identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
142A4050DE5BFFD091E7E4EDFC40FF3C.text	142A4050DE5BFFD091E7E4EDFC40FF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monaloniini Carvalho 1952	<div><p>TRIBE MONALONIINI</p> <p>Monalonionaria Reuter, 1892: 398 (division nov.);</p> <p>Eucerocoraria Kirkaldy, 1902: 294 (division nov.); Reuter, 1910: 123 (disc.)</p> <p>Monaloniaria Reuter, 1910: 123 (disc.);</p> <p>Odoniellaria Reuter, 1910: 123 (disc.); Oshanin, 1912: 70 (as tribe, cat.)</p> <p>Monaloniini Carvalho, 1952: 33, 35, 40, 41, 59 (as tribe, disc., key to tribes, cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 16, 38 (key to tribes, key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 131 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 313 (review of some African genera); Schmitz, 1968: 7 (descr., disc., key to Ethiopian fauna); Schuh, 1975: 9, 17 (trichobothria); Carayon, 1977: 21 (key to tribes); Lavabre, 1977a: 57 (desc., review of cocoa pest genera); Carvalho, 1981: 5, 7 (list of spp. for Papua New Guinea, key to gen.); Kerzhner, 1988a: 792 (key to spp. of Far East USSR); Cassis and Gross, 1995: 141 (cat.); Kerzhner and Konstantinov, 1999: 122 (male genitalia).</p> <p>Odoniellini Carvalho, 1952: 33, 35, 40, 41, 60 (disc., key to tribes, cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 15, 40 (key to tribes, key to gen.); Miller and China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 143 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 271 (generic review, in part); Schuh, 1975: 9, 17 (trichobothria); Carayon, 1977: 21 (key to tribes); Lavabre, 1977a: 48 (descr., key to gen.; review of cocoa pest genera); Carvalho, 1981: 5, 6 (list of spp. for Papua New Guinea, key to gen.); Kerzhner and Konstantinov, 1999: 122 (male genitalia).</p> <p>Monaloniina Schuh, 1976: 23 (as subtribe, pretarsus, disc.); Schuh, 1995: 508 (cat.); Schuh and Slater, 1995: 176 (disc.)</p> <p>Odoniellina Schuh, 1976: 32 (as infratribes, pretarsus, disc.); Schuh, 1995 (cat.); Schuh and Slater, 1995: 176 (disc.)</p> <p>Diagnosis: The Monaloniini differ from other bryocorine suprageneric groups by the unique structure of the thoracic pleura, with the opening of the scent glands obscure, ventrally positioned and without evaporative bodies (fig. 14A in Namyatova et al., in press; see also Cassis, 1986 and Cassis &amp; Schuh, 2012 where this character was initially mentioned), the suture between mesopleuron and metapleuron incomplete (fig. 14A in Namyatova et al., in press), and the metepimeron in many species with a distinct lobe (Fig. 13A–C, fig. 14A in Namyatova et al., in press). Other important diagnostic characters for the Monaloniini are: LSI–II more than twice as long as wide (fig. 9A in Namyatova et al., in press); LSIV usually the longest, rarely subequal to LSIII (fig. 8A-E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b; fig. 2F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014; fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press), collar weakly separated, usually delimited laterally, hemelytron membrane with single cell, with cell often elongate, surpassing apex of cuneus; basal tooth on claw present (fig. 9A, B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b; fig. 21F, I Namyatova et al., in press); parempodia symmetrical (fig. 10 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b; fig. 20F in Namyatova et al., in press); unguitractor plate with three contiguous rows of tiles, tiles of middle row straight (fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b; fig. 20F in Namyatova et al., in press). See also diagnosis of Monaloniini in Namyatova et al. (in press).</p> <p>Description: Body size 4.5–14 mm, usually ranging between 8 and 11 mm. COLORATION (Figs 6–9, figs 2– 4 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Colour usually bright, varying from uniformly pale yellow (e.g. Yangambia vesiculata) to dark brown (e.g. Sahlbergella singularis) or bright red (e.g. Physophoroptera mirabilis). Body usually multicoloured with markings and spots, sometimes with braconid-mimicking (e.g. Rayieria basifer) or bee-mimicking (Platyngomiris apiformis) colour pattern. TEXTURE. Head impunctate, usually with short medial sulcus, which sometimes is very indistinct; some genera with flattened area on vertex near or behind each eye (fig. 4B, C in Namyatova et al., in press); pronotum and scutellum impunctate or punctuate, sometimes punctures mixed with wrinkles or only wrinkles present; pair of punctures on depression delimiting calli and pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum absent or present (fig. 10A in Namyatova et al., in press); small tubercles or tumescences on pronotum and scutellum absent or present (Figs 10I, 11D, F–H, J, L, fig. 4B, C in Namyatova et al., in press); lateral margin of scutellum usually with row of punctures or striations (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press), except genera from the Monalonion -complex (see discussion and node 35); sulcus between mesoscutum and scutellum with pair of medial punctures in many genera, except the Monalonion -complex and Odoniella - complex (fig. 11C,D in Namyatova et al., in press); hemelytron generally impunctate, but in many genera bearing rows of punctures on clavus and R + M (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); pleura smooth, impunctate. VESTITURE. Body often clothed with simple setae; in many species of Chamus and some genera of the Odoniella -complex ASI and hemelytra mostly or entirely with flattened setae, sometimes those setae darkened (many genera of the Odoniella -complex); sometimes vestiture scarce, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytron almost without setae; rarely vestiture dense; legs sometimes covered with very long and dense setae (Sahlbergella theobroma, Platyngomiris apiformis); small black setae on tibia usually placed in irregular rows (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes irregularly distributed, present only apically or absent. STRUCTURE. Head. Dorsal view (Fig. 10 A-J, fig. 2D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 5A–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 2A–D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 4A–D in Namyatova et al., in press). Eye often removed from pronotum at a distance at least equivalent to half eye diameter or sometimes placed closer to pronotum; occipital region delimited or not delimited by depression; eye stylate or not stylate; distance between antennal fossa varying from as long as to twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons often swollen, sometimes straight, sometimes with paired tubercles or more or less bifurcate outgrowth (many representatives of Odoniella -complex), three outgrowths (Chamus), or with three shallow ridges (Eupachypeltis, Dimia, Poppiusia). Anterior view (Fig. 10K, fig. 2B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 6 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 2B, E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 3A, B in Namyatova et al., in press). Varying from as wide as long to almost twice as wide as long; from anterior view eye oval, higher than wide or roundish; eye height varying from distinctly longer to slightly shorter than distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round distinctly shorter than eye height or oval, varying from subequal to half of eye height to almost subequal to eye height; inferior margin of antennal fossa slightly above inferior margin of eye, but sometimes at the same level or below inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed below, slightly above or at half eye height, often distinctly delimited basally, sometimes not delimited. Lateral view (Fig. 10L, fig. 2A in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 7 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 2C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 6A-C in Namyatova et al., in press). Head swollen of almost flat; in lateral view eye oval, margin of eye surpassing clypeus, but not reaching maxillary plate; maxillary and mandibular plates subrectangular; buccula shortened, almost as long as wide or elongate; gula usually longer than buccula or shortened, straight or convex. Labium (fig. 8A, E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 9A in Namyatova et al., in press). Length varying from very short, slightly surpassing anterior margin of prosternum to reaching abdominal segments III–IV; LSI–III usually longer than wide, more or less subequal in length, sometimes LSIII shortened, LSIV usually elongate, longer than each of previous segments; sometimes LSIV as long as LSIII or all segments shortened, almost as long as wide. Antenna. Shape and length varying from short and wide, distinctly shorter than body, to long and filiform, distinctly longer than body. Thorax. Pronotum (Fig. 10 A- E, G-J, fig. 2D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 5A– E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 4A–D in Namyatova et al., in press). Collar often delimited only laterally, fused with callosite area medially, sometimes delimited posteriorly with shallow depression, flat or swollen; calli varying from flat to distinctly raised, sometimes fused with each other, delimited or not delimited by sulcus posteriorly; humeral angles of pronotum dilated or flat, sometimes acute; posterior margin of pronotum varying from almost straight to distinctly concave. Scutellum (Figs 11 A-K, 12, fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, figs 11C, D, G, 12E, F in Namyatova et al., in press). Varying from flat to distinctly swollen of different shape, sometimes with longitudinal depression, in some with elongate vertical process (Afropeltis, Helopeltis, Physophoropterella). Pleura (Fig. 13A–E, fig. 9C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 3d in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 14A in Namyatova et al., in press). Mesothoracic apodeme round, open. Metathoracic spiracle oval, open, without evaporative bodies bounding it. Metathoracic gland ostiole placed ventrally, indistinct, evaporative area absent; suture between meso- and metapleuron incomplete; metepimeron often enlarged or narrow with lobe or elongate projection, sometimes angulate, rarely rounded. Posterior margin of metasternum rounded (fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press) or with medial projection on to abdomen (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron (Figs 6–9, figs 2–4, fig. 9A, B, D–G in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, figs 12C– F, 13E, F in Namyatova et al., in press). Costal margin straight or concave; hemelytron sometimes tapering towards apex; claval commissure of different length, its margins straight or curved; R + M distinct, reaching or not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture distinctly inclined towards midline or sub- parallel to costal margin of hemelytron; corium rarely with swelling posteriorly (Physophoroptera and Physophoropterella) (Fig. 13F); length of cuneus varying from 2 to 6 times as long as its base, medial margin of cuneus straight or concave; membrane with single cell, cell often surpassing apex of scutellum, rarely only reaching or almost reaching apex of cuneus, of different length, its apex acute or rounded. Legs. Length varying from very short to elongate. Coxae short, length varying from almost as long as wide to twice as long as wide; forecoxae contiguous (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press) or separated (fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press); hind and middle coxae separated (fig. 17A, B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, in press). Femora (13G, H, fig. 18A, C in Namyatova et al., in press). Straight or curved, sometimes only hind femur slightly curved, sometimes with swellings apically and medially. Tibiae straight or slightly curved, as long as or longer than femora, sometimes with swellings. Hind tarsus (Fig. 13I, fig. 2C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 8F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 3H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 19A, B in Namyatova et al., in press) with segments subequal in length, or segment I longer than others; tarsal segment III incrassate; guard setae long. Pretarsus (Fig. 13J–L, fig. 20F in Namyatova et al., in press, fig. 2F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 10 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 3f, i in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014); unguitractor plate with three contiguous rows of tiles, with lateral rows wider than middle row; claw with basal tooth short triangular or subrectangular, sometimes concave or subdivided into basal and apical parts; parempodia present, symmetrical; pseudopulvilli present, as long as or shorter than claw. Male genitalia (Figs 14– 17, fig. 3A–D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, figs 11– 13 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 4 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 22A–H in Namyatova et al., in press). Genital capsule variable in shape, sometimes ventral wall shortened anteriorly; supragenital bridge present; left paramere 2–4× as long as right paramere, r-shaped or almost straight; right paramere reduced; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore of different shape, sometimes with outgrowth in front of ductus seminis attachment place (Helopeltis) or with pair of outgrowths supporting ductus seminis; length of ductus seminis variable, with or without coils, attached medially or on left-hand side; ductus seminis sometimes with sclerite around secondary gonopore, rarely base of secondary gonopore also sclerotized (Monalonion); phallotheca of aedeagus distinctly sclerotized dorsally and membranous laterally and ventrally, sometimes only very narrow area of phallotheca sclerotized; endosoma membranous, not subdivided, often with elongate spicules or fields of small spicules. Female genitalia (Figs 18–21, fig. 3E–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a, fig. 14 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b, fig. 5 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014, fig. 23H in Namyatova et al., in press). DLP with one or two sclerotized bands, sometimes with medial sclerotized circle or with paired sclerotized rings, sometimes also with sclerotized ridge medially or small additional sclerites medially, sometimes entirely membranous; DLP sometimes with dense striations, especially around places of attachment of lateral oviducts; attachment of lateral oviducts varying; spermathecal gland usually attached medially, in anterior or posterior part of DLP, rarely at midpoint, sometimes shifted to right- or left-hand side; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix often with small tubercles, sometimes with outgrowths or sclerotization, rarely with posterior wall entirely membranous; base of second valvula concave, straight or convex, sometimes with bifurcated outgrowth; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix with or without sclerotization bounding vulva.</p> <p>Distribution: Circumtropical. Most diverse in Africa and Indo-Pacific, with some genera known from Australia, Eastern Palaearctic and South America (Figs 22–24).</p> <p>Host plants: Monaloniines are known to feed on a wide range of plants, with some of them being pests of cocoa, tea, cashew and other cultivated plants (e.g. Schmitz, 1968; de Abreu, 1977; Lavabre, 1977a,b; Piart, 1977; Hill, 1983; Stonedahl, 1991).</p> <p>Discussion: The position of the Monaloniini within the Bryocorinae was discussed by Namyatova et al. (in press). Previous to this study, the Monaloniini includ- ed 21 genera, all of which were listed in Schuh (1995: 1995–2013), aside from our recent description of Schuhirandella (Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a). Felisacus was transferred to the tribe Felisaciini by us (Namyatova et al., in press).</p> <p>We have removed Onconotellus Knight, 1935 and Pachypeltopsis Poppius, 1912 from the Monaloniini. Knight (1935) initially placed Onconotellus within the subfamily Dicyphini. Cassis (1986) tentatively transferred Onconotellus to the tribe Monaloniini based on the original description. Knight’s illustrations showed two membrane cells, and convergent flattened parempodia without pseudopulvilli. These characters are common for the subfamily Orthotylinae, and we transfer Onconotellus to it (see Schuh, 1976 for a discussion of the pretarsus). Poppius (1912) described the monotypic bryocorine genus Pachypeltopsis, and Carvalho (1952) placed it in the tribe Monaloniini. We examined the holotype of Pachypeltopsis australicus, and observed a distinct collar, delimited by a deep sulcus, two membrane cells, and setiform parempodia and no pseudopulvilli. On the basis of these characters we transfer this genus to the tribe Saturniomirini. One of us (A.N.N.) also examined the monotypic genus Felisacoris Carvalho, 1956, and found that it is very similar to Felisacus in external view and genitalia and most probably it is nested within this genus. Based on this observation, we transfer Felisacoris to the tribe Felisacini, and the full revision of the groups will be provided in a subsequent paper.</p> <p>Our phylogenetic analysis resulted in the recognition of two major clades within a redefined tribe, namely the Monalonion -complex and Odoniella -complex (see Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a,b, Namyatova et al., in press). These complexes comprise more than half of the monaloniine genera, and correspond in part to Carvalho’s (1952, 1955) notions of Monaloniini and Odoniellini (see also nodes 12–14 in Namyatova et al., in press). We have refrained from redefining these subtribes, as it would require us to erect new and less supported subtribes for the remaining monaloniine genera, and we prefer the use of informal groups pending further phylogenetic analysis. These two complexes comprise the following genera:</p> <p>1) The Monalonion -complex includes Afropeltis, Helopeltis, Monalonion, Physophoroptera, Physophoropterella, Rayieria, Ragwelellus, Physophoroptera, Physophoropterella, and Schuhirandella (node 35). The group of species is characterized by the following set of characters: pronotum and scutellum without punctures or wrinkles, punctures on R + M and clavus absent, forecoxae separated from each other, outgrowth on metepisternum absent. The representatives of this group are usually elongate bugs with long antennae and legs, although some genera are more oval with relatively short appendages (Schuhirandella, Physophoroptera).</p> <p>2) The Odoniella -complex includes Boxia, Bryocoropsis, Distantiella, Odoniella, Platyngomiris, Pseudodoniella, Rhopaliceschatus, Sahlbergella, Volkeliopsis Poppius, 1915, Volkelius and Yangambia (node 19). Representatives of this group and oval bugs, with more or less swollen scutellum, pronotum and scutellum with distinct punctures or wrinkles, R + M and clavus without punctures, antennal segments III and IV clavate or incrassate apically.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE5BFFD091E7E4EDFC40FF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE62FFD791C5E08CFE25FD6F.text	142A4050DE62FFD791C5E08CFE25FD6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arculanus Distant 1904	<div><p>ARCULANUS DISTANT</p> <p>Figures 6, 14F–H, 18C, D, 22</p> <p>Arculanus Distant, 1904a: 198 (gen. nov.; type species: Arculanus marshalli Distant, 1904 by monotypy); Kirkaldy, 1906 (list); Reuter, 1910: 157 (cat.); Poppius, 1912: 176, 190 (key, description); Bergroth, 1922: 56 (cat.) China, 1944: 173 (key); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key); Carvalho, 1957: 131 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 11 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 509 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Tetanophleps Bergroth, 1922: 56 (gen. nov.; type species: Tetanophleps gibbifrons by monotypy; syn. by China, 1944: 172); Carvalho, 1957: 131 (cat.) Diagnosis: Arculanus can be diagnosed by the following characters: presence of punctures on clavus and R + M (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); corium semitransparent with reddish marking posteriorly; hemelytra broadened posteriorly; metasternum rounded, not extending to abdomen (as in fig. 17C in Namyatova et al., in press); ASI subequal to half of head width, swollen medially; LSIII as long as wide, LSIV as long as LSIII; gula almost as long as buccula; calli separated (as in Fig. 10B); presence of two punctures on that depression near calli (as in Fig. 10A); setae on pronotum absent or very rare; presence of long auxiliary vein on membrane emanating from closed cell; ductus seminis with distinct coils, forming narrow tube (Fig. 14E); DLP with lateral oviducts placed medially (Fig. 18C).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length c. 5 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 6). Mostly whitish yellow to yellow, with reddish and brown markings, the largest reddish marking placed on hemelytron. TEXTURE. Body smooth; head without tubercles, wrinkles or flattened areas, vertex without flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum mostly impunctate, without tumescences or wrinkles, only pair of punctures on depression delimiting calli and between mesoscutum and scutellum; striations on lateral margin of scutellum, and rows on punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 11C in Namyatova et al., in press); semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with pale short simple setae, very rare or absent on head, pronotum and pleura, dense and adpressed on hemelytron; mostly suberect on appendages, setae on legs and thorax sometimes not very dense, slightly longer than width of hind tibia; black spinules on femora absent; rows of small black spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUC- TURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal to eye diameter (as in Fig. 10A); occipital region distinctly delimited with transverse depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head (as in Fig. 10A), c. 0.33× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.3× as wide as high; eye almost twice as high as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, diameter subequal to quarter of eye height (as in fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press), only slightly raised; inferior margin of fossa placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; head distinctly swollen dorsally in lateral view; gula straight, almost as long as buccula length. Labium. Reaching or almost reaching posterior margin of prosternum; LSI and II each twice as long as wide; LSIII–IV each almost as long as wide, slightly shorter than LSII. Antenna. Slightly surpassing base of cuneus; ASI subequal to half of head width, widened medially (as in fig. 8C in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 3× as long as ASI, subequal in length to head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.7–0.8× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.5× as long as ASIII, ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli posteriorly (as in Fig. 10A), distinctly swollen; calli separated, tuberculate (as in Fig. 10B), depression delimiting callosite region posteriorly indistinct medially; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10A); posterior margin of pronotum concave; scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression; metepimeron slightly widened, c. 4–5× as high as long, slightly angulate; metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17C in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Widened posteriorly, its costal margin convex near posterior margin of corium; claval commissure c. 1.5× as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 11C in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 2.5× as long as wide, subequal to pronotum length, medial margin almost straight (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell not surpassing or only slightly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), slightly longer than pronotum; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to length of cell; auxiliary vein present, very long, almost reaching posterior margin of membrane. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17C in Namyatova et al., in press); fore and middle femora only indistinctly swollen apically, hind femur distinctly swollen apically; femora not curved or only indistinctly curved (as in fig. 18C in Namyatova et al., in press); foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibae absent; segments of hind tarsus subequal in length (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); claw mostly straight, apical third curved; basal tooth on claw more than twice as long as wide, concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 14E–H). Genital capsule longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere distinctly r-shaped, c. 2.5× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore bowl-shaped, with short outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, as long as phallotheca length, with coils forming narrow tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths or ridge; endosomal spicules with or without serrations, varying in shape.</p> <p>Female: Length c. 6–7 mm. Similar to male, body usually generally larger. Genitalia (Fig. 18C, D). DLP with two sclerotized bands; membrane encircled by inner sclerotized band, not striated, without membranous outgrowths, with small sclerites; lateral oviducts separated, at mid-length of DLP, equidistant from lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed slightly above midpoint of DLP; posterior wall covered with small tubercles, without sclerites or outgrowths; base of second valvula slightly convex; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Elisabethville) (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: No information.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE62FFD791C5E08CFE25FD6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE60FFC891D1E05BFBFCF8C0.text	142A4050DE60FFC891D1E05BFBFCF8C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arthriticus Bergroth 1923	<div><p>ARTHRITICUS BERGROTH</p> <p>Figures 9, 14I–L, 18E, F, 22</p> <p>Arthriticus Bergroth, 1923: 413 (gen. nov.; type species Arthriticus eugeniae Bergroth, 1923 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 38 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 132 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 509 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Arthriticus belongs to the Monalonion - complex (see discussion for tribe) and among the genera of this group it be recognized by: elongate body and appendages (Fig. 9), ASI and femora distinctly swollen apically; ASI longer than head and pronotum combined; frons not swollen on only slightly convex (as in Fig. 10J); distance between antennal fossa longer than antennal fossa width; antenna distinctly longer than body; forefemur curved; scutellum without spine-like projection; claw broadly rounded (fig. 10C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally and distinctly tapering apically (Fig. 14I); DLP with two sclerotized bands (Fig. 18E).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length c. 5 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 9). Body mostly red, with brown markings, mostly on appendages. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures, wrinkles and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; striations on scutellum laterally absent; only single depression at each side of scutellum anteriorly, present (as in fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). VESTITURE. Setae on dorsum and thoracic pleura absent; pale simple setae on clypeus, labium, appendages and abdomen present; setae on lateral margins of head, labium and abdomen mostly adpressed and short, setae on abdomen very rare, present apically only; setae on antenna mostly short, suberect or adpressed, sometimes setae on ASII longer than width of hind tibia; setae on femora present only apically, adpressed; setae on tibiae short, mostly spine-like, suberect, not very dense; apex of tibia and tarsi with adpressed short setae; black spinules on femora and tibiae absent. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance from eye and pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10J); occipital region not delimited by transverse depression; longitudinal depression distinct, almost as long as or longer than eye diameter; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.25× as long as head width (as in Fig. 10J); distance between antennal fossa longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons slightly convex, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.3× wide as high; eye height c. 1.5× as long as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval c. 0.7× as long as eye height, not raised, inferior margin placed distinctly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly below than margin of antennal fossa, basally not delimited with depression; head more or less swollen in lateral view; gula c. 2–3× as long as buccula, convex. Labium. Length slightly surpassing posterior margin of metasternum; LSI twice as long as wide; LSII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSI; LSIII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 6× as long as wide, twice as long as LSIII. Antenna. About 1.8× as long as body; ASI c. 2.3× as long as head width, swollen apically; ASII c. 1.7× as long as ASI, c. 2.5× as long as head and pronotum combined; ASIII 0.8× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.5× as long as ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar slightly swollen (as in fig. 7A in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), faintly delimited posteriorly; calli separated, almost flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in Fig. 10J); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly concave (as in Fig. 10J); scutellum flat, rounded apically; without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression; metepimeron narrow, c. 2.5–3× as high as long, with subrectangular outgrowth (as in Fig. 13A); metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin concave or straight; claval commissure c. 2.3× as long as scutellum, concave (as in fig. 11G in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M (as in fig. 11G in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 5× as long as wide, subequal to pronotum, medial margin distinctly concave (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, c. 1.75× as long as pronotum, acute apically (as in fig. 14C in Namyatova et al., in press); short auxiliary vein present; distance between cell and apex of membrane c. 0.14× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae separated (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press); femora distinctly swollen apically and medially, apically as wide as eye, curved; foretibia longer than head and pronotum combined; swelling on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segment II, segment II and III subequal in length (as in fig. 19B in Namyatova et al., in press); claw broadly rounded (fig. 10C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); basal teeth short and triangular (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 14I–L). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, with ventral wall shortened anteriorly (as in Fig. 15Q); left paramere r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, concave, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis slightly longer than phallotheca, with coils, forming broad tube, without sclerotization basally or apically, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad basally and tapering apically; endosoma with pair of symmetrical elongate spicules.</p> <p>Female: Length c. 6–7 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, but body generally larger (Fig. 9). Genitalia (Fig. 18E, F). DLP membranous, with two narrow sclerotized bands, some striations present; lateral oviduct placed slightly anteriorly to midline of DLP, close to lateral margin of DLP; spermathecal gland shifter anteriorly from midpoint; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with distinct tubercles, without outgrowths or sclerotization; base of second valvula with swelling; ventral wall with sclerites around vulva.</p> <p>Distribution: Bogor (Indonesia) (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Known from Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae) (Bergroth, 1923).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE60FFC891D1E05BFBFCF8C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE7EFFCA936FE6D9FE08F931.text	142A4050DE7EFFCA936FE6D9FE08F931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boxia China 1943	<div><p>BOXIA CHINA</p> <p>Figures 8, 11C, 13F, 14 M-O, 22</p> <p>Boxia China, 1943 b: 287 (gen. nov.; type species: Boxia khayae China, 1943 by monotypy); China, 1944: 179 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 143 (cat.); Lavabre, 1977a: 50 (key to gen); Schuh, 1995: 526 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Boxiopsis Lavabre, 1960: 715 (gen. nov.; type species Boxiopsis madagascariensis Lavabre, 1960 by monotypy); Lavabre, 1960: 716 (key to gen.); Decazy, 1977: 124 (disc.); Lavabre, 1977a: 52, 60 (key to gen., descr.); Schuh, 1995: 526 (cat.); syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Boxia belongs to the Odoniella -group (see discussion for the tribe), and can be separated from other genera of this group by the following characters: ASII straight; ASIII incrassate towards apex; ASIV only slightly clavate, spotted coloration (Fig. 8); pronotum and scutellum impunctate, with dense longitudinal and transverse raised wrinkles (Fig. 11C); posterior margin of pronotum almost straight; body clothed with very small rounded setae (Fig. 13F); spermathecal gland placed near middle of posterior margin of DLP.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length 7–8 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 8). Mainly yellow, orange or pale brown with brown to dark brown markings, sometimes with reddish tinge; pronotum and hemelytron with dense brown to dark brown markings, hemelytron also with large dark brown marking posteriorly. TEXTURE. Body without tuber- cles; flattened areas or on vertex absent, head without wrinkles laterally; pronotum and scutellum impunctate, with dense longitudinal and transversal upraised wrinkles (Fig. 11C); pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, punctures on clavus and on R + M absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum present; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Head, pronotum anteriorly, thoracic pleura and hemelytra clothed with short rounded setae (Fig. 13F), most part of pronotum without setae, those on thoracic pleura very rare; appendages clothed with short, adpressed dark simple setae, not very dense; black spinules on femora and tibiae present, irregularly distributed. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum very short, distinctly shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10H); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes stylate (as in Fig. 10H), directed outwards, c. 0.2–0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa c. 1.5–2× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.7× as wide as high; eye c. 1.2× as high as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter subequal to half of eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin of fossa placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of antennal fossa, distinctly delimited with depression; head flat in lateral view; gula shorter than buccula, straight or convex. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LS I c. 4× as long as wide; LSII c. 5× as long as wide, subequal to LSII in length; LSIII c. 4× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSII; LSIV c. 6× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5× times as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, widened basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 5–6× as long as ASI, as long as head and pronotum combined, slightly widened towards apex; ASIII c. 0.6–0.7× as long as ASII, incrassate towards apex, without swellings basally or medially; ASIV 0.7–0.8× as long as ASIII, clavate. Thorax. Collar distinct, contiguous with calli posteriorly, flat; calli separated, flat (as in Fig. 10H); depression delimiting callosite region absent; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10H); posterior margin of pronotum straight or sinuate (as in Fig. 10H); scutellum moderately swollen, triangular, not covering posterior margin of pronotum, acute apically, without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression (Fig. 11C); metepimeron enlarged, twice as high as long, angulate, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin slightly rounded, slightly concave anteriorly; claval commissure c. 0.5–0.7× as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct only anteriorly, not reaching middle of corium (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.2–1.3× as long as wide, as long as half of pronotum, medial margin almost straight (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell slightly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle, c. 0.7– 0.8× as long as pronotum (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.8× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II and subequal to segment III; claw broadly rounded (as in fig. 10C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); basal tooth on claw short and triangular (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 14M, N). Genital capsule as long as wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere distinctly r-shaped; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, straight apically, without outgrowths supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, slightly longer than phallotheca, with coils, forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca wide, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, with subtriangular uprising basally, without ridge or outgrowths; endosoma with two elongate spicules and two fields of small spicules, one of them placed close to secondary gonopore.</p> <p>Female: Length varying from 6 to 10 mm. Coloration, texture, vestiture and structure as in male (Fig. 8). Genitalia. DLP without sclerotized bands, with distinct paired areas of striations at sides; lateral oviducts attached at middle of striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin of DLP, at half way of DLP; spermathecal gland placed in posterior part half of DLP, at equal distance from each lateral oviducts.</p> <p>Distribution: Ghana, Madagascar (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Both species are known to feed on cocoa (Lavabre, 1960; Leston, 1970; Decazy, 1977; Entwistle, 1977). Boxia khayae is also affiliated with Khaya grandifoliola C.DC. (China, 1943) and Entandrophragma sp. (Meliaceae) (Piart, 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE7EFFCA936FE6D9FE08F931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE7DFFCC91D1E373FF13FAE8.text	142A4050DE7DFFCC91D1E373FF13FAE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryocoropsis Schumacher 1917	<div><p>BRYOCOROPSIS SCHUMACHER</p> <p>Figures 8, 10H, 11D, 12A, 15A–H, 18G–J, 23</p> <p>Bryocoropsis Schumacher, 1917: 453 (gen. nov.; type species Bryocoropsis laticollis by monotypy); Bergroth, 1922: 53 (cat.); China, 1944: 179 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 41 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 143 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 298 (disc.); Lavabre, 1977a: 51 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 526 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Bryocoropsis belongs to the Odoniella - complex and can be distinguished from other genera in this group by the following characters: coloration mostly brown, body oval (Fig. 8), ASII distinctly incrassate towards apex, with tip not swollen or only slightly swollen; ASIII–IV distinctly clavate (as in fig. 9F in Namyatova et al., in press); eyes stalked, distinctly directed laterally (as in Fig. 10H); pronotum and scutellum often with shallow tumescences (Fig. 11D); setae on pronotum very rare; long and flattened setae on hemelytron; scutellum distinctly swollen, not exceeding pronotum height, nor divided into lower and upper regions (as in Fig. 12A); spermathecal gland attached to right of midline (Fig. 18G, I).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length c. 5–7 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 8). Mostly brown to dark brown with yellow markings on pleura and appendages, sometimes abdomen and legs with reddish tinge. TEXTURE. Vertex often with two pairs of tubercles on vertex anteriorly and a third pair near posterior margin of eye, sometimes some or all tubercles indistinct; flattened areas on vertex often distinct, sometimes indistinct; wrinkles on head laterally absent; ASI without tubercles; pronotum and scutellum covered with distinct punctures, sometimes mixed with wrinkles; collar with two pairs of tubercles; shallow tubercles on posterior part of pronotum and scutellum often present, sometimes those tubercles more or less upraised or indistinct; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, punctures on clavus and on R + M absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum indistinct or present only anteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with setae shorter than width of hind tibia; head, pronotum, scutellum, thoracic pleura and abdomen clothed with simple short suberect setae, those setae on dorsal side of head, pronotum, scutellum and thoracic pleura very rare; hemelytron clothed with dark and pale flattened setae, sometimes only slightly flattened; ASI with rare pale or darkened adpressed setae, sometimes flattened; ASII–IV and legs with more or less dense semiadpressed spine-like setae, setae on ASII– IV dark, setae on legs usually pale, sometimes dark; black spinules on femora and tibiae irregularly distributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10F, H); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short and shallow; eyes stylate, directed outwards (as in Fig. 10F, H), c. 0.15–0.2× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa width; frons distinctly swollen with paired outgrowths (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press), without ridges or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.7– 1.9× as wide as high; eye as long as or slightly longer than distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter c. 0.5–0.7× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin of fossa placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed at halfway of antennal fossa height; delimited with depression; head flat form lateral view; gula as long as or shorter than buccula length, slightly convex. Labium. Almost reaching or slightly surpassing anterior margin of metasternum; LSI c. 2–2.5× long as wide; LSII c. 3–4× as long as wide, subequal or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 3–4× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV 5–6× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching apex of clavus; ASI c. 1.5× as long as wide, c. 0.25–0.35× as long as head width, widened basally (as in Fig. 10F–H); ASII c. 5–6× as long as ASI, c. 0.7– 0.9× as long as head and pronotum combined, widened towards apex or swollen apically, without any swellings basally and medially (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASIII c. 0.6–0.7× as long as ASII, widened towards apex; ASIV c. 0.6–0.8× as long as ASIII, clavate (as in fig. 8F in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar fused with callosite region or rarely delimited medially, flat; calli separated, flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles of pronotum slightly or distinctly dilated, not serrate; posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (as in Fig. 10G, fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum swollen, not covering base of pronotum, trapeziform, not divided into parts, obtuse apically (Figs 11D, 12A) with or without longitudinal depression medially, without outgrowth or ridge; metepimeron enlarged, c. 1.5–2× as high as long, angulate, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in Fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin straight or slightly rounded; claval commissure c. 0.5–0.7× as long as scutellum, straight (as in Fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct only anteriorly, not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.8–2.5× as long as wide, c. 0.4–0.7× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell slightly or distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle, c. 0.7–0.9× as long as pronotum (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein absent or very short present; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.7× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora barely swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibiae without swellings; segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II, subequal to segment III; claw curved in apical half; basal tooth of claw elongate, slightly concave (as in fig. 3F, I in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014). Genitalia (Fig. 15A–H). Genital capsule as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, c. 2–2.5× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular or heart-shaped, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally, with or without elongate sclerite bounding secondary gonopore, shorter or as long as phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying almost entire dorsal portion, slightly tapering, rounded apically, without ridge or outgrowths(s); endosoma with or without suboval sclerites.</p> <p>Females: Length c. 7–8 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, but females slightly larger than males (Fig. 8). Genitalia (Fig. 18G–J). DLP with a single sclerotized ring anteriorly, more than 3× as long as wide; two large areas of striations present, equal in diameter or right one distinctly larger than left; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at midpoint of DLP; spermathecal gland placed posteriorly, orientated slightly to right-hand side; posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowths and sclerotization; base of second valvula straight or slightly curved; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from tropical Africa (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: Species of this genus are known to feed on cocoa (Leston, 1970; Entwistle, 1977), as well as from some species of the family Annonaceae (Piart, 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE7DFFCC91D1E373FF13FAE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE7BFFCE9610E13CFD55F9BA.text	142A4050DE7BFFCE9610E13CFD55F9BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chamus Distant 1904	<div><p>CHAMUS DISTANT</p> <p>Figures 6, 10C, K, 11A, 14T –AE, 18K–O, 22</p> <p>Chamus Distant, 1904a: 197 (gen. nov.; type species: Chamus wealei Distant, 1904 by monotypy); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (cat.); Reuter, 1910: 152 (cat.); Reuter and Poppius, 1911: 413 (descr.); Poppius, 1912: 176, 192, 193 (key to gen., descr., key to spp.); Bergroth, 1922: 57 (cat.); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 41 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 144 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 271, 272, 274 (disc., descr., key to spp.); Schuh, 1995: 527 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Chamopsis Reuter and Poppius, 1911: 415 (gen. nov.; type species: Chamopsis conradti Reuter &amp; Poppius, 1911 by monotypy); Poppius, 1912: 176, 195 (key to gen., descr.); Bergroth, 1922: 57 (cat.); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 144 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 271, 282 (disc., descr.); Schuh, 1995: 527 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny), syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Parachamus Schouteden, 1946: 282 (gen. nov.; type species Parachamus bellus Distant, 1918 by monotypy); Villiers, 1952: 187 (descr.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 147 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 271, 285 (disc., descr.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.), syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Chamus is diagnosed by a number of unique characters, including: three frontal spines (Fig. 10K, fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), presence of long flattened setae on ASI, presence of wrinkles on lateral side of head (fig. 6B in Namyatova et al., in press), and R + M very short, not reaching middle of corium. It can also be separated by: row of punctures on R + M and clavus present (as in fig. 12C, D in Namyatova et al., in press), distance between antennal fossa longer than antennal fossa diameter; calli separated (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), hemelytra widened posteriorly, membrane cell forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), endosoma with semicircular or semioval spicule apically (Fig. 14T, X, AB).</p> <p>Description: Male: Length 5–7.5 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 6). Ground colour varying from yellow to dark brown to black, appendages whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes with reddish tinge or pale brown areas; hemelytron often whitish yellow to yellow, transparent, with pale brown to dark brown markings, including large marking on posterior margin of corium, sometimes hemelytron mostly reddish or pale brown, not transparent. TEXTURE. Body mostly impunctate, only pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum, and rows on punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in Fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); head dorsally smooth or rugose, with wrinkles laterally (fig. 6B in Namyatova et al., in press); vertex with pair of tubercles anteriorly on depression delimiting neck and single depression between eyes; tubercles on ASI absent or present; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum present (Fig. 11A); pronotum impunctate, often with small tubercles (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes mostly smooth with tubercles only laterally; scutellum often with wrinkles and tubercles, rarely smooth (Fig. 11A); hemelytron often with tubercles at base of setae, sometimes smooth. VESTITURE. Dorsum, ASII–IV, legs and abdomen clothed with pale or dark long erect setae often longer than tibia width, sometimes those setae spine-like; legs regularly setose; hemelytra also with short flattened setae, sometimes only basally; pleura clothed with pale short simple setae; ASI clothed with dense long flattened setae; spinules on femora absent; spinules on tibia in rows (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal or slightly longer then eye diameter (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting occipital region indistinct or rarely distinct; longitu- dinal depression on vertex present, short; eye often not stylate, sometimes substylate, not embedded into head (Fig. 10K, fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.2– 0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa almost as long as or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons straight or concave, with three distinct outgrowths (Fig. 10K, fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes middle outgrowth shorter than lateral; anterior view head c. 1.4–1.6× as wide as high (Fig. 10K); eye as long as or slightly longer than distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, its diameter subequal to or slightly shorter than half of eye height (Fig. 10K), distinctly tuberculate (fig. 6B in Namyatova et al., in press), its inferior margin placed slightly above to or on the same level with inferior half of eye; base of clypeus placed on the same level with inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; in lateral view head often almost flat, rarely convex dorsally; gula c. 1.5–2× as long as buccula. Labium. Length varying from slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum to reaching middle of metasternum; LSI–II twice as long as wide, almost subequal in length; LSIII c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, slightly shorter than LSII, LSIV c. 3–5× as long as wide, c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Almost reaching apex of cuneus; ASI as long as, slightly longer or slightly shorter than head width, widened medially; ASII c. 1.6–2.0× as long as ASI, as long as or slightly longer than head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.6– 0.7× as long as ASII, ASIV c. 0.4–0.7× as long as ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli, flat (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); calli distinctly separated, rounded, depression delimiting calli posteriorly indistinct distinct only laterally (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press), posterior part of pronotum sometimes with two protuberances (Fig. 10C); posterior margin of pronotum straight or sinuate (fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum almost flat or slightly swollen anteriorly, without outgrowth, with wide medial depression, without ridge (Fig. 11A); metepimeron more or less enlarged, c. 2–3× as high as long, more or less angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13C); metasternum extending to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margins convex; hemelytra broadened posteriorly; claval commissure c. 1.6–2× as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 11C in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M shortened, not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture inclined towards midline; posterior margin of corium slightly or moderately raised, but without swelling; cuneus c. 1–1.8× as long as wide, as long as, shorter or slightly longer than pronotum, medial margin almost straight; membrane cell slightly to distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming almost right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), as long as or longer than pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane 0.5–0.6× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus subequal to or slightly longer than segment II, subequal to or slightly shorter than segment III; claw with apical half or third part curved; basal tooth on claw 2–3× as long as wide, concave or almost straight (Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 14, T-AE). Genital capsule at least slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere c. 3.5–5× as long as right paramere, shape varying from almost straight to distinctly curved; sclerite around primary gonopore bowl-shaped, with short or long outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, distinctly shorter than phallotheca length, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths or ridges; endosoma with oval or semioval dentate sclerite apically, and sometimes also with large field of small spicules.</p> <p>Female: Length 5.5–8.5 mm. Similar to male, generally only slightly larger than males (Fig. 6). Genitalia (Fig. 18K–O). DLP often without sclerotized bands, sometimes with single band, with many striations, without sclerotizations; lateral oviducts placed in posterior half of DLP or at midpoint, equidistant between them and lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland often placed in posterior part of DLP, sometimes almost at midpoint; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles, without any sclerotizations; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Broadly distributed in central and southern Africa (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Chamus species are known from noncrop plants, such as Alchornea sp. (Euphorbiaceae), Tetracera potatoria (Dilleniaceae), Erythrina sp. (Fabaceae) (Odhiambo, 1962) and Combretum spp. (China, 1944; Odhiambo, 1962). Chamus tuberculatus was collected from guava (Odhiambo, 1962).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE7BFFCE9610E13CFD55F9BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE78FFC09346E7CAFCF0FA21.text	142A4050DE78FFC09346E7CAFCF0FA21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dimia Kerzhner 1988	<div><p>DIMIA KERZHNER</p> <p>Figures 7, 15R–U, 18P, Q, 23</p> <p>Dimia Kerzhner, 1988a: 779 (gen. nov.; type species: Dimia inexpectata Kerzhner, 1988 by monotypy); Kerzhner, 1988a: 779, 792 (key for gen.); Kerzhner, 1988b: 7 (descr., disc); Schuh, 1995: 509 (cat.); Kerzhner and Josifov, 1999: 14 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Lin, 2006: 407 (disc.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Dimia differs from other monaloniine genera that have a row of punctures on the clavus and R + M, in the following characters: labium slightly surpassing anterior margin of metasternum; LSI–III more than three times as long as wide; ASII twice as long as head and pronotum combined; ASIII–IV slightly clavate; three shallow ridges on frons present (as in Fig. 10M); head flat in lateral view; anterior fossa tuberculate (as in Fig. 10L); distance between them longer than anteri- or fossa width; metepimeron subtriangular (as in Fig. 13C); calli separated (as in fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell distinctly elongate and acute (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press); distance from cell to apex subequal to quarter of cell length; ductus seminis longer than phallotheca, with coils, forming wide tube (Fig. 15R).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length 8–9 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 7). Mainly brown or reddish brown, dorsum with dark brown markings, head, pronotum and scutellum also with whitish yellow, yellow, reddish or dark brown markings, labium and appendages mostly yellow to pale brown. TEXTURE. Body without tubercles; head without flattened areas, scutellum with wrinkles; body mostly impunctate, but pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum and row of punctures on clavus and R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; hemelytron smooth, without swell- ing posteriorly; femora with shallow tubercles at base of setae. VESTITURE. Body clothed with pale or dark simple setae; head, pronotum, scutellum, appendages and abdomen with long and suberect setae; hemelytron mostly with semiadpressed short setae, with protuberance posteriorly with dense setae; thoracic pleura with rarely distributed short pale adpressed setae; femora without spinules; rows of spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum distinctly shorter than eye diameter; transverse depression delimiting occipital region very shallow; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa c. 1.5× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, with three very shallow longitudinal ridges (as in Fig. 10M), without outgrowth or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.7–1.8× as wide as high; eye c. 3× as high as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, diameter subequal to third part of eye height, tuberculate; inferior margin of fossa placed above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; head flat in lateral view; gula convex, c. 3× as long as buccula length. Labium. Long, slightly surpassing anterior margin of metasternum; each of LSI–II c. 4× as long as wide, subequal in length; LSIII c. 5× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSIII, LSIV c. 6–7× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSIII. Antenna. Slightly surpassing base of cuneus; ASI subequal to half of head width, widened medially (as in fig. 8D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 5× as long as ASI, twice as long as head and pronotum combined, slightly incrassate towards apex; ASIII c. 0.35× as long as ASII, slightly clavate with shallow swellings; ASIV subequal to half of ASIV, slightly clavate. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli posteriorly, flat (as in fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); calli separated, rounded (as in fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting callosite region posteriorly indistinct medially; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in fig. 4B in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior margin of pronotum slightly sinuate; scutellum slightly swollen, acute apically, without outgrowth or ridge, with wide medial depression; metepimeron enlarged, c. 1.5× as high as long, angulate, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin straight; claval commissure twice as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 11C in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium with shallow oval swelling posteriorly; cuneus twice as long as wide, slightly longer than pronotum, medial margin almost straight; membrane cell elongate, distinctly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming acute angle (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), twice as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein present, short; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to quarter of cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora weakly swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus subequal in length to segments II and III each (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); apical half of claw curved; basal tooth on claw more than twice as long as wide, straight (as in Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 15R–U). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere distinctly r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore bowl-shaped, concave apically, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, longer than phallotheca, with coils, forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal side, slightly tapering towards apex, rounded apically, without outgrowth(s) or ridge; endosoma with two large partly sclerotized areas and area of small spicules basally.</p> <p>Female: Length 9–10 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male (Fig. 7). Genitalia (Fig. 18P, Q). DLP without sclerotization, with distinct striations; lateral oviducts widely separated, placed near lateral margins and slightly below midline of DLP; spermathecal gland placed slightly below midpoint; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with tubercles very indistinct, without sclerites or outgrowths; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Restricted to Russian Far East, China, Taiwan (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: Dimia inexpectata was recorded from Quercus dentata Thunb. (Fagaceae) (Kerzhner, 1988b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE78FFC09346E7CAFCF0FA21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE77FFC191EDE653FA75F931.text	142A4050DE77FFC191EDE653FA75F931.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Distantiella China 1944	<div><p>DISTANTIELLA CHINA</p> <p>Figures 8, 14P–S, 18R, S, 23</p> <p>Distantiella China, 1944: 188 (gen. nov.; type species Sahlbergella theobroma Distant, 1909 by original designation); China, 1944: 179 (key to gen.); Schouteden, 1945: 116 (note); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 145 (cat.); Lavabre, 1977a: 50, 53 (key to gen., descr.); Lotode, 1977: 188 (ecol.); Schmitz, 1987: 1 (disc.); Schuh, 1995: 528 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Distantiella belongs to the Odoniella - complex (see discussion for the tribe), and it differs from other genera of this group by: apex of ASII distinctly swollen (fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); and ASIII–IV distinctly clavate (fig. 8F in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum triangular (as in Fig. 11J), divided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12B); frons with undivided or bifurcated outgrowth (as in Fig. 10F, fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); pronotum and scutellum punctuate, bearing tumescences (Fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); hemelytron with pale or dark flattened setae; hind tibiae densely setate with distinct tumescences.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Length 6–8.5 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 8). Mostly dark brown with brown markings. TEXTURE. Tubercles on vertex indistinct; flattened areas on vertex more or less distinct; ASII and hind tibia with tumescence medially; pronotum and scutellum covered with distinct punctures, collar with paired tubercles at sides; tubercles on pronotum and scutellum present, upraised (as in Fig. 11J); row of punctures on clavus and on R + M and punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum indistinct or present only anteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Head, pronotum and scutellum clothed mostly with short simple adpressed pale setae, sometimes very rare, sometimes setae on head and anterior part of pronotum flattened; thoracic pleura with simple or flattened adpressed pale setae; hemelytron mostly with pale or dark flattened setae, cuneus and often posterior margin of corium with simple adpressed setae; ASI with adpressed short pale simple setae, ASII–IV with simple pale or dark suberect setae, some of them spine-like, shorter than width of hind tibia; legs with very dense dark setae, shorter than width of hind tibia; abdomen often clothed with short pale adpressed setae; black spinules on femora and tibiae not clear because of the dense setation. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10F); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex present, shorter than eye diameter; eye stylate, directed outwards, c. 0.15× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa width; frons distinctly swollen (as in Fig. 10F), with paired outgrowths (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press), without longitudinal depression or ridges; anterior view of head c. 2.1× as wide as high; eye height as long as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, its width c. 0.6× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed above inferior margin of eye, distinctly delimited basally; in lateral view head flat, gula shorter than buccula length, convex. Labium. Length reaching middle of metasternum; LSI c. 2× as long as wide; LSII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSI; LSIII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 4× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSIII. Antenna. Slightly surpassing base of scutellum; ASI c. 1.5× as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 4× as long as ASI, c. 0.6× as long as head and pronotum combined, swollen apically; ASIII c. 0.6× as long as ASII, swollen apically; ASIV c. 0.8× as long as ASIII, clavate (as in fig. 8F in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar not delimited posteriorly, flat (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); calli separated, flat (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum slightly dilated, not serrate (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (as in Fig. 11J); scutellum swollen (as in Fig. 11J), not covering or rarely covering base of pronotum, triangular (as in Fig. 11J), divided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12B), lower part obtuse apically, without outgrowth, ridge or longitudinal depression medially; metepimeron enlarged, c. 1.5× as long as wide, angulate (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Slightly tapering anteriorly; costal margins straight; claval commissure c. 0.2× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct only anteriorly, sometimes also medially, not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); cuneus c. 1.5× as long as wide, c. 0.4× as long as pronotum, medial margin almost straight (as in Fig. 13B); corium without swelling posteriorly; membrane distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming acute angle, c. 0.7× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent or very short; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia with distinct tumescences; segment I of hind tarsus as long as segment II and shorter than segment III; claw broadly rounded, basal tooth on claw more or less concave. Genitalia (Fig. 14R, S). Genital capsule slightly wider than long, without outgrowth, ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, with anterior distinctly concave; without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally, with sclerotized ring around secondary gonopore, ductus seminis shorter than phallotheca with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca narrow wider basally, rounded apically, occupying half of dorsal side, without ridge or outgrowth; endosoma with sclerotized areas.</p> <p>Female: Length 7.5–8.5 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, but females slightly larger than males (Fig. 8). Genitalia (Fig. 18R, S). DLP with medial sclerotized circle, c. 4× as long as wide, also with sclerotization along posterior margin; two large areas of striations present, contiguous; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at a halfway of DLP; spermathecal gland placed posteriorly, medially or on left-hand side; posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowth or sclerotization; base of second valvula with distinct swelling; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Distributed in Tropical Africa (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: Distantiella is known to be a major pest of cocoa (Entwistle, 1977). It is also known from some other species of Malvaceae and Citrus sp. (Piart, 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE77FFC191EDE653FA75F931	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE75FFC2935FE4C1FED2FCFA.text	142A4050DE75FFC2935FE4C1FED2FCFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eucerocoris Westwood 1837	<div><p>EUCEROCORIS WESTWOOD</p> <p>Eucerocoris Westwood, 1837: 21 (gen. nov.; type species Eucerocoris nigriceps Westwood, 1837 by monotypy); Signoret, 1858: 501 (note); Walker, 1873 (cat.); Atkinson, 1890a: 49 (cat.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 132 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 313 (descr., key to spp.); Odhiambo, 1965: 20 (descr., disc.); Carvalho, 1976: 54 (disc.); Cassis and Gross, 1995: 141 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 509 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.), rev. stat., this work.</p> <p>Description: See Westwood (1837) for original description.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE75FFC2935FE4C1FED2FCFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE75FFC491F8E187FE4DFEFE.text	142A4050DE75FFC491F8E187FE4DFEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eupachypeltis Poppius 1915	<div><p>EUPACHYPELTIS POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 6, 15I–L, 19A, B, 22</p> <p>Eupachypeltis Poppius, 1915: 79 (gen. nov.; type species: Eupachypeltis pilosus Poppius, 1915 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key); Carvalho, 1957: 133 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 510 (cat.); Kerzhner and Josifov, 1999: 14 (cat.); Lin, 2000a: 119 (disc., key to spp.); Hu and Zheng, 2001: 415 (key to gen., key to spp.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: The main diagnostic characters of Eupachypeltis are: presence of punctures on clavus and R + M (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); presence of three tubercles on frons (as in Fig. 10B, M); head almost flat dorsally in lateral view; antennal fossa tuberculate (as in Fig. 10L); distance between antennal fossae longer than antennal fossa diameter; ASI swollen medially (as in fig. 9D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII subequal to head and pronotum combined, filiform; labium slightly surpassing posterior margin of pronotum; LSI–II only twice as long as wide; metepimeron distinctly enlarged, subtriangular, twice as long as wide (as in Fig. 13E); costal margins straight, corium not broadened posteriorly; membrane cell forming right angle (fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to half of cell length; outgrowths on phallobase supporting ductus seminis very short; ductus seminis shorter than phallotheca length, without coils (Fig. 15I); DLP without sclerotized bands (Fig. 19A).</p> <p>Description: Male: Body length 5.5–8 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 6). Body mainly whitish yellow to pale brown with pale brown to brown or reddish markings or areas; corium, embolium, cuneus and membrane semitransparent, corium often with pale brown to brown marking posteriorly. TEXTURE. Dorsum smooth; vertex without tubercles or flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum mostly impunctate, without tubercles or wrinkles, only pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum, and rows on punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 12C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum present (as in Fig. 11A). VESTITURE. Body mostly clothed with suberect pale setae, often as long as or shorter than hind tibia width, setae on legs and abdomen sometimes twice as long as tibia width, not very dense; setae on thoracic pleura short and adpressed; spinules on femora absent; rows of spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUC- TURE AND MEASUREMENTS. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal to or slightly shorter than eye diameter; occipital region delimited with very shallow depression or almost not delimited; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.2–0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa as long as or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons swollen, with three longitudinal ridges (as in Fig. 10M), without longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.3– 1.5× as wide as high; eye almost twice as long as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round (as in fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press), its diameter subequal to third part of eye height, tuberculate (as in Fig. 10L, M), its inferior margin placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; in lateral view head mostly flat or slightly convex dorsally; gula c. 1.5× as long as buccula length, straight or slightly convex. Labium. Reaching or slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum; LSI– II twice as long as wide, almost subequal in length; LSIII c. 1.5× as long as wide, slightly shorter than LSII, LSIV c. 3–4× as long as wide, c. 2–2.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 0.7–0.8× as long as head width, widened medially (as in fig. 8D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 2.5–3× as long as ASI, subequal to or slightly longer than head and pronotum combined length; ASIII c. 0.6× as long as ASII, ASIV subequal to half of ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli posteriorly, almost flat; calli more or less separated from each other (as in fig. 5B in Namyatova et al., in press), rounded, depression delimited calli posteriorly distinct between calli; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly sinuate; scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression; metepimeron enlarged twice as high as long, angulate, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13C); metasternum extending to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margins of hemelytron subparallel; claval commissure almost twice as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.5× as long as wide, slightly shorter than pronotum, its medial margin almost straight; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming right angle, as long as or slightly longer than pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane slightly shorter than cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus subequal to segment II and slightly shorter than segment III; apical half of claw curved; basal tooth on claw three times as long as wide, almost straight (as in Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 15I–L). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, with swelling on left-hand side; ventral wall of genital capsule not shortened anteriorly, left paramere c. 3× as long as right paramere, almost straight; sclerite around primary gonopore suboval, with short outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, distinctly shorter than phallotheca length, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths or ridge; endosoma without spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 5.8–8 mm. Similar to male, but generally darker. Texture and vestiture as in male (Fig. 6). Structure as in male, but females generally larger. Genitalia (Fig. 19A, B). DLP without sclerotized bands and without striations or sclerites, lateral oviducts and spermathecal gland placed posteriorly, lateral oviducts proximal to each other; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles, without sclerites or outgrowths; base of second valvula distinctly swollen; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from China (Hainan), Taiwan, Indonesia (Kalimantan), Philippine Islands (Luzon) (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE75FFC491F8E187FE4DFEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE73FFC5934CE312FC7EFA23.text	142A4050DE73FFC5934CE312FC7EFA23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Helopeltis Signoret. On 1858	<div><p>HELOPELTIS SIGNORET</p> <p>Figures 9, 12F, 13A, H, 15M–Q, 19C, D, 22</p> <p>Helopeltis Signoret, 1858: 502 (gen. nov.; type species Helopeltis antonii Signoret, 1858 by monotypy); Walker, 1873: 165 (cat., syn.); Atkinson, 1890a: 51 (cat.); Atkinson, 1890b: 175 (descr.); Watt &amp; Mann, 1898: 247 (bibliography, history, biology, etc.); Distant, 1904b: 439 (descr.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list.); Mann, 1907: 277 (descr., disc.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Poppius, 1911: 39 (key to spp.); Poppius, 1912: 175 (key to gen., descr., key to spp.); Bergroth, 1922: 54 (list); Ghesquière, 1922: 281 (disc., key to spp.); China, 1944: 144 (key to gen.); Ghesquière &amp; Carayon: 1948: 59 (note); Carayon &amp; Delattre, 1948: 185 (note, key to spp.); Villiers, 1952: 191 (descr.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat,); Carvalho, 1955: 38 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 133 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 1 (disc., descr., diag.; key to gen., key to spp.); Steyskal: 1973: 206 (correction); Lavabre, 1977a: 51 (descr., disc.); Lavabre, 1977b: 107 (note); Carvalho, 1981: 39 (key to gen.); Stonedahl, 1991: 465 (descr., diag., key to spp.); Cassis &amp; Gross, 1995: 142 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 511 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Aspicellus Costa, 1864: 146 (gen, nov.; type species Aspicellus podagricus A. Costa, 1864 by monotypy, synonymized by Walker, 1873: 165); Schuh, 1995: 512 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Helopeltis belongs to the Monalonion - complex (see discussion for tribe), and can be separated from other genera in this complex by: long, undivided spinelike projection on scutellum (Fig. 12F); antenna distinctly longer than body; femora curved (as in fig. 18A in Namyatova et al., in press); collar flat; base of clypeus delimited with depression; metepimeron with rounded or rectangular outgrowth (as in Fig. 13A); claw with apical tooth (as in fig. 10D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); place of attachment of ductus seminis on phallobase only slightly to left of midline (Fig. 15M); DLP with two sclerotized bands (Fig. 19C).</p> <p>Redescription (partly based on Stonedahl, 1991): Male: Body length 5–8 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 9). Variable, from pale brown to dark brown or almost black, sometimes reddish, often with paler or darker markings. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; striations on scutellum laterally absent; only small depression on anterior angle of pronotum present (as in fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). VESTITURE. Setae on dorsum and thoracic pleura absent; very short, pale or dark simple suberect setae present on clypeus, labium, antenna, apices of femora, tibiae, tarsi, genital segment and often on scutellar process; ASI sometimes almost without setae; setae on clypeus sometimes flattened; tibiae regularly setose; small black spinules on femora absent, spinules on tibia apically absent or present. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly shorter or subequal to eye diameter (as in Fig. 10J); occipital region delimited with shallow depression; longitudinal depression distinct, as long as or longer than eye diameter, sometimes extending on frons; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.2× as long as head width (as in Fig. 10J); distance between antennal fossae subequal or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons straight, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.6– 1.9× wide as high; eye height c. 1–2× as long as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, only slightly shorter than eye height, not raised, inferior margin placed above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly below than or near inferior margin of antennal fossa delimited with depression; head swollen or almost flat in lateral view; gula c. 1.5–2.5× as long as buccula, convex. Labium. Length varying from reaching posterior margin of mesosternum to reaching abdominal LSII; LSI c. 3–4× as long as wide; LSII c. 4–6× as long as wide, subequal to or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 3–6× subequal to or slightly longer than LSII; LSIV c. 5–8× as long as wide, c. 1.2–1.5× as long as segment III. Antenna. Twice as long as body, rarely only 1.5× as long as body (H. cinchonae); ASI c. 2–2.5× as long as head width, rarely subequal to head width (H. cinchonae), swollen apically (as in fig. 8I in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 1.6–3.5× as long as ASI, c. 2.2–3.2× as long as head and pronotum combined; AS III c. 0.7– 1× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.3–0.5× as long as ASIII, ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar flat, delimited posteriorly; calli separated (as in Fig. 10J), flat, almost indistinct; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10J); posterior margin of pronotum straight or concave; scutellum swollen, with elongate spinelike process with expanded apex (Fig. 12F); scutellum distinctly rounded apically, without ridge or medial depression; metepimeron narrow, c. 3–4× as high as long, rounded or with small subrectangular outgrowth (Fig. 13A); metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin straight; hemelytra tapering posteriorly; margins of claval commissure c. 3× as long as scutellum, curved; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 4–7× as long as wide, c. 1.2–1.4× as long as pronotum, medial margin distinctly concave (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell c. 1.6–3× as long as pronotum, rounded or acute apically; auxiliary vein absent or short present; distance between cell and apex of membrane c. 0.2–0.3× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae separated (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press); femora swollen apically, with additional swelling medially, distinctly curved (Fig. 13H); foretibia longer than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segments II and III each, segment II slightly shorter than segment III; claw broadly rounded, tooth subdivided into basal and subapical parts (Fig. 13L). Genitalia (Fig. 15M– Q). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s); ventral margin of genital capsule shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped or only slightly curved, c. 3× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, often with outgrowth in front of ductus seminis attachment place; ductus seminis longer than phallotheca length, with coils, forming wide tube, without sclerotization basally or apically, attached to phallobase on left-hand side or almost medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad occupying entire dorsal side, rounded apically, without outgrowth(s) or ridges; endosoma usually with lobal sclerite and fields of small spicules, sometimes endosoma without sclerotization (see also illustrations of Stonedahl, 1991).</p> <p>Female: Body length 6–9 mm. Similar to male, but coloration sometimes paler and body larger (Fig. 9). Genitalia (Fig. 19C, D). DLP mostly membranous with two sclerotized bands, sometimes fused; DLP often with medial ridge and sclerotization around it, sometimes without ridge (H. cinchonae); striations absent or present only at base of lateral oviducts; lateral oviducts attached at halfway of DLP, removed from each other, placed close to lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed in posterior half, slightly below midline or close to posterior margin, not shifted right or left; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix covered with small tubercles and with pair of spinose lobes; base of second valvula with bifurcate outgrowth or straight (H. cinchonae); posterior wall of bursa copulatrix membranous, not bearing sclerites around vulva (see also illustrations from Stonedahl, 1991).</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed in South-East Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: The host plants are known for many species of Helopeltis; some Helopeltis species are serious pests of cocoa, tea and cashew (see Stonedahl, 1991 for details).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE73FFC5934CE312FC7EFA23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE71FFC79315E3F6FC94F915.text	142A4050DE71FFC79315E3F6FC94F915.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lycidocoris Reuter and Poppius 1911	<div><p>LYCIDOCORIS REUTER AND POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 7, 10D, 15V –AC, 19E–G, J, K, 23</p> <p>Lycidocoris Reuter &amp; Poppius, 1911: 409 (gen. nov.; type species: Lycidocoris mimeticus Reuter &amp; Poppius, 1911 by monotypy); Poppius, 1912: 175, 182 (key to gen., descr.); Bergroth, 1922: 53 (cat.); Schouteden, 1942a: 1, 3 (disc., key to spp.); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Schouteden, 1945: 117 (note); Villiers, 1952: 188 (descr.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 145 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 287, 288 (descry., key to spp.); Schuh, 1995: 528 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Pantilioforma Schumacher, 1917: 447 (gen. nov.; type species Pantilioforma impressopunctata Schumacher, 1917 by monotypy); Bergroth, 1922: 53 (cat.); China, 1944: 173, 179, 180 (key to gen., disc., key to spp.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key to gen.); Schouteden, 1946: 274 (note); Carvalho, 1957: 147 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 297 (descr.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.), syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Pantiliomorfa Mayné &amp; Ghesquière, 1934: 25 (error pro Pantilioforma Schumacher, 1917).</p> <p>Ealincola Schouteden, 1942a: 4 (gen. nov.; type species Pantilioforma modesta Distant, 1918 by original designation); China, 1944: 172, 179 (syn., disc.); Schouteden, 1946: 275 (note); Carvalho, 1957: 147 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Lycidocoris is diagnosed by the following characters: presence of row of punctures on clavus and R + M (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); antennal fossa oval, subequal half of eye height (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII incrassate apically; ASIII and IV clavate, ASIV subequal to quarter of ASIII; eyes not stylate; calli flat (as in Fig. 10D); pronotum and scutellum punctuate (Fig. 10D); claval commissure subequal to scutellum length (Fig. 10D); membrane cell short, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), distance between cell and apex of membrane subequal to cell; phallotheca with outgrowth from left-hand side, wide basally and distinctly tapering towards apex (Fig. 15V, Z).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 8–12 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 7). Main coloration yellow, reddish, brown or reddish brown, with dark brown markings; legs whitish yellow or mostly or entirely dark brown; abdomen pale brown or reddish, sometimes with dark brown areas. TEXTURE. Body without tubercles; flattened areas on head absent or present; pronotum and scutellum punctate, without wrinkles; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum and row of punctures on clavus and R + M present; punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; hemelytron rugose, without swelling posteriorly. VESTITURE. Body clothed with dark or pale simple setae, usually dense; head, pronotum, appendages and abdomen with suberect setae, usually short; setae on abdomen and legs longer than width of hind tibia; setae on scutellum and hemelytron short and adpressed; setae on thoracic pleura suberect, short and rare; tibiae regularly setose; spinules on femora apically present or absent; rows of black spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum absent or distinctly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 10D); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.2–0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossae as long as or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen (Fig. 10D), without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.5–1.8× as wide as high; eye 1.5–2× as high as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter subequal to half of eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin of fossa placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior half of eye, delimited with distinct or shallow depression; head flat in lateral view; gula as long as or slightly longer than buccula length, almost straight or convex. Labium. Length varying from almost reaching middle of mesosternum to reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LSI c. 2–3× as long as wide; LSII c. 2–4× as long as wide, almost subequal or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 1.5–3× as long as wide, slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 3–5× as long as wide, c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Almost reaching base of clypeus; ASI c. 0.3–0.6× as long as head width, c. 2–4× as long as wide, widened basally; ASII c. 4–6× as long as ASI, c. 0.9–1.3× as long as head and pronotum combined, incrassate towards apex; ASIII c. 0.6–0.7× as long as ASII, distinctly clavate; ASIV c. 0.2–0.3× as long as ASIII, clavate. Thorax. Collar distinctly delimited or fused with callosite region posteriorly, flat or upraised (Fig. 10D); calli separated, flat; depression delimiting callosite region posteriorly distinct medially, distinct laterally and distinct or indistinct medially (Fig. 10D); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (Fig. 10D); posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly concave (Fig. 10D); scutellum flat or slightly swollen, slightly rounded apically, without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression; metepimeron enlarged twice as high as long, angulate, with two apices (as in Fig. 13D); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron straight or slightly rounded, hemelytra not widened or rounded; margins of claval commissure c. 0.6–0.8× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 0.7–1× as long as wide, c. 0.6– 0.8× as long as pronotum, its medial margin straight; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle, almost subequal to or slightly shorter than pronotum (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), auxiliary vein short or absent; distance from cell to apex subequal to cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; swellings on tibiae absent; segments of hind tarsus subequal on length or segment III slightly longer than each of segments I and III (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); apical third part of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate and concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 15, V-AC). Genital capsule as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral side not shortened anteriorly; left paramere distinctly r-shaped or only slightly curved, c. 4–5× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular or suboval, rounded apically, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, shorter than phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal side, acute apically, with outgrowth on left-hand side, without ridge; endosoma with long spicule, sometimes also with elongate area of small spicules; sometimes without any sclerotization.</p> <p>Female: Body length 9–14 mm. Coloration, surface and vestiture as in male (Fig. 7). Structure similar to male, but females generally larger. Genitalia (Fig. 19E–G, J, K). DLP with sclerotized bands, sometimes covered with membrane, with striations, sometimes with distinct membranous outgrowth medially, without additional sclerites; lateral oviducts widely separated or close to each other, placed in posterior part or at halfway of DLP, near lateral margins or at distance from them; spermathecal gland placed near posterior margin of DLP, centrally; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles, with or without pair of depressions anteriorly; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Tropical Africa (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: The genus was collected from different species of the family Rubiaceae, including Coffea arabica L. (coffee) and Cinchona sp. (quina) (Distant, 1918; Mayné &amp; Ghesquière, 1934; China, 1944; Odhiambo, 1962).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE71FFC79315E3F6FC94F915	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE0FFFBA91F0E6E9FE4DFD49.text	142A4050DE0FFFBA91F0E6E9FE4DFD49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mansoniella Poppius 1915	<div><p>MANSONIELLA POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 6, 10A, 16A–H, 19H, I, L, M, 22</p> <p>Mansoniella Poppius, 1915: 77 (gen. nov.; type species: Mansoniella nitida Poppius, 1915 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key); Carvalho, 1957: 137 (catalogue); Carvalho, 1981: 41 (descry., disc.); Schuh, 1995: 517 (cat.); Lin, 2000b: 1 (disc., key to spp.), Lin, 2001: 377 (disc., key to spp.); Hu &amp; Zheng, 2001: 415, 420 (key to gen., key to spp.); Lin, 2002 (disc., key to spp.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Mansoniella can be separated from other genera with rows of punctures on clavus and R + M by: ASI swollen apically (fig. 8C in Namyatova et al., in press), its length subequal to head diameter. It also can be recognized by hemelytron semitransparent with reddish, pale brown or dark brown marking on corium posteriorly; distance between eye and pronotum slightly longer than eye diameter; frons distinctly swollen (Fig. 10A); distance between antennal fossa subequal to antennal fossa diameter; gula c. 1.5–2× as long as buccula; LSIV c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII; calli fused (Fig. 10A); pronotum almost without setae; depression delimiting calli posteriorly distinct medially, bearing pair of punctures (Fig. 10A); metasternum extending to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior part of corium broadened; membrane cell forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein on membrane absent; coils on ductus seminis distinct, forming narrow tube; outgrowths on phallobase supporting ductus seminis very short or absent (Fig. 16A, E), and posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles (Fig. 19I, M).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 5.4–8.8 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 6). Head. Ground colour mostly yellow to pale brown, with reddish or brown marking on hemelytron, dorsum, sides and appendages often with reddish or brown markings. TEXTURE. Body smooth; head without tubercles or flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum mostly impunctate, without tubercles or wrinkles, only pair of punctures on depression delimiting calli and between mesoscutum and scutellum present (Fig. 10A); striations on lateral margin of scutellum, rows of punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); hemelytron without swelling posteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with pale short simple setae, those setae very rare or absent on head, pronotum and scutellum, dense and adpressed on hemelytron, setae on appendages dense and suberect, sometimes slightly longer than hind tibia length; setae on abdomen suberect, of varying length; black spinules on femora absent; spinules on tibia in rows (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly longer than or subequal to eye diameter (Fig. 10A); occipital region delimited with transverse depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.25–0.33× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa almost subequal to or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen (Fig. 10A), without swellings or outgrowths, without longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.2–1.3× as wide as high; eye almost twice as long as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, diameter subequal to third part of eye height (as in fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press), only slightly raised, its inferior margin placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; in lateral view head distinctly bulged dorsally; gula c. 1.5–2× as long as buccula, straight. Labium. Reaching middle of prosternum, sometimes slightly surpassing anterior margin of metasternum; LSI–II twice as long as wide, subequal in length; LSIII c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, subequal to or slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 3–5× as long as wide, c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching apex of cuneus; ASI subequal to or slightly shorter head width, swollen apically (fig. 8C in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 2–3× as long as ASI, subequal to or slightly longer than head and pronotum combined; ASIII slightly shorter than ASII; ASIV c. 0.3– 0.4× as long as ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli posteriorly, upraised; calli fused with each other, distinctly separated posteriorly by depression (Fig. 10A); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (Fig. 10A); posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly concave or sinuate; scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth, ridge or medial depression; metepimeron enlarged, c. 3–4× as high as long, rounded or angulate and subtriangular; metasternum extending to the abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margins of hemelytra convex near posterior margin of corium, hemelytra widened posteriorly; claval commissure twice as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 2–2.5× as long as wide, as long as or slightly shorter than pronotum, medial margin almost straight; membrane cell slightly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), slightly longer than pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 1.5× as short as length of membrane cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); fore- and middle femora slightly swollen apically, hind femur distinctly swollen apically; femora straight or only indistinctly curved; tibiae without swellings; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II, and subequal to or slightly shorter than segment III (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); most part of claw straight, apical third part curved; basal tooth on claw more than twice as long as wide, concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 16A–H). Genital capsule as wide as or wider than long, without any outgrowths; left paramere three times as long as right paramere, distinctly r-shaped; sclerite around primary gonopore heart-shaped or bowl-shaped, sometimes with short outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, distinctly shorter than phallotheca length, with coils forming narrow tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowth or ridge; endosoma with or without spicules at base, areas of small spicules absent.</p> <p>Female: Body length 5.7–9.4 mm. Coloration, surface and vestiture as in male (Fig. 6). Structure similar to male, eyes slightly larger, c. 0.2–0.33× as wide as head. Genitalia (Fig. 19H, I, L, M). DLP with one or two sclerotized bands; membrane encircled by the inner sclerotized band striated, sometimes with small sclerites; lateral oviducts placed close to each other, near posterior margin, almost medially; spermathecal gland placed in around midpoint of DLP or slightly above it; posterior wall with small tubercles, sometimes they absent apically, without any sclerotization; base of second valvula straight or concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from South-East Asia, mostly from China, Taiwan, Vietnam. Mansoniella minuta was described from Papua New Guinea (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: The genus has been recoded from Liquidambar formosana Hance (Altingiaceae), Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl. (Lauraceae) and Sassafras tzumu Hemsl. (Lauraceae) (Zheng &amp; Liu, 1992; Lin, 2001, 2002).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE0FFFBA91F0E6E9FE4DFD49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE0DFFBA9193E69AFC75F952.text	142A4050DE0DFFBA9193E69AFC75F952.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Miomonalonion Sailer and Carvalho 1957	<div><p>MIOMONALONION SAILER AND CARVALHO</p> <p>Miomonalonion Sailer and Carvalho, 1957: 257 (gen. nov.; type species: Miomonalonion conoidifrons Sailer &amp; Carvalho, 1957 by monotypy); Schuh, 1995: 517 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Description: The description of Sailer &amp; Carvalho (1957) is as follows: ‘Head, with frons connately produced between antennae, but projected little beyond anteri- or margin of eyes; vertex immarginate, smooth; neck distinct; eyes pedunculate, projected laterally; antennae with first segment incrassate; clypeus vertical, scarcely prominent; rostrum with second segment thickened towards apex and with bilateral papilliform projections near middle of inner surface. Pronotum smooth; calli not visible; disc of posterior lobe convexly declivous. Scutellum smooth (shape distorted). (Hemelytra badly damaged.) Embolium very narrow; cuneus apparently much longer than wide. (Abdomen and legs fragmentary), one visible tibia incrassate towards apex and distinctly pilose.’</p> <p>See also plate 33, figs 8, 9 in Sailer &amp; Carvalho (1957).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE0DFFBA9193E69AFC75F952	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE0CFFBC92EEE17EFB71FCE0.text	142A4050DE0CFFBC92EEE17EFB71FCE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer 1850	<div><p>MONALONION HERRICH- SCHAEFFER</p> <p>Figures 9, 16I–L, 19N, O, 24</p> <p>Monalonion Herrich-Schaeffer, 1850: 168 (gen. nov.; type species Monalonion parviventre Herrich-Schaeffer, 1859 by monotypy); Fieber, 1858: 300 (key to gen.); Signoret, 1858: 500 (descr.); Walker, 1873: 161 (cat.); Distant, 1883: 246 (descr.); Atkinson, 1890a: 49 (cat.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Kuhlgatz, 1906: 29 (key to gen.); Reuter, 1908: 150 (descr.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Bondar, 1939: 1 (note); Knight, 1939: 226 (note); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.): Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 138 (cat.); Carvalho, 1972: (diag., key to spp.); Lavabre, 1977a: 65 (diag.); de Abreu, 1977: 85 (desc., distrib., ecol.); Schuh, 1995: 517 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Among genera of the Monalonion -group, Monalonion can be separated by: ASI very short, c. 1.5– 3× as long as wide; elongate body (Fig. 9), ASII–IV filiform; collar distinctly swollen (as in fig. 7D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); scutellum without spine; forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); foretibia almost straight; secondary gonopore surrounded with small sclerite (Fig. 16I); ductus seminis slightly sclerotized basally; and DLP with sclerotized circle (Fig. 19N).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–12 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 9). Variable, mostly brown to dark brown or yellow, sometimes with reddish areas; antennae and legs usually dark colored, legs sometimes with yellow or pale brown band on femur or mostly yellow. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures, wrinkles and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; striations on scutellum laterally absent; only small depression on anterior angle of pronotum present (as in fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). VESTITURE. Setae on dorsum and thoracic pleura absent; only short simple suberect setae on ASII–IV, legs and abdomen present; setae on ASII sometimes slightly longer than width of hind tibia; setae on tibia and hind femur sometimes very dense, shorter or longer than width of hind tibia; setae on abdomen pale, short and adpressed and very rare; black spinules on femora and tibiae absent. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal to half of eye diameter (as in Fig. 10J), sometimes subequal to eye diameter; occipital region delimited with distinct depression; longitudinal depression on vertex as long or slightly longer than eye diameter; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.2–0.3× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossae oval as long as or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons straight or slightly convex, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.4– 1.7× as wide as high; eye c. 1.7–2.8× as long as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval c. 0.5–0.7× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 6D–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), inferior margin placed distinctly above inferior margin of eye; position of base of clypeus varying from distinctly below inferior margin of antennal fossa to near halfway of antennal fossa height, not delimited with depression; head swollen in lateral view; length of gula varies from slightly longer to almost twice as long as buccula. Labium. Length varying from reaching middle of mesosternum to slightly surpassing posterior margin metasternum; c. 2–3× as long as wide; LSIII c. 3–4× as long as wide, varying from slightly shorter to distinctly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 2–5× as long as wide, varying from slightly shorter to distinctly longer than LSII; LSV c. 4–8× as long as wide, from slightly longer almost twice as long as long as LSIII. Antenna. Slightly shorter or longer than body; ASI c. 2–3× as long as wide, c. 0.3–0.7× as long as head width, widened basally; ASII c. 4–6× as long as ASI, c. 1.4–2× as long as head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.7–0.9× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.2– 0.3× as long as ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinctly delimited laterally and posteriorly, swollen; calli separated, flat almost indistinct (as in Fig. 10J); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in Fig. 10J); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10J); posterior margin of pronotum slightly sinuate (as in Fig. 10J); scutellum flat, rounded apically; without outgrowth or medial depression; metepimeron c. 3–4× as high as long, rounded (as in fig. 9C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin concave or almost straight, hemelytron almost not tapering posteriorly; claval commissure c. 2–5× as long as scutellum, concave (as in fig. 11G in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 3–4× as long as wide, c. 0.7–1.2× as long as pronotum, medial margin distinctly concave (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell c. 1.4–2.2× as long as pronotum, rounded or acute apically; auxiliary vein absent; distance between cell and apex of membrane c. 0.2–0.4× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora more or less swollen apically (as in fig. 18A in Namyatova et al., in press); forefemur almost straight, middle and hind femora distinctly curved, hind tibia sometimes with medial part widened; foretibia slightly shorter, as long as or slightly longer than head and pronotum combined; tibiae without swellings; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segment II and subequal to or slightly longer than segment III (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); claw broadly rounded (fig. 10F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); basal tooth on claw triangular, short (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 16I–L). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s); ventral wall shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore suboval, without outgrowths supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis longer than phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, sclerotized basally and with narrow sclerite around secondary gonopore, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca occupying entire dorsal side, rounded apically, without ridge or outgrowth(s); endosoma with small sclerites or sclerotized areas.</p> <p>Female: Body length 8–12.5 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, generally larger than males and eye usually smaller than in male (Fig. 9). Genitalia (Fig. 19N, O). DLP with sclerotized ring, sometimes indistinct, mostly without striations or with some medially, especially at base of lateral oviducts; lateral oviducts placed at halfway of or in posterior half of DLP, removed from each other and from lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed in posterior half, medially; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with tubercles, without outgrowths or sclerotizations; base of second valvula with bifurcate outgrowth; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Widely distributed in Latin America, including Mexico (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Many species of Monalonion are known to damage cocoa pods (Distant, 1917; Costa Lima, 1938; Bondar, 1939; Carvalho, 1972; de Abreu, 1977; Entwistle, 1977). Monalonion schaefferi was also recorded from cashew (Piart, 1977), and M. velenzagi is known from avocado (Carvalho &amp; Costa, 1988). Species are also known from Ficus sp., Cercopia adenopsis (Moraceae), Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae) and Begonia spp. (Begoniaceae) (Costa Lima, 1938; Bondar, 1939; Carvalho, 1972; Piart, 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE0CFFBC92EEE17EFB71FCE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE0AFFBE9358E4E3FE01F9BA.text	142A4050DE0AFFBE9358E4E3FE01F9BA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odoniella Haglund 1985	<div><p>ODONIELLA HAGLUND</p> <p>Figures 8, 10G, 11E, 16M–P, 19P, Q, 24</p> <p>Odoniella Haglund, 1895: 468 (gen. nov.; type species Odoniella reuteri Haglund, 1895 by monotypy); Reuter, 1905: 2 (disc.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.): Reuter &amp; Poppius, 1911: 411 (descr.); Poppius, 1912: 176, 185, 186 (key gen., descr., key to spp.); Bergroth, 1922: 51 (cat.); China, 1944: 179 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 43 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 146 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 298 (key to spp.); Lavabre, 1977a: 51 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 529 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Among other genera of the Odoniella - complex, Odoniella itself is recognized by ASII only slightly incrassate apically; ASIV distinctly clavate; yellow to reddish coloration (Fig. 8); humeral angles of pronotum distinctly flattened, pronotum and scutellum without tumescences (Fig. 10G); scutellum distinctly swollen (Fig. 11E, fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press), not divided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12A); without tubercles or bifurcated outgrowth on frons; eye directed distinctly outwards and forwards (Fig. 10G); and body clothed with simple setae only.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–10 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Ground colour varying from mostly yellow to reddish, pronotum, scutellum and hemelytron sometimes with dark brown to black markings and areas, antennae and abdomen also often with brown to black markings. TEXTURE. Body without tubercles and wrinkles; flattened areas on vertex indistinct; pronotum and scutellum covered with distinct dense punctures; pair of punctures between calli, pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, punctures on clavus and on R + M absent (fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); striations on lateral margins of scutellum present; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with simple setae; adpressed pale setae on dorsum, thoracic pleura and abdomen present; setae on head, pronotum, scutellum and pleura often very rare; setae on antennae mostly dark and adpressed, often pale on ASI- II; setae on legs mostly pale and adpressed, not very dense, setae on tibia spine like and suberect; black spinules on femora and tibiae irregularly dis- tributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum as long as or slightly longer than eye diameter (Fig. 10G); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short and shallow; eyes stylate, directed outwards and forwards (Fig. 10G), c. 0.17–0.22× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossa as long as or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowth(s) or longitudinal depression (Fig. 10G); anterior view of head c. 1.5– 1.8× as wide as high; eye as long as or slightly longer than distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter subequal to or slightly longer than half of eye height, not raised; inferior margin of fossa placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near or slightly above inferior margin of eye, delimited with depression (fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); head almost flat in lateral view; gula shorter than buccula length, straight. Labium. Slightly surpassing middle of mesosternum or almost reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LSI c. 2.5–3× as long as wide, LSII c. 2–2.5× as long as wide, as long as or slightly shorter than LSI; LSIII c. 2.5–3× as long as wide, as long as or slightly longer than LSIII; LSIV c. 4× as long as wide, c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, subequal to one third of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 5× as long as ASI, c. 0.8–0.9× as long as head and pronotum combined, slightly incrassate towards apex, without swellings; ASIII c. 0.7–0.9× as long as ASII, widened towards apex; ASIV c. 0.7× as long as ASIII, clavate. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with callosite region medially, flat; calli separated; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum distinctly dilated, not serrate; posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, often forming right angles (Fig. 11E); scutellum distinctly swollen, not covering base of pronotum (Fig. 11E, fig. 12R in Namyatova et al., in press), not divided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12A), trapeziform or round, obtuse apically, with or without longitudinal depression medially, without outgrowth or ridge (Fig. 11E, fig. 12R in Namyatova et al., in press); metepimeron enlarged c. 1–1.5× as high as long, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron slightly rounded; claval commissure c. 0.3–0.7× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct only anteriorly and medially, not reaching posterior margin of corium (fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; cuneus c. 1.7–2.4× as long as wide, c. 0.7– 0.9× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell slightly or distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle, as long as or slightly longer than pronotum (fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 1.7–1.9× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia without swellings; segment I of hind tibia of as long as segment II and distinctly shorter than segment III; apical half ore third part curved or claw broadly rounded; basal tooth on claw very short, triangular, or elongate, straight or slightly concave (as in Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 16M–S). Genital capsule as long as or slightly shorter than wide, without outgrowth(s), ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, c. 1.5–2× times as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular or suboval, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, shorter than phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying almost entire dorsal portion, rounded apically, without ridge or outgrowths(s); endosoma with single or a number of serrate spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 9–12.5 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male (Fig. 8). Genitalia (Fig. 19P, Q). DLP with sclerotized ring, with pair of symmetrical striated areas; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at a halfway of DLP; spermathecal gland placed posteriorly, slightly shifted right, posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowths and sclerotization; base of second valvula concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Distributed in tropical Africa (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Odoniella reuteri and O. rubra have been recorded from cocoa (Leston, 1970; Entwistle, 1977). Odoniella apicalis and O. rubra are also known from Piper spp. (Piperaceae), Odoniella camerunesis was recorded from Culcasia parviflora (Araceae), and Odoniella similis is known from Smilax sp. (Smilaceae) (Odhiambo, 1962; Hill, 1983).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE0AFFBE9358E4E3FE01F9BA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE09FFB091FCE006FEBCFA66.text	142A4050DE09FFB091FCE006FEBCFA66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachypeltis Signoret 1858	<div><p>PACHYPELTIS SIGNORET</p> <p>Figures 7, 13D, K, 16T –AA, 20A–J, 23</p> <p>Pachypeltis Signoret, 1858: 501 (gen. nov.; type species: Pachypeltis chinensis Signoret, 1858 by monotypy); Walker, 1873: 164 (cat.); Atkinson, 1890a: 51 (cat.); Reuter, 1903: 2 (descr.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Kuhlgatz, 1906: 29 (key to gen.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Hsiao, 1942: 250 (key to gen., list.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 40 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 140 (cat.); Steyskal, 1973: 206 (correction); Carvalho, 1981: 41 (descr., disc., key to spp.); Schuh, 1995: 520 (cat.); Hu and Zheng, 2001: 421 (key to spp.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Disphinctus Stål, 1871: 668 (gen. nov.; type species Disphinctus sahlbergii Stål, 1858 by consequent designation Kirkaldy, 1902: 294); Walker, 1873: 161 (cat.); Atkinson, 1890a: 50 (cat.); Distant, 1904b: 443 (descr.); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Reuter, 1910: 166 (syn.); Carvalho, 1957: 140 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 520 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Pachypeltis is diagnosed by the following characters: row of punctures on clavus and R + M (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); calli merged (fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press); apex of scutellum often rounded (fig. 12C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); distance between head and pronotum subequal to half of eye diameter (fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press); frons without ridges or spines, without depression medially; LSI–II only twice as long as wide, LSII often more than twice as long as wide; ASII–IV filiform; scutellum often rounded apically; hind femur often distinctly curved (fig. 18C in Namyatova et al., in press); hemelytra with outer margins straight or slightly concave; membrane cell distinctly acute (fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), distinctly longer than pronotum; ductus seminis shorter than phallotheca, without coils; and, outgrowths on phallobase supporting ductus seminis present, long or short (Fig. 16T, fig. 22A in Namyatova et al., in press).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–9 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 7). Usually bright-colored, coloration varies from yellow with dark markings to dark brown to black with paler markings, sometimes orange or red; antennae, or, at least, ASII–IV, usually darker than body, brown to dark brown, corium sometimes with dark marking or darkened posteriorly. TEXTURE. Body smooth, without tubercles; head without wrinkles and flattened areas; pronotum impunctate, without wrinkles; scutellum impunctate, smooth or with transverse wrinkles; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum, and punctures on clavus and R + M present (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press), pair of punctures on depression delimiting callosite region andsemicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with dense pale or dark simple setae, usually suberect, adpressed hemelytron and thoracic pleura, setae on abdomen suberect and adpressed; setae usually shorter, sometimes longer than width of hind tibia, tibia regularly setose; black spinules on femora absent, rows of black spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter or subequal to eye length dorsally (fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press); occipital region not delimited or distinctly delimited with transverse depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.2–0.3× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossae slightly longer than antennal fossae diameter; frons from only slightly to distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.3– 1.4× as wide as high; eye c. 1.3–2× as high as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossae round, diameter of fossa ca.0.25–0.35× as long as eye diameter, only slightly raised (fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press), inferior margin placed above of inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with more or less distinct or very shallow depression (fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press); head from slightly to distinctly swollen dorsally in lateral view; gula straight or slightly convex, c. 1.5–2× as long as buccula length. Labium. Length varying from slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum to almost reaching middle of mesosternum; LSI twice as long as wide, LSII c. 2–3.5× as long as wide, as long as or longer than LSII; LSIII ca.1.5– 3.5× subequal to or slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 2.5–6× as long as wide, c. 1.5–2× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Length varying from reaching base of cuneus to surpassing apex of cuneus; LSI c. 0.5–0.7× as long as head width, widened medially (fig. 8D in Namyatova et al., in press), LSII c. 3.5–5.8 times as long as LSI, c. 1.1–2× as long as head and pronotum combined; LSIII c. 0.5–0.7× as long as LSIII; LSIV c. 0.4–0.7× as long as LSIII; LSII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar fused with callosite region posteriorly, flat or swollen; calli fused with each other; callosite region delimited posteriorly with depression (fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles of pronotum not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave or sinuate (fig. 4A in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum almost flat or moderately swollen (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press), often obtuse apically, rarely acute, without outgrowth or ridge, with or without shallow medial depression; metepimeron enlarged, c. 2–4× as long as wide, usually bifurcate (Fig. 13D); metasternum with medial projection on to the abdominal segment II (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron straight or slightly concave medially; claval commissure c. 1–2× as long as scutellum, its margins straight (fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium not raised posteriorly; cuneus c. 1–4× as long as wide, c. 0.6–1.3× as long as pronotum, its medial margin straight or slightly concave (fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell elongate, distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming acute angle (fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 1–2× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein often present, short; distance from cell to membrane c. 0.3– 0.6× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora slightly swollen apically (fig. 18C in Namyatova et al., in press); fore- and middle femora straight, hind femur often distinctly curved, sometimes almost straight; tibia without swellings; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segments of hind tarsus subequal in length (fig. 29A in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes segment I longer than segments I and II each and segments I and II subequal in length, or segment I slightly longer than segment II and as long as segment III; apical third part of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate, concave (Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 16T –AA, fig. 22A–D in Namyatova et al., in press). Genital capsule longer or shorter than wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere c. 3.5–4 times as long as right paramere, distinctly r-shaped; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore bowl-shaped or oval, with long or short outgrowth(s), supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, distinctly shorter than phallotheca, without coils; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowth or ridge; endosoma with fields of small spicules, sometimes with number of elongate spicules, sometimes with both.</p> <p>Female: Body length 6–12 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male (Fig. 7). Genitalia (Fig. 20A–J, fig. 23H in Namyatova et al., in press). DLP with sclerotized ring anteriorly, sometimes covered with membrane, or with two sclerotized bands, or with two sclerotized rings; DLP with or without striations, without additional sclerites; lateral oviduct widely separated, placed in posterior half of DLP, sometimes slightly below midline; spermathecal gland placed in posterior half of DLP, medially, sometimes almost at posterior margin; posterior wall covered with small tubercles, sometimes with outgrowths and small sclerites; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE09FFB091FCE006FEBCFA66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE06FFB192E5E082FE75F8D7.text	142A4050DE06FFB192E5E082FE75F8D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parapachypeltis Hu and Zheng 2001	<div><p>PARAPACHYPELTIS HU AND ZHENG</p> <p>Figures 7, 20K, L, 23</p> <p>Parapachypeltis Hu and Zheng, 2001: 26 (gen. nov.; type species: Parapachypeltis punctatus Hu and Zheng by monotypy); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Parapachypeltis can be separated by the following characters: punctate pronotum; impunctate scutellum, presence of row of punctures on clavus and R + M; metepimeron enlarged, rounded, calli distinctly separated laterally.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE06FFB192E5E082FE75F8D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE05FFB39357E1E2FAE2FD49.text	142A4050DE05FFB39357E1E2FAE2FD49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pararculanus Poppius 1912	<div><p>PARARCULANUS POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 7, 16 AB–AI, 20M–P, 24</p> <p>Pararculanus Poppius, 1912: 189 (gen. nov.; type species: Pararculanus piperis Poppius, 1912 by monotypy); Poppius, 1912: 176 (key to gen.); Bergroth, 1922: 56 (cat.); China, 1944: 175 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 139 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 101 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Pararculanus can be separated from genera with a row of punctures on clavus and R + M by the following characters: the structure of head, i.e. distance between eye and pronotum subequal to eye diameter; distance between antennal fossae subequal to diameter of antennal fossa; frons swollen, not bearing tubercles or outgrowths (as in Fig. 10A); gula three times as long as buccula; LS III three times as long as wide; calli fused with each other; outer margins of hemelytra straight; metasternum protruding to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); coils in ductus seminis indistinct; phallobase with pair of long outgrowths supporting ductus seminis (Fig. 16 AB, AF); and absence of small tubercles on posterior wall of bursa copulatrix (Fig. 20 PN, P).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 6–8 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 7). Three species, placed in this genus, differ in coloration. P. ghesquierei mostly pale brown with reddish or pale brown areas, P. piperis mostly brown to dark brown, with pale cuneus and markings on head and pronotum, pleura and abdomen yellow to pale brown, ASI sometimes reddish; P. madagascariensis mostly reddish with yellow areas. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth; head without wrinkles, tubercles or flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum impunctate, without tubercles, sometimes with wrinkles; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum and rows of punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with simple setae, mostly pale, dark on appendages; head and pronotum with suberect setae, sometimes very rare; thoracic pleura with rare short and adpressed setae; hemelytron densely covered with short adpressed setae; appendages and abdomen with suberect setae, some of them as long as width of hind tibia; femora without rows of small black spinules; tibiae regularly setose; rows of spinules on tibia present (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly longer than or subequal to eye diameter (as in Fig. 10A); transverse depression delimiting occipital region distinct or indistinct; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head, c. 0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa almost subequal to or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression (as in Fig. 10A); anterior view of head c. 1.3–1.4× as wide as high; eye almost twice as long as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, diameter subequal to third part of eye height, only slightly raised (as in fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin of fossa placed above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; head slightly to distinctly swollen dorsally in lateral view; gula slightly convex, c. 3–4× times as long as buccula length. Labium. Length varying from reaching anterior margin of mesosternum to reaching middle of mesosternum; LSI twice as long as wide; LSII c. 2.5–4× as long as wide, as long as or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 2–3× as long as wide, slightly shorter or longer than LSII; LSIV c. 4–6× as long as wide, c. 1.5–3× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Slightly surpassing base of cuneus or reaching apex of cuneus; ASI c. 0.7–0.9× as long as head width, widened medially (as in fig. 8D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 3–4× as long as ASI, c. 1.3–1.6× as long as length of head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.5–0.6× as long as ASII, ASIV subequal to half of ASIII length; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused or not fused with calli posteriorly, flat (as in Fig. 10A); calli fused with each other, depression, delimiting callosite region posteriorly distinct medially (as in Fig. 10A); humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated (as in Fig. 10A); posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave or sinuate; scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth, medial ridge or depression; metepimeron enlarged, twice as long as wide, angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Almost not tapering posteriorly, costal margin straight; claval commissure c. 1.7–2.2× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium not raised posteriorly; cuneus twice as long as wide, subequal to or slightly longer than pronotum length, its medial margin almost straight; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming right or acute angle (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 1.3–1.4× as long as pronotum length; auxiliary vein absent or very short; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to or slightly shorter than half of cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora slightly swollen apically, straight; tibiae without swellings; foretibia as long as head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II and subequal to segment III, or all segments subequal in length (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); apical third of claw curved; basal tooth on claw more than twice as long as wide, concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 16 AB– AI). Genital capsule longer than wide, without outgrowth(s); left paramere distinctly r-shaped, c. 2.5– 3× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore bowl-shaped, with long outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, as long as phallotheca length, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths or ridge; endosoma with single long v-shaped spicule or with field of small spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 8–10 mm. Mostly similar to male, but body generally larger (Fig. 7). Genitalia (Fig. 20M– P). DLP with two longitudinal sclerotized rings or with pair of concave sclerites close to posterior margin and single suboval sclerite anteriorly; membrane with or without striations, without additional sclerites; lateral oviducts widely separated, placed in anterior half of DLP, close to or at distance from lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed slightly above or slightly below midpoint of DLP; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix without tubercles or they very shallow, without sclerites, membrane on posterior wall flat or raised at each side; base of second valvula straight or slightly concave; and, ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from tropical Africa and Madagascar (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: The type specimens were recorded from Piper capense (Piperaceae) (Poppius, 1912).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE05FFB39357E1E2FAE2FD49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE03FFB5932CE69AFF13FA41.text	142A4050DE03FFB5932CE69AFF13FA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physophoroptera Poppius 1910	<div><p>PHYSOPHOROPTERA POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 9, 12C, 17A–D, 20Q, R, 24</p> <p>Physophoroptera Poppius, 1910: 26 (gen. nov. type species Physophoroptera mirabilis Reuter, 1910 by monotypy); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Reuter &amp; Poppius, 1911: 208 (descr.); Poppius, 1912: 175, 184 (key to gen., descr.); Bergroth, 1922: 52 (cat.); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 38 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 142 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 10 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Physophoroptera belongs to the Monalonion - complex (see discussion for tribe), but among genera of this group it differs by: distinctly swollen scutellum with round swelling on it (Fig. 12C, fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); swelling on corium posteriorly (fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII with apex swollen, without any tubercles, ASIII–IV distinctly swollen (fig. 8G in Namyatova et al., in press); eyes stylate (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally and distinctly tapering towards apex; ductus seminis without coils (Fig. 17A).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 5 mm. COLORATION (Fig. 9). Head. Reddish with brown to black markings. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures, wrinkles and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; striations on scutellum laterally absent; semi- circular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Setae mostly absent, only short dark adpressed simple setae on ASII–IV and legs present; black spinules on femora and tibiae absent. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly longer than eye diameter (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); occipital region not delimited with transverse depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes stylate, directed outwards and forward, subequal to fifth part of head width (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); anterior view of head c. 1.3–1.5× as long as wide; eye c. 0.8× as high as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, subequal to 2/3 of eye height, not raised (as in fig. 6D–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), inferior margin on the same level with inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed at the same level with inferior margin of antennal fossa, distinctly delimited with depression; head convex dorsally in lateral view; gula almost subequal to buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of mesosternum or slightly surpassing it; LS I twice as long as wide; LSII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSI; LSIII c. 1.5× as long as slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 3–4× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus or slightly surpassing it; ASI distinctly longer than wide, length subequal to head width, swollen apically (fig. 8G in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 1.2–1.3× as long as ASI, c. 0.6× as long as head and pronotum combined, swollen apically; ASIII subequal to half of ASII, clavate; ASIV subequal to or slightly longer than ASIII, clavate (fig. 8G in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar weekly delimited, fused with callosite region posteriorly, flat (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); calli separate, flat, almost indistinct (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles of pronotum not dilated, rounded or acute (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave (fig. 4D in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum distinctly swollen with round swelling medially (fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press), distinctly rounded apically, without longitudinal depression or ridge medially; metepimeron enlarged, c. 1.5× as long as wide, angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum rounded, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron straight; hemelytra tapering apically; margins of claval commissure c. 0.8–1× as long as scutellum, curved posteriorly (fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M; corium with distinct swelling posteriorly (fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); cuneus twice as long as wide, c. 0.8× as long as pronotum, medial margin concave; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle, c. 1.1–1.3× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.5–0.7× as long as membrane. Legs. Forecoxae separated (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press); femora distinctly swollen apically, forefemora almost straight, middle and hind femora distinctly curved; tibia without swellings; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segment II and slightly longer than segment III (as in fig. 19A in Namyatova et al., in press); apical half of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate, straight (fig. 10H in Namyatova et al., in press). Genitalia (Fig. 17A–D). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, without outgrowth(s), ventral wall shortened anteriorly; left paramere only slightly curved, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore heart-shaped, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, shorter than phallotheca, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally tapering towards apex, acute apically, with swelling on right-hand side; endosoma without sclerotization.</p> <p>Female: Body length 5–7 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in males. Genitalia (Fig. 20Q, R). DLP without sclerotized rings or bands, only with curved sclerite anteriorly; DLP entirely striated; lateral oviducts placed anteriorly near lateral margins of DLP, distinctly removed from each other; spermathecal gland in anterior half, above midpoint; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles, without outgrowths or sclerites; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous; base of second valvula concave.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE03FFB5932CE69AFF13FA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE02FFB69184E4A5FC7DFAE8.text	142A4050DE02FFB69184E4A5FC7DFAE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physophoropterella Poppius 1914	<div><p>PHYSOPHOROPTERELLA POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 9, 10E, 11K, 12D, 13G, I, 17E–H, 20S, T, 22</p> <p>Physophoropterella Poppius, 1914: 128 (gen. nov.; type species: Physophoropterella bondroiti Poppius, 1914 by monotypy); Bergroth, 1922: 54 (cat., syn.); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 142 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 10 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Mandragora Schumacher, 1917: 449 (gen. nov.; type species Mandragora venefica Schumacher, 1914 by initial designation, synonymized by Bergroth, 1922: 54); Carvalho, 1957: 142 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Physophoropterella belongs to the Monalonion - complex, and is distinguished by the following characters: distinctly swollen scutellum with bifurcated outgrowths on it (Figs 11K, 12D); swelling on corium posteriorly (as in fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII swollen apically, with tubercles also basally; ASIII– IV distinctly clavate; eyes stylate (Fig. 10E); medial margin of clavus as long as scutellum length; foretibia longer than head and pronotum combined; sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally and distinctly tapering towards apex; ductus seminis with distinct coils (Fig. 17E).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–9 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 9). Head. Mostly yellow with brown to black markings, with reddish markings on antennae. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures, wrinkles and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; striations on scutellum laterally present; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Setae mostly absent, only present on costal margin of hemelytron anteriorly, antenna, legs and abdomen with short simple adpressed or suberect setae; black spinules on femora absent, spinules on tibia irregularly distributed (as in fig. 19F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 10E); occipital region delimited with shallow depression; longitudinal depression on vertex almost subequal to eye diameter, often shallow; eyes stylate, directed outwards and forward, subequal to forth part of head width (Fig. 10E); distance between antennal fossae subequal to or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons straight or only slightly convex, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression (Fig. 10E); anterior view of head c. 1.3–1.5× as wide as high; eye height subequal to distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, almost subequal to eye height, not raised (as in fig. 6D–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), inferior margin placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly below inferior margin of eye; delimited with very shallow depression; head convex dorsally in lateral view; gula subequal to buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching middle of mesosternum; LSI c. 1.5× as long as wide; LSII twice as long as wide, subequal to LSII, LSIII c. 1.5× as long as wide subequal to or slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 2–3× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSIII. Antenna. Reaching or almost reaching apex of membrane; ASI distinctly longer than wide, c. 1.8× as long as head width, swollen apically with additional swelling medially; ASII c. 0.9× as long as ASI, c. 1.1–1.2× as long as head and pronotum combined, swollen apically and with small tubercle near base; ASIII c. 0.6× as long as ASII, distinctly swollen, but narrow basally; ASIV c. 0.6× as long as ASIII, clavate (fig. 8G in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar not delimited; calli separated, flat, almost indistinct (Fig. 10E); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (Fig. 10E); humeral angles of pronotum acute (Fig. 10E); posteri- or margin of pronotum straight, with paired large swellings (Fig. 10E); scutellum distinctly swollen with bifurcate outgrowth, distinctly obtuse apically, without longitudinal outgrowth or ridge medially (Figs 11K, 12D); metepimeron enlarged, twice as long as wide, angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron straight, hemelytra slightly tapering posteriorly; claval commissure c. 0.9–1× as long as scutellum, slightly concave; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M (as in fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); corium with distinct swelling posteriorly (as in fig. 12F in Namyatova et al., in press); cuneus c. 2.2–2.3× as long as wide, c. 1.1–1.2× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell c. 1.5× as long as pronotum, forming acute angle (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane subequal to half of cell length. Legs. Forecoxae separated (as in fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press); femora distinctly swollen apically, fore- and middle femora almost straight, hind femora curved; swellings on femora in apical half and on tibiae in basal part present (Fig. 13G); foretibia longer than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus c. 3× as long as segment II and III each, segment II subequal to segment III (Fig. 13I); claw broadly rounded (fig. 10H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); basal tooth on claw short, triangular (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 17E–H). Genital capsule as long as wide, without outgrowth(s), its ventral wall shortened anteriorly; left paramere only slightly curved, c. 2.5× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular or suboval, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis longer than phallotheca, not sclerotized basally or apically, with distinct coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase on lefthand side; sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally, tapering towards apex and acute apically, without outgrowths or ridges; endosoma with sclerotized area basally.</p> <p>Female: Body length 10–11 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in males (Fig. 9). Genitalia (Fig. 20S, T). DLP with sclerotized bands thin, indistinct posteriorly; DLP with some striations medially and posteriorly; lateral oviducts placed in posterior half near lateral margins, distinctly removed from each other, spermathecal gland placed close to posterior margin, medially; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles; without outgrowths or sclerotizations; base of second valvula distinctly concave; ventral wall of bursa copulatrix membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from tropical Africa (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Physophoropterella denticollis and P. poppiusi were recorded damaging Dacryodes edulis H.J.Lam (Burseraceae) (China, 1945; Ndindeng et al., 2006).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE02FFB69184E4A5FC7DFAE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE00FFB79332E588FB04F8AB.text	142A4050DE00FFB79332E588FB04F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platyngomiris Kirkaldy 1902	<div><p>PLATYNGOMIRIS KIRKALDY</p> <p>Figures 8, 21E, F, 23</p> <p>Platyngomiris Kirkaldy, 1902: 258 (gen. nov.; type species: Platyngomiris coreoides Kirkaldy, 1902 by monotypy); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.): Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 148 (cat.); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Platyngomiriodes Ghauri, 1963 (gen. nov.; type species Platyngomiriodes apiformis Ghauri, 1963 by monotypy); Lavabre, 1977a: 51, 54 (key to gen., descr.); Lavabre, 1977b: 108 (disc.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.), syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Platyngomiris belongs to the Odoniella - complex (see discussion for the tribe) and is recognized by the following characters: ASIII distinctly incrassate apically, ASIV clavate (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); frons with paired tubercles; scutellum distinctly swollen (as in Fig. 11H), exceeding height of pronotum, subtriangular, not subdivided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12A), hemelytron clothed simple setae only, hind tibiae with tumescences and clothed with long and extremely dense setae.</p> <p>Redescription: Female: Body length 9.5 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Coloration mainly brown, hemelytron mostly pale, almost yellow, but cuneus brown. TEXTURE. Tubercles on vertex and flattened areas indistinct; wrinkles on head absent; ASII without tubercles; pronotum and scutellum punctate; tubercles on collar very shallow; shallow tumescences on pronotum and scutellum present; row of punctures on clavus and on R + M and punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum indistinct or present only anteriorly; hind tibia with tumescences; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; hemelytron smooth, without tubercles. VESTITURE. Body clothed with pale or dark simple adpressed setae, those setae pale on dorsum and dark on appendages; setae on hind tibia extremely long and dense; flattened setae on hemelytron absent. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10F); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct or very short; eyes stylate, directed outwards (as in Fig. 10H), c. 0.25× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossa c. 3× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, with paired tubercles, without longitudinal depression or ridges; anterior view of head c. 1.5× as wide as high; eye height c. 0.8× as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, c. 0.3× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press), its inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye and base of clypeus; base of clypeus distinctly delimited basally; in lateral view head flat; gula shorter than buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of metasternum; LSI c. 2–3× as long as wide; LSII c. 4× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 4× subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 6× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 5× as long as ASII, c. 0.8× as long as head and pronotum combined, slightly incrassate apically, without tumescences; Thorax. Collar not delimited, flat; calli separated, flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles of pronotum dilated; posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles, scutellum distinctly swollen, triangular (as in Fig. 11H), not covering base of pronotum, not divided into parts (as in Fig. 12A), obtuse apically, without longitudinal depression, ridge or outgrowth; metepimeron c. 1.5× as high as long, angulate (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Tapering posteriorly; costal margin straight (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); claval commissure c. 0.2× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M almost reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.7× as long as wide, c. 0.6× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming acute angle, c. 0.9× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.79× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight, hind tibia often slightly curved; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined. Genitalia (Fig. 21E, F). DLP with a single sclerotized ring anteriorly, c. 1.5× as long as wide; with paired areas of striations, placed at base of lateral oviducts; lateral oviducts in posterior half of DLP; spermathecal gland placed medially at posterior margin; posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowths with paired sclerotization posteriorly; base of second valvula concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from Borneo only (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: The genus is known as a pest of cocoa (Ghauri, 1963; Leston, 1970; Azhar, 1989; Keane &amp; Putter, 1992; Schaefer &amp; Panizzi, 2000).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE00FFB79332E588FB04F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE1FFFAA91D6E7B0FF13FCCC.text	142A4050DE1FFFAA91D6E7B0FF13FCCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudodoniella KIRKALDY	<div><p>PSEUDODONIELLA KIRKALDY</p> <p>Figures 8, 11F, H, 17M–P, 21A, B</p> <p>Pseudodoniella China &amp; Carvalho, 1951: 465 (gen. nov.; type species Pseudodoniella pacifica China &amp; Carvalho, 1951 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 148 (cat.); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Miller, 1958: 57 (disc., key to spp.); Odhiambo, 1962: 303, 305 (syn., key to spp.); Lavabre, 1977a: 51, 55 (key to gen., descry.); Lavabre, 1977b: 109 (key to spp., descr.); Carvalho, 1981: 36, 37 (key to gen., descr.); Schuh, 1995: 530 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Parabryocoropsis China &amp; Carvalho, 1951: 468 (gen. nov.; type species Parabryocoropsis typicus China &amp; Carvalho, 1951 by monotypy, synonymized by Odhiambo, 1962: 303); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 147 (cat.); Miller, 1958: 57 (disc); Steyskal, 1973: 206 (correction); Carvalho, 1981: 36 (key to gen., descr.); Schuh, 1995: 531 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Pseudodoniella belongs to the Odoniella - complex and is distinguished by the following characters: ASIII distinctly incrassate apically, ASIV clavate (as in Fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); frons with bifurcate outgrowth or paired tubercles (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al. in press); pronotum and scutellum with tumescences (Fig. 11F, H, as in Fig. 4C in Namyatova et al. in press); scutellum distinctly swollen (Fig. 11F, H) and uniformly colored, not subdivided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12A), tibiae without distinct tumescences and with regular setation, not very dense.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–10 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Body varying from pale brown, to dark brown, sometimes mostly orange or reddish, can be brown with orange markings or orange with dark markings, or uniformly colored. TEXTURE. Two pairs of tubercles on vertex between eyes medially more or less distinct, sometimes indistinct, flattened areas on vertex indistinct; wrinkles on head absent; tumescences on ASII absent or present; pronotum and scutellum covered with punctures (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al. in press); collar with two pairs of shallow tubercles, sometimes indistinct; shallow tumescences on pronotum and scutellum present (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al. in press); row of punctures on clavus and on R + M and punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum indistinct or present only anteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; hemelytron smooth, without tubercles. VESTITURE. Head, pronotum scutellum, thoracic pleura and abdomen clothed with pale or dark simple adpressed setae, sometimes those setae very rare; hemelytron mostly clothed with flattened dark setae, with cuneus clothed with simple setae; sometimes hemelytron clothed with pale short simple adpressed setae only; antenna with pale or dark simple setae, long or short; setae on legs adpressed or suberect pale or dark, of variable length, not very dense, spinules on femora present or absent apically; spinules on tibia irregularly distributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al. in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10F); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct or very short; eyes stylate, directed outwards (as in Fig. 10F), c. 0.16–0.25× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossa c. 2–3× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, with paired outgrowths (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes only shallow paired tubercles present, without longitudinal depression or ridges; anterior view of head c. 1.6–2.1× as wide as high; eye height c. 0.8–1.5× as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, c. 0.5–0.7× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press), its inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye; or base of clypeus placed slightly above or near inferior margin of eye, distinctly delimited basally; in lateral view head flat; gula shorter than buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of metasternum; LSI twice as long as wide; LSII c. 3–4× as long as wide, subequal to or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 4× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 4–5× as long as wide, c. 1–1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 5–6× as long as ASII, c. 0.8– 1× as long as head and pronotum combined, slightly or distinctly incrassate apically; ASIII c. 0.6–0.8× as long as ASII; widened towards apex or swollen api- cally; ASIV c. 0.7–0.9× as long as ASIII, clavate (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar not delimited or delimited posteriorly, flat (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); calli separated, flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum distinctly dilated (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (Fig. 11F, H) scutellum distinctly swollen, often covering, rarely not covering base of pronotum, round or subtriangular (Fig. 11F, H), not divided into parts (as in Fig. 12A), obtuse apically, without longitudinal depression, ridge or outgrowth; metepimeron c. 1–1.5× as long as wide, angulate (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Tapering posteriorly; costal margin straight; claval commissure c. 0.3× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M almost reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.5–2.3× as long as wide, c. 0.5–0.6× as long as pronotum, its medial margin slightly concave; membrane cell slightly or distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.7–1× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.7–1.0× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight, hind tibia often slightly curved; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia without tumescences; segments of hind tibia subequal in length or segments I subequal to segment III and longer than segment II; apical half or third part of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate, straight or slightly concave (as in Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 17M–P). Genital capsule as wide as long or slightly wider than long, without outgrowth, ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, with anterior margin concave, without outgrowths; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically; shorter than or as long as phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; phallotheca narrow, occupying half of dorsal side, only slightly tapering apically; without ridge or outgrowths; endosoma with sclerotized areas.</p> <p>Female: Body length 8–10.5 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, but females slightly larger than males (Fig. 8). Genitalia (Fig. 21A, B). DLP with a single sclerotized ring anteriorly, c. 2–2.5× as long as wide; with two large areas of striations, mostly subequal in diameter,; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at a halfway of DLP or in posterior half; spermathecal gland placed on right-hand side; posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowths with paired sclerotization posteriorly; base of second valvula concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from China and New Guinea (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Pseudodoniella pacifica and P. typica are pests of cocoa (Leston, 1970; Entwistle, 1977; Lavabre, 1977b; Carvalho, 1981; China &amp; Carvalho, 1951). Pseudodoniella pacifica was also recorded from Ficus pungens (Carvalho, 1981) (Moraceae) and P. typicus is the pest of Cinnamomum cassia (Lauraceae) (Zheng, 1992). Unidentified representatives of Pseudodoniella were also recorded from Ficus sp. (Hill, 1983).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE1FFFAA91D6E7B0FF13FCCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE1DFFAB936EE3F6FAD7FCB4.text	142A4050DE1DFFAB936EE3F6FAD7FCB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Poppiusia China 1944	<div><p>POPPIUSIA CHINA</p> <p>Figures 7, 10B, L, M, 13C, 17I–L, 21I, J, 24</p> <p>Poppiusia China, 1944: 184 (gen. nov.; type species: Poppiusia combretorum China, 1944 jun. syn. of Poppiusia leroyi (Schouteden, 1943) by monotypy); China, 1944: 176 (key); Schouteden, 1945: 116 (disc); Schouteden, 1946: 285 (disc); Carvalho, 1952: 59 (cat.), Carvalho, 1955: 39 (key); Carvalho, 1957: 143 (cat.); Schmitz, 1968: 11 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 522 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Among species with row of punctures on clavus and R + M, Poppiusia differs in following: presence of three small ridges on frons (Fig. 10M); head distinctly swollen in lateral view (Fig. 10L); ASII subequal to head and pronotum combined, filiform; ASIII–IV not clavate; labium slightly surpassing posterior margin of prosternum, its segments I-II only twice as long as wide; pair of punctures on depression delimiting calli absent; calli separated (Fig. 10B); setae on pronotum present; metepimeron c. 3–4× as long as wide, subtriangular (Fig. 13C); membrane cell forming right angle; ductus seminis shorter than phallotheca, without coils; outgrowths supporting ductus seminis long (Fig. 17I).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 7–9 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 7). Body mostly orange to pale brown with brown to dark brown or reddish areas, antennae uniformly dark brown; hemelytra often mostly dark with yellow to pale brown areas. TEXTURE. Body smooth; vertex without wrinkles, tubercles or flattened areas; pronotum and scutellum mostly impunctate, without tubercles, only pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum, and rows on punctures on clavus and on R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (fig. 11D in Namyatova et al., in press); semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum present (as in Fig. 11A). VESTITURE. Body clothed with suberect dark or pale setae, setae on tibiae and abdomen longer than those on dorsum and pleura some of them twice as long as hind tibia width; black spinules on femora absent; tibiae regularly setose; spinules on tibiae organized in rows (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal to eye diameter (Fig. 10B); depression delimiting occipital region distinct (Fig. 10L); longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head (Fig. 10B), c. 0.3× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons swollen, with three longitudinal ridges (Fig. 10M), without longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.3–1.4× as wide as high; eye almost twice as long as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa round, its diameter subequal to third part of eye height (as in fig. 3A in Namyatova et al., in press), tuberculate (Fig. 10L), its inferior margins placed slightly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed on the same level with inferior margin of antennal fossa, delimited with depression; in lateral view head distinctly swollen dorsally (Fig. 10L); gula c. 1.5× as long as buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching or slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum; LSI and II twice as long as wide, almost subequal in length or LSII slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 1.5× as long as wide, slightly shorter than LSII; LSIV c. 2.5× as long as wide, twice as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching apex of cuneus; ASI only slightly shorter than head width, widened medially (fig. 9D in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 3× as long as ASI, subequal to length of head and pronotum combined; ASIII c. 0.6–0.7× as long as ASII; ASIV slightly longer than half of ASIII length; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with calli posteriorly, slightly swollen; calli separated from each other, rounded, not conical; depression delimiting calli posteriorly distinct laterally, but indistinct between calli; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum concave (Fig. 10B); scutellum almost flat, acute apically, without outgrowth; metepimeron enlarged 3× as long as wide, angulate (Fig. 13C); metasternum extending to abdominal segment II in triangular outgrowth (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margins subparallel, hemelytron not tapering; claval commissure almost twice as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 11C in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.7–2× as long as wide, c. 0.8× as long as pronotum; its medial margin straight; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of scutellum, forming almost right angle (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press), slightly longer than pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.6–0.7× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, fore- and middle femora straight, hind femur moderately curved; swellings on tibiae absent; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus subequal to segment II and slightly shorter than segment III; apical third of claw curved; basal tooth on claw three times as long as wide, distinctly concave (as in Fig. 13K). Genitalia (Fig. 17I– L). Genital capsule slightly longer than wide, without outgrowths, ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, c. 1.5× as long as right paramere; sclerite around primary suboval, with long outgrowths, supporting ductus seminis; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, slightly shorter than phallotheca length, without coils, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without outgrowths and ridges; endosoma without spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 9–10 mm. Coloration similar to male, abdomen reddish (Fig. 7). Surface and vestiture as in male, setae on abdomen dark and suberect of different length, sometimes twice as long as hind tibia width. Structure similar to male, but body generally larger, pronotum wider than in male, and hemelytron slightly widened posteriorly. Genitalia (Fig. 21I, J). DLP with two distinct sclerotized bands, without striations or sclerites, lateral oviducts and spermathecal gland placed posteriorly, not shifted right or left, lateral oviducts distinctly removed from each other, but placed far from lateral margins of DLP; posterior wall of bursa copulatrix with small tubercles, without sclerites; base of second valvula distinctly swollen; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from Ghana and Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Poppiusia leroyi was recorded from Combretum sp. and Combretorum racemosum (Combretaceae) (China, 1944; Leston, 1980).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE1DFFAB936EE3F6FAD7FCB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE1CFFAD91D8E08DFE6AF9E6.text	142A4050DE1CFFAD91D8E08DFE6AF9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ragwelellus Odhiambo 1962	<div><p>RAGWELELLUS ODHIAMBO</p> <p>Figures 9, 10J, 17Q–X, 21G, H, K–O, 24</p> <p>Ragwelellus Odhiambo, 1962: 314 (subgen. nov.; type species Eucerocoris peregrinus Odhiambo, 1962 by original designation, jun. syn. of. Eucerocoris vittatus Odhiambo, 1962); Carvalho, 1976: 54 (disc.); Odhiambo, 1965: 22 (descr., disc., changed status); Schuh, 1995: 523 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a: 101 (disc.); Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b: 706 (disc., phylogeny); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny); rev. status, this work.</p> <p>Ragwelellus (Narinellus) Odhiambo, 1965: 22 (subgen nov.; type species Ragwelellus thetis (Kirkaldy, 1908) by original designation); syn. nov., this work.</p> <p>Diagnosis: Ragwelellus belongs to the Monalonion - complex (see discussion for the tribe), and it is differentiated from other genera of this group by: ASI longer than head and pronotum combined; frons not swollen or only slightly convex (Fig. 10J); forefemora curved; scutellum without spine-like projection; pretarsal claw broadly rounded (fig. 10E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); phallotheca usually more or less rounded or only slightly tapering apically (Fig. 17Q, U).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 4–10 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 9). Variable, mostly pale brown, brownish or reddish, often not uniformly colored with head and pronotum at least partly darker than hemelytron or with markings on hemelytron. TEXTURE. Body mostly smooth, without punctures and tubercles; vertex without flattened areas; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; striations on scutellum laterally absent; only small depression on anterior angle of pronotum present (as in fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). VESTITURE. Setae on dorsum and thoracic pleura absent; pale simple setae on sides of head, labium, appendages and abdomen present; setae on sides on head, labium and abdomen mostly adpressed and short, setae on abdomen very rare, present apically only; setae on antenna mostly short, suberect or adpressed, sometimes setae on antenna segment II longer than hind tibia width; setae on femora rare and adpressed, often present apically only; setae on tibiae short, mostly spine-like, suberect, not very dense; apex of tibia and tarsi with adpressed short setae; black spinules on femora absent, spinules on tibiae absent or present only apically. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum subequal to half of eye diameter (Fig. 10J); occipital region delimited with depression, sometimes very shallow; longitudinal depression distinct, almost as long as or longer than eye diameter; eyes not stylate, in line with contour of head (Fig. 10J), c. 0.2–0.33× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossa subequal to or slightly longer than antennal fossa diameter; frons straight or only slightly convex (Fig. 10J), without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.4–1.5× wide as high; eye height c. 1.6–2.2× as long as distance between eye and apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval c. 0.5–0.7× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 6D–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), its inferior margin placed distinctly above inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly below than or near inferior margin of antennal fossa, slightly delimited or not delimited basally with depression; head more or less swollen in lateral view; gula c. 2–3× as long as buccula, convex. Labium. Length varying from slightly surpassing posterior margin of mesosternum to reaching abdominal LSII; LSI c. 2–3× as long as wide; LSII c. 2.5–5× as long as wide, subequal to, slightly shorter or longer than LSI; LSIII c. 3–4× as long as wide, subequal to, slightly shorter or longer than LSI; LSIV c. 6–12× as long as wide, c. 1.5–3× as long as LSIII. Antenna. About 1.5–2× as long as body; ASI c. 2–4× as long as head width, swollen apically (fig. 9I in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 1.1– 1.8× as long as ASI, c. 2–3× as long as head and pronotum combined; ASIII 0.6–0.9× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.3–0.5× as long as ASIII; ASII–IV filiform. Thorax. Collar flat or slightly swollen, slightly delimited or not delimited posteriorly; calli separated, slightly swollen or almost flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum rounded, not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum straight or slightly concave (Fig. 10J); scutellum flat, obtuse apically; without outgrowths, medial ridge or depression (as in fig. 9H in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); metepimeron narrow, c. 2.5–3× as long as wide, with roundish or subrectangular outgrowth (as in Fig. 13A); metasternum rounded posteriorly, without medial projection on to abdominal segment II (fig. 17B in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin concave or straight; claval commissure c. 2–3.5× as long as scutellum, curved medially; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture subparallel to R + M (as in fig. 11G in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 6–11× as long as wide, c. 1.1–1.4× as long as pronotum (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press), medial margin distinctly concave; membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, c. 2–2.5× as long as pronotum, acute apically (as in fig. 13C in Namyatova et al., in press); auxiliary vein absent or short present; distance between cell and apex of membrane c. 0.1–0.2× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae separated (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora more or less swollen apically (fig. 18A in Namyatova et al., in press), apices as wide as or narrower than eye diameter; femora curved, forefemora sometimes only slightly curved; foretibia longer than head and pronotum combined; additional swellings on tibia absent; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segment II, segment II and III subequal in length (fig. 19B in Namyatova et al., in press), sometimes segments I and III almost subequal in length and longer than segment II; claw broadly rounded (fig. 10E in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); basal teeth short and triangular (as in Fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 17Q–X). Genital capsule almost as long as wide or slightly longer than wide, sometimes with outgrowth on left-hand side; ventral wall of genital capsule shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped or only slightly curved, c. 2–3× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular or suboval, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis as long as or slightly longer than phallotheca, with coils, forming wide tube, without sclerotization basally or apically, attached to phallobase on left-hand; sclerotized part of phallotheca broad occupying entire dorsal side or broad basally and tapering apically; phallotheca sometimes with serrate sclerotization basally and with outgrowth on righthand side; endosoma with sclerotized areas, areas of small spicules, serrate spicules or elongate spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 5–10 mm. Coloration, texture, vestiture and structure as in male, but larger in size (Fig. 7). Genitalia (Fig. 21G, H, K–O). DLP of three types: (1) membranous or partly sclerotized, with membranous or sclerotized ridge medially, sclerotized bands, circle or rings absent; striations present at least on left-hand side; lateral oviducts placed in anterior or posterior part of DLP, slightly or distinctly removed from lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed on left-hand side at halfway of DLP or near anterior margin medially (Fig. 21K); (2) membranous, with medial sclerotized circle, sometimes with additional sclerites in anterior part; striations present; lateral oviducts placed at halfway of DLP, close to lateral margin of dorsal labiate plat; spermathecal gland placed at midpoint or above midpoint (Fig. 21N); (3) DLP membranous, more or less striated; sclerotized bands present, covered or not covered with membrane; lateral oviducts placed in anterior part or almost at halfway, close to lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed anteriorly (Fig. 21G).</p> <p>DLP with distinct tubercles, sometimes with membranous or sclerotized outgrowths posteriorly; base of second valvula slightly or distinctly concave (Fig. 21H, L, M, O); ventral wall membranous or with sclerites around vulva.</p> <p>Distribution: South-East Asia, Pacific Islands, Australia (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: There is very little information on host plant associations for this genus. Ragwelellus horvathi is recorded from Cordamom sp. (Zingiberaceae) (Carvalho, 1981), R. festivus from Cinchona sp. (Odhiambo, 1962; Carvalho, 1981) and Ragwelellus suspectus is known from Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake (Myrtaceae).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE1CFFAD91D8E08DFE6AF9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE19FFAE937FE7ECFD76F9A5.text	142A4050DE19FFAE937FE7ECFD76F9A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rayieria Odhiambo 1962	<div><p>RAYIERIA ODHIAMBO</p> <p>Figure 24</p> <p>Rayieria Odhiambo, 1962: 236. (subgen. nov.; type species: Eucerocoris basifer Walker, 1873 by original designation). Cassis &amp; Gross, 1995: 144 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 524 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova &amp; Cassis 2013a: 99, 101 (disc); Namyatova &amp; Cassis 2013b: 689 (rev.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Rayieria belongs to the Monalonion - complex Rayieria and can be distinguished by the following characters: structure of ASI, which is subequal to head and pronotum combined (fig. 6A–C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), frons often swollen (fig. 5A–F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), scutellum without outgrowth, margin of corial fracture straight (fig. 9D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b), foretibia subequal to head and pronotum combined, claw curved apically only (fig. 10A, B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b).</p> <p>Description. See Namyatova &amp; Cassis (2013b).</p> <p>Distribution: Widespread in Australia (Fig. 24), see Namyatova &amp; Cassis (2013b) for details.</p> <p>Host plants: The species of Rayieria are known from plant species belonging to the families Asparagaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Papilionaceae and Proteaceae, and in particular, from numerous species of Acacia and Eucalyptus. See Namyatova &amp; Cassis (2013b) for additional information on host associations.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE19FFAE937FE7ECFD76F9A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE19FFAF91D5E7AFFBCEFCE4.text	142A4050DE19FFAF91D5E7AFFBCEFCE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhopaliceschatus Reuter 1903	<div><p>RHOPALICESCHATUS REUTER</p> <p>Figures 8, 19R, 24</p> <p>Rhopaliceschatus Reuter, 1903: 1 (gen. nov.; type species: Rhopaliceschatus quadrimaculatus Reuter, 1903 by monotypy); Kuhlgatz, 1906: 29 (key to gen.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Oshanin, 1910: 647 (cat.); Hsiao, 1942: 250 (key to gen., list); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1960: 193 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 574 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Ropaliceschatus Kirkaldy, 1906: 156 a (error pro Rhopaliceschatus Reuter, 1903).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Rhopaliceschatus belongs to the Odoniella - complex (see discussion for tribe), and is recognized by the following characters: ASIII distinctly incrassate apically, ASIV clavate (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); frons with bifurcate outgrowth (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); pronotum and scutellum without tumescences; scutellum distinctly swollen, roundish, exceeding height of pronotum, not subdivided into lower and upper parts (as in Fig. 12A), covering base of pronotum; hemelytron clothed with flattened dark setae; tibiae without distinct tumescences and regularly setate.</p> <p>Redescription: Female: Body length 10 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Coloration mostly brown to dark brown, scutellum orange with four brown markings. VESTITURE. Head, pronotum scutellum, thoracic pleura and abdomen clothed with pale or dark simple adpressed or erect setae; hemelytron mostly clothed with flattened dark setae, with cuneus clothed with simple setae; antenna with dark simple setae, mostly adpressed and short; setae on legs suberect and long, dark, spinules on femora present or absent apically; spinules on tibia irregularly distributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (as in Fig. 10F); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex indistinct or very short; eyes stylate, directed outwards (as in Fig. 10F), c. 0.2× as long as head width; distance between antennal fossa c. 3× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, with bifurcate outgrowth (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press), without longitudinal depression or ridges; anterior view of head c. 1.9× as wide as high; eye height c. 0.8× as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, c. 0.5× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press), inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed slightly above inferior margin of eye, distinctly delimited basally; in lateral view head flat; gula shorter than buccula length, slightly convex. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of metasternum; LSI c. 3× as long as wide; LSII c. 3× as long as wide, slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 3× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 5× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5–2× as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 7× as long as ASI, subequal to head and pronotum combined, slightly incrassate apically, with shallow tumescences; ASIII c. 0.6× as long as ASII; widened towards apex; ASIV c. 0.9× as long as ASIII, clavate (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar not delimited posteriorly, flat; calli separated, flat (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); humeral angles dilated (as in fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (as in Fig. 11F) scutellum distinctly swollen, often covering, rarely not covering base of pronotum, round or subtriangular (as in Fig. 11F, H), not divided into parts (as in Fig. 12A), obtuse apically, without longitudinal depression, ridge or outgrowth; metepimeron c. 1–1.5× as long as wide, angulate (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Tapering posteriorly; costal margin straight; claval commissure c. 0.15× as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M almost reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus twice as long as wide, c. 0.6× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.8× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; dis- tance from cell to apex of membrane c. 1.2× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight, hind tibia often slightly curved; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia without swellings; segments of hind tibia subequal in length; apical half or third part of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate, slightly concave (as in Fig. 13J).</p> <p>Genitalia (Fig. 19R). DLP with a single sclerotized ring anteriorly, c. 1.5× as long as wide; with two areas of striations surrounding bases of lateral oviducts; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin in posterior half; spermathecal gland placed on right-hand side.</p> <p>Distribution: Known from Tibet only (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE19FFAF91D5E7AFFBCEFCE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE18FFA191D8E029FD56F9B0.text	142A4050DE18FFA191D8E029FD56F9B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sahlbergella Haglund 1895	<div><p>SAHLBERGELLA HAGLUND</p> <p>Figures 8, 10F, 11G, J, 21P–R, 22</p> <p>Sahlbergella Haglund, 1895: 469 (gen. nov.; type species: Sahlbergella singularis Haglund, 1895 by monotypy); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Reuter, 1907: 102 (disc., syn.); Reuter, 1910: 153 (cat.); Poppius, 1912: 176, 188 (key to gen., descr.); Bergroth, 1922: 52 (cat.); China, 1944: 179, 188 (key to gen., disc.); Villiers, 1952: 188 (descr.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 148 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 298 (disc.); Linnavuori, 1973: 66 (disc., key to spp.); Lavabre, 1977a: 51, 54 (key to gen., descr.); Lotode, 1977: 188 (ecol.); Schmitz, 1987: 1, 2 (disc., key to spp.); Schuh, 1995: 532 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Deimatostages Kuhlgatz, 1906: 29 (gen. nov.; type species: Deimatostages contumax Kuhlgatz, 1906 by monotypy, synonymized by Reuter, 1907: 102); Carvalho, 1957: 148 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 532 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Sahlbergella belongs to the Odoniella - complex (see discussion after tribe) and is recognized by the following characters: apex of ASII distinctly swollen (as in fig. 9E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASIII–IV distinctly clavate (as in fig. 9F in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum triangular or trapeziform (Fig. 11G, J), divided into lower and upper parts (Fig. 12B); frons with undivided or bifurcated outgrowth (Fig. 10F, as in fig. 5C in Namyatova et al., in press); pronotum and scutellum punctate, bearing tumescences (Fig. 11G, J); hemelytron with pale or dark flattened setae; hind tibia regularly setate.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 6–10 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Mostly pale brown to dark brown, with pale or darker markings. TEXTURE. Vertex often with two pairs of tubercles anteriorly and a third pair near posterior margin of eye, sometimes very shallow; flattened areas on vertex distinct or indistinct; ASII with or without tumescences; pronotum and scutellum covered with distinct punctures; collar with more or less distinct tubercles; tumescences on pronotum and scutellum present, shallow or upraised (Fig. 11G, J, fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); row of punctures on clavus and on R + M and punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum indistinct or present only anteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Head, pronotum and scutellum clothed mostly with short simple adpressed pale setae, sometimes very rare, sometimes setae on head and anterior part of pronotum flattened; thoracic pleura with simple or flattened adpressed pale setae; hemelytron mostly with pale or dark flattened setae, cuneus and often posterior margin of corium with simple adpressed setae; ASI with adpressed short pale simple setae, sometimes adpressed, ASII–IV with simple pale or dark suberect setae, some of them spinelike, shorter than width of hind tibia; legs with adpressed pale or dark setae, hind tibia regularly setose, shorter width of hind tibia; abdomen often clothed with short setae; black spinules on femora and tibiae irregularly distributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter (Fig. 10F, fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex present, shorter than eye diameter; eyes stylate, directed outwards, c. 0.2–0.25× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa c. 1.7–2× as long as antennal fossa width; frons distinctly swollen, with single or paired outgrowth(s) or not paired outgrowth (Fig. 10F, fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press), without longitudinal depression or ridges; anterior view of head c. 1.8–2.2× as wide as high; eye height c. 1.8–2.6× as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, its diameter c. 0.3–0.6× as long as eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press); inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed above inferior margin of eye, distinctly delimited basally; in lateral view head flat, gula as long as or shorter than buccula length, straight or convex. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of metasternum; LSI c. 2–3× as long as wide; LSII c. 3–5× as long as wide, subequal or slightly longer than LSI; LSIII c. 3–4× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 5–6× as long as wide, c. 1.2–1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Length varying from reaching apex of scutellum to almost reaching apex of cuneus; ASI c. 1.5× as long as wide, subequal to quarter of head width, swollen basally (as in fig. 9E in Namyatova et al., in press); ASII c. 4.9–5.7× as long as segment I, c. 0.9–1.4× as long as head and pronotum combined, swollen apically; ASIII c. 0.5× as long as ASII, clavate or swollen apically; ASIV c. 0.8–0.9× as long as ASIII, clavate (as in fig. 8F in Namyatova et al., in press). Thorax. Collar not delimited or slightly delimited posteriorly, flat (fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); calli separated, flat (fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; humeral angles of pronotum slightly dilated, not serrate (fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (fig. 4C in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum swollen (Fig. 11G, J), not covering or rarely covering base of pronotum, triangular or trapeziform (Fig. 11G, J), without outgrowth, divided into lower and upper parts (Fig. 12B), lower part obtuse or acute apically, ridge or longitudinal depression medially; metepimeron enlarged, c. 1–1.5× as long as wide, angulate (Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Not tapering or slightly tapering anteriorly; costal margins slightly rounded; claval commissure c. 0.3–0.6× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct only anteriorly, sometimes also medially, not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E Namyatova et al., in press); cuneus c. 1.5–1.8× as long as wide, c. 0.5–1.0× as long as pronotum, medial margin almost straight; corium without swelling posteriorly; membrane cell slightly or distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming acute or almost straight angle, c. 0.7–1.2× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent or very short; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.8–1.3× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora almost not swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia without tumescences; segment I of hind tarsus as long as segment II and shorter than segment III; apical half or third part of claw curved or claw broadly rounded, basal tooth on claw elongate, slightly concave (as in Fig. 13J) or distinctly concave (as in Fig. 13K), sometimes short and triangular (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (fig. 23A–D in Namyatova et al., in press). Genital capsule as wide as long or slightly wider than long, without outgrowth, ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, twice as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, with anterior margin straight or distinctly concave, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally, with sclerotized ring and sclerites around secondary gonopore, or without sclerotization; ductus seminis shorter than phallotheca with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca narrow wider basally, rounded apically, occupying half of dorsal side, without ridge or outgrowth; endosoma with sclerotized areas.</p> <p>Female: Body length 8–11 mm. Coloration, surface, vestiture and structure as in male, but females slightly larger than males (Fig. 8). Genitalia (Fig. 21P–R). DLP with single sclerotized ring, sometimes very thin; sometimes also with sclerotization along posterior margin; two large areas of striations present, separate or contiguous; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at a halfway of DLP; spermathecal gland placed at posterior margin, medially or on lefthand side; posterior margin of DLP membranous, with small tubercles, without outgrowth or sclerotization; base of valvula IX with distinct swelling; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Distributed in tropical Africa (Fig. 22).</p> <p>Host plants: Host plants are known for Sahlbergella singularis only. It is known to feed on species of the family Malvaceae. It is a major pest of cocoa (Taylor, 1954; Leston, 1970; Entwistle, 1977), and is also known from other species of Theobroma, Cola, cotton, Sterculia, Ceiba and Bombax (Piart, 1977). There is also a record from Berria amonilla (Tiliaceae) (Piart, 1977).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE18FFA191D8E029FD56F9B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE16FFA2917FE173FD25FF3C.text	142A4050DE16FFA2917FE173FD25FF3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schuhirandella Namyatova and Cassis 2013	<div><p>SCHUHIRANDELLA NAMYATOVA AND CASSIS</p> <p>Figures 9, 23</p> <p>Schuhirandella Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a: 100 (gen. nov.; type species Schuhirandella fulva Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013 by monotypy); Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b: 707 (disc., phylogeny); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Schuhirandella belongs to the Monalonion - complex and is recognized by the following characters: antenna distinctly shorter than body (Fig. 9); ASI distinctly shorter than head width (fig. 2A, D in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a); ASIII–IV clavate; clypeus delimited with depression; medial fracture subparallel to R + M (as in fig. 11G in Namyatova et al., in press); scutellum flat, without outgrowth; dorsum clothed with suberect setae; metepimeron narrow and rounded (as in fig. 9C in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b); and pretarsal claws broadly rounded (Fig. 2F in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a).</p> <p>Description: See Namyatova &amp; Cassis (2013a).</p> <p>Host plants: Schuhirandella is known from Calothamnus sp., Calothamnus quadrifidus R.Br. (Myrtaceae) and</p> <p>Pityrodia bartlingii (Lehm.) Benth. (Lamiaceae) (see Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013a for further details).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE16FFA2917FE173FD25FF3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE15FFA39358E672FE64FC44.text	142A4050DE15FFA39358E672FE64FC44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Villiersicoris Delattre 1950	<div><p>VILLIERSICORIS DELATTRE</p> <p>Figures 7, 17 AD–AG, 23</p> <p>Villiersicoris Delattre, 1950: 263 (gen. nov.; type species: Villiersicoris sessensis Delattre, 1950 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 42 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 149 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 311 (descr. disc.); Schuh, 1995: 533 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Villiersicoris is recognized by the following characters: presence of row of punctures on clavus and R + M (as in fig. 11C, D in Namyatova et al., in press); eyes stylate; ASII incrassate towards apex; AS III–IV clavate, ASIV only slightly shorter than ASIII; calli upraised; pronotum punctate, scutellum impunctate; claval commissure subequal to scutellum length; membrane cell forming right angle (as in fig. 13B Namyatova et al., in press); genital capsule without outgrowth on left-hand side (Fig. 17 AG); and sclerotized part of phallotheca wide basally and tapering towards apex (Fig. 17 AD).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 6.9. COLORATION (Fig. 7). Ground colour of body is yellow and orange, with brown and reddish markings; antennae dark brown or reddish brown. TEXTURE. Body without tubercles; flattened areas on head absent; pronotum with shallow punctures and wrinkles; scutellum without punctures, with shallow wrinkles; pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, striations on lateral margin of scutellum and row of punctures on clavus and R + M present (as in fig. 11C, D as in Namyatova et al., in press); punctures on depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent; hemelytron rugose. VESTITURE. Body clothed with dense suberect pale setae, setae on head, pronotum and legs mostly longer than hind tibia width; femora and tibiae with black spinules, those on tibia placed in rows (as in fig. 18D in Namyatova et al., in press); tibiae not very densely setose. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter; occipital region delimited with shallow depression; longitudinal depression on vertex distinct, as long as eye length; eyes stylate, directed outwards, c. 0.2× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa 3× as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges, outgrowths or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.7–1.8× as wide as high; eye slightly shorter than distance from eye to apex of clypeus; inferior margin of antennal fossa placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior half of eye, delimited with distinct depression; in lateral view head flat dorsally; gula subequal to length of buccula, slightly convex. Labium. Reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LSI distinctly not reaching posterior margin of head; LSII slightly longer than LSI, LSIII slightly longer than LSII. Antenna. Reaching apex of clavus; ASI subequal to quarter of head width, twice as long as wide, widened basally; ASII 3–4× as long as ASI, with apical one third swollen, without swellings basally or medially; ASIII c. 0.6× as long as ASII, clavate, slightly longer than half of ASII; ASIV clavate, slightly shorter than ASIII. Thorax. Collar more or less delimited posteriorly, flat; calli separated, distinctly upraised, rounded; depression delimiting callosite region distinct laterally and medially; humeral angles of pronotum not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum slightly concave; scutellum only slightly upraised, acute apically, without outgrowth, medial ridge or depression; metepimeron enlarged, angulate (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margins straight, subparallel, claval commissure as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct, reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.25× as long as wide, c. 0.7× as long as pronotum, with medial margin straight (as in fig. 13A in Namyatova et al., in press); cuneus shorter than pronotum, base of cuneus slightly longer than half of its length; its medial margin almost straight; membrane cell slightly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.8–0.9× as long as pronotum, auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell apex to apex of membrane c. 0.7–0.8× as long as cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); forefemora indistinctly swollen, middle and hind femora distinctly swollen; femora straight, not curved; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus longer than segments II and III; claw with basal tooth elongate. Genitalia (Fig. 17 AD–AG). Genital capsule as long as wide, without outgrowth(s); left paramere 3× as long as right paramere, distinctly r-shaped; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore subtriangular, straight apically, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, longer than phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca triangular, occupying half of dorsal side, acute apically, without ridge or outgrowth; endosoma with a number of medium-sized spicules, some of them serrate.</p> <p>Female: Body length 7.6. COLORATION (Fig. 7). Similar to male, but paler. TEXTURE, VESTITURE AND STRUC- TURE. As in male. Generally larger than male. Genitalia. Spermathecal gland placed close to the midpoint of DLP.</p> <p>Distribution: Liberia and Uganda (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: Unknown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE15FFA39358E672FE64FC44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE14FFA491C9E47DFA5BF9D7.text	142A4050DE14FFA491C9E47DFA5BF9D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volkeliopsis Poppius 1915	<div><p>VOLKELIOPSIS POPPIUS</p> <p>Figures 8, 11B, 17Y –AC, 21S, T, 23</p> <p>Volkeliopsis Poppius, 1915: 81 (gen. nov.; type species: Volkeliopsis frontalis Reuter, 1915 by monotypy); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 41 (key); Carvalho, 1957: 149 (cat.); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 533 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.)’ Sadowska-Woda &amp; Chérot, 2008: 51 (disc.).</p> <p>Carvalhoia Miller &amp; China, 1957: 429 (gen. nov.; type species Carvalhoia arecae Miller &amp; China, 1957 by monotypy, junior homonym of Carvalhoia Kormilev, 1951); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Schuh, 1995: 526 (cat.); Kerzhner &amp; Schuh, 1998: 171 (nom. nov.).</p> <p>Mircarvalhoia Kerzhner &amp; Schuh, 1998: 171 (nom. nov. for Carvalhoia Miller &amp; China, 1957).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Volkeliopsis belongs to the Odoniella - complex and can recognized by the following characters: scutellum moderately swollen, not vesiculate (Fig. 11B); pronotum and scutellum distinctly punctate, humeral angles of pronotum not dilate; hemelytron clothed with simple setae only.</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 4.5–7. COLORATION (Fig. 8). Mostly orange to pale brown with ASIII–IV, cuneus, hemelytral membrane and markings on abdomen posteriorly brown to dark brown, scutellum and inner part of clavus or hemelytron sometimes also brown; sometimes also brown marking on head and reddish tinge on head and pronotum present. TEXTURE. Body without tubercles; flattened areas on vertex absent; pronotum and scutellum densely punctate, without wrinkles (Fig. 11B); pair of punctures behind calli, pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, punctures on clavus and on R + M absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum present; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with pale or dark simple setae; dorsum and appendages with dense and suberect setae, thoracic pleura with rare and adpressed setae; shorter than ASII width; setae mostly shorter than ASII width, those on dorsum and legs sometimes longer than ASII width, setae on tibiae not very dense; femora and tibiae with black spinules irregularly distributed (as in fig. 18F in Namyatova et al., in press). STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum slightly shorter than eye diameter; occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes stylate, directed outwards and slightly forwards, c. 0.17–0.2× as wide as head; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons distinctly swollen, without ridges and longitudinal depression, with or without two tubercles, each with long seta apically; anterior view of head almost twice as wide as high; eye almost as high as distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter subequal to 2/3 rd of eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press), inferior margin of fossa placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed at the halfway of antennal fossa height; distinctly delimited with depression; head flat in lateral view; gula as long as or shorter than buccula, straight. Labium. Length varying from slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum to reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LSI c. 2.5–3× as long as wide; LSII c. 3–4× as long as wide, as long as LSI; LSIII c. 3–4× as long as wide, slightly shorter or longer than LSII, LSIV c. 3× as long as wide, slightly shorter or longer than LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus; ASI ca.1.5× as long as wide (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press), subequal to quarter of head width, widened basally; ASII c. 4.5–5× as long as ASI, as long as head and pronotum combined, distinctly incrassate towards apex, with shallow swellings basally and medially, ASIII clavate, with shallow swellings. Thorax. Collar distinctly delimited laterally and medially, not fused with callosite region posteriorly, flat; calli separated, flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (as in Fig. 10G); humeral angles of pronotum not dilated; posterior margin of pronotum straight or distinctly concave, forming right angles (as in Fig. 10G); scutellum moderately swollen, flattened dorsally, triangular, acute or slightly obtuse apically, without outgrowth, medial longitudinal depression or ridge (Fig. 11B); metepimeron enlarged, twice as long as wide, angulate, subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection to abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron straight or slightly rounded; claval commissure c. 0.6–0.9× as long as scutellum, straight (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); R + M distinct anteriorly and medially, but not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline (as in fig. 12E in Namyatova et al., in press); corium without swelling posteriorly; cuneus c. 1.8× as long as wide, c. 0.5–0.7× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell distinctly surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.8–0.9× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent; distance from cell to apex of membrane c. 0.8–0.9× as long as cell. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora only indistinctly swollen apically, straight; tibiae without swellings; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; segment I of hind tarsus distinctly longer than segment II and almost as long than segment III; claw broadly rounded; basal tooth on claw short and triangular (as in fig. 10B in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2013b). Genitalia (Fig. 17Y – AC). Genital capsule longer than width, without outgrowth(s), ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere almost straight, not r-shaped, c. 2.5× as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore pear-shaped, tapering apically, without outgrowth(s); ductus seminis not sclerotized basally or apically, as long as phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca wide, occupying entire dorsal part, rounded apically, without ridge or outgrowth; endosoma with two suboval serrate spicules or six not serrate spicules.</p> <p>Female: Body length 6–7.5. COLORATION (Fig. 8). Similar to male, specimens with brown to dark brown corium unknown. TEXTURE. As in male. VESTITURE. Similar to male, but setae dark or pale, length and density of setae sometimes as in male or shorter, only few setae on appendages as long as width of hind tibia, adpressed on posterior part of pronotum, scutellum, thoracic pleura, and abdomen and suberect on head, anterior part of pronotum and legs; setae on antennae adpressed and suberect. STRUCTURE. Similar to male, but segment I of hind tarsus slightly longer than segment II and segment II as long as segment III; ASIII c. 0.7–0.8× as long as ASII; ASIV c. 0.7–0.8× as long as ASIII, clavate; claw broadly rounded and basal tooth on claw short and triangular. Genitalia (Fig. 21T, S). DLP with single, long, very indistinct sclerotized ring; with distinct paired areas of striations at sides; lateral oviducts attached at middle of those striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margin and at half way of DLP; spermathecal gland placed slightly above or below midpoint; posterior wall with small tubercles, without outgrowth and sclerotization; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Philippine Islands and India.</p> <p>Host plants: Volkeliopsis arecae is known from the palm species Areca catechu (Arecaceae) (Miller &amp; China, 1957).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE14FFA491C9E47DFA5BF9D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE12FFA69196E58BFD5EFDAC.text	142A4050DE12FFA69196E58BFD5EFDAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volkeliopsis mindanao Namyatova & Cassis 2016	<div><p>VOLKELIOPSIS MINDANAO SP. NOV.</p> <p>Figures 8, 11B, 21S, T</p> <p>Material examined: Holotype. PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: Iligan, Mindanao, 8.22805°N 124.24527°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=124.24527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.22805" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 124.24527/lat 8.22805)">Baker</a>, 1♀ (AMNH _PBI_00005237) (AMNH).</p> <p>Paratype. PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: Zamboanga Peninsula Co.: Zamboanga, 7.07136°N 122.12482°E, 465 m, 2999, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.12482&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.07136" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.12482/lat 7.07136)">Baker</a>, 1♀ (AMNH _PBI_00045979) (BPBM).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Volkeliopsis mindanao can be separated by the following characters: orange head and corium; presence of two tubercles on frons; labium reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; setae on dorsum mostly pale and adpressed; scutellum slightly rounded apically (as in fig. 11B in Namyatova et al., in press); spermathecal gland on DLP placed slightly above midpoint (fig. 21S in Namyatova et al., in press).</p> <p>Description: Male: Unknown.</p> <p>Female (Fig. 8): Total length 6.7–7.4. COLORATION. Body mostly orange; ASIII–IV, eye, cuneus, membrane, abdominal segments VII–VIII laterally and segment IX brown to dark brown. TEXTURE. As in generic description. VESTITURE. Body clothed setae, shorter than ASII width, setae mostly adpressed, mostly pale, dark brown on ASII–IV. STRUCTURE AND MEASUREMENTS. Body c. 2.4–2.5× as long as pronotum width; frons with paired tubercles; vertex c. 3.2× as wide as eye; labium almost reaching posterior margin of mesosternum; LSI; LSI c. 3× as long as wide; LSII c. 4× as long as wide, as long as LSI; LSIII c. 3× as long as wide; ASI c. 0.3× as long as head width, c. 0.2× as long as pronotum width; ASII c. 1.4× as long as head width, c. 0.7–0.8× as long as pronotum width; pronotum c. 1.8–1.9× as wide as long and c. 1.9–2.0× as wide as head; scutellum slightly obtuse apically; claval commissure c. 0.8× as long as scutellum, cuneus c. 0.6× as long as pronotum. Genitalia (Fig. 21S, T). As in generic description.</p> <p>Distribution: Philippine Islands (Mindanao Is.) (Fig. 23).</p> <p>Host plants: Unknown.</p> <p>Etymology: The species is named after Mindanao Island, from where it was collected.</p> <p>Discussion: Volkeliopsis mindanao is similar to V. frontalis, in that it possesses two outgrowths on the frons and the scutellum is orange. However, we treat these Philippine specimens as a new species, because of the following characters: orange corium, labium reaching posterior margin of mesosternum, and setae on dorsum mostly pale and adpressed. In comparison, V. frontalis has the corium brown to dark brown, labium slightly surpassing anterior margin of mesosternum and dorsum clothed with setae mostly dark and suberect.</p> <p>Volkeliopsis arecae differs from V. mindanao by the following characters: absence of paired outgrowths on frons, scutellum acute, dark brown or reddish brown, and LS III slightly shorter than LSII. The female genitalia of V. arecae and V. mindanao are very similar to each other, differing slightly in the position of the spermathecal gland, which is placed slightly below the midpoint of the DLP in the former species and slightly above the midpoint in the latter species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE12FFA69196E58BFD5EFDAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE11FFA6937DE7EFFD7CF99B.text	142A4050DE11FFA6937DE7EFFD7CF99B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Volkelius Distant 1904	<div><p>VOLKELIUS DISTANT</p> <p>Figures 8, 10H, 12A, 24</p> <p>Volkelius Distant, 1904b: 271 (gen nov.; type species Volkelius sulcatus Distant, 1904 by monotypy); Kirkaldy, 1906: 134 (list); Miller &amp; China, 1957: 430 (key to gen.); Reuter, 1910: 154 (cat.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 43 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957: 149 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 307 (descr., disc); Cassis &amp; Gross, 1995: 145 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 533 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 – 2013 (cat.); Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014 (revision); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Volkelius belongs to the Odoniella -complex and is recognized by the following characters: ASII incrassate towards apex (as in Fig. 8E); ASIII–IV distinctly clavate (as in fig. 8F in Namyatova et al., in press); pronotum and scutellum impunctate, with longitudinal and shallow wrinkles (Figs 10H, 12A); scutellum only moderately swollen, not vesiculate; tooth on claw long (fig. 3F, I in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014); DLP with sclerotized circle and spermathecal gland placed on right-hand side (fig. 5 in Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014).</p> <p>Description: See Namyatova &amp; Cassis (2014).</p> <p>Distribution: Known from Australia (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Volkelius carvalhoi was collected from Tephrosia sp. aff. rosea (Papilionaceae). Volkelius maculatus was collected from Ficus rubiginosa (Moraceae) (Namyatova &amp; Cassis, 2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE11FFA6937DE7EFFD7CF99B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
142A4050DE11FFA791C6E41CFA75FA03.text	142A4050DE11FFA791C6E41CFA75FA03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Yangambia Schouteden 1942	<div><p>YANGAMBIA SCHOUTEDEN</p> <p>Figures 8, 10I, 11I, 17 AH–AK, 21C, D, 24</p> <p>Yangambia Schouteden, 1942b: 5 (gen. nov.; type species Yangambia vesiculata by monotypy); Schouteden, 1945: 116 (syn.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); Carvalho, 1955: 41 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1957:150 (cat.); Odhiambo, 1962: 307 (disc.); Villiers, 1952: 189 (descr.); Schuh, 1995: 533 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.); Namyatova et al., in press (phylogeny).</p> <p>Idioaspis China, 1944: 186 (gen. nov.; type species Idioaspis macarangae by monotypy, syn. by Schouteden, 1945: 116); China, 1944: 174 (key to gen.); Carvalho, 1952: 60 (cat.); (Carvalho, 1957: 150 (cat.); Schuh, 1995: 533 (cat.); Schuh, 2002 –2013 (cat.).</p> <p>Diagnosis: Yangambia belongs to the Odoniella - complex (see discussion after tribe) and it can be distinguished from other genera of this group by: scutellum divided into six parts dorsally (Fig. 11I), scutellum impunctate (Fig. 11I), humeral angles of pronotum distinctly flattened and serrate (Fig. 10I); flattened dark setae on hemelytra in parches, and spermathecal gland on DLP placed medially near posterior margin (Fig. 21C).</p> <p>Redescription: Male: Body length 4–5 mm. COLORA- TION (Fig. 8). Mostly whitish yellow to yellow, sometimes with pale brown to brown markings. TEXTURE. Head with two pairs of tubercles between eyes; flattened areas on vertex indistinct; antenna and tibiae with tubercles at base of setae; pronotum with punctures mixed with wrinkles, with four large tubercles on collar and 10 large tubercles on posterior part of pronotum (Fig. 10I); scutellum without tubercles and punctures, with shallow wrinkles (Fig. 11I); pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, pair of punctures between mesoscutum and scutellum, punctures on clavus and on R + M absent; striations on lateral margins of scutellum present only anteriorly; semicircular depression between scutellum and mesoscutum absent. VESTITURE. Body clothed with setae, shorter than with of hind tibia; head with rarely distributed simple or flattened pale setae, dorsal side of head without setae; antenna with mixture of pale adpressed and spine-like suberect setae; setae on pronotum and scutellum absent; thoracic pleura with rarely distributed, short, pale, adpressed setae; setae on hemelytron dark and flattened, forming patches, simple setae on posterior part of corium and on cuneus present; legs mostly with pale spine like suberect setae, not very dense, tarsi with adpressed pale setae; black spinules on femora absent, tibia with spinules placed irregularly (fig. 19F in Namyatova et al., in press); abdomen mostly clothed with short adpressed pale setae and flattened setae on apical segments. STRUCTURE. Head. Distance between eye and pronotum shorter than eye diameter; occipital region not delimited with depression; longitudinal depression on vertex absent or very short; eyes stylate, directed outwards and forwards, subequal to 1/6 th of head width; distance between antennal fossa twice as long as antennal fossa diameter; frons only slightly swollen (Fig. 10I), without paired outgrowths or only with pair of very shallow tubercles, without ridges or longitudinal depression; anterior view of head c. 1.9× as wide as high; eye height subequal to distance from eye to apex of clypeus; antennal fossa oval, diameter subequal to 2/3 rd of eye height, not raised (as in fig. 3B in Namyatova et al., in press), inferior margin placed near inferior margin of eye; base of clypeus placed near inferior margin of eye, delimited with depression; head flat in lateral view, gula shorter than buccula length, straight. Labium. Reaching middle of mesosternum or slightly surpassing it; LSI twice as long as wide; LSII c. 2.5× as long as wide, subequal to LSI; LSIII 2.5× as long as wide, subequal to LSII; LSIV c. 4× as long as wide, c. 1.5× as long as LSIII. Antenna. Reaching base of cuneus or slightly surpassing it; ASI c. 1.5× as long as wide (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press), subequal to 1/4 th of head width; ASII c. 6× as long as segment I, slightly shorter than head and pronotum combined, slightly widened towards apex (as in fig. 8E in Namyatova et al., in press), without swelling basally and medially; ASIII c. 0.7× as long as ASII, widened towards apex; ASIV c. 0.7× as long as ASIII, clavate. Thorax. Collar distinct, fused with callosite region medially, flat (Fig. 10I); calli separated, flat; depression delimiting calli posteriorly absent (Fig. 10I); humeral angles of pronotum strongly dilated, serrate, with six lobes (Fig. 10I); posterior margin of pronotum distinctly concave, forming right angles (Fig. 10I); scutellum distinctly swollen, covering base of pronotum, of irregular shape, divided into six parts, obtuse apically (Fig. 11I), covering base of pronotum, with longitudinal depression medially, without outgrowth medially; metepimeron enlarged, twice as high as wide, angulate and subtriangular (as in Fig. 13E); metasternum with medial projection reaching abdominal segment II (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press). Hemelytron. Costal margin of hemelytron slightly rounded; claval commissure c. 0.2–0.3× as long as scutellum, straight; R + M distinct only anteriorly, not reaching posterior margin of corium; medial fracture strongly inclined towards midline; cuneus approximately twice long as wide, c. 0.7× as long as pronotum, medial margin slightly concave (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press); membrane cell not surpassing apex of cuneus, forming right angle (as in fig. 13B in Namyatova et al., in press), c. 0.6–0.7× as long as pronotum; auxiliary vein absent or short; distance from cell to apex of membrane as long as or slightly shorter than cell length. Legs. Forecoxae contiguous (as in fig. 17A in Namyatova et al., in press); femora not swollen apically, straight; foretibia shorter than head and pronotum combined; tibia without swellings; segment I of hind tibia of as long as segment II and shorter than segment III; apical half of claw curved; basal tooth on claw elongate, slightly concave (as in Fig. 13J). Genitalia (Fig. 17 AH–AK). Genital capsule wider than long, with small tubercle at each side, ventral wall not shortened anteriorly; left paramere r-shaped, c. 1.5–2× times as long as right paramere; phallobase sclerite of primary gonopore heartshaped, without outgrowths; ductus seminis not sclerotized basally and with narrow circle sclerite around secondary gonopore; ductus seminis as long as phallotheca, with coils forming wide tube, attached to phallobase medially; sclerotized part of phallotheca narrow, occupying half of dorsal part, widened and rounded apically; without ridge or outgrowth(s); endosoma with a number of serrate spicules of irregular shape).</p> <p>Female: Body length 4–5 mm. COLORATION, TEXTURE, VESTITURE AND STRUCTURE (Fig. 8). As in male. Genitalia (Fig. 21C, D). DLP with single sclerotized ring, divided medially, with pair of striated areas; lateral oviducts attached at midpoint of striated areas, widely separated, placed near lateral margins of DLP; spermathecal gland placed posteriomedially, equidistant from lateral oviducts; posterior wall covered with small tubercles, without outgrowths or sclerotizations; base of second valvula slightly concave; ventral wall membranous.</p> <p>Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Ghana (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Host plants: Yangambia macarangae is known from Macaranga horaefolia (Euphorbiaceae) (China, 1944).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/142A4050DE11FFA791C6E41CFA75FA03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Namyatova, Anna A.;Cassis, Gerasimos	Namyatova, Anna A., Cassis, Gerasimos (2016): Systematic revision and phylogeny of the plant bug tribe Monaloniini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae) of the world. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 176 (1): 36-136, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12311, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12311
