><p>Female. General body shape and size similar to male but coloration different (Figs 594–595): ochre-brown rather than orange, carapace with distinct lateral and median brown marks, clypeus and sternum dark brown, legs with distinct dark rings (femora subdistally, tibiae proximally and subdistally, metatarsi proximally), brown marks on abdomen usually more numerous and darker. Legs without spines, with curved hairs on legs 1 only, vertical hairs in usual low density. Tibia 1 in 24 females: 5.1–6.6 (mean 5.9). Epigynum as in Figs 648–649, 661; anterior plate brown, strongly sculptured, with pair of anterior processes; without posterior plate, without diverging sclerites. Internal genitalia as in Figs 650, 662, with elongated lateral pore-plates diverging posteriorly; with dark median mark between epigynum and spinnerets, and light brown plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>Natural history. This species was partly abundant from near the ground up to approximately 1 m above ground level. The relatively large domed webs (20–30 cm diameter) usually transformed into a funnel that led to the underside of a leaf, usually a curled brown or partly brown leaf that was either still attached to the vegetation or suspended in its position by silk. The position of the spider reminded of C. lutea, i.e. the abdomen was bent so that the dorsal side faced upwards against the leaf. In partly brown leaves, the spiders seemed to prefer to sit in the brown parts. Females with egg-sacs were particularly well hidden in strongly curled leaves. By contrast, the pale juveniles were sometimes found on regular green leaves. Males and females were sometimes found close together within a shelter. When disturbed, the spiders vibrated strongly and then jumped off the web.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in Alagoas and Paraíba states (Brazil) (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6FAFF142A9C9CA537F77DC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6E5FF162A9C9BA6366778B1.text	160AC713C6E5FF162A9C9BA6366778B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia suassunai Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia suassunai sp. n.</p><p>Figs 596–598, 652–658, 663–664</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from most similar known species ( C. pulchra) by shape of epigynum (compare Figs 655–656 and Figs 648–649; anterior epigynal plate at posterior margin with pair of processes with whitish tips; pair of large round depressions); also by armature of male chelicerae (compare Figs 653–654 and Figs 646– 647; pair of frontal apophyses stronger, closer to median line, pointing more downward) and by slightly longer procursus with shorter dorso-distal apophysis (compare Figs 651, 652).</p><p>Etymology. Named for Ariano Vilar Suassuna (1927–2014), Brazilian playwright and author.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Paraíba: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21554–55), and 13♂ 10♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19261–62), Parque Estadual da Mata do Pau Ferro (6°57.9’S, 35°44.9’W), 600 m a.s.l., 31.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Paraíba: 2 juvs, together with female paratypes; 2♂ 4 juvs in pure ethanol, same data as types, ZFMK (Br 15-241) . 3♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19263), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.16/lat -6.74)">Reserva Biológica de Guaribas</a>, ‘site 2’ (6°44.4’S, 35°09.6’W), 170 m a.s.l., 3.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, same data, ZFMK (Br 15-254).</p><p>Rio Grande do Norte: 7♂ 10♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19264–65), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.066833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2283335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.066833/lat -6.2283335)">Parque Estadual Mata de Pipa</a>, outside park boundaries (6°13.70’S, 35°04.01’W), 50 m a.s.l., 4.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-257), same data . 7♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19266–67), degraded forest along <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.284832&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4935" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.284832/lat -5.4935)">Maxaranguape River</a> (5°29.61’S, 35°17.09’W), 20 m a.s.l., 4.vi.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 3.8, carapace width 1.4. Distance PME-PME 160 µm, diameter PME 110 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 50 µm. Sternum width/length: 1.00/ 0.65. Leg 1: 33.9 (7.9 + 0.6 + 7.9 + 15.4 + 2.1), tibia 2: 4.8, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: 4.3; tibia 1 L/d: 56. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.23, 0.26, 0.28, 0.24.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma ochre-orange, carapace median line darker, dark mark behind ocular area; legs light brown, with indistinct darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally); abdomen pale greenish gray, with few dark internal marks dorsally and laterally, ventrally with ochre-orange areas in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 596; ocular area raised; carapace with distinct median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With pair of strong frontal apophyses, indistinct lighter area between apophyses and laminae (Figs 653–654).</p><p>PALPS. Very similar to C. pulchra (cf. Figs 644–645), slightly larger; proximal segments indistinguishable; genital bulb apparently also identical (membranous structures difficult to compare); procursus slightly longer, with shorter dorso-distal apophysis (Fig. 652).</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, with many short spines on all femora (on all sides except dorsally), few spines also proximally on tibiae 1 (pro- and retrolaterally); with curved hairs dorsally especially on tibiae and metatarsi 2–3, few curved hairs also distally on tibiae 1, proximally on metatarsi 1 and 4; with short vertical hairs in two dorsal rows on all tibiae; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 4%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with&gt;35 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Largest males with spines on all tibiae, smallest males with almost no spines on legs. Tibia 1 in 27 other males: 5.9–8.5 (mean 7.7).</p><p>Female. General body shape and size similar to male but coloration different (Figs 597–598): ochre-brown rather than orange, carapace with distinct lateral and median brown marks, clypeus and sternum dark brown, legs with distinct dark rings (femora subdistally, tibiae proximally and subdistally, metatarsi proximally), brown marks on abdomen usually more numerous and darker. Legs without spines, with curved hairs usually on metatarsi 1 only, in some females also on tibiae 1 and on metatarsi 2. Tibia 1 in 29 females: 4.8–6.3 (mean 5.5). Epigynum as in Figs 655–657, 663; anterior plate brown, strongly sculptured, with pair of anterior processes similar to C. pulchra, with additional pair of distinctive processes with whitish tips at posterior margin; indistinct posterior plate with low lateral humps; with small sclerites in membrane between anterior and posterior plates. Internal genitalia as in Figs 658, 664, with distinctively curved pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. This species appeared in many ways close to C. pulchra (see above): it was found in identical webs that transformed into funnels that led into a retreat often formed by a dying or dead leaf; it ranged from close to the ground up to 1 m and more; males and females were sometimes found to share a retreat. Some females had distinct genital plugs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from several localities in Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte states (Brazil) (Fig. 742).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6E5FF162A9C9BA6366778B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6E7FF102A9C9D4B363E7ED8.text	160AC713C6E7FF102A9C9D4B363E7ED8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia lutea (Keyserling 1891) Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia lutea (Keyserling, 1891) comb. n.</p><p>Figs 599–600</p><p>Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891: 171, pl. 5, figs 117, 117a (♂, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro).</p><p>Litoporus luteus: Moenkhaus 1898: 104 (text copied from Keyserling 1891). Mello-Leitão 1918: 93, fig. 2 (text and figure copied from Keyserling 1891).</p><p>Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling, 1891: 170, pl. 5, figs 115, 115a (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Synonymized with Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891 in Huber 2000: 231 .</p><p>Litoporus imbecilis: Moenkhaus 1898: 103 (text copied from Keyserling 1891).</p><p>Litoporus imbecillus: Mello-Leitão 1918: 93, fig. 1 (text and figure copied from Keyserling 1891).</p><p>Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893: 480, fig. 473 (♀, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro). Huber 1997: 587, figs 10a–e, 11a–b. Synonymized with Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891 in Huber 2000: 231 .</p><p>Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898: 105, figs 4, 4a–c (♂, Brazil: São Paulo). Mello-Leitão 1918: 94, figs 3–4 (text and figures copied from Moenkhaus 1898). Synonymized with L. imbecillus (Keyserling, 1891) in Roewer 1942: 336 .</p><p>Mesabolivar luteus: Huber 2000: 230, figs 907–915. de Araujo et al. 2005: 593. Machado 2007: 95. Huber &amp; Rheims 2011: 281. Huber 2014: 139. Castanheira et al. 2016: 13.</p><p>Type material. Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 3♂ syntypes, BMNH (1890.7.1 8310– 3), Micarema, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.196/lat -21.413)">Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro</a> [21.413°S, 42.196°W], leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling, 1891: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 5♀ syntypes, 3 penult . ♂, BMNH (1890.7.1 8314.20), Micarema, Serra Vermelha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.196/lat -21.413)">Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro</a> [21.413°S, 42.196°W], leg. E.A. Göldi, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro / Minas Gerais (see Notes below): ♂ lectotype, 6♂ paralectotypes, MNHN [10524; E. Simon collection label: “6918 coccineus E.S. Rio! Caraça (Goun)”], no further data, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898: BRAZIL: São Paulo (see <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.55/lat -24.7)">Notes</a> below): 3♂ syntypes, MZSP (DZ 3030), Iguape [24.7°S, 47.55°W], xii.1897, no further data, examined (Huber 2000).</p><p>Notes. Just like Carapoia cambridgei (see above), this species was also tentatively assigned to Mesabolivar González-Sponga, 1898 in a first revision of New World Pholcidae (Huber 2000) . The male cheliceral apophyses and the female epigynal pocket suggested an affinity to that genus. On the other hand, the paired sclerites embedded in membrane behind the epigynal plate as well as the membranous dorsal protrusion of the bulb reminded of Carapoia González-Sponga, 1898 . Indeed, early molecular data consistently placed this species closer to Carapoia than to Mesabolivar (Astrin et al. 2007, Dimitrov et al. 2013). Our latest molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Eberle et al., unpublished data) includes 39 species of Carapoia and 33 species of Mesabolivar, and again this species is nested in Carapoia (Appendices 1–2). Therefore, Mesabolivar luteus is here formally transferred to Carapoia .</p><p>This species shows considerable variation, especially with respect to the male chelicerae (see below). After the analysis herein of more than 170 males from ~25 localities I tend to feel confident about earlier decisions (Roewer 1942, Huber 2000) to synonymize several names proposed by Keyserling (1891), Moenkhaus (1898), and Simon (1893) (see list of synonyms above). However, molecular reanalysis of a large and dense sample of this species would be welcome and might in fact suggest the presence of more than one species.</p><p>The type locality of Litoporus fulvus was erroneously given as “Iguape, Rio de Janeiro ” in Huber (2000). Instead, Iguape is located in southern São Paulo state (24.7°S, 47.55°W).</p><p>In a revision of E. Simon’s Pholcidae (Huber 1997) I misread the label accompanying the Litoporus coccineus types as “Curuça” and the collector as “Gohns[?]”. The actual locality is [Serra do] Caraça and the collector E. Gounelle. This means that Simon joined material from two localities in the type vial: from Rio [de Janeiro], collected by himself (“Rio!”), and from Serra do Caraça (Minas Gerais, 20.1°S, 43.5°W), collected by Gounelle. It is impossible to tell from which of the two localities the lectotype originates.</p><p>New records. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: 3♂ 3♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19268), Cachoeiras de Macacu, Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú (22°24.4’–25.3’S, 42°44.2’–44.3’W), 140–280 m a.s.l., 23.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-100), same locality, 23–24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK ( Ar 19269), same locality at 140–300 m a.s.l., 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 2♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19270), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.735&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.405" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.735/lat -22.405)">Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú</a> (22°24.3’S, 42°44.1’W), ~ 300–400 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber, A. Giupponi) . 2♂, ZFMK (Ar 19271), forest fragment near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.733334/lat -22.4)">Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçú</a> (~ 22°24’S, 42°44’W), ~ 300 m a.s.l., 24.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi) . 5♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19272), Reserva Ecológica Rio das <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.991667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.1/lat -22.991667)">Pedras</a> (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’W), 50 m a.s.l., night, 25.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 3♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19273), Reserva Ecológica Rio das Pedras (22°59.5’S, 44°06.0’–06.8’W), 50–200 m a.s.l., day, 26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 1♂ 1♀, MNRJ (14321), same data but leg. A. Giupponi . 5♂ 4♀, MNRJ (14322), same locality, night, 25.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi, A. Kury) . 3♂ 1♀, MNRJ (14323), same locality, day, 26.ix.2009 (A. Giupponi, A. Kury) . 2♂ 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK ( Br 09-112), same locality, 25–26.ix.2009 (B.A. Huber) . 9♂ 5♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19274–75), ~ 4 km NW Penedo (22°24.5’S, 44°33.0’–33.4’W), forest along river, 700–770 m a.s.l., 14–16.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19276), same data; 1♂ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-9], same data. 1♂, ZFMK (Ar 19277), ~ 3.5 km NW <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.731667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.191668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.731667/lat -23.191668)">Paraty</a> (23°11.5’S, 44°43.9’W), degraded forest, ~ 50 m a.s.l., 21.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) . 8♂ 4♀ 3 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19278), Cachoeira da Pedra Branca near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.196667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.766666/lat -23.196667)">Paraty</a> (23°11.8’S, 44°46.0’W), forest near river, ~ 230 m a.s.l., 22.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 3♂ 3♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-24), same data . 6♂ 1♀ 1 juv., ZFMK (Ar 19279), Paraty, degraded forest near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.713333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.195" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.713333/lat -23.195)">Morro do Forte</a> (23°11.7’S, 44°42.8’W), ~ 10–30 m a.s.l., 23.viii.2007 (B.A. Huber) ; 1♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 07/100-32), same data . 6♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19280), Santa Maria Madalena, forest fragment (21°58.9’–59.1’S, 41°57.2’–57.6’W), 480–590 m a.s.l., 30.ix.–1.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 1♂ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-70), same data.</p><p>Espírito Santo: 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19281), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-21.023333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.39/lat -21.023333)">Mimoso do Sul</a>, Finca Tacutinga, forest fragment (21°01.4’S, 41°23.4’W), 240 m a.s.l., 4.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) . 4♂ 3♀ 3 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19282), Reserva Biológica de Sooretama, ‘sites 1 &amp; 2’ (19°00’–03’S, 40°06’–09’W), ~ 80–90 m a.s.l., 27.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) ; 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 11-131), same locality, ‘site 2’ (19°00.7’S, 40°06.5’W), ~ 80 m a.s.l., 28.ix.2011 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González) . 2♂ 7♀, ZFMK (Ar 19283), Vargem Alta, Fazenda Monte Verde (20°27.6–28.2’S, 40°59.5’–41°00.2’W), 1000–1200 m a.s.l., 2–3.x.2010 (B.A. Huber, A. Pérez-González).</p><p>Minas Gerais: 2♂ (only one palp left of one male) 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (G006), Catas Altas, Serra do Caraça [~ 20.09°S, 43.42°W], 24–30.iv.2002 (A.J. Santos) (this is the material sequenced in Astrin et al. 2006 and 2007 and used in later molecular phylogenies: Dimitrov et al. 2013; Eberle et al., unpublished data).</p><p>Bahia: 7♂ in pure ethanol, UFPI (ARA 0280), Maracás, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.43833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.471666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.43833/lat -13.471666)">Sede da Ferbasa</a> (13°28.3’S, 40°26.3’W), 954 m a.s.l., 11–13.iii.2012 (E. Araújo, A. Madeiros).</p><p>São Paulo: 1♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19284), Ubatuba, Fazenda Angelim (23°23.6’S, 45°03.7’W), 16–18.xii.2003 (B.A. Huber); 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 03/100-9), same data .</p><p>Paraná: 1♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19285), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Lange National Park</a>, forest above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.6/lat -25.67)">Hotel Mata Atlântica</a> (25.670°S, 48.600°W), ~ 200–300 m a.s.l., night collecting, 12.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 1♀ 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-139), Saint-Hilaire / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Lange National Park</a>, forest along river above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.601&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.657" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.601/lat -25.657)">Fazenda Niteroi</a> (25.657°S, 48.601°W), ~ 100 m a.s.l., night collecting, 11.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 2♀, ZFMK (Ar 19286), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-54.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -54.44/lat -25.69)">Foz do Iguaçu National Park</a> (25.63°– 25.69°S, 54.43°– 54.44°W), 200–230 m a.s.l., 31.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19287), Foz do Iguaçu National Park, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.807&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.149" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.807/lat -25.149)">Céu Azul</a> (25.130°S, 53.823°W to 25.149°S, 53.807°W), 620–690 m a.s.l., 2.xi.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-209), same data.</p><p>Santa Catarina: 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 14-151), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.084&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.058" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.084/lat -27.058)">Serra do Itajaí National Park</a> (27.058°S, 49.084°W), Chuva Trail, 300 m a.s.l., 15.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 5♂ 3♀, ZFMK (Ar 19288), Itapoá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.651665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.096666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.651665/lat -26.096666)">Reserva Volta Velha</a> (26°05.8’S, 48°39.1’W), 20 m a.s.l., 27–28.ix.2010 (B.A. Huber, J. Ricetti) ; 2♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 10-65), same data .</p><p>Rio Grande do Sul: 12♂ 10♀ 4 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19289), Turvo National Park, near Salto do Yucumã (27.136°S, 53.882°W), 175 m a.s.l., 28.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 3♂ 1♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14- 195), same data. 3♂ 4♀, ZFMK (Ar 19290), Turvo National Park, near western entrance (27.244°S, 53.963°W), 400 m a.s.l., 29.x.2014 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho); 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br14-203), same data.</p><p>ARGENTINA: Misiones: 2♂ 2♀, MACN (Ar 19974 part), “Cataratas” [Parque Nacional Iguazú, waterfall area; 25.678°S, 54.448°W], 4.ix.1963 (collector not given). 6♂ 1♀ 4 juvs, MACN (Ar 19973), same locality, 5.ix.1963 (Galiano). 2♂, MACN (Ar 20016 part), same locality, 13.i.1966 (Galiano). 22♂ 11♀ several juvs, MACN (Ar 4350–1, 19946), same locality, xi.1954 (Schiapelli, de Carlo). 3♀, MACN (Ar 4349), same locality, no date, leg. Schiapelli, de Carlo. 2♂, MACN (Ar 19945, 20027), same locality, 24–30.vii.1992 (M.J. Ramirez). 1♂ 3♀, MACN (Ar 20085 part), same locality, 8–15.ii.1995 (M.J. Ramirez). 2♂ 2♀, MACN (Ar 19948), Iguazú, 3.ix.1963 (collector not given). 1♀, MACN (Ar 20082), Parque Nacional Iguazú, waterfall area, Macuco trail, 27.ii.1993 (M. di Vitteti); 1♂, MACN (Ar 20093 part), same data but viii.1993; 1♂ 1♀, MACN (Ar 20089), same data but 6.x.1993. 1♂ 3♀ in pure ethanol, ZIMG (28336–37), “PM 0059”, same locality, 24.ii.2012 (P. Michalik). 2♂ 2♀, MACN (Ar 22116–17, 22119), Parque Nacional Iguazú, waterfall area, “sendero Macuco y picadas aledañas” (25.679°S, 54.449°W), 18–21.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.). 1♀, MACN (Ar 20097 part), Parque Nacional Iguazú, 23–26.x.1995 (M.J. Ramirez); 2♂, MACN (Ar 20063, 20079 part), same data but vii.1985. 2♂ in pure ethanol, ZIMG (28338–39), “PM 0084–85”, Parque Nacional Iguazú, Apepu, 29.ii.2012 (P. Michalik). 1♂ 5♀ 2 juvs, MACN (Ar 22112, 22120), Parque Nacional Iguazú, near Garganta del Diablo (25.7°S, 54.45°W), 19– 20.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.). 3♀, MACN (Ar 22125–26), Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero (26°28’S, 53°58’W), 13–16.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.); 3♂ 1♀ 1 juv., MACN (Ar 19971 part), Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero, NE San Pedro, 27–29.x.1995 (M. Ramirez). 1♂, MACN (Ar 19944), [Parque Nacional Iguazú], Yacuí [25°40.8’S, 54°10.1’W], 3–9.xii.1972 (Maury). 1♀, MACN (Ar 20096 part), Parque Nacional Iguazú, Palmital, 5 km W Yacuí [25°40’S, 54°12’W], 8–15.ii.1995 (M.J. Ramirez). 5♂ 9♀, MACN (Ar 20049 part), Parque Nacional Iguazú, “Ruta 101 y Arroyo Yacuí” [25°40.8’S, 54°10.1’W], i.1966 (Galiano). 2♀, MACN (Ar 20045), [Departamento] Manuel Belgrano, i.1966 (Galiano). 1♂, MACN (Ar 4352), “Pto 17 de Octubre” [Puerto Libertad, 25°55’S, 54°36’W, 220 m], xi.1954 (Schiapelli, de Carlo). 1♀, MACN (Ar 4348), “Pto 17 de Octubre, km 30”, 1.xi.1950 (W. Partridge). 4♂ 6♀, MACN (Ar 4353), San Antonio [26°03’S, 53°44’W], xi.1954 (Schiapelli, de Carlo). 1♂, MACN (Ar 19947), Montecarlo [26°34.5’S, 54°46.1’W], i.1966 (Galiano). 1♀ 2 juvs, MACN (Ar 22122), Parque Provincial Salto Encantado (27°07’S, 54°48’W), trail to Salto Escondido, 11–12.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.). 4♀ 5 juvs, MACN (Ar 22123–4), Parque Provincial Salto Encantado, Arroyo Cuña-Pirú, 12.i.2005 (C. Grismado et al.).</p><p>Description (amendments; see Huber 2000). Tibia 1 in 92 males: 8.1–11.3 (mean 9.8); in 70 females: 5.7–7.7 (mean 6.9). Male chelicerae variable in several respects: (1) distal apophyses sometimes clearly visible in lateral view, sometimes barely visible; (2) proximal processes sometimes distinct, either close to median line or halfway between median line and lateral margin, sometimes barely visible (invisible in frontal view, poorly visible in lateral view); (3) low humps between proximal processes and distal apophyses either present or absent. No clear geographic pattern is apparent in this variation. Cheliceral armature mostly consistent within localities. Male leg femora all of approximately same width (~0.18). Most males with spines on femora 3 (Huber 2000: fig. 910), often also on femora 4, rarely also on femora 2, apparently never on femora 1. Some males with curved hairs dorsally on tibiae 1 only, often in high density. Dark mark on female clypeus paired or unpaired. Paired sclerites embedded in membrane behind epigynal plate (Huber 2000: fig. 915) sometimes distinct, sometimes barely visible (poorly sclerotized or hidden by genital plug). Epigynal scape sometimes distinct (expandable or indication of different species?). Female legs never with spines or curved hairs.</p><p>Natural history. Together with C. viridis Huber, 2016, this is the only truly leaf-dwelling Carapoia species known. The two species also share the unusual position on the leaf, i.e. inverted, with the dorsal side of the abdomen facing the underside of the leaf (Figs 599–600). However, molecular data strongly suggest that the two species are not closely related (Appendices 1–2).</p><p>In the southern Atlantic Forest, C. lutea often appears to be among the most abundant spiders. In a quantitative survey at Pedra Branca State Park, Rio de Janeiro, it was by far the most abundant spider species (Castanheira et al. 2016).</p><p>Distribution. Widely distributed in southeastern Brazil and northeastern Argentina (Fig. 742). The MACN has a vial with 2♀ of this species from “ Tucuman, Tupiquen” (Ar 3935). Since this is ~ 1000 km from the closest record, and since the label also says “bajo piedras” [under rocks], this is very probably a mislabeled vial.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6E7FF102A9C9D4B363E7ED8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6E2FF1D2A9C9F8C372C7D89.text	160AC713C6E2FF1D2A9C9F8C372C7D89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia exigua Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia exigua sp. n.</p><p>Figs 665–666, 677–682, 711–712</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from similar known congeners ( C. djavani, C. agilis) by shape of procursus in dorsal view (small prolateral branch at tip; Fig. 679), by arrangement of frontal cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 680), by shape of epigynum (anterior plate trapezoidal, posterior margin projecting medially; Fig. 681), and by female internal genitalia (distinctively shaped pore-plates, diverging sclerites between anterior and posterior plates; Fig. 682).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the small size of this species (Latin exiguus, exigua = small); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21556–57) and 1♂ paratype, ZFMK (Ar 19291), Fazenda Morro de Pedra (12°31.6’–31.8’S, 40°36.1’–36.4’W), 490 m a.s.l., 14.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 2♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br15-184), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.7, carapace width 0.7. Distance PME-PME 50 µm, diameter PME 65 µm, distance PME-ALE 55 µm, distance AME-AME 10 µm, diameter AME 20 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.50/ 0.35. Leg 1: 9.2 (2.2 + 0.2 + 2.5 + 3.5 + 0.8), tibia 2: 1.3, tibia 3: 0.9, tibia 4: 1.2; tibia 1 L/d: 39. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, 0.17, 0.18, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs pale ochre-yellow, with very indistinct darker rings on legs; abdomen pale gray, not yellowish in heart area, slightly darker in front of gonopore, without darker area in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 665; ocular area barely raised; carapace with very deep median furrow, carapace humps high; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 680, with two pairs of small frontal apophyses, apparently provided with one modified hair each.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 677–678; coxa with small retrolateral apophysis; trochanter barely modified; femur with large retrolatero-ventral process proximally, small dorsal hump, distally widening; procursus proximally arising from widened part of tarsus, very simple, distally with distinctive sclerotized and membranous elements (subdistal prolateral branch; Fig. 679); genital bulb with large mostly membranous process with prolateral pointed sclerite at tip and slender transparent process.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with short hairs, without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 9%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~15 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in other male: 2.3.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 666). Tibia 1 in three females: 1.8, 2.0, 2.0. Epigynum as in Figs 681, 711; anterior plate simple trapezoidal, weakly protruding; with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane behind anterior plate; without posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 682, 712, with distinctively shaped pore-plates.</p><p>Natural history. Spiders were found running rapidly on the ground. Sometimes they seemed to make small jumps and then they stopped immediately, making them essentially invisible.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Bahia state (Brazil) only (Fig. 743).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6E2FF1D2A9C9F8C372C7D89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6ECFF1F2A9C9A6E372A7AC5.text	160AC713C6ECFF1F2A9C9A6E372A7AC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia djavani Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia djavani sp. n.</p><p>Figs 667–669, 683–688, 713–714</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by dorsal process on procursus (Figs 684–685); from two most similar known species ( C. exigua, C. agilis) also by arrangement and sizes of male cheliceral apophyses (Fig. 686), by shape of epigynum (simple anterior plate, internal dark ‘valve’ visible through cuticle; Figs 687, 713), and by distinctively curved large pore-plates (Figs 688, 714).</p><p>Etymology. Named for Brazilian singer/songwriter Djavan Caetano Viana (born 1949).</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Alagoas: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21558–59), and 4♂ 11♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19292), Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada (9°14.5’–14.0’S, 36°26.5’–27.2’W), 650–700 m a.s.l., 20– 21.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Alagoas: 2♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-210), same data as types . 2♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19293), near Murici, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.8375&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.2415" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.8375/lat -9.2415)">Estação Serra do Ouro</a> (9°14.49’S, 35°50.25’W), 500 m a.s.l., 19.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 2♂ 5♀, ZFMK (Ar 19294), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-36.095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.971666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -36.095/lat -8.971666)">Usina Serra Grande</a>, forest above sugarcane plantations (8°58.3’S, 36°05.7’W), 450–550 m a.s.l., 22–23.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 2♀ in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-213), same data .</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.9, carapace width 0.77. Distance PME-PME 70 µm, diameter PME 50 µm, distance PME-ALE 50 µm, distance AME-AME 20 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.52/ 0.40. Leg 1: 10.1 (2.3 + 0.3 + 2.4 + 4.2 + 0.9), tibia 2: 1.6, tibia 3: 1.2, tibia 4: 1.4; tibia 1 L/d: 37. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, 0.17, 0.18, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre-yellow, legs without dark rings; abdomen pale gray, with indistinct brown plates in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets, with indistinct yellowish mark in heart area.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 667–668; ocular area barely raised; carapace with deep median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. With two pairs of small frontal apophyses, each apophysis with one modified (cone-shaped) hair at its tip (Fig. 686).</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 683–684; coxa with small retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small ventral process; femur with retrolatero-ventral process proximally, widening distally; tarsus with prolatero-dorsal process; procursus with distinctive dorsal process and two unique hairs retrolaterally near tip; tip of procursus appears bifid in dorsal view (two dark branches actually connected by transparent membrane; Fig. 685); genital bulb with slender pointed apophysis and large whitish dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with regular short hairs, without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 12%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~20 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in eight other males: 2.2–2.7 (mean 2.4). Some males with darker marks dorsally and laterally on abdomen.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 669) but without yellowish mark in heart area. Tibia 1 in 17 females: 1.7–2.1 (mean 1.9). Epigynum as in Figs 687, 713; very simple anterior brown plate, weakly protruding, internal ‘valve’ visible through cuticle (except in females with genital plugs); with simple and short posterior plate, without diverging sclerites. Internal genitalia with distinctively curved large pore-plates (Figs 688, 714).</p><p>Natural history. The spiders were found in leaf litter and in small cavities of the ground and at the basis of trees. Males and females sometimes shared the tiny webs (approximately 1–2 cm diameter). When disturbed they ran away quickly.</p><p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Alagoas state (Brazil) (Fig. 743).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6ECFF1F2A9C9A6E372A7AC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6EEFF192A9C9CA5377A7B92.text	160AC713C6EEFF192A9C9CA5377A7B92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia agilis Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia agilis sp. n.</p><p>Figs 670–672, 689–695, 715–716</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from similar known congeners ( C. djavani, C. exigua) by details of male pedipalp (Figs 689–691; long tibia; procursus with subdistal prolateral branch), by armature of male chelicerae (Fig. 692; distinctive arrangement and sizes of two pairs of small frontal apophyses), by simple epigynum without pocket, with whitish median area at posterior margin of anterior plate (Figs 694, 715), and by internal female genitalia (Figs 695, 716; very large elongated pore-plates, parallel to each other).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the rapid running of this species (Latin agilis = quick, swift); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pernambuco: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21560–61), and 3♂ 10♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19295), near Bonito, forest near Cachoeira da Gruta (8.547°S, 35.712°W), 380 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pernambuco: 2♀ 3 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15-222), same data as type material . 1♂ 1♀, ZFMK (Ar 19296), near Bonito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.571667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.511666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.571667/lat -8.511666)">Alto da Serra</a> (8°30.7’S, 35°34.3’W), 750–800 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) . 5♂ 9♀ 2 juvs, ZFMK (Ar 19297), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.178333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.726666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.178333/lat -8.726666)">Reserva Biológica de Saltinho</a> (8°43.6’S, 35°10.7’W), 50 m a.s.l., 26.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho) ; 1 juv. in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br 15- 230), same data.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.0, carapace width 0.95. Distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 60 µm, distance PME-ALE 50 µm, distance AME-AME 25 µm, diameter AME 25 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.60/ 0.50. Leg 1: 12.4 (2.8 + 0.3 + 3.0 + 5.2 + 1.1), tibia 2: 1.9, tibia 3: 1.4, tibia 4: 1.7; tibia 1 L/d: 40. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.19, 0.20, 0.20, 0.20.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre, legs without dark rings, tips of tibiae whitish; abdomen pale gray, with large yellowish mark in hear area, light brown plate in front of gonopore, yellowish plate in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Figs 670–671; ocular area barely raised; carapace with deep median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Fig. 692; with two pairs of small frontal apophyses; proximal pair with one uniquely curved modified hair on each apophysis.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 689–690; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small ventral process; femur with retrolatero-ventral process proximally; tibia very long; tarsus with prolatero-dorsal process; procursus weakly curved, with subdistal prolateral branch (Fig. 691); genital bulb large, with straight pointed apophysis and large, mostly membranous dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with regular short hairs, without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 12%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~25 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in nine other males: 2.5–3.1 (mean 2.9); abdomen in some specimens with dark bluish internal marks dorsally and laterally.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 672) but abdomen without yellowish mark in heart area. Tibia 1 in 19 females from near Cachoeira da Gruta and Reserva Biológica de Saltinho: 2.2–2.5 (mean 2.3); in female from Alto da Serra: 2.8. Epigynum as in Figs 694, 715; anterior epigynal plate simple, semicircular, without pocket and processes, weakly protruding, with distinctive whitish area at posterior margin; posterior plate narrow. Internal genitalia as in Figs 695, 716, with pair of large elongated pore-plates lying parallel to each other.</p><p>Natural history. This species was abundant in dead bamboo sheaths on the ground at the forest edge and in regular leaf litter in the forest. During about 1 hour of searching of 1m 2 at Cachoeira da Gruta, about eight adult specimens were found, together with several specimens of the syntopic C. bispina . In contrast to C. bispina, this species lived higher in the leaf litter and ran rapidly when disturbed. Some females had large genital plugs.</p><p>Distribution. Known from three localities in Pernambuco state (Brazil) (Fig. 743).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6EEFF192A9C9CA5377A7B92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6E8FF1B2A9C9CDF372C7BA5.text	160AC713C6E8FF1B2A9C9CDF372C7BA5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia maculata Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia maculata sp. n.</p><p>Figs 673–674, 696–703, 718–719</p><p>Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from known congeners by armature of male chelicerae (two pairs of long apophyses, one pointed, near laminae, the other with rounded tip, proximally; Figs 698–699) and by shape of epigynum (anterior plate with median pocket, diverging sclerites between anterior and posterior plates; Figs 702– 703).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the numerous dark marks of this species (Latin maculatus, -a = spotted); adjective.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Bahia: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21562–63), and 2♂ 13♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19298–99), Fazenda Morro de Pedra (12°31.6’–31.8’S, 40°36.1’–36.4’W), 490 m a.s.l., 14.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Bahia: 3♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br15-183), same data as types.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 2.4, carapace width 1.0. Distance PME-PME 110 µm, diameter PME 95 µm, distance PME-ALE 80 µm, distance AME-AME 15 µm, diameter AME 40 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.77/ 0.50. Leg 1: 23.9 (5.7 + 0.4 + 6.0 + 10.1 + 1.7), tibia 2: 3.2, tibia 3: 2.1, tibia 4: 2.7; tibia 1 L/d: 67. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.17, 0.17, 0.22, 0.16.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Carapace ochre-yellow, with three pairs of dark marks along lateral margins, one mark in thoracic furrow, and one pair of dark marks behind ocular area; margins of ocular area and clypeus also dark; sternum pale ochre-yellow with pair of large light brown marks fused posteriorly; legs ochre-yellow, without dark rings; abdomen bluish gray, with darker marks dorsally and laterally, brown mark in front of gonopore, short dark blue mark behind gonopore.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 673; ocular area raised; carapace with deep median furrow; clypeus unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 698–699, with two pairs of long apophyses, one pointed, near laminae, directed towards distal, the other with rounded tip, proximal, projecting towards frontal.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 696–697; coxa with small retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with short ventral process; femur with large retrolateral process proximally, small dorsal hump, distally widening; procursus distally with distinctive sclerotized and membranous elements (subdistal prolateral spine, dorsal transparent flap; Fig. 700); genital bulb with sclerotized process near connection to tarsus, prolateral pointed apophysis, and large whitish dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with regular short hairs, without spines, without curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 6%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~30 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in two other males: 5.3, 6.2. Marks on sternum not fused in one male; other male with indistinct dark rings subdistally on femora and tibiae.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male (Fig. 674), but with distinct dark rings subdistally on femora and tibiae and proximally on tibiae. Tibia 1 in 14 females: 3.7–4.8 (mean 4.2). Epigynum as in Figs 702–703, 718; anterior plate with median pocket on posterior projecting margin, with pair of diverging sclerites in membrane between anterior and posterior plates, simple posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 701, 719, with large pore-plates divided into many platelets with a few pores each.</p><p>Natural history. Field observations revealed several similarities with C. pulchra and C. suassunai, but not with members of the agilis group: the spiders were found from near the ground up to 2 m above ground level; webs among the vegetation consisted of a domed sheet that transformed into a funnel that led into a retreat, usually a dead leaf. Males and females often shared the retreats; they did not vibrate when disturbed but ran away and eventually jumped off the web.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Bahia state (Brazil) only (Fig. 743).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6E8FF1B2A9C9CDF372C7BA5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
160AC713C6EAFF252A9C9C45379A7805.text	160AC713C6EAFF252A9C9C45379A7805.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carapoia bispina Huber 2018	<div><p>Carapoia bispina sp. n.</p><p>Figs 675–676, 704–710, 717, 720</p><p>Diagnosis. Distinguished from known congeners by details of male pedipalp (Figs 704–706; tarsus with unique pair of heavy spines; bulbal apophysis with two pointed tips), by armature of male chelicerae (Figs 707–708; pair of large proximal apophyses, slightly diverging), and by simple epigynum without pocket, with dark internal ‘valve’ visible through cuticle (Figs 709, 717).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the unique pair of spines on the procursus (Latin spina = spine, thorn); noun in apposition.</p><p>Type material. BRAZIL: Pernambuco: ♂ holotype, 1♀ paratype, UFMG (21564–65), and 2♂ 5♀ paratypes, ZFMK (Ar 19300), near Bonito, forest near Cachoeira da Gruta (8.547°S, 35.712°W), 380 m a.s.l., 24–25.v.2015 (B.A. Huber, L.S. Carvalho).</p><p>Other material examined. BRAZIL: Pernambuco: 1♀ 2 juvs in pure ethanol, ZFMK (Br15-221), same data as type material.</p><p>Description. Male (holotype)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Total body length 1.7, carapace width 0.65. Distance PME-PME 80 µm, diameter PME 70 µm, distance PME-ALE 35 µm, distance AME-AME 10 µm, diameter AME 20 µm. Sternum width/length: 0.50/ 0.40. Leg 1: 6.8 (1.6 + 0.3 + 1.8 + 2.3 + 0.8), leg 2 missing, tibia 3: 0.7, tibia 4: 1.0; tibia 1 L/d: 30. Femora 1–4 width (at half length): 0.15, —, 0.17, 0.17.</p><p>COLOR (in ethanol). Prosoma and legs ochre, legs without dark or light rings; abdomen dorsally and laterally densely covered with dark marks, ventrally with light brown areas in front of gonopore and in front of spinnerets.</p><p>BODY. Habitus as in Fig. 675; ocular area only weakly raised; carapace with high pair of humps separated by distinct median furrow; clypeus strongly protruding but otherwise unmodified; sternum unmodified.</p><p>CHELICERAE. As in Figs 707–708; with pair of large, slightly diverging apophyses proximally.</p><p>PALPS. As in Figs 704–705; coxa with large retrolateral apophysis; trochanter with small ventral process; femur slender, with retrolateral process proximally; tarsus with large process provided with two distinctive spines; procursus with membranous and sclerotized elements distally (Fig. 706); genital bulb with distinctive apophysis with two tips, with whitish dorsal protrusion.</p><p>LEGS. Densely covered with regular short hairs, without spines and curved hairs, few vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium on tibia 1 at 21%; prolateral trichobothrium present on tibia 1; tarsus 1 with ~15 pseudosegments, distally fairly distinct.</p><p>Male (variation). Tibia 1 in other male: 1.7 (missing in third male seen); tibia 2/tibia 4 length in other male: 1.0/1.0.</p><p>Female. In general similar to male but clypeus less protruding. Tibia 1 in six females: 1.5–1.7 (mean 1.6). Epigynum as in Figs 709, 717; anterior epigynal plate simple, weakly curved, dark internal ‘valve’ visible through cuticle (greenish in ethanol); without posterior plate. Internal genitalia as in Figs 710, 720, with pair of roughly triangular pore-plates converging anteriorly.</p><p>Natural history. This species was found deep in the leaf litter, in small cavities of the ground rather than on the underside of dead leaves like the syntopic C. agilis . When disturbed, the spiders tried to hide even deeper rather than to run away.</p><p>Distribution. Known from type locality in Pernambuco state (Brazil) only (Fig. 743).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/160AC713C6EAFF252A9C9C45379A7805	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Huber, Bernhard A.	Huber, Bernhard A. (2018): The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits. Zootaxa 4395 (1): 1-178, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4395.1.1
