taxonID	type	description	language	source
1469120303200923FEF1B291CCF1C8C9.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Porphyrops flavicollis Meigen, 1824: 56 Achalcus flavicollis (Meigen, 1824) as designated by Robinson (1970: 22) Head. Uppermost postoculars usually darker than lower ones (exc. A. costaricensis, A. tibialis). Arista usually longer than first three antennal joints. Thorax and abdomen. Five dc (synapomorphy). No small additional setae between posthumeral, presutural and first two dc bristles. Abdomen with five pubescent segments (synapomorphy). Hypopygium (Figs 1, 2). Hypandrium simple, without spines on apex; aedeagus simple, at most with subapical dorsal bend; ventral (not dorsal, as in Pollet & Cumming, 1998) epandrial lobe slender with three epandrial setae on shaft (synapomorphy); midventral bristle of surstylus usually without or with only minute apical flag. Legs. Tibia I with one, two or without dorsal bristles. Tibia II with two ad bristles (exc. niger). Femur III mostly with strong preapical ad bristle, usually inserted at middle of anterior face. A	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303220920FEC0B090CCE9CA59.taxon	materials_examined	Type species here designated: Achalcus albipalpus Parent, 1931: 20 Head: All postoculars dark. Arista at most about as long as first three antennal joints (exc. A. edwardsae). Thorax and abdomen: Six DC. Small additional setae between posthumeral, presutural and first two DC bristles present in some species. Mostly six pubescent abdominal segments (five in A. albipalpus and A. brevinervis). Hypopygium (Figs 13, 27). Hypandrium mostly with ventral apex clearly spined, or with raised marginal edge (A. variabilis group) (synapomorphy); aedeagus often with subapical modifications; epandrial lobe massive to slender with three epandrial setae at basis; midventral bristle of surstylus usually with apical flag (excl. A. edwardsae, A. incisicornis) (synapomorphy). Legs: Femur I usually with erect basoventral bristle (exc. A. variabilis). Tibia I without (baso) dorsal bristle (s) (synapomorphy). Femur III with weak to moderately strong preapical bristle, inserted on lower 1 / 3 of anterior face. Etymology: Refers to the southern hemisphere (‘ southern Achalcus ’), where this genus reaches its highest levels of species richness.	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203032C092CFF1EB68DCC02C9FF.taxon	description	Male: Rather small, slender species. Head. Face dark brown, dusted, as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput flat with broad central furrow, dark brown, shining. Uppermost four postocular bristles dark brown, lower seven yellow. Palp ovoid, about 1 / 3 of eye, brown with basal half yellowish. Antenna with scape and pedicel pale yellow, scape infuscated on less than dorsal half; pedicel narrowly infuscated dorsally; first flagellomere pale brown with less than basoventral 1 / 3 yellow, rounded triangular, 1.5 ¥ as long as deep and 1.3 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista nearly apical, with short pubescence (2 nd segment of arista lacking in holotype). Thorax: Mesonotum, including humeri, reddish yellow and scutellum with large brownish central spot. Uppermost half of pleura contrasting dark brown, lower half reddish yellow. Postnotum concolorous with mesonotum with broad black frontolateral edge and fine central dark line on dorsum. Metapleura with lower 3 / 5 reddish yellow, uppermost 2 / 5 dark brown. Seven ac, longer than distance between rows. Sutural bristle absent. Abdomen with 6 th segment small but visible. Abdominal tergites dark brown with 1 st tergite largely yellow and 2 nd with a few small yellow patches. Sternites yellowish white, darker from 6 th onwards; with brown pubescence. Genital capsule brown. Hypopygium with dark aedeagus with subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites pale but evident; cercus small, triangular (Fig. 3 A). Wing. Halter slightly infuscated. Wing pale, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 parallel in apical 1 / 3. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.3 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.2. Wing length 2.5 mm. Legs including coxae entirely yellow with only coxa I infuscated along whole length on outer half. Trochanters pale yellow. Femur I with erect ventral bristle inserted at basal 1 / 5, 1.3 ¥ as long as femur is deep; with 1 – 2 strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 3 B). Femur II with one strong ad, one small av and one rather strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I with one very weak dorsal bristle at basal 1 / 4; tibia II with two ad and one pd bristles, basal bristles inserted at basal 1 / 5 and almost forming ad-pd couple; tibia III with three ad and four (3 rd smaller, atypical?) pd bristles and 7 – 9 small erect ventral setae on basal 2 / 3. All tarsi yellow. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.5 mm. Female. As in male, except for the following: face pale brown. Antenna with 1 st flagellomere brownish yellow, rounded triangular, 1.2 ¥ as long as deep (2 nd segment of arista lacking in allotype); six ac. Abdomen with six pubescent segments, dark brown with 1 st segment largely whitish yellow on dorsum; 8 th segment with eight stout dark brown dornen; cercus reddish yellow. CuAx ratio 1.8. Tibia III with three ad and three pd bristles. Body length 2.7 mm, wing length 2.7 mm. Etymology. Refers to the dark brown upper pleura that contrasts strongly with the reddish yellow dorsum of the thorax. Holotype. 1 ♂, COSTA RICA: Cartago, 4 km NE Canon, Genesis II, 2350 m, 9 ∞ 42 – 43 ¢ N, 83 ∞ 54 – 55 ¢ W, ii. 1995, MT (Hanson) (INBio; W, genitalia mounted). Allotype. 1 ♀, same data.	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203032E092AFCACB270C9CDCD50.taxon	description	Male. Rather small and stout species. Head. Face dark brown, as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex ventrally, distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown, slightly dusted. Uppermost postocular bristles black, lower ones brownish. Palp large (3 / 10 of eye), ovoid, greyish brown. Antenna mainly dark with scape entirely dark and pedicel dark with ventral 2 / 3 yellow on inner face; first flagellomere dark with basoventral corner yellow, heart- or radish-shaped, 1.4 ¥ as long as deep and 1.3 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 1.7 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, pubescent (Fig. 4 B). Thorax. Mesonotum mainly brownish black, with humeri, notopleural and postalar areas yellowish and with scutellum brown on disc with broad yellow margin. Pleura (dark) brown, heavily dusted. Postnotum yellowish with black frontolateral triangle. Metapleura dark brown. 5 – 6 ac, less than 1.5 ¥ as long distance between rows. Sutural bristle absent. Abdomen with 6 th segment entirely covered by 5 th segment. Abdominal tergites including genital capsule entirely blackish brown, shining, with strong marginal bristles. Sternites dark brown, heavily dusted greyish; 5 th sternite with strong caudal incision. Genital capsule very small, less than half of height of 5 th tergite. Hypopygium. Aedeagus with distinct subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites pale but evident; cercus very small, triangular with strong marginal bristles (Fig. 4 C). Wing. Halter and wing slightly infuscated, with yellow veins; vein R 4 + 5 hardly curved, R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 distinctly diverging. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.9 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.9. Wing length 2.2 – 2.4 mm (n = 5) (Fig. 4 A). Legs mainly yellow with coxa I reddish brown, infuscated laterally, with pale pubescence; coxa II reddish yellow, and coxa III pale brown. Trochanters reddish yellow. Femora yellow, sometimes slightly infuscated dorsally; femur I without erect ventral bristle and with one strong pv preapical bristle. Femur II with one strong ad and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one moderately strong ad and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibiae pale yellow; tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two very strong ad and one very strong pd bristles (1 / 5 of tibial length), basal bristles forming no ad-pd couple; tibia III with 2 – 3 strong ad and 2 – 3 strong pd bristles; with five minute ventral setae. All tarsi with 5 th tarsomeres dark; tarsus I yellow, infuscated from apical 1 / 3 of 1 st tarsomere; tarsus II and III dark yellow, gradually infuscated towards apex. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.3 – 2.4 mm (n = 5). Female. As in male, except for the following: face somewhat wider than ocellus. Antenna with 1 st flagellomere rounded triangular with basal half yellow. Femora slightly infuscated dorsally. Abdomen with six pubescent segments; 8 th segment pale brown with eight thin dornen; cercus dark brown. Body length 2.7 mm, wing length 2.5 – 2.7 mm (n = 2). Etymology. R efers to the modest size of the 1 st flagellomere as compared to its Neotropical congeners, except for the representatives of the A. costaricensis species group. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de la Araucania, Prov. Malleco, Rio Blanco, 1100 – 2000 m, ii. 1964 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted). Paratypes. CHILE: 1 ♂, Region de los Lagos, Prov. Osorno, Lago Puyehue, 80 km E. of Osorno (secondary forest), 17 – 18. i. 1997, YWT (Bickel) (CNC; W, antenna, wing and hypopygium mounted); 1 ♂, same date (CNC; W); Region del Biobio, Prov. Arauco: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Nahuelbuta, P. N., Road to Caneta (mixed Nothofagus), 13 – 14. ii. 1997, YWT (Bickel) (POLLET, CNC; W); 1 ♀, Cord. Nahuelbuta, 41 km E. Cañete, 1070 m, 8. ii. 1998 (Woodley) (USNM; D).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303280928FF71B5C9CA24C905.taxon	description	Male. Small, rather slender species. Head. Face dark brown, dusted, as wide as ocellus with eyes almost touching above clypeus. Frons dark brown with strong blue reflection. Occiput flat, dark brown, shining. All postocular bristles dark. Palp large (2 / 5 of eye), ovoid, brown with basal 1 / 3 yellowish; with brown pubescence, and one strong brown apical bristle (Fig. 5 E). Proboscis well developed, 0.6 ¥ as long as head. Antenna mainly brown with pedicel brownish yellow, infuscated dorsally; first flagellomere brown with basoventral half yellow, rounded triangular, 1.2 ¥ as long as deep and 1.2 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 2.4 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, inserted apically on outer face; with 1 st segment dark and 2 nd white except for extreme basis; with short pubescence (Fig. 5 C). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum dark brown, shining bluish. Upper pleura dark brown, lower reddish yellow. Postnotum entirely dark brown with broad black frontolateral edge. Lower half of metapleura pale brown, upper half pale yellow. Three ac, more than 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One large sutural bristle present. Abdomen with small bare 6 th segment. Abdominal tergites including genital capsule dark brown, 2 nd tergite and sternites slightly paler. Aedeagus with distinct subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites pale but evident; cercus small, triangular (Fig. 5 F). Wing. Halter pale, squamal fringe brown. Wing pale, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 diverging. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.3 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.2. Wing length 1.9 – 2.1 mm (n = 10) (Fig. 5 A). Legs yellow with coxae and trochanters pale yellow. Femur I without erect ventral bristle; with one av and one strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 5 B). Femur II with one strong ad, one strong av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two moderate (1 / 7 of tibial length) ad and one smaller pd bristles, ad bristles inserted at about basal 1 / 3 and 2 / 5; tibia III with 2 – 3 rather small ad and three rather small pd bristles; with one true ventral bristle at apical 2 / 5. All tarsi entirely yellow. First tarsomere of leg III 0.9 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 1.8 – 2.1 mm (n = 10). Female. As in male, except for the following: face about as wide as ocellus. Palp rounded rectangular, with strong pubescence. Antenna entirely dark brown with 1 st segment of arista brownish and 2 nd white (Fig. 5 D). Abdomen with six pubescent segments; 8 th reddish brown with eight stout dark dornen; cercus reddish yellow, short. Body length 2.0 – 2.3 mm, wing length 1.9 – 2.2 mm (n = 10). Etymology. Refers to the country where the species was initially discovered. Thus far it has only been recorded from Costa Rica, where it has been found in sometimes large numbers at higher altitudes. Holotype. 1 ♂, COSTA RICA: San José, 26 km N. of San Isidro, 2100 m, 9 ∞ 30 ¢ N, 83 ∞ 43 ¢ W, ix- x. 1992, MT (Hanson) (INBio; W). Allotype. 1 ♀, same data. Other paratypes. COSTA RICA: 1 ♀, San José, 2 km W. of Empalme, 2300 m, 9 ∞ 43 ¢ N, 83 ∞ 58 ¢ W, vi. 1995; 2 ♀, vii. 1995; 41 ♂, 73 ♀, 26 km N. of San Isidro, 2100 m, F 9 ∞ 30 ¢ N, 83 ∞ 43 ¢ W, ix- x. 1992 (wing, antenna, leg I and hypopygium of 2 ♂; antenna of 1 ♀ mounted); 7 ♀, Zurqui de Moravia, 1600 m, 10 ∞ 03 ¢ N, 84 ∞ 01 ¢ W, ii. 1995, all collected by MT (Hanson) (INBio; W).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203032A0928FF79B13ACD4EC9CD.taxon	description	Male. Small, rather stout species. Head. Face velvet black with grey patches laterally, narrow, eyes almost touching above clypeus. Frons brilliantly blue. Occiput with strong central concavity, sides bulbous, shining blue. Uppermost 4 – 5 postocular bristles brownish, lower 7 – 8 yellowish. Palp moderately large (1 / 4 of eye), ovoid, brown with paler basis. Antenna largely pale, with scape brown, paler on basal half; pedicel entirely yellow; first flagellomere brownish with less than basoventral half paler, trapezoid, as long as deep and 2 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 3.4 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly apical, entirely brown, pubescent (Fig. 6 B). Thorax. Mesonotum with pleura and scutellum reddish yellow with brown areas between and laterad of dc rows; pleura with brownish patches. Postnotum dark reddish yellow with distinct frontolateral black triangle. Metapleura entirely dark brown. Three ac, 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. Five dc with 1 st dc small. One relatively strong sutural bristle present. Abdomen with tergites including genital capsule brown. Sternites whitish yellow, with pale (dark yellow) pubescence. Hypopygium. Aedeagus with subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP present; postgonites not distinct; cercus small, triangular (Fig. 6 C). Wing. Halter brown. Wing pale, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 distinctly diverging. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.1 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.3. Wing length 1.8 mm (Fig. 6 A). Legs pale yellow with coxae mainly brown; legs and coxae with brownish bristles. Coxa II brown, coxa III brown with anterior half pale yellow. Trochanter of leg I pale, of leg II and III brown. Femur I without erect ventral bristle and with one preapical av and pv bristles. Femur II with one strong ad, one small av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad, inserted at lower 1 / 3, and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two moderate (2.6 – 3.2 ¥ tibial depth) ad and one moderate (2 ¥ tibial depth) pd bristles, ad bristles inserted at basal 1 / 4 and <2 / 3; tibia III with three moderate ad and three moderate pd bristles; with two true av bristles on basal half and 2 / 3 amid other erect setae. All tarsi pale yellow with 5 th tarsomeres dark. First tarsomere of leg III 0.7 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the brilliantly blue frons in this species (a character shared with A. costaricensis and A. maculipennis). Holotype. 1 ♂, COLOMBIA: 27 mi. S. Popayan Cauca, 1750 m, 5. iii. 1955 (Schlinger & Ross) (CAS; D, hypopygium, antenna and wing mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203032A0937FC95B26ACACECD2D.taxon	description	Male. Small, rather slender species. Head. Face dark brown, not as wide as ocellus, eyes almost touching above clypeus. Frons very large and broad, shining blue. Occiput rather flat with central dorsal furrow, dark brown, shining. Postocular bristles yellow, uppermost slightly darker. Palp large (about 1 / 4 of eye), ovoid triangular, pale yellow, reddish at apex; with pale pubescence, and one pale apical bristle. Antenna reddish yellow with scape slightly infuscated dorsally and first flagellomere brown on dorsal 1 / 3; latter ovoid triangular, 1.3 ¥ as long as deep and 1.7 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 2.9 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, inserted apically, with 1 st segment darker and 2 nd white; with short pubescence (Fig. 7 B). Thorax pale reddish yellow with brown central area on dorsum between dc rows until scutellum. Upper half of pleura darker. Postnotum large, with small black frontolateral triangle. Lower half of metapleura pale reddish yellow, upper half pale brown. Three ac, 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. Five dc, with 1 st dc small. One rather small sutural bristle present. Abdomen with tergites including genital capsule brown. Sternites yellowish white, with yellowish pubescence. Hypopygium. Aedeagus mainly pale, rather long with subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites large and dark; cercus small, short triangular (Fig. 7 C). Wing. Halter brown. Wing pale with two distinct spots at wing centre and apex, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 diverging, R 4 + 5 slightly sinuous. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 3.2 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.6. Wing length 1.6 mm (Fig. 7 A). Legs including trochanters mainly pale yellow with darker coxae; with brownish pubescence and bristles. Coxae brownish yellow with coxa I darker especially on outer face. Femur I without erect basoventral bristle and with two pv preapical bristles. Femur II with B one strong ad, one indistinct av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad, inserted in lower half, and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two strong thin (> 2 ¥ tibial depth) ad and one moderate pd bristles, ad bristles inserted at basal 1 / 4 and 2 / 3; tibia III with three moderate ad and three moderate pd bristles; with two true av bristles on apical half and several erect pv setae. All tarsi yellow with 5 th tarsomeres darker, only slightly darker in leg I and II. First tarsomere of leg III 0.7 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Female As in male, except for the following: palp 2 / 5 of eye, rectangular, brownish at apex with two apical bristles. Antenna with 1 st flagellomere as long as deep; arista entirely white. Thorax pale reddish yellow with only notopleura brownish; one ac. Abdomen with six pubescent segments with sternites 2 – 5 brownish yellow and sternite six brown; 8 th segment reddish brown with eight stout dark dornen; cercus dark. Halter pale; proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.6 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.1. Legs including coxae entirely pale yellow. Body length 1.7 mm, wing length 1.6 mm. Etymology. Refers to the maculated wing in both male and female specimens of this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, PERU: Monson Valley, Tingo Maria, 9. xii. 1954 (Schlinger & Ross) (CAS; D, hypopygium, antenna and wing mounted). Allotype. 1 ♀, same data. Paratypes. ECUADOR: 1 ♀, Napo Province, approx. 1 km N. Napo River, E. of Coca Orellana, Sacha Lodge, 0.5 S 76.5 W (edge of old growth forest), 270 m, 3 – 13. vii. 1994, MT (Hibbs Kerr) (POLLET, W).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303350937FF7CB53CCCEBCDF3.taxon	description	Male. Small, compact species. Head. Face dark brown, 1.5 ¥ as wide as ocellus; with epistoma bare and clypeus with dense white pubescence. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex ventrally, distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown, slightly dusted. Uppermost postocular bristles black, lower brown. Palp rather large (1 / 5 of eye), circular, dark brown. Antenna entirely black with first flagellomere short, ovate triangular, 1.6 ¥ as long as deep and 1.3 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 1.6 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, with microscopic pubescence. Thorax blackish brown on dorsum of mesonotum and scutellum, dark brown on pleura, postnotum and metapleura. Postnotum with black frontolateral triangle. Five ac, less than 1.5 ¥ as long distance between rows. Sutural bristle absent. Abdomen blackish brown, shining, conical. Genital capsule concolorous, moderately developed. Hypopygium. Aedeagus long, with slight subapical dorsal bend; all epandrial setae inserted near apex of epandrial lobe (Fig. 8 A); ventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites pale but evident; cercus fairly small, triangular with fairly short marginal bristles (Fig. 8 B). Wing. Halter distinctly infuscated. Wing pale, with R 4 + 5 hardly curved, R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 practically parallel. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.1 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.9. Wing length 1.8 mm. Legs mainly obscure (brownish) yellow with brown coxae; only coxa I dark brown, yellowish laterally. Trochanters brownish yellow. Femur I brownish yellow, femur II and III dark yellow; femur I without erect ventral bristle and with one strong pv preapical bristle. Femur II with one strong ad, one small av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I and III brownish yellow, tibia II yellow; tibia I with two dorsal bristles at basal 1 / 3 and 2 / 3; tibia II with two very strong (1 / 5 of tibial length) ad and one strong pd bristles, basal bristles forming adpd couple; tibia III with three very strong ad, three very strong pd bristles and four ventral setae. Tarsus I and II brownish yellow with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III with 1 st and 2 nd tarsomeres dark yellow, from 3 rd onwards entirely dark. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 1.5 mm. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the stout and small Micromorphus - like habitus of this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de Coquimbo, Prov. Elqui, Coquimbo, Huaquen, 26. vii. 1960 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303350934FC55B5A5CDCFCF41.taxon	description	Male. Rather small, stout species. Head. Face brownish black, 1.5 ¥ as wide as ocellus; clypeus with dense white pubescence. Frons brownish black. Occiput concave, shining brownish black. Uppermost four postocular bristles dark, lower seven paler (brownish). Palp small (less than 1 / 5 of eye), broad ovoid, dark brown. Antenna almost entirely brown with lower half of pedicel paler on inner face and extreme basis of first flagellomere somewhat paler; latter triangular, 1.8 ¥ as long as deep and 1.6 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 1.2 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly apical, with microscopic pubescence (Fig. 9 B). Thorax including pleura and metapleura dark to blackish brown, shining. Postnotum with distinct frontolateral black triangle. Six ac, 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One very small sutural bristle present. Abdomen with tergites including genital capsule dark brown, shining. Sternites greyish brown. Hypopygium. Aedeagus with subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus with small apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites darkened at apex; cercus moderately developed, elongate (Fig. 9 C). Wing. [Halter lacking]. Wing pale with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 clearly diverging. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.3 ¥ as long as apical section, latter 1.6 ¥ as long as outer crossvein. Wing length 2.2 mm (Fig. 9 A). Legs largely yellow with coxa I brown with anterior and inner half pale yellow, coxa II and III dark brown, former paler on posterior half. Trochanter of leg I pale, of leg II and III brown. Femur I slightly infuscated dorsally, femur III brownish yellow. Femur I without erect basoventral bristle and with two av and two pv preapical bristles. Femur II with one strong ad, one small av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one strong ad and one strong av preapical	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303300932FF0AB314CD49CD79.taxon	description	Male. Rather large, slender and elegant species. All bristles and pubescence on body (including postoculars an prothoracic bristle) yellowish white, bristles and pubescence of legs reddish yellow. Head. Face whitish yellow, very narrow (0.5 ¥ as wide as ocellus) but eyes not touching. Frons dark brown. Occiput strongly convex, dark brown, shining. Palp very large (almost 3 / 5 of eye), elongate ovoid, pale reddish yellow. Proboscis pale, large, as long as eye. Antenna entirely pale yellow with extreme apex and arista dark; first flagellomere elongate triangular, 1.9 ¥ as long as deep and 1.1 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista as long as first three joints of antenna, inserted apically on outer face, entirely dark, with short pubescence (Fig. 10 B). Thorax entirely yellowish white with thin dark line on anterior part between ac, extending till 2 nd dc. Postnotum with very small blackish frontolateral triangle. six ac, 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. Sutural bristle absent. Abdomen with 1 st abdominal tergite yellowish white, 2 nd dark brown with large white lateral spots, 3 rd till 5 th black; 2 nd sternite white, sternites brownish black from 3 rd onwards; 5 th sternite with caudal invagination. Genital capsule blackish brown. Hypopygium. Aedeagus dark, with slight subapical dorsal bend; ventral bristle of surstylus with small apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites pale, distinctly bifurcate; cercus very long and tapering, with midventral enlargement, baring long curved bristles (Fig. 11). Wing. Halter pale, squamal fringe yellowish white. Wing pale, with yellow veins, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 slightly diverging apically. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.4 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.3. Wing length 3.2 mm (Fig. 10 A). Legs yellowish white including coxae and tarsi. Femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 6, 1.6 ¥ as long as femur is deep, with one row of rather strong (0.5 ¥ femur depth) inclined av bristles (also basad of basoventral bristle) and four erect very strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 10 C). Femur II with one row of enlarged inclined av bristles, and one row of erect strong pv bristles; three pv bristles in basal 1 / 4 as long as femur is deep, more apical bristles inclined until middle of femur; seven pv bristles in apical half 1.5 ¥ as long as femur is deep; femur II with one strong ad, two strong av and one strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 10 D). Femur III with one strong ad and one very strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I with one moderately strong dorsal bristle at basal 1 / 4; tibia II with two strong (> 3 ¥ tibial depth) ad and one strong pd bristles, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at about basal 1 / 4; with ten very strong (3 ¥ tibial depth) erect ventral bristles, apical bristles clustered (Fig. 10 D). Tibia III with three very strong ad and three very strong pd bristles; with long pd pubescence in basal half and 4 – 5 minute ventral setae amid dense pubescence. Tarsus I pale yellow, slightly darker than tibia; tarsus III with large incision at comb. First tarsomere of leg III 0.7 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.7 mm. Female. U nknown. Etymology. Refers to the peculiar ventral chaetotaxy of tibia II in this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, COSTA RICA: Cartago, 4 km NE Canon, Genesis II, 2350 m, 9 ∞ 42 – 43 ¢ N, 83 ∞ 54 – 55 ¢ W, 2350 m, viii. 1995, MT (Hanson) (INBio; W, hypopygium, antenna, wing and leg II mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303300930FC4EB5D6CAE0CD3A.taxon	description	The two following male specimens were not yet identified: CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Valdivia: 1 ♂, U. Austral de Chile, Isla de Teja, 6 – 8. i. 1997, YWT B (Bickel) (CNC; D); COLOMBIA: 1 ♂, 13 mi. W. of Cali, Valle, 20. iii. 1955 (Schlinger & Ross) (CAS; D).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
146912030332093EFF66B53CCA69CBE0.taxon	description	Male. Rather small, stout species. Head. Face blackish brown, at least 2 ¥ as wide as ocellus, not reaching lower eye margin. Frons brownish black. Occiput strongly concave, brownish black, shining bronze. Palp circular, very small, 1 / 13 of eye, dark brown, partly hidden behind inner eye margin. Antenna mainly dark with scape brownish black; pedicel pale brown; first flagellomere dark brown, acute, 2.9 ¥ as long as deep and 2 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. No arista present (Fig. 12 C). Thorax. Almost entirely blackish brown with slight green metallic reflection, only postalar area of pleura yellowish. Metapleura concolorous with thorax. Eight ac, more than 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One (broken off) sutural bristle present. Several small bristles present between dc 1 – 3, presutural and sutural bristles. Abdomen, including genital capsule, blackish brown, slightly shining metallic green. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus dark, very long with lateral extensions before apex; ventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites doubtful; cercus very small, ribbon-shaped (Fig. 12 E). Wing. Halter pale, squamal fringe brownish. Wing pale, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 slightly diverging; vein R 4 + 5 curved. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.2 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.1. Wing length 2.3 mm (Fig. 12 D). Legs including coxae mainly pale yellow. Coxa I with basal 1 / 4 slightly darkened on outer face, coxa II and III yellow, brown on basal half and 1 / 3 resp. Femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 5, preceded by two small setae; with two strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 12 A). Femur II with one row of short inclined pv A bristles on whole length, shortest at middle, at base almost half as long as femur is deep; with one ad preapical bristle (Fig. 12 B). Femur III slightly infuscated on dorsal 1 / 3 with one small ad, inserted in lower half, and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I and II whitish yellow, tibia III pale yellow, infuscated on extreme apex; tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two moderate ad and one rather weak pd bristles (2 ¥ tibial depth), basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at basal 1 / 5; tibia III with two weak ad and three weak pd bristles and three slightly erect ventral setae amid dense pubescence. Tarsus I and II whitish yellow, tarsus I with 4 th and 5 th tarsomeres darker; tarsus II gradually darker towards apex; tarsus III dark brown. First tarsomere of leg III 0.9 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the absence of the arista in this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de Valparaiso, Prov. Quillota, Palma de Ocoa, Parque Nacional Campanas, hillside draw, 32 ∞ 93 ¢ 24 S, 71 ∞ 07 ¢ 81 W, 215 m, 21. xi- 6. xii. 1997, MT (Barria & Irwin) (INHS; W, antenna, hypopygium, leg I and II mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203033C093CFF05B45EC9AFCE6C.taxon	description	Male. Large, slender species. Head. Face greyish brown, about as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput dark brown, convex with slightly concave area dorsally. Palp very large (2 / 5 of eye), ovoid, conspicuously silvery white with black setae on disc and short white marginal fringe. Proboscis distinctly protruding. Antenna largely dark with scape yellowish on ventral half at apex; pedicel yellow, infuscated on dorsal half; first flagellomere dark, paler at extreme base, elongate triangular, 2 ¥ as long as deep and 1.6 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.9 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, apparently subapical, pubescent (Fig. 13 C). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum yellowish brown with dark areas anteriorly and between dc, extending upon prescutellar depression. Pleura brown. Postnotum yellowish with very broad black frontolateral margin. Metapleura with lower part brownish yellow and upper part brown. Six ac, 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. Sutural bristle absent. One small bristle present between ps and 2 nd dc. Abdomen with five pubescent segments, 6 th segment largely enclosed by 5 th segment. Abdominal tergites brown to dark brown, 2 nd with lateral yellowish spots on lower half. Sternites dark brown, 5 th divided in two triangular parts by caudal incision. Genital capsule brownish yellow to yellow, well developed. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus pale, straight and slender; ventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites large and dark; cercus large, elongate ovoid, pale yellow with strong external and small internal bristles (Fig. 13 D). Wing. Halter pale. Wing slightly infuscated, with R 4 + 5 distinctly curved, diverging from M 1 + 2 at apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 3.6 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 0.9. Wing length 3.6 – 3.9 mm (n = 7) (Fig. 13 A). Legs mainly yellow with coxa I pale yellow and coxa II and III brown, former only yellow on anterior face. Femur I and II slightly infuscated, femur III distinctly infuscated on dorsal half and on knee. Femur I with erect ventral bristle, almost as long as femur is deep, basad of row of 6 – 7 very strong and erect av bristles, decreasing in length towards apex (Fig. 14); with 1 – 2 pv preapical bristles (Fig. 14). Femur II with one rather weak ad, one av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one thin but long ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3 and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibiae pale yellow; tibia I without dorsal bristles, with dense short dorsal and ventral pubescence as long as tibial depth; tibia II with two weak ad and one stronger pd bristles; basal bristles not forming ad-pd couple; tibia III with three ad and three pd bristles, and about nine distinct ventral setae. Tarsus I pale yellow, tarsus II and III dark yellow. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.6 – 3.0 mm (n = 7). Female. As in male, except for the following: face dark brown, 2 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Palp large (1 / 3 of eye), ovoid triangular, dark brown with yellowish spot at extreme inner basis. Antenna with scape and pedicel pale yellow with dorsal half and 1 / 3 resp. distinctly infuscated; 1 st flagellomere dark with basal 1 / 3 pale, rounded triangular, 1.3 ¥ as long as deep and 1.3 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista 1.4 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna (Fig. 13 B). Coxa I with basis infuscated, coxa III reddish yellow. Abdomen with six pubescent segments; tergites brownish black and sternites dark brown, dusted greyish. Body length 2.7 – 3.7 mm, wing length 3.9 – 4.5 mm (n = 16). Syntype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Valdivia, Corral, 7. ix. 1902 (Schnuse) (SMTD; D, hypopygium mounted), examined (hypopygium mounted but unrecognizable by overclearing). Labels: ‘ Chile 7. IX. 02 Corral’ (green label) / ‘ Typus Achalcus albipalpus Par. ’ (red label) / ‘ Syntypus des. U. Kallweit, 1993 ’ (red orange label) / ‘ Achalcus albipalpus O. Par- ent’ (white folded label) / ‘ Staatl. Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden’ (white label). Material examined. CHILE: Region Aisen, Prov. Aisén: 2 ♂, 5 ♀, Puerto Cisnes 72 ∞ 40 ¢ W 44 ∞ 45 ¢ S, 1 – 15. ii. 1961; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 15 – 28. ii. 1961; 3 ♂, 4 ♀, 16 – 28. ii. 1961; Region de la Araucania, Prov. Malleco: 1 ♀, Rio Blanco, 1100 – 2000 m, ii. 1964 (all L. Peña) (POL- LET, CNC; D); 1 ♀, Rio Manzanares, 2. i. 1966 (Flint & Cekalovic) (USNM; D); Rio Region de los Lagos, Prov. Chiloé: 1 ♀, Isla Chiloé, Dalcahue, 1 – 8. ii. 1962; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, 17 – 22. i. 1962; Prov. Llanquihue: 2 ♀, Ensenada, Nothofagus forest, 13 – 15. i. 1962 (all L. Peña) (CNC; D); Prov. Osorno: 1 ♂, Lago Puyehue, 80 km E. of Osorno (tree trunk), 17 – 18. i. 1997, ST (Bickel) (CNC; W, hypopygium mounted); Region del Biobio, Prov. Arauco: 1 ♀, Arauco, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, 28. iii. 1955 (L. Peña) (CNC; D).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203033E093DFF66B6D5CD0DCDC0.taxon	description	Male. Rather large, slender species. Head. Face blackish brown, dusted, about 2 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput with central dorsal concavity, dark brown, shining. Palp ovoid circular, about 1 / 4 of eye size, dark brown. Antenna almost entirely dark brown with pedicel yellowish brown on inner face; first flagellomere elongate triangular and 1.2 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical. Thorax almost entirely dark brown with small parts of alar and postalar areas and lateral parts of scutellum yellowish. Seven ac, 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One strong sutural bristle present. Abdomen with five pubescent segments. Abdominal tergites including genital capsule entirely shining dark brown, with strong marginal bristles, especially on 1 st tergite. Sternites entirely brown. Genital capsule small. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus long and gently curved ventrally; ventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites robust and dark; cercus very long and tapering, with curved marginal bristles (Fig. 15). Wing. Halter small and pale. Wing slightly darkened with vein CuA 1 stronger than other veins; vein R 4 + 5 slightly curved and M 1 + 2 straight, both parallel at wing apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 7.5 ¥ as long as apical section, CuAx ratio 0.4 ¥. Wing length 3.3 mm. Legs mainly dark yellow with darker coxae. Coxa I brownish yellow, infuscated anteriorly with pale pubescence, coxa II mainly brown, and coxa III dark yellow, slightly infuscated. Trochanters dark yellow. Femur I and II yellow and femur III dark yellow, all broadly infuscated along whole length dorsally. Femur I with erect basoventral bristle, 0.7 ¥ as long as femur is deep, basad of row of very strong, erect av bristles; with one row of erect pv bristles, not as long as femur is deep; with one pv preapical bristle. Femur II with one strong ad preapical bristle; with one row of very strong (basal ones 2 / 3 of femur depth) erect av bristles, and one row of smaller erect pv bristles on less than apical half; av and pv bristles of femur I and II decreasing in length towards apex. Femur III with one weak ad, inserted just above lower 1 / 3 of femur, and two very strong av preapical bristles; with one row of thin av bristles along whole length, increasing in length towards apex; with one row of very strong erect pv bristles, bristles in basal half longer than femur is deep. Tibia I dark yellow, without dorsal bristles, with short ventral pubescence; tibia II and III yellow, tibia II with two moderate ad and one moderate pd bristles, basal bristles forming no ad-pd couple; with dense and long (longer than tibial depth) erect ventral pubescence along whole length; tibia III with three strong ad, four strong pd bristles and about 20 strong pv setae. Tarsus I and II brown with 5 th tarsomeres almost black, tarsus III dark brown; tarsus II and III with 1 st tarsomere pale on extreme base. First tarsomere of leg III as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Llanquihue, Puerto Montt, 24. xii. 1926 (F. & M. Edwards) (BMNH; D, hypopygium mounted), examined. Labels: ‘ Puerto Montt 24. XII. 1926 Y’ / ‘ S. Chile: Llanquihue prov. F. & M. Edwards BM 1927 – 63 ’ / ‘ Achalcus brevinervis HOLOTYPE Van Duzee’.	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203033F093BFC9EB646CB42CBE8.taxon	description	Male. Rather small, stout species. Head. Face dark brown, paler on clypeus, about 2 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput flat with broad central furrow, dark brown, slightly shining green. Palp rather small (less than 1 / 4 of eye), rounded rectangular, reddish yellow with dark apex; with two black apical bristles. Antenna mainly dark with scape pale on apicoventral 1 / 3 and pedicel pale on ventral 2 / 3; first flagellomere elongate triangular, 1.9 ¥ as long and deep and 1.5 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.8 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, with short pubescence (Fig. 16 C). Thorax entirely dark brown with slight green metallic reflection, with only postalar area slightly paler. Nine ac, more than 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One (broken off) sutural bristle present. Several small bristles present between dc 1 – 3, ps and sutural bristles. Abdomen entirely dark brown with black genital capsule. Hypopygium with simple hypandrium; aedeagus dark, very long and rather straight; ventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites whitish; cercus moderately large, ribbonshaped (Fig. 16 E). Wing. Halter pale. Wing rather pale, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 slightly diverging; R 4 + 5 curved. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.9 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.7. Wing length 2.4 – 2.5 mm (n = 3) (Fig. 16 A). Legs including coxae mainly pale yellow with tarsi (especially of leg III) darker. Femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 7, slightly longer than femur is deep, basad of av row of strong bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; most basal bristles erect, apical ones inclined towards apex; with two pv preapical bristles (Fig. 16 D). Femur II with one row of strong inclined pv bristles on whole length, decreasing in length towards apex, basal bristles about as long as femur is deep; with one strong ad and one strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 16 B). Femur III with one ad (lacking) and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I and II whitish yellow, tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two strong ad and one rather strong pd bristles; ad bristles inserted at less than basal 1 / 3 and at middle, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple; tibia III with three moderate ad and three moderate pd bristles, without distinct erect setae among dense pubescence. Tarsus I whitish yellow with 4 th and 5 th tarsomeres very slightly infuscated, tarsus II pale yellow; tarsus III brownish yellow with 1 st tarsomere somewhat paler. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.5 – 3.0 mm (n = 3). Female. As in male, except for the following: face pale brown, very wide below antennae, distance between eyes at narrowest wide about 3 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Palp rectangular, reddish yellow with dark apex, 1 / 5 of eye. Antenna with 1 st flagellomere brown with basal half paler; 1 st flagellomere 1.4 ¥ as long as deep and 1.1 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista 1.1 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna. Femora distinctly infuscated dorsally along whole length, especially femur I. Femur II and III with dense, rather strong av and pv pubescence. Abdomen with six pubescent segments; 8 th segment conical with six long setae instead of dornen; cercus slender, brownish. Body length 3.0 mm, wing length 2.5 mm. Etymology. Species named in honour of Brian Brown (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, USA), who initiated my interest in Costa Rican dolichopodid biodiversity and provided me with numerous Malaise trap samples. Holotype. 1 ♂, COSTA RICA: San José, Zurqui de Moravia, 1600 m, iv. 1991 (Hanson) (INBio; W). Allotype. 1 ♀, same data. Other paratypes. COSTA RICA: 1 ♂, San José, Zurqui de Moravia, 1600 m, vii. 1991; 1 ♂, vi- vii. 1993, MT	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
146912030339093BFF61B40ECCD8CF40.taxon	description	Male. Rather small, slender species. Head. Face dark brown, heavily dusted, as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown. All postocular bristles dark. Palp small (1 / 6 of eye), ovoid, dark brown. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow, slightly infuscated dorsally; first flagellomere entirely dark brown, elongate triangular, about 2 ¥ as long as deep and 1.6 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.8 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, practically bare. Thorax. Mesonotum including pleura shining brown with greyish lines along ac and dc; humeri and notopleura yellowish brown with scutellum brown with yellowish lateral corners. Postnotum slightly paler than pleura, with distinct triangular black frontolateral margin. Metapleura entirely dark brown. nine ac, less than 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One small sutural bristle present. About three small bristles present between dc 1 – 2, ps and sutural bristles. Abdomen with first three abdominal tergites yellowish brown with dark caudal edge, from posterior half of 4 th onwards (including genital capsule) blackish brown; with strong marginal bristles. Sternites greyish brown. Hypopygium with simple hypandrium with raised apical rim; aedeagus dark, straight and slen- der; ventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites robust and dark; cercus large, lamelliformous, with strong apical and dorsal bristles (Fig. 17). Wing. Halter and wing pale, latter with R 4 + 5 slightly curved; R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 nearly converging at apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.3 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.6 x. Wing length 2.6 – 2.7 mm (n = 2). Legs including coxae and trochanters mainly pale yellow, with leg III darker. Femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 4, longer than femur is deep, basad of row of erect av bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; two most basal av bristles distinctly longer than apical ones; with two pv preapical bristles. Femur II with 1 – 2 very strong (about 1.5 ¥ femur depth) erect av bristles at extreme base, followed by short inclined setae until apex; with one strong ad and one av preapical bristles. Femur III dark yellow, slightly infuscated dorsally, with one row of inclined equal-sized rather strong (1 / 2 – 1 / 3 of femur depth) av bristles; with one moderately strong ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one av preapical bristles. Tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with one rather small (1 / 9 of tibial length) ad and one rather small pd bristles; basal bristles inserted at basal 1 / 3, forming ad-pd couple; with multiple ventral rows of short spine-like bristles on apical 2 / 3; tibia III brownish yellow, slightly swollen towards apex, with two small ad and three small pd bristles; with dense pubescence and distinct ventral setae. All tarsi with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus I pale yellow, from 2 nd tarsomere gradually darkened, slightly dorsoventrally flattened; tarsus II dark yellow, gradually darkened; tarsus III entirely brown. First tarsomere of leg III as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Species named in honour of Jeffrey Cumming (Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Ottawa), who supported my study of the Chilean achalcine specimens from the CNC. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de la Araucania, Prov. Malleco, Gualletue, 1200 m, 9 – 14. xii. 1963 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted). Paratypes. CHILE: 1 ♂, Region del Maule, Prov. Curicó, Curicó, El Coigual, 20 – 26. i. 1964 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, lacking hypopygium).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
14691203033A0906FF7FB4E4CC03C8C9.taxon	description	Male. Small, rather stout species. Head. Face yellow, not as wide as ocellus, eyes almost touching. Frons dark brown. Occiput flat, dark brown, shining. Uppermost seven postoculars black, lower eight brownish. Palp small (1 / 5 of eye), triangular, yellow, infuscated at apex. Antenna entirely pale yellow with first flagellomere blunt-tipped, 1.1 ¥ as long as deep and 0.7 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 2.1 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, inserted basodorsally on outer face, black with extreme base pale; with 1 st segment very long and distinctly curving; with microscopic pubescence (Fig. 18 C). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum reddish yellow with brown spot on prescutellar depression extending upon scutellum. Pleura pale brown. Postnotum concolorous with mesonotum with frontolateral part pale brown with small black triangle, and large pale brown spot on dorsum. Metapleura with lower half white, uppermost half pale brown. Five ac, 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One small sutural bristle present. Abdomen with tergites brown; 1 st tergite paler and without dorsocentral marginal bristles; 2 nd and 3 rd sternites whitish with brown tinge, 4 th and 5 th pale brown, 5 th sternite with caudal incision. Genital capsule pale brown. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus enlarged well before bifurcate apex; midventral bristle of surstylus simple (Fig. 18 F); VEP evident, postgonites pale, DEP not evident; cercus small, elongate triangular (Fig. 18 E, G). Wing. Halter pale. Wing remarkable, very broad with eight distinct brown spots, with R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 curved, distinctly diverging. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.1 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.1. Wing length 1.9 – 2.2 mm (n = 11) (Fig. 18 A). Legs including coxae yellowish white, with femora I and III and apical tarsomeres infuscated. Coxa I with very dense white microscopic pubescence. Trochanters slightly infuscated. Femur I greyish, with basal 1 / 3 white due to dense microscopic pubescence; with one erect ventral bristle, basad of row of 4 – 5 erect bristles in basal half, bristles about half as long as femur is deep; with one strong av and one strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 19). Femur II with one strong ad, inserted rather low, one rather strong av and one strong pv preapical bristles. Femur III yellowish white, pale brown on apical 3 / 5, with dark knee; with one strong ad and one strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I white, without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two strong ad and one strong pd bristles (1 / 6 of tibial length), ad bristles inserted at basal 1 / 5 and 3 / 5; tibia III with two moderately large ad, three moderately large pd bristles and 3 – 4 small erect ventral setae. Tarsus I with 1 st to 3 rd tarsomere white, 1 st tarsomere infuscated on base, and 4 th and 5 th tarsomeres contrastingly black; tarsus II yellowish white with 5 th tarsomere darker; tarsus III brownish yellow, contrastingly darker than tibia. First tarsomere of leg III 0.9 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 1.4 – 1.7 mm (n = 11). Female. Considerably different from male. Face about as wide as ocellus. Palp ovoid, more than 1 / 4 of eye. Antenna with first three antennal joints infuscated, at least dorsally; 1 st flagellomere entirely infuscated, 0.6 ¥ as long as deep and 0.6 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista straight, 2.8 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna (Fig. 18 D). Abdomen with yellowish to dark brown tergites; sternites of 4 th and 5 th segment greyish brown, and of 6 th segment dark brown; 7 th and 8 th segment shining, black brown, telescopic; apex of 8 th segment reddish yellow, with eight short dornen; cercus brown, slender. Wing clear, with costal cell slightly infuscated; proximal section of CuA 1 1.8 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.8 (Fig. 18 B). Legs including trochanters whitish yellow, with femora slightly infuscated on apical half dorsally. Wing length 2.4 – 2.7 mm (n = 5). probably the direct result of the shrivelled state of the antenna after mounting.	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303040904FCEBB14AC943CAE4.taxon	description	Male. Rather small and slender species. Head. Face dark brown, narrow, not as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex with distinct central dorsal concavity, dark brown. Lower postocular bristles distinctly shorter than uppermost ones. Palp minute (1 / 11 of eye), ovoid, yellowish white; with black pubescence on disc and whitish marginal fringe. Antenna mainly yellow, distinctly infuscated dorsally; first flagellomere triangular, with deep subapical notch, 1.4 ¥ as long as deep, and 1.9 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista as long as first three joints of antenna, inserted in subapical notch, with microscopic pubescence (Fig. 20 B). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum reddish yellow with presutural depression entirely dark and scutellum slightly darkened on disc; with notopleura slightly infuscated and humeri paler. Pleura and postnotum brownish yellow, latter with very small black frontolateral triangle. Metapleura entirely reddish yellow. 7 – 8 ac, 1.5 – 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One small sutural bristle present. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region del Biobio, Prov. Concepción, Concepción (F. & M. Edwards) (BMNH; D), not examined. Other material examined. CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Llanquihue: 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 km NW Ensenada 41 ∞ 11 ¢ S 72 ∞ 32 ¢ W, 29. i. 1998; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 30. i. 1998 (Woodley) (USNM; D); Prov. Osorno: 3 ♂, Lago Puyehue, 80 km E. of Osorno (secondary forest), 17 – 18. i. 1997, YWT (Bickel) (POLLET, CNC; W, antenna, leg I and hypopygium of one ♂ mounted); 1 ♂, Rio Coihueco, c. 31 km NW Las Cascades 40 ∞ 54 ¢ S 72 ∞ 44 ¢ W, 222 m, 6. i. 1998 (Woodley) (USNM; D); Region del Biobio, Prov. Nuble: 1 ♀, vicinity of Cueva Pincheira, 41 km SE Chillán 36 ∞ 54 ¢ S 71 ∞ 33 ¢ W, 1100 m, 16. ii. 1998 (Woodley) (USNM; D); 11 ♂, 9 ♀, 40 km E. of San Carlos, 23. xii. 1950; 1 ♂, 24. xii. 1950 (Ross & Michelbacher) (CAS; D, wing and antenna of one ♀ mounted). Remarks. The male antenna as depicted by Van Duzee (1930: plate II, fig. 58) is not very accurate and most Abdomen, including genital capsule, blackish brown with olive-green shining; tergites with very strong marginal bristles; 6 th tergite small, 5 th sternite with caudal incision. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus with two free-ended subapical lateral processes; midventral bristle of surstylus simple; VEP evident, postgonites pale, DEP not evident; cercus very small, tapering, with long black apical bristle (Fig. 20 C). Wing. Halter distinctly black. Wing slightly darkened, costal cel darker, with R 4 + 5 curved; R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 diverging at apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.5 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.5. Wing length 2.5 – 2.7 mm (n = 3) (Fig. 20 A). Legs. Including coxae whitish yellow, largely infuscated. Coxa I with whitish, dense, short pubescence and black, small marginal and large apical bristles. Femur I with erect ventral bristle, less than half as long as femur is deep, basad of row of rather short av bristles along whole length, decreasing in length towards apex; with two strong pv preapical bristles. Femur II with basal 1 / 3 whitish yellow, then abruptly blackish on apical 2 / 3; with one strong ad, one av and one pv preapical bristles. Femur III with basal 1 / 3 whitish yellow and dorsal, ventral and entire apical 2 / 3 blackish; with one thin but long ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, one very strong av and one small preapical pv bristles. Tibia I blackish, except for extreme base, without dorsal bristles; tibia II whitish yellow, infuscated at middle with two strong ad and one strong pd bristles, basal bristles not forming ad-pd couple; tibia III brownish, with three ad and three pd bristles, dense pd pubescence and a few ventral setae. Tarsus I and II brown with 5 th tarsomere black; tarsus III entirely black. First tarsomere of leg III 0.7 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 1.8 – 2.1 mm (n = 3). Etymology. Refers to the distinct subapical notch of the 1 st flagellomere in this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Chiloé, Isla Chiloé, Dalcahue, 17 – 31. i. 1962 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted). Paratypes. CHILE: 2 ♂, Region Aisen, Prov. Aisén, Puerto Cisnes 44 ∞ 45 ¢ S 72 ∞ 40 ¢ W, 1 – 15. ii. 1961 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, antenna, wing and hypopygium of 1 ♂ mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303060903FF65B34CCAC0CE7E.taxon	description	Male. Rather large, slender species. Head. Face blackish brown, dusted, about as wide as ocellus (undetermined in holotype due to strong shrinkage of head). Frons dark brown. Occiput concave, dark brown, shining. Palp about 1 / 4 of eye, ovoid circular, brownish yellow, with dark outer margin. Antenna dark brown with ventral half of pedicel whitish yellow on outer face; first flagellomere elongate triangular, rather tapering, 2.3 ¥ as long as deep and 1.9 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.7 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical (Fig. 21 B). Thorax including metapleura dark brown with alar and lateral scutellar areas yellowish. Eight ac, 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One rather strong sutural bristle present. Small additional bristles present between ps, sutural and dc 1 – 2. Abdomen, including genital capsule, shining brown; tergites with strong marginal bristles, especially on 1 st tergite; 6 th tergite less than 1 / 3 as long as 5 th. Hypopygium (Fig. 22 B) with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus robust, with asymmetrical enlargement near apex (Fig. 22 A, B); midventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites large, with dark apex; cercus rather short, narrow, with three flat apical bristles (Fig. 22 C). Wing. Halter dark. Wing very slightly infuscated, with R 4 + 5 gently curved and M 1 + 2 straight; both veins parallel at wing apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 3.4 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 0.9. Wing length 2.6 – 3.1 mm (n = 2) (Fig. 21 A). Legs including coxae mainly pale yellow, with femora and entire leg III largely infuscated. Coxa II and III reddish yellow. Trochanters of legs I and II pale yellow, reddish brown in leg III. Femur I infuscated dorsally along whole length, with one erect ventral bristle at less than basal 1 / 5, about as long as femur is deep; with one row of small inclined av bristles along whole length; with one strong pv preapical bristle (Fig. 21 C). Femur II very slightly infuscated dorsally, with 3 – 4 very strong (longer than femur is deep) erect av bristles at extreme base; with one strong ad preapical bristle inserted rather anteriorly. Femur III brownish yellow, strongly infuscated on dorsal half; with one row of strong av bristles in apical 1 / 3 (not visible in Fig. 21 D) and one row of perpendicular short but strong pv bristles on basal half; with one rather small ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one rather weak av preapical bristles (Fig. 21 D). Tibia I yellow, without dorsal bristles; tibia II whitish yellow with two moderate ad and one moderate pd bristles, basal bristles forming no clear ad-pd couple; tibia III brownish yellow, darkened on apical 1 / 4, with two small ad and four small pd bristles. Tarsus I yellow with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus II whitish yellow, gradually darker towards apex with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III entirely dark brown. First tarsomere of leg III as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Female. Unknown. Remarks. During the examination of the holotype, the long ventral bristle on the 3 rd tarsomere of leg I, regarded as a diagnostic feature by Van Duzee (1930: fig. 55, plate II), appeared to be an artefact. The bristle was not inserted and only present on one of the legs. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Llanquihue, Casa Pangue, 4 – 10. xii. 1926 (F. & M. Edwards) (BMNH; D, hypopygium mounted), examined. Labels: ‘ Casa Pangue’ / ‘ S. Chile: Llanquihue prov. F. & M. Edwards BM 1927 – 63 ’ / ‘ Achalcus longicornis HOLOTYPE Van Duzee’. Other material examined. CHILE: 1 ♂, Region de los Lagos, Prov. Chiloé, Isla Chiloé, Dalcahue, 17 – 22. i. 1962 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, antenna, wing, leg I and II mounted). AUSTRALACHALCUS PSEUDOROBUSTUS SP. NOV. (FIG. 23) Male. Small and stout species. Head. Face pale brown, slightly wider than ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex ventrally and distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown, shining. Uppermost postocular bristles black, lower ones brown. Palp very small (1 / 10 of eye), ovoid, almost circular, dark brown. Antenna largely dark with scape with pale spot at extreme base and pedicel reddish yellow on ventral half on inner face; first flagellomere dark, paler on extreme base, elongate triangular, about 1.8 ¥ as long as deep and 2 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.6 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, with microscopic pubescence. Thorax including metapleura blackish brown with scutellum dark reddish brown. Six ac, 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One fairly strong sutural bristle present. About three small bristles present between ps, sutural and 1 st and 2 nd dc. Abdomen blackish brown with olive-green shining, genital capsule dark brown. Tergites with strong marginal bristles. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus with recurrent apical process; midventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP not evident; DEP and postgonites evident; cercus moderately developed, rectangular with somewhat enlarged apex (Fig. 23). Wing. Halter pale. Wing slightly infuscated, with R 4 + 5 hardly curving, R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 hardly diverging towards wing apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 2.0 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.6. Wing length 2.1 mm. Legs pale yellow with mainly dark coxae and dorsally infuscated femora. Coxa I yellow, distinctly infuscated brownish anteriorly; coxa II and III brown. Trochanters whitish yellow; trochanters of leg II with long black bristles. Femur I and II slightly infuscated dorsally, femur III distinctly infuscated on dorsal half; femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 6, 1.5 ¥ as long as femur is deep, basad of three small erect av bristles till middle of femur followed by small inclined bristles till apex; with one small ad and two moderately strong pv preapical bristles. Femur II with one strong (as long as femur depth) erect av bristle at extreme base, rest of basal half bare; with one row of strong (two basal bristles as long as femur depth) rather erect pv bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; with one strong ad, one av and two pv preapical bristles. Femur III with one row of rather strong inclined av bristles, weakest at middle (basal bristles longer than 0.5 ¥ femur depth); with one weak ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one very strong av preapical bristle. Tibia I and II whitish yellow, tibia III dark yellow; tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with one small (1 / 10 of tibial length) ad and one small pd bristles, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at basal 1 / 3; tibia III distinctly swollen, with two ad and two pd bristles; with dense pd and ventral pubescence, without distinct ventral setae. Tarsus I pale yellow with apex of 4 th and with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus II yellow, darker from 2 nd tarsomere onwards with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III entirely brown. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.0 mm. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the resemblance of this species to the closely related A. robustus described below. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region del Maule, Prov. Curicó, Curicó, Estero La Jaula (Nothofagus), i. 1964 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
1469120303010900FF66B6C2CCDFCE5C.taxon	description	Male. Small, stout species. Head. Face dark brown, 1.5 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown. Palp small (1 / 6 of eye), ovoid circular, small, dark brown. Antenna almost entirely dark with pedicel reddish yellow on ventral half on inner face; first flagellomere rounded triangular with acute apex, 1.6 ¥ as long as wide and 1.6 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, with microscopic pubescence (Fig. 24 C). Thorax including metapleura blackish brown with olive-green reflection; humeri with minute yellow spot. Pleura and postnotum dark brown, postnotum with black frontolateral margin. 5 – 6 very strong ac, more than 2 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One small sutural bristle present. About three small bristles present between ps, sutural and 1 st and 2 nd dc. Abdomen blackish with olive-green reflection, genital capsule brown. Tergites with very strong marginal bristles; 6 th tergite small, 5 th sternite with caudal incision. Hypopygium with apicoventrally spined hypandrium; aedeagus with recurrent apical process; midventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP evident; DEP not evident; postgonites dark; cercus rather small, reversed triangular, with strong apical bristles and apical fringe (Fig. 24 B). Wing. Halter pale. Wing very slightly darkened, with R 4 + 5 slightly curved; R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 almost parallel at wing apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.9 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 1.6. Wing length 2.1 mm (Fig. 24 A). Legs mainly dark to brownish yellow, femora distinctly infuscated dorsally. Coxae dark brown, only coxa I paler at extreme apex. Trochanters whitish yellow. Femur I brownish, darkened dorsally, with one very strong erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 6, 1.5 ¥ as long as femur is deep, basad of 1 – 3 small, less erect av bristles on basal 1 / 3; with two strong pv preapical bristles (Fig. 24 D). Femur II dark yellow, distinctly darkened on dorsal half; with one row of 5 – 6 very strong (basal bristles 1.5 ¥ femur depth) erect av bristles in basal half, then decreasing in length towards apex; with one strong ad and one small pv preapical bristles (Fig. 24 E). Femur III pale yellow, distinctly infuscated on dorsal half, with one moderately strong ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one very strong av preapical bristles. Tibia I pale yellow, without dorsal bristles and with dense dorsal and ventral pubescence; tibia II yellow with one very strong (more than 1 / 5 of tibial length) ad and one very strong pd bristles, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at basal 1 / 4; tibia III brownish, gradually swollen towards apex, with one small ad and two small pd bristles; with dense pd and ventral pubescence. Tarsus I dark yellow with 4 th and 5 th tarsomeres darker; tarsus II darkened with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III entirely dark brown. First tarsomere of leg III 0.9 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 1.7 mm. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the robust appearance (stout, compact body shape, relatively short legs) of this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de los Lagos, Prov. Chiloé, Isla Chiloé, Dalcahue, 17 – 22. i. 1962 (L. Peña) (CNC; D, hypopygium mounted).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
146912030302090FFC8DB6B9CA54CEAA.taxon	description	Male. Rather small, slender species. Head. Face pale brown, dusted, slightly wider than ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex ventrally, distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown, shining. Palp small (1 / 5 of eye), ovoid, whitish. Antenna with scape and pedicel mainly reddish yellow; scape distinctly infuscated dorsally and pedicel with narrow dark apical rim; first flagellomere mainly brown, elongate triangular, 2.2 ¥ as long as deep and 1.9 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.7 ¥ as long as first three antennal joints, distinctly subapical, practically bare (Fig. 25 C). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum brown with yellowish dusting; humeri, notopleural areas and lateral parts of scutellum yellowish. Pleura reddish brown. Postnotum contrasting yellowish with rather strong black frontolateral triangle. Metapleura entirely brown. 6 – 7 ac, more than 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One small sutural bristle present, but without additional bristles. Abdomen with tergites entirely brown, yellowish to greyish on 1 st till 3 rd laterally; with strong marginal bristles. Sternites greyish brown. Genital capsule dark brown, moderately developed, with dark aedeagus visible through posterior face. Hypopygium with simple hypandrium with raised apical rim; aedeagus dark, extremely thin and straight; epandrial setae inserted at base of epandrial lobe; midventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP and DEP evident; postgonites slender, slightly darkened on apex; cercus moderately developed, club-shaped (Fig. 25 E). Wing. Halter infuscated. Wing slightly infuscated, with R 4 + 5 hardly curved, R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 parallel. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.3 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.5. Wing length 2.3 – 3.0 mm (n = 9) (Fig. 25 D). Legs including coxae whitish yellow, with femur II slightly infuscated and femur III infuscated on dorsal half. Femur I with erect ventral bristle at basal 1 / 9, 0.7 ¥ as long as femur is deep, basad of row of strong erect av bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; with three small erect pv bristles at extreme base and some inclined small pv bristles at apex; with one small av and two pv preapical bristles (Fig. 25 A). Femur II with one row of erect av bristles, weakest at middle, only basal bristle as long as femur is deep, and one row of very strong erect pv bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; 4 – 5 basal pv bristles 1.4 ¥ as long as femur is deep; with one strong ad and one small av preapical bristles (Fig. 25 B). Femur III with one rather weak ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one strong av preapical bristle. Tibia I without dorsal bristles; tibia II with two small (1 / 11 of tibial length) ad and one small pd bristles, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at basal 1 / 3; with ventral rows of indistinct slightly erect small spines. Tibia III brownish, slightly dilated at apex, with three very small ad, three very small pd bristles and 2 – 3 indistinct ventral setae. Tarsus I and II whitish yellow with 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III entirely brownish. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.1 – 2.6 mm (n = 9). Female. As in male, except for the following: face wider, about 2 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Palp 1 / 5 – 1 / 4 of eye, pale yellow with dark apical margin. Antenna with scape and pedicel pale yellow, infuscated dorsally; 1 st flagellomere with basal half yellow, rounded triangular, 1.2 ¥ as long as deep and 1.3 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined; arista 1.5 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna. Thorax pale brown. Abdomen with six pubescent segments; tergites brown with 1 st and 2 nd brownish yellow; anterior sternites brownish yellow, posterior ones pale brownish; 8 th segment conical, with eight setae instead of dornen; cerci small. Tibia III with 2 – 3 ad and 3 – 4 pd bristles. Body length 2.2 – 2.8 mm, wing length 2.2 – 2.9 mm (n = 7). Etymology. Refers to the strong av and pv bristles on femur II in this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region del Bernardo O’Higgins, Bosque de los Conservadores Graneros, 1100 m, 1 – 4. iii. 1962 (L. Peña) (CNC; D). Paratypes. CHILE: Region de Valparaiso, Prov. Quillota: 10 ♂, 39 ♀, Palma de Ocoa, Parque Nacional Campanas, hillside draw, 32 ∞ 93 ¢ 24 S 71 ∞ 07 ¢ 81 W, 215 m, 21. xi- 6. xii. 1997; 12 ♂, 75 ♀, 6 – 20. xii. 1997; 54 ♀, 20. xii. 1997 – 10. i. 1998; 5 ♂, 5 ♀, 10 – 31. i. 1998; 8 ♂, 10 ♀, 31. i- 14. ii. 1998; 1 ♂, 14. ii- 7. iii. 1998, all MT (Barria & Irwin) (INHS; W); Prov. San Felipe de Aconcagua: 3 ♂, Aconcagua, Valle Los Piuquenes, 7 – 12. ii. 1964 (hypopygium and wing of 1 ♂ mounted; head of 1 ♂ lacking); Region del Maule, Prov. Curicó: 1 ♂, Curicó, El Coigual, 20 – 26. i. 1964 (antenna, leg I and II, and hypopygium mounted) (all L. Peña) (CNC; D); Region metropolitana de Santiago, Prov. Santiago: 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Queb La Plata, 5 km W. La Rinconada de Maipu, cyn. bottom, 400 m, 24. xi- 7. xii. 1997, MT (Barria & Irwin) (INHS; W). AUSTRALACHALCUS VARIABILIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 26, 27) Male. Rather small, slender species. Head. Face pale brown, moderately dusted, 1.5 ¥ as wide as ocellus. Frons dark brown. Occiput convex ventrally, distinctly concave dorsally, dark brown, shining. Palp small (1 / 6 of eye), circular, dark brown. Antenna mainly dark with scape and pedicel usually largely dark but sometimes almost entirely yellow (see Fig. 26 C); first flagellomere brown with basal 1 / 4 yellow, elongate triangular, 2.1 ¥ as long as deep and 1.9 ¥ as long as scape and pedicel combined. Arista 0.8 ¥ as long as first three joints of antenna, distinctly subapical, practically bare (Fig. 26 C). Thorax. Mesonotum and scutellum yellowish brown, with dusted lines along ac and dc. Pleura and postnotum brown, latter with very large black frontolateral triangle and narrow ventral black margin. Metapleura entirely pale brown. Seven ac, 1.5 ¥ as long as distance between rows. One minute sutural bristle present. Abdomen with 2 nd and 3 rd abdominal tergites translucent whitish yellow, darker from apical half of 3 rd to blackish brown on tergites 4 – 6; with strong marginal bristles and faint green reflection; 6 th tergite half as long as 5 th. Tergites with 1 st to 3 rd segment translucent brownish, darker from 4 th onwards. Genital capsule moderately developed, blackish brown. Hypopygium with pseudo-spined hypandrium; aedeagus dark, very long and rather straight; midventral bristle of surstylus with apical flag; VEP evident; DEP not evident; postgonites slender and pale; cercus rather small, bean-shaped with strong marginal bristles (Figs 26 D, 27). Wing. Halter and wing slightly infuscated, latter with R 4 + 5 curved, R 4 + 5 and M 1 + 2 slightly diverging towards wing apex. Proximal section of vein CuA 1 1.5 ¥ as long as apical section; CuAx ratio 2.1. Wing length 2.3 – 2.7 mm (n = 5) (Fig. 26 B). Legs whitish yellow with darker tarsi. Coxa II and III reddish yellow. Femur I without erect ventral bristle and with two moderately strong pv preapical bristles. Femur II with one row of inclined av setae, weakest at middle, only basal bristle as long as femur is deep, and one row of very strong erect pv bristles, decreasing in length towards apex; basal pv bristle 1.7 ¥ as long as femur is deep; with one strong ad, one small av and one pv preapical bristles (Fig. 26 A). Femur III distinctly infuscated on dorsal half with one rather weak ad, inserted in lower 1 / 3, and one strong av preapical bristle. Tibia I without dorsal bristles. Tibia II slightly dilated apically with one very small (1 / 12 of tibial length) ad and one very small pd bristles, basal bristles forming ad-pd couple at basal 1 / 3; with one ventral row of rather erect short spines on apical half; tibia III dilated towards apex, with two very small ad, three very small pd and four ventral setae. Tarsus I with 1 st tarsomere yellow, 2 nd to 4 th darker yellow and 5 th dark; tarsus II dark yellow with apical half of 5 th tarsomere dark; tarsus III entirely brownish yellow. First tarsomere of leg III 0.8 ¥ as long as 2 nd tarsomere. Body length 2.1 mm. Female. Unknown. Etymology. Refers to the variable colour of body and antenna in this species. Holotype. 1 ♂, CHILE: Region de la Araucania, Prov. Malleco, Rio Blanco, 1100 – 2000 m, ii. 1964 (L. Peña) (CNC; D). Paratypes. CHILE: Region de la Araucania, Prov. Malleco: 2 ♂, Rio Blanco, 1100 – 2000 m, ii. 1964 (hypopygium of 1 ♂ mounted); Region del Maule, Prov. Curicó: 1 ♂, Curicó, Estero La Jaula (Nothofagus), i. 1964 (wing and hypopygium mounted); Region metropolitana de Santiago, Prov. Santiago: 1 ♂, Cerro el Roble, 28 – 31. xii. 1963 (wing, leg II, antenna & hypopygium mounted) (all L. Peña) (CNC; D).	en	Pollet, Marc (2005): Systematic revision of Neotropical Achalcus and a related new genus (Diptera: Dolichopodidae, Achalcinae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143 (1): 27-73, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00141.x
