identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
195487964346AA23FCDAFD5CFC0537D8.text	195487964346AA23FCDAFD5CFC0537D8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Horaismopterinae Sabrosky 1978	<div><p>Subfamily Horaismopterinae Sabrosky, 1978</p> <p>Included genera: Horaismoptera Hendel; Tethinosoma Malloch.</p> <p>Autapomorphies: antennae widely divergent from bases; antennal segment 2 with seriate short, stout spines or spinescent setulae on medial surface; one to three inclinate fronto-orbital bristles all situated below eclinate frontoorbitals; costa with oblique, incised notch at subcostal break; costa, beyond subcostal break, with well spaced series of anterodorsal and anteroventral spines.</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: distal section of vein 6 long and distinct (shared with Apetaeninae and, to some extent, with Pelomyiinae); humeral callus with at least two differentiated bristles (shared with Tethininae).</p> <p>Distribution: New Zealand; shores of Indian Ocean; Middle East; Namibia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964346AA23FCDAFD5CFC0537D8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964346AA23FF1BFAC2FF5A3583.text	195487964346AA23FF1BFAC2FF5A3583.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tethininae Hendel 1916	<div><p>Subfamily Tethininae Hendel, 1916 (as Tethinidae)</p> <p>Included genera. Afrotethina Munari; Dasyrhicnoessa Hendel (including Sigaloethina Munari); Pseudorhicnoessa Malloch; Tethina Haliday (including Rhicnoessa Loew); Thitena Munari;? Plesiotethina Munari.</p> <p>Autapomorphy: frontal orbit with a series of proclinateinclinate setulae.</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: all fronto-orbital bristles strongly curved outwards (shared with Canacinae); humeral callus with at least two differentiated bristles (shared with Horaismopterinae).</p> <p>Distribution. Most tropical and warm-temperate coasts of the world.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964346AA23FF1BFAC2FF5A3583	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964346AA23FF58F8EFFC1F312E.text	195487964346AA23FF58F8EFFC1F312E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaleinae D. McAlpine 1985	<div><p>Subfamily Zaleinae D. McAlpine, 1985</p> <p>syn. Zalinae D. McAlpine, 1982</p> <p>Included genera. Zalea D. McAlpine; Suffomyia Freidberg.</p> <p>Autapomorphies: postvertical bristles more or less divergent; prothoracic presternum broadened; fore basitarsus with some bifurcate ventral setulae; anal crossvein (CuA 2 + A 1) obsolete.</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: claws differentiated into slender basal shaft and broadened distal falx (shared with Dasyrhicnoessa, condition reversed in Suffomyia ismayi); in compound protandrial sclerite, area of tergite 6 markedly greater than area of sternite 8 (shared with Canacinae). Possible apomorphy (relative to groundplan of Chloropoidea): eye with well-developed ommatrichia, c. as numerous as ommatidia (shared with some Tethininae).</p> <p>Distribution. Australasia—tropical to cool temperate; Middle East.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964346AA23FF58F8EFFC1F312E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964346AA3CFCCAFB13FDCD318E.text	195487964346AA3CFCCAFB13FDCD318E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apetaeninae Mathis & Munari 1996	<div><p>Subfamily Apetaeninae Mathis &amp; Munari, 1996</p> <p>Included genus: Apetaenus Eaton. See Mathis &amp; Munari (1996) for bibliographic data and list of species.</p> <p>Autapomorphies: mid one of three fronto-orbital bristles further from eye than others; costa curved just before subcostal break (apparent only in macropterous forms); facial sclerotization sharply divided by complete median membranous strip (partial desclerotization only in some Tethininae and Zaleinae); area of wing membrane behind vein 6 and distad of alula reduced (apparent only in macropterous forms); syntergite 1 + 2 in female longer than rest of abdomen (condition approached in a few Canacinae).</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: prelabrum enlarged (shared with Canacinae); terminal tarsomere triangular with median terminal bristle on a tubercle, with broad excavation on each side which forms a depression on dorsal surface (see Fig. 27; this condition approximated in some Canacinae, e.g., Nocticanace arnaudi Wirth, Fig. 28); vein 6 long and conspicuous (shared with Horaismopterinae); membranous strip separating tergites 1 and 2 in mid-dorsal region lost (shared with most Canacinae); cercus of female shining, without pruinescence (microtrichia) between setulae or almost so (shared with some Canacinae; cercus extensively pruinescent in all other subfamilies).</p> <p>Distribution: oceanic islands south of 45°S.</p> <p>Listriomastax Enderlein was synonymized under Apetaenus by Hennig (1971), but Papp (1983) said that these two genera “are not closely related,” without giving reasons. Macrocanace Tonnoir &amp; Malloch was synonymized under Apetaenus by Mathis &amp; Munari (1996).</p> <p>Macrocanace can be retained as a subgenus of Apetaenus to include A. (Macrocanace) australis (Hutton) and A. (Macrocanace) littoreus (Hutton). The subgenus includes consistently macropterous flies, with a series of long dorsal setulae on vein 1, the humeral bristle relatively large, and the setulae on abdominal tergites relatively short and inconspicuous—all character states contrasting with those of Apetaenus (Apetaenus) litoralis Eaton, the type species of Apetaenus. I do not have material for deciding if there are grounds for retention of Listriomastax as a subgenus. Apetaenus litoreus (Enderlein, 1909) is a secondary junior homonym of Apetaenus littoreus (Hutton, 1902) under Article 58.7 of ICZN (1999). I prefer not to introduce a replacement name for the former, until I feel assured of the stable congeneric status of the two species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964346AA3CFCCAFB13FDCD318E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964359AA3CFC4CFDDCFB9637CE.text	195487964359AA3CFC4CFDDCFB9637CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Canacinae Jones 1906	<div><p>Subfamily Canacinae Jones, 1906</p> <p>Included genera: these were catalogued by Mathis (1992) under subfamilies Canacinae and Nocticanacinae (i.e. Canacidae s.str.). Australian genera were keyed by Mathis (1996).</p> <p>Autapomorphies: postvertical bristle absent; face prominent, extensively visible in profile; prementum of proboscis very broad, deeply cleft distomedially; cercus of female basally thickened and fused with epiproct, distally with one or two thickened bristles.</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: fronto-orbital bristles strongly curved outwards (shared with Tethininae); subcranial cavity and anteclypeus enlarged (shared with Apetaeninae); abdominal tergites one and two with intervening membranous strip in mid-dorsal region weakly developed or absent (consistently absent in Apetaeninae); compound dorsal sclerite of protandrium with tergite 6 markedly larger in area than sternite 8 (shared with Zaleinae).</p> <p>Distribution: mainly tropical and warm temperate coasts of world; few cool temperate records, e.g., British Isles; few species found inland.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964359AA3CFC4CFDDCFB9637CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964359AA3CFE9AFCFCFBC432A2.text	195487964359AA3CFE9AFCFCFBC432A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pelomyiinae Foster 1976	<div><p>Subfamily Pelomyiinae Foster, 1976</p> <p>Included genera: Pelomyia Williston; Pelomyiella Hendel; Neopelomyia Hendel; Masoniella Vockeroth. Neopelomyia differs from typical genera in facial structure, probably as a specially derived condition in this genus in connection with elongation of the proboscis. Masoniella has been placed in the Tethininae, but Foster &amp; Mathis (2003) confirmed its placement in the Pelomyiinae.</p> <p>Autapomorphies: fore coxa elongate; discal and second basal cells (dm and bm) confluent.</p> <p>Shared apomorphies: lower margin of face and prelabrum displaced posteriorly on ventral surface of head (condition shared with Horaismopterinae, approached in few Tethininae; condition probably reversed in Neopelomyia; condition unknown to me in Masoniella); distal section of vein 6 sharply defined (but quite desclerotized and not nearly reaching margin, condition in Masoniella unrecorded; this condition much more developed in Horaismopterinae and Apetaeninae).</p> <p>Distribution: Americas; Palaearctic Region; temperate Australia. Unlike most canacids (s.l.), these flies are not restricted to coastal habitats.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964359AA3CFE9AFCFCFBC432A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964358AA3DFECBFACEFB303406.text	195487964358AA3DFECBFACEFB303406.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaleinae D. McAlpine 1985	<div><p>Subfamily Zaleinae</p> <p>Diagnostic description</p> <p>Head. Pseudopostocellar bristles absent; postvertical bristles proclinate, usually more or less divergent, at bases at most slightly closer to nearest inner vertical than to each other; fronto-orbital bristles three, all reclinate or posterior one variably curved outwards; vibrissa located either at anterior extremity of cheek (as seen in profile) or distinctly behind this point; facial ridge not prominent, without tubercle; face not prominent, usually nearly vertical, lightly sclerotized except on lower median part; eye with many well-developed ommatrichia, c. as numerous as ommatidial facets.Antennae subparallel, decumbent; segment 2 with any setulae on medial surface inconspicuous or absent; segment 5 usually stout, microtrichose; segment 6 with moderately dense short to moderate hairs. Subcranial area not enlarged; prelabrum well developed but not broad, not set back from anterior surface of head; proboscis of moderate dimensions; prementum longer than wide, not cleft distomedially; labella not posteriorly prolonged.</p> <p>Thorax. Dorsocentral bristles four pairs; one humeral bristle differentiated; scutellum with two pairs of major bristles, sometimes also with one or two pairs of smaller bristles, but without dorsal setulae; prosternum with presternum at least moderately developed, basisternum with or without precoxal bridge. Costa on marginal cell with a series of anterior spinules interspersed at short intervals among more numerous hairs or short bristles; discal cell separate from second basal cell; anal cell open distally; distal section of vein 6 represented only by indistinct crease in membrane.</p> <p>Abdomen. Tergites 1 and 2 separated in mid-dorsal region by narrow membranous strip, their combined length much less than that of rest of abdomen. Male: dorsal protandrial sclerite symmetrical (i.e. without visible vestige of sternite 7), remarkably large because of large tergite 6 component; epandrium with at least one pair of basally fully articulated surstyli; hypandrium (so far as known) with at least one comb of three bristles on each side. Female: postabdominal segments very extensile; cercus simple, straight, blunt, basally articulated, without spines.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964358AA3DFECBFACEFB303406	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796435BAA3EFEC1FD12FBEA34F0.text	19548796435BAA3EFEC1FD12FBEA34F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea D. McAlpine	<div><p>Genus Zalea D. McAlpine</p> <p>Zale D. McAlpine, 1982: 108–110. (Preocc. Hübner 1818.) Type species (original designation) Z. minor D. McAlpine.</p> <p>Zalea D. McAlpine, 1985: 82. Replacement name for Zale D. McAlpine.</p> <p>Diagnostic description. Small to very small flies; wing c. 1.4–3.0 mm long. Arista three-segmented; antennal segment 4 distinct but small.</p> <p>Head. Postvertical bristles proclinate, divergent to convergent; postfrons with several setulae on central part in front of ocelli, often tending to form a double series, like rudimentary interfrontal bristles, also with few smaller setulae on frontal orbits and between ocelli.</p> <p>Thorax. Prothoracic precoxal bridge present or absent; acrostichal setulae biseriate, extending posteriorly to the distinct prescutellar acrostichal bristle; scutellum with two major bristle pairs and, in most species no other bristles or setulae. Mid femur with distal posteroventral comb of short suberect bristles in male (sometimes blunt and incrassate, always absent in female). Distal section of subcosta almost uniformly sclerotized from humeral crossvein to termination in subcostal break; anterior crossvein meeting vein 4 near or distad of mid-length of discal cell, except in wisei group; basal section of vein 4 separating first and second basal cells slender but well sclerotized; alula scarcely narrowed distally, with largely transverse distal margin, with marginal setulae much shorter than maximum width of alula.</p> <p>Abdomen of male. Dorsal protandrial sclerite c. twice as long as tergite 5 or slightly less; two pairs of basally articulated surstyli present; hypandrium on each side with two combs of three closely placed setulae each, one comb much larger than the other (Fig. 53, setulae of smaller group not yet observed in some species though possibly present); distiphallus subcylindrical, elongate, but not very long, largely membranous, encircled by three prominent papillae (one posterior and two anterior).</p> <p>Abdomen of female. Tergite 7 with median anterior posteriorly forked apodeme, which is incorporated in floor of pouch below margin of tergite 6 (not investigated for some New Zealand spp.)</p> <p>Distribution. Australia: temperate coasts, but not yet recorded for Queensland and South Australia. New Zealand: North Island; South Island; Snares Islands.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>The following two apparent autapomorphies, not present, so far as known, in Suffomyia, support the monophyletic status of Zalea: in male, base of distiphallus encircled by three membranous papillae; in female, tergite 7 with median, anterior, posteriorly forked apodeme. The aedeagal details have not been fully checked for the wisei group, but, in the only microscopic preparation of Z. wisei, there appear to be structures in the nature of membranous papillae. Although the presence of the internal apodeme is not yet confirmed for females of some New Zealand species, the doubtful species are closely related to better known ones, or others in which the external features of sternite 7 are consistent with the presence of an apodeme (as in the wisei group). The complex hypandrium in such diverse species as Z. johnsi, Z. clava, and Z. minor is so uniform and distinct from that of Suffomyia scutellaris as figured by Freidberg (1995), that it may provide further cladistic data when a better range of material is available.</p> <p>The known species of Zalea are divisible into three morphologically well defined groups. It is uncertain if these are monophyletic, because of doubt as to the state of certain characters in the groundplan of the genus, e.g., orientation of postvertical bristles, prosternal structure, and presence/ absence of certain bristles.</p> <p>1 Horningi group: Zalea johnsi, Z. mathisi, Z. uda, Z. ohauorae, Z. lithax, Z. horningi, Z. earlyi (New Zealand).</p> <p>2 Wisei group: Zalea sp. 1, Z. wisei (New Zealand).</p> <p>3 Minor group: Zalea clava, Z. minor, Z. major, Z. dayi (Australia),? Zalea sp. 2 (New Zealand).</p> <p>These groups are characterized below in the key to species. It is added that the horningi group is the only one with bridged prosternum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796435BAA3EFEC1FD12FBEA34F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796435BAA3EFD10FF46FAE43119.text	19548796435BAA3EFD10FF46FAE43119.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zaleinae D. McAlpine 1985	<div><p>Key to genera of Zaleinae</p> <p>1 Postfrons without setulae between anterior ocellus and anterior margin; distal section of subcosta (beyond humeral crossvein) well sclerotized on c. middle third, obsolete and unpigmented on c. distal third, and much weakened towards base; first basal cell not separated from second basal cell by any sclerotized vein;?: only one pair of surstyli present;!: abdominal tergite 7 without anterior apodeme (! unknown in S. ismayi)................................................................................. Suffomyia</p> <p>—— Postfrons with several setulae on central anterior part; distal section of subcosta almost uniformly sclerotized from humeral crossvein to termination at subcostal break of costa; first and second basal cells almost or completely separated by a sclerotized vein;?: two pairs of surstyli present;!: abdominal tergite 7 with median, posteriorly forked apodeme attached to its anterior margin (Figs 56, 71–74, not yet investigated for Z. wisei etc.)........................................................... Zalea</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796435BAA3EFD10FF46FAE43119	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796435CAA3BFEDFFD40FB9D36EF.text	19548796435CAA3BFEDFFD40FB9D36EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea johnsi McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea johnsi n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 15, 24, 25, 48, 50, 51</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand (South Island): Kaikoura Peninsula [East Head on some maps], 26–28.i.2000, D.K.M., R.M. (NZAC). Dry-mounted on triangular card. PARATYPES. South Island: 5??, 2!!, same data as holotype (AM, CMC, USNM); 6??, 2!!, Paratai Point, Kaikoura district, 26–27.i.2000, D.K.M., R.M. (AM, NZAC, ZMC).</p> <p>Other material. South Island: 2!!, Jackson’s Bay, near Haast (AM).</p> <p>Description (?,!). Appearance and habitus resembling those of Z. minor, Z. horningi, etc.</p> <p>Coloration. Head predominantly grey-brown; anterior margin of postfrons narrowly rather yellowish brown; parafacial and much of cheek yellowish with covering of pale grey pruinescence; hypofacial and posterior extremity of cheek darker, greyish. Antenna tawny-brown; segment 3 darker distally than basally; arista blackish. Prelabrum greybrown; palpus greyish tawny. Thorax with blackish ground colour; mesoscutum and scutellum with brown pruinescence; pleura with grey to greyish brown pruinescence. Legs, including tarsi, dark greyish brown. Wing membrane uniformly smoky grey; veins dark brown. Halter yellow, with pale creamy capitellum. Abdomen dark grey-brown, almost entirely pruinescent; in male, anterior surstylus shining brown, darkest towards base; in female, tergite 7 extensively shining black anteriorly, pruinescent dark grey towards posterior margin; cercus of female brown.</p> <p>Head and eye both much higher than long; height of cheek c. 0.23–0.27 of height of eye; face almost flat and vertical (when uncollapsed), but recessed between parafacials on upper part; vibrissal region of cheek less anteriorly produced than in Z. major and Z. minor, so that the moderately short vibrissa is situated almost at its anterior extremity, as seen in profile; postgenal setulae absent; postvertical bristles divergent, much smaller than ocellars and fronto-orbitals. Palpus shorter than in Australian species, slightly widened distally.</p> <p>Thorax. Prosternum with well sclerotized precoxal bridge; scutellum without setulae, with only the two pairs of major bristles. Mid femur of male with a mostly sparse series of posteroventral bristles, those just beyond mid-length shorter, slightly thickened, more closely placed, with curved sharp apices, forming ill defined comb; in female posteroventral bristles of mid femur absent or little differentiated from setulae; fore tibia generally with three or more dorsal to posterodorsal setulae or bristles, as long as or longer than tibial diameter; mid and hind tibiae also with some moderately long dorsal setulae or bristles. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.50–0.58.</p> <p>Abdomen. Sternite 1 divided into two small, widely separated sclerites; sternite 2 without accessory sclerites. Male: epandrium coarsely setulose, without any distinct bristle pairs; anterior surstylus slender, much curved so that slender but compressed apical part is directed posteriorly, with scattered setulae longest on posterior surface of basal half, and with few microtrichia restricted to inner surface near apex; posterior surstylus broad, narrowly rounded at apex, strongly incised posteriorly at base to produce subbasal prominence, very extensively microtrichose except near anterior margin, outer surface with scattered small setulae and longer ones towards anterior margin, inner surface with large, stout setulae particularly developed towards base; each anterior papilla of aedeagus with lightly pigmented longitudinal strip, distally slender, smooth, tapering to fine point; posterior papilla stout, only gradually tapering to obtuse apex; distiphalus smooth, rather abruptly contracted before acuminate apex; cercus smaller than in Z. horningi. Female: sternites 2 to 6 not longer than wide; sternite 4 distinctly divided in two, but others entire or imperfectly divided; tergite 6 not markedly desclerotized on posterior margin; tergite 7 rather similar to that of Z. minor, weakly sclerotized rather than desclerotized medially, broad with much of posterior margin transverse (rather than narrowly rounded on each side as in Z. horningi and Z. sp. 1), with anterior part of tergite extensively shining black and glabrous, with posterior margin (often the only part visible in dried specimens) grey-pruinescent, with anterior apodeme not distinctly forked as it merges with thickened anterior margin of tergite; sternite 7 with pair of sclerites separated by c. twice width of each.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length,? 1.3–1.5 mm,! 1.5–1.6 mm; length of thorax,? 0.6–0.7 mm,! 0.6–0.8 mm; length of wing,? 1.5–1.7 mm,! 1.7–1.9 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: South Island—northeast coast and apparently west coast. Only females are available from Jackson’s Bay on the west coast. It is desirable that males be obtained from this population to confirm its specific identity.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea johnsi is very similar to Z. horningi which it resembles especially in the well-developed prothoracic precoxal bridge (often not easily visible in dried specimens), the position of the vibrissa very close to anterior extremity of cheek, the relatively long dorsal setulae on the tibiae, and, in the male, the broad, densely microtrichose posterior surstylus. Zalea johnsi is most readily distinguished from Z. horningi by the characters given in the key, also by those of the aedeagal papillae, distiphallus, and female abdominal sternites, as given in the descriptions. For comparison with other species of the horningi group see under those species, and particularly compare the figures of postabdominal structures.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to Peter M. Johns in recognition of his generous help and sharing of field knowledge during my field work in New Zealand.</p> <p>omitted. (51) Z. johnsi, hypandrium and associated parts. ap, anterior papillae of aedeagus. ass, anterior surstylus. d, distiphallus. go, gonite. hc, hypandrial comb. hy, hypandrium. mpa, median posterior papilla.</p> <p>pss, posterior surstylus. Both scales = 0.1 mm.</p> <p>Figs 52, 53</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: Whananaki South (35°'31.1'S 174°27.2'E), North Island, 6–8.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (NZAC by agreement from USNM, 00184020). Dry-mounted on micro-pin through polyporus pith. PARATYPES New Zealand: 12??, same data as holotype but some 19.ii.1998 (NZAC, AM, USNM); 3??, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.556667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.475/lat -35.556667)">Sandy Bay</a> (35°33.4'S 174°28.5'E), 6.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (USNM).</p> <p>Description (?,! unknown). Very similar to Z. johnsi, agreeing with description of that species, except as indicated below.</p> <p>Coloration. Agreeing with that of Z. johnsi.</p> <p>Head. Height of cheek = 0.20–0.28 of height of eye; postvertical bristles generally convergent and proclinate, parallel in one specimen.</p> <p>Thorax. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.49–0.57.</p> <p>Abdomen. Anterior surstylus very attenuated but with similar curvature to that of Z. johnsi, with scattered, fine setulae, apparently without microtrichia, but densely minutely denticulate on small apical area; posterior surstylus broadly subovate, its distal margin broadly rounded, with no armature on anterior margin, nearly all setulae being scattered on inner surface but not particularly developed towards base, with central to posterior and apical parts of outer surface pruinescent, anterobasal part bare; each anterolateral papilla of aedeagus with slender obtuse apical section; posterior papilla massively swollen and rugose at sides where it overlies basiphallus, tapering to rounded apex; distiphallus rugose distally, not tapered.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length 1.2–1.4 mm; length of thorax 0.55–0.67 mm; length of wing 1.3–1.6 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: North Island, Northland.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Identification of North Island species in the horningi group (other than Z. earlyi) relies mainly on male postabdominal characters, especially the shape and armature of the surstyli. Associated females for these are largely absent, but there are indications that the female postabdomen may provide diagnostic characters for at least some species. Males of Z. mathisi are distinguished by the very attenuated, weakly setose anterior surstylus and the broadly subovate posterior surstylus with oblique base and very few or no setulae on its outer surface.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to Wayne N. Mathis, who collected the type series.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796435CAA3BFEDFFD40FB9D36EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796435EAA34FC71FA1EFE1F3656.text	19548796435EAA34FC71FA1EFE1F3656.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea uda McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea uda n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 54, 55</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.556667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.475/lat -35.556667)">Sandy Bay</a> (35°33.4'S 174°28.5'E), 6.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (NZAC). Dry-mounted on micro-pin through polyporus pith, genitalia in microvial. PARATYPE 1?, New Zealand, same data as holotype (USNM).</p> <p>Description (?,! unknown). Very similar to Z. johnsi, agreeing with description of that species, except as indicated.</p> <p>Coloration. Agreeing with that of Z. johnsi.</p> <p>Head. Height of cheek = 0.18–0.21 of height of eye; postvertical bristles convergent.</p> <p>Thorax. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.46–0.48.</p> <p>Abdomen. Anterior surstylus moderately elongate, compressed, broadest slightly beyond mid-length, very obtuse apically, sparsely setulose on distal half of outer surface, on basal two thirds of inner surface with numerous stout setulae, some of which are short and subconical; posterior surstylus subtriangular, broadest at base, subacute to narrowly obtuse apically, its width at base slightly over half its length, with pruinescence restricted to posterior part of outer surface, with scattered moderately small setulae on outer surface, on inner surface with much larger setulae as well as some small ones, not restricted to basal part; hypandrium and aedeagus with general features of Z. mathisi; gonite broad; cercus resembling that of Z. mathisi.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length c. 1.3 mm; length of thorax 0.57–0.64 mm; length of wing 1.4–1.5 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: North Island, Northland.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>At present Z. uda can only be distinguished from related species of the horningi group by the shape and armature of the surstyli. It is conceivable that the female postabdomen may also provide diagnostic characters.</p> <p>The specific epithet is a Latin adjective meaning wet, in reference to the habitat.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796435EAA34FC71FA1EFE1F3656	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964351AA35FEE4FA8BFE4B339E.text	195487964351AA35FEE4FA8BFE4B339E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea ohauorae McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea ohauorae n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 56, 57</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: Ohauora (or Rocky Point), White Island, North Island vicinity, 6.xii.1966, K.A.W. (AMNZ). “Swept shore landing”. Drymounted on subtriangular card, genitalia in microvial.</p> <p>Other material. 1!, same data as holotype (AMNZ).</p> <p>Description (based on?, except where indicated). Very similar to Z. johnsi, agreeing with description of that species, except where indicated.</p> <p>Coloration. Anterior part of postfrons tending to yellowish brown, but not on a defined zone. Palpus tawny.</p> <p>Head (slightly collapsed in holotype) probably essentially similar to that of Z. lithax; vibrissa longer than Z. lithax and Z. johnsi (see comments below); postvertical bristles probably convergent (displaced in holotype, strongly convergent in associated female).</p> <p>Thorax. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.55 (0.53 in associated female).</p> <p>Abdomen. Epandrium with pair of distinct bristles near anterior margin; anterior surstylus slender, rod-like, its apex rounded, slightly expanded, compressed, and curved posteriorly, with some moderately large setulae on inner surface, those near base relatively stout, distal ones slender and quite long, with short microtrichia confined to roughened area at apex; posterior surstylus relatively broad basally with posterior gibbosity, distally slender and scarcely compressed, basal part with irregular group of very large setulae, particularly on posterior part of inner surface, distal part with smaller scattered setulae, with microtrichia concentrated near middle of outer surface; cercus small, with few setulae.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length,? c. 1.4 mm (! 1.6 mm); length of thorax,? 0.62 mm (! 0.68 mm); length of wing,? c. 1.3 mm (! c. 1.5 mm); length of vibrissa,? 0.10 mm (! 0.11 mm).</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: North Island vicinity. There has been little collecting on White Island, an active volcano, c. 50 km from the shore of North Island in the Bay of Plenty and difficult of access (see Parham, 1973: 19, 119). The habitat of Z. ohauorae may have been altered recently by ash clouds (K.A.W. in litt.). There is at present no reason to assume that Z. ohauorae is endemic to White Island.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>As with other New Zealand species having convergent postvertical bristles, this species can only be recognized reliably by male genitalia characters. The holotype and one of the two females from the same locality have longer vibrissae than most specimens I assign to Z. lithax (measurements given above), but this measurement is not consistent in other species.As indicated above, female abdominal characters are useful for separating Z. johnsi, Z. lithax and Z. horningi, but good fresh material with abdominal segments extended has not been available for this and some other species.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to the type locality and is treated as a Latin noun in the genitive case.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964351AA35FEE4FA8BFE4B339E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964350AA35FEDDFE88FB8E30B7.text	195487964350AA35FEDDFE88FB8E30B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea lithax McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea lithax n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 58, 59</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: Whangaparapara Harbour, Great Barrier Island, North Island vicinity, 21.iii.1973, K.A.W. (AMNZ). “Swept stony beach W. side.” Dry-mounted on subtriangular card, genitalia in micro-vial. PARATYPES. North Island vicinity: 2??, 1!, same data as holotype (AM, AMNZ); 3??, 5!!, Medlands Beach, Great Barrier Island, 4.xi.2001, J.W.E (AM, AMNZ), in alcohol; 3??, 3!!, Awana Bay, Great Barrier Island, 19.ii.2002, J.W.E. (AM, AMNZ), in alcohol; 1?, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.945/lat -35.105)">Takou Bay</a> (35°6.3'S 173°56.7'E), 7.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (NZAC); 5??, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.45334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.45334/lat -35.518333)">Whananaki South</a> (35°31.1'S 174°27.2'E), 6–8.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (NZAC, USNM, AM); 1?, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=174.475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.556667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 174.475/lat -35.556667)">Sandy Bay</a> (35°33.4'S 174°28.5'E), 6.x.2002, D.M., W.N.M. (USNM).</p> <p>Other material. South Island: 4??, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=173.415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 173.415/lat -41.16)">Cable Bay</a>, Nelson district (41°09.6'S 173°24.9'E), 13.ii.1998, W.N.M. (NZAC, USNM, AM).</p> <p>Description (?,!). Very similar to Z. johnsi, agreeing with description of that species, except where indicated.</p> <p>Coloration. Hypofacial only indistinctly darkened. Palpus dull yellow. Thorax and abdomen as described for Z. johnsi. Female: tergite 7 lightly pigmented, with only the narrow apodeme dark.</p> <p>Head. Height of cheek 0.15–0.22 of height of eye; postvertical bristles rather small, strongly convergent; vibrissa rather short, but not much shorter than anterior peristomial bristles.</p> <p>Thorax. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.52–0.56.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male: epandrium with pair of moderately distinct, widely spaced bristles near anterior margin; anterior surstylus slender, rod-like, curved, rounded and compressed at apex, not as long nor as markedly posteriorly directed on distal part as in Z. johnsi, with only very fine scattered setulae, except for one or two longer ones on inner surface near base, with microtrichia restricted to inner surface near apex; posterior surstylus extensively microtrichose, more elongate than in Z. johnsi and Z. horningi, about as long as anterior surstylus (though appearing shorter in Fig. 58), very obtuse at apex, with posterior sub-basal gibbosity, with very few fine setulae anteriorly, and coarser setulae posteriorly, including some on and near posterior gibbosity; cercus short. Female: sternite 1 vestigial; sternites 4 to 6 medially little sclerotized and more or less divided in two; tergite 7 with relatively small anterior apodeme, spreading into broad rami posteriorly, each of which is confluent with a rather broad posterolateral plate; sternite 7 forming pair of plates, each separated from tergite by narrow pleural membrane.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length,? 1.3–1.5 mm,! 1.5 mm; length of thorax,? 0.55–0.61 mm,! 0.57–0.68 mm, length of wing,? 1.2–1.5 mm,! 1.5–1.6 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: North Island vicinity—Great Barrier Island and Northland. South Island—far north.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Recognition of this species depends largely on postabdominal characters in both sexes, but there is no evidence of such closely related species as Z. mathisi and Z. ohauorae inhabiting Great Barrier Island or the vicinity.</p> <p>The specific epithet is a Greek adjective meaning stony, in reference to the habitat.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964350AA35FEDDFE88FB8E30B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964350AA36FC7BFC36FCA5366A.text	195487964350AA36FC7BFC36FCA5366A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea earlyi McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea earlyi n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 60, 61</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE!, New Zealand: Medlands Beach, Great Barrier Island, North Island vicinity, 4.xi.2001, J.W.E. (AMNZ). “Intertidal rocks … swept L11022.” In alcohol. PARATYPE. 1!, New Zealand: Ike Island, Noisies Islands, Hauraki Gulf, North Island vicinity, 9.xii.1979, K.A.W. (AMNZ). Dry-mounted on card.</p> <p>Description (!,? unknown). Somewhat similar to Z. johnsi, agreeing with description of that species, except as indicated.</p> <p>Coloration (based mainly on dry-mounted paratype). Postfrons rusty-brown, with orbits and frontal triangle dark greyish; face, parafacial and cheek pale yellowish; hypofacial and prelabrum pale grey. Palpus tawny-yellow. Halter dull yellowish. Abdomen: anterior section of tergite 7 quite black, its lateral plates grey-brown; cercus grey-brown.</p> <p>Head and eye both higher than long; height of cheek c. 0.30 of height of eye; face slightly concave; vibrissal angle not prominent in profile; postgenal setulae well developed, c. four of them forming an almost vertical series; postvertical bristles slightly divergent to almost parallel, a little smaller than ocellars and larger fronto-orbitals. Palpus slightly clavate.</p> <p>Thorax. Prosternum with narrow, distinct precoxal bridge. Mid femur without differentiated posteroventral bristles; fore tibia with several dorsal setulae almost as long as tibial diameter; those on mid and hind tibiae shorter. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.54–0.59.</p> <p>Abdomen. Sternite 1 divided into two well developed but widely separated plates; sternites 3 to 6 well sclerotized, undivided; tergite 6 not noticeably sinuate or desclerotized divided into three separate plates. Zalea wisei and sp. 1 have similar postgenal setulae, but lack the precoxal bridge and have apical scutellar setulae and much smaller C-4 index; the latter species has female sternite 7 in one piece, though deeply lobed.</p> <p>Although the male is unknown and female material is minimal, there is adequate evidence that the species is distinct, and the unusual postabdominal characters should ensure reidentification of females.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to John W. Early who collected the holotype and other useful material of Zalea for this project.</p> <p>on posterior margin; tergite 7 with separate anteromedian and paired posterolateral plates; anteromedian plate smooth with long anterior apodeme and pair of slender lateral arms arising from short central plate; each lateral plate rather short, about as broad as long, setulose; dorsal membrane between lateral plates with pair of setulae; sternite 7 apparently divided into two plates but details not observed.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length 1.8 (dried, abdomen deflexed)- 2.3 mm; length of thorax 0.93–0.98 mm; length of wing 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: North Island vicinity—Great Barrier Island and Hauraki Gulf.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea earlyi resembles other New Zealand Zalea species with prothoracic precoxal bridge (e.g., Z. horningi, Z. johnsi etc.), but these all lack the well-developed set of postgenal setulae, and the females, where known, do not have tergite 7</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964350AA36FC7BFC36FCA5366A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964353AA37FC61FDF7FE3436E0.text	195487964353AA37FC61FDF7FE3436E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea horningi (Harrison 1976)	<div><p>Zalea horningi (Harrison)</p> <p>Figs 20, 62–65</p> <p>Tethina horningi Harrison, 1976: 143, fig. 3.</p> <p>Zalea horningi (Harrison).–D. McAlpine, 1985: 82.</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: Seal Cove, Snares Islands, 2.1.1972, D.S.H. (NZAC). Dry-mounted on card-point, postabdomen now placed in microvial attached to pin. PARATYPES. As listed by Harrison. I examined 2??, 2!! from NZAC in 1982 but details of the postabdomens were not then studied.</p> <p>Other material (localities only). South Island: Kaikoura Peninsula (AM); Sumner, near Christchurch (AM, BM); Laverick’s Bay, near Akaroa (AM, NZAC); Otanerito Bay, near Akaroa (AM, NZAC); Pilot Beach, Otago Peninsula (USNM).</p> <p>Supplementary description</p> <p>Very similar to Z. johnsi and agreeing with description of that species except as indicated below.</p> <p>Coloration. Abdomen of female: paired sclerites of tergite 7 dull yellowish, black anteriorly, dull grey on small posterior zone.</p> <p>Head. Postvertical bristles small, convergent.</p> <p>Thorax. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.50 (holotype), 0.53–0.59 (South Island material).</p> <p>Abdomen. Male: anterior surstylus, almost straight but slightly incurved, rounded and compressed apically, with short setulae mainly on inner surface, with no particularly developed setulae on posterior surface, extensively microtrichose, mainly on inner surface of distal half; posterior surstylus broadly rounded apically, with at most only slight posterior basal incision, microtrichose on large part of inner and outer surfaces, with few small setulae on outer surface, with larger setulae in inner surface, of which a few more basal ones are particularly large; each anterior aedeagal papilla not smooth and evenly tapering as in Z. johnsi, but with zone of transverse ridges near mid-length, and slender, obtuse, roughly pustulose apical part; posterior papilla with many short, transverse surface ridges, slightly narrowed well before apex to form somewhat transversely compressed distal part with anterior concavity and rather thick rounded apex; distiphallus a little broader distally than in Z. johnsi, with less finely pointed, slightly irregularly incised apical part. Female: sternites generally as in Z. johnsi; sternites 2 to 6 all divided in two or almost so; tergite 7 (Fig. 65) very deeply divided, somewhat like that of Z. dayi but with more elongate anterior apodeme.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: South Island; Snares Islands.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>The key to species and the above comparative description gives all the points of difference from Z. johnsi that I am able to confirm. The convergent postvertical bristles of this species provide a remarkably consistent difference from Z. johnsi, and associate Z. horningi with the four species Z. lithax, Z. mathisi, Z. uda, and Z. ohauorae, which are recorded at present only from North Island vicinity.</p> <p>The above description of postabdominal characters is based mainly on South Island specimens. I have examined the epandrium and surstyli of the holotype which resemble those of South Island material. As further dissection of this specimen may have proved destructive, details of the hypandrium and aedeagus have not been checked for the Snares Island population.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964353AA37FC61FDF7FE3436E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964352AA30FC77FF46FEBB3017.text	195487964352AA30FC77FF46FEBB3017.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea wisei McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea wisei n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 66, 67, 71</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New Zealand: Otata Island, Noisies Islands, Hauraki Gulf, North Island vicinity, 8.xii.1979, K.A.W. (AMNZ). “Swept at low tide. Intertidal rocks, N. coast.” Mounted on card point impaled directly on pin. PARATYPE. 1?, identical data to holotype (AMNZ). Mounted on card point glued to square card on pin.</p> <p>Description (?,! unknown). Size larger than that of most New Zealand Zalea spp.; habitus rather stout.</p> <p>Coloration. Head dark grey to greyish brown; postfrons without yellowish or other pale zones; parafacial, face, and cheek grey-pruinescent. Antenna greyish-tawny. Prelabrum grey or partly blackish; palpus tawny yellow. Thorax dark grey-pruinescent, brown-pruinescent dorsally. Legs dark grey-brown; tarsi more tawny-brown, mostly darker apically. Wing membrane tinged with smoky-grey; veins brown. Halter yellow. Abdomen dark grey-brown.</p> <p>Head higher than long; eye, in profile, obliquely oval, 1.25–1.27 times as high as long; triangle formed by joining centers of ocelli not broader than equilateral triangle; postfrons narrowed anteriorly so that minimum separation of eyes = 0.36 of total width of head; face concave; vibrissal region not very prominent; cheek 0.25–0.26 of height of eye; postvertical bristles strongly divergent; ocellar bristles very slightly closer together than are posterior ocelli; posterior fronto-orbital bristle not at all reclinate, curved outwards; vibrissa smaller than anterior peristomial bristles; postgenal region with vertical series of four or five setulae. Antenna: segment 5 3.6 times as long as wide; palpus extending beyond prelabrum when proboscis withdrawn.</p> <p>Thorax. Prosternum without bridge, widely separated from propleuron on each side; proepisternal bristle well developed (compared with horningi group); mesopleuron with two large bristles near posterior margin; scutellum with pair of setulae between bristles of apical pair, each c. half as long as apical bristle. Fore tibia usually with three posterodorsal bristles longer than tibial diameter; mid and hind tibiae with several long dorsal setulae or bristles. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.39–0.43.</p> <p>left surstyli and cercus, scale = 0.05 mm.</p> <p>Abdomen. Epandrium broad, rounded, with two pairs of large dorsal bristles and smaller setulae; surstyli (Fig. 67) with short setulae and no apparent microtrichia; hypandrium and associated structures not elucidated.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length 2.2–2.3 mm; length of thorax 1.1 mm; length of wing 2.2–2.4 mm; width of epandrium (dried) 0.34 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. Only known from the Noisies (or Noises) Islands in Hauraki Gulf, North Island vicinity, New Zealand. These are a group of islets and rocks near Auckland. “Otata Island” is 38°42'S 174°58'E in Gazetteer.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea wisei and the closely related “sp. 1” differ from other New Zealand Zalea spp. in the non-reclinate posterior frontoorbital bristle, absence of the prothoracic precoxal bridge, longer proepisternal bristle, presence of a pair of setulae between the apical scutellar bristles, presence of two large posterior mesopleural bristles, and smaller C-4 index. For comparison with sp. 1 see under that species.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to Keith A.J. Wise, who collected the type material and other significant material of Zalea.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964352AA30FC77FF46FEBB3017	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964355AA31FE2BFC55FECD313E.text	195487964355AA31FE2BFC55FECD313E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea undefined-1	<div><p>Zalea sp. 1</p> <p>Figs 21, 68–70</p> <p>Material examined. 1!, New Zealand: Otanerito Bay [north side of beach, on shoreline rocks], near Akaroa, South Island, 1.ii.2001, B.J. D., D.K.M. (AM). Otanerito Bay is also known as Long Bay, but there is another Long Bay, also on Banks Peninsula.</p> <p>Description (!, male unknown). The only known specimen resembles Z. wisei in many characters but is larger and more elongate.</p> <p>Coloration. Head grey-black to brown-black. Antenna dark grey to brown black. Prelabrum blackish, with grey pruinescence; palpus brownish, with grey pruinescence. Halter tawny, with creamy capitellum. Abdomen brown- black; paired sclerites of tergite 7 shining black, grey-brownpruinescent on short posterior section.</p> <p>Head much higher than long; eye, in profile, subcircular, but for slight ventral extension, 1.1 times as high as long; triangle formed by joining centres of ocelli broader than equilateral triangle; cheek most prominent posteroventrally, height of cheek 0.25 of height of eye; postvertical bristles rather long, c. as long as anterior fronto-orbital, perhaps nearly parallel (one slightly displaced); ocellar bristles more closely placed than in other species. Palpus moderately short and thick, not extending anteriorly beyond prelabrum when proboscis withdrawn.</p> <p>Thorax. Prosternum without precoxal bridge; anterior dorsocentral and proepisternal bristles longer than in other species. Wing: cell-4 index = 0.35.</p> <p>Abdomen. Sternites 1 to 5 all broad and well sclerotized, undivided; tergite 7 rather like that of Z. dayi, medially divided to c. as far forward as fork of anterior apodeme (which is not exposed to view), each of paired sclerites somewhat elongate, rounded posteriorly, with several long setulae.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length (abdomen extended) 3.0 mm; length of thorax 1.2 mm; length of wing 2.9 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Zealand: only known from Banks Peninsula, South Island.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Because of the similarity between this species and Z. wisei and the paucity of material, which prevents comparison between the same sex of each species, I refrain from naming this species at present. The extent of the differences between the samples seems to indicate specific distinction, but I have had to use subjective judgement in providing key characters. The single specimen of species 1 differs in having the eye in profile 1.12 times as high as long (1.25–1.27 in Z. wisei), triangle formed by joining centres of ocelli broader than equilateral triangle (not broader than such in Z. wisei), postfrons not much narrowed anteriorly, so that minimum separation of eyes = 0.40 of width of head (postfrons more narrowed anteriorly, so that minimum separation of eyes =</p> <p>base of arista, scale (for Figs 70, 71 only) = 0.05 mm. 0.36 of width of head in Z. wisei), cheek region, in outline, descending and most prominent posteriorly (cheek region not more ventrally prominent posteriorly than anteriorly in Z. wisei), postvertical bristles at most slightly divergent (strongly divergent in Z. wisei), ocellar bristles markedly closer together than are posterior ocelli (very slightly closer together than are posterior ocelli in Z. wisei), antennal segment 3 blackish, brown on small part of ventral margin only (antennal segment 3 brown to tawny-brown above, tawny-yellow below in Z. wisei), antennal segment 5 2.2 times as long as wide (3.6 times as long as wide in Z. wisei), palpus brownish, not projecting anteriorly beyond prelabrum when proboscis withdrawn (palpus deep yellow, projecting distinctly beyond prelabrum in Z. wisei), cell-4 index = 0.35 (0.39–0.43 in Z. wisei).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964355AA31FE2BFC55FECD313E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964354AA31FEF9FDACFB453236.text	195487964354AA31FEF9FDACFB453236.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea undefined-2	<div><p>Zalea sp. 2</p> <p>Material examined. 1!, New Zealand: Beach, N end Mitimiti, N of Hokianga Harbour, North Island, 4.ii.1988, R.F. Gilbert (AMNZ).</p> <p>Description. The single specimen in moderate condition is inadequate for a formal description.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>This specimen is distinct from any other available New Zealand specimens and tends to run near Z. minor, which it superficially resembles, in the key. Prothoracic precoxal bridges appear to be absent, and the postvertical bristles are divergent. However, in the presence of two longer posterodorsal bristles on the fore femur and less prominent vibrissal angle it more closely resembles such New Zealand species as Z. johnsi. The separation of the two lateral plates of tergite 7 from each other seems to be more complete than in Z. minor. Without better material, it has not been possible to place it satisfactorily in the key to species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964354AA31FEF9FDACFB453236	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964354AA32FC79FEB4FF4F34CE.text	195487964354AA32FC79FEB4FF4F34CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea clava McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea clava n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 72–75</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE!, Western Australia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.8975&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.11722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.8975/lat -35.11722)">Cable Beach</a> (foot of cliffs W of beach), S of Albany (35°07'02"S 117°53'51"E), 29–30.xi.1998, B.J. D., D.K.M. (WAM). PARATYPES. Western Australia: 4??, 3!!, same data as holotype (AM, USNM); 1?, 2!!, Canal Rocks, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.00972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.661667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.00972/lat -33.661667)">Yallingup</a>, 33°39'42"S 115°00'35"E, 23.xi.1998, B.J. D., D.K.M. (AM); 1?, Ellensbrook Beach, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=114.98778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.904724" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 114.98778/lat -33.904724)">Margaret River</a>, 33°54'17"S 114°59'16"E, B.J. D., D.K.M. (AM).</p> <p>Description (?,!). General characters as given for subfamily and for genus Zalea.</p> <p>Coloration generally as given for Z. dayi. Thoracic pleura greyer than in Z. dayi; mesopleuron with little or no brown suffusion. Legs, especially femora, greyer than in Z. dayi; tarsi brown to tawny-brown.?: anterior surstylus tawny, more shining on outer surface than in Z. minor and Z. dayi, through more restricted pruinescence.!: paired sclerites of sternite 7 predominantly black, grey-pruinescent only at posterior extremities; tergite 7 pruinescent, brownish grey; sternite 7 largely shining black; cercus brownish, usually darker both apically and near base.</p> <p>Head. Height of cheek c. 0.26–0.32 of height of eye; postvertical bristles subparallel to slightly divergent.Antenna similar to that of Z. minor and Z. dayi in proportions. Palpus clavate, much more thickened distally than in other Zalea spp., and usually distinctly more than half as deep as cheek or antennal segment 3 (though depth of both these rather variable).</p> <p>Thorax. Chaetotaxy and most leg characters as for genus. Mid femur of male with loose distal comb of variably short, thick posteroventral bristles, either all quite blunt or some pointed; mid femur of female without differentiated posteroventral bristles. Fore tibia with one long dorsal bristle slightly beyond mid-length; mid tibia with one long dorsal bristle near mid-length; hind tibia often with few irregular long setulae or fine bristles. Vein 2 usually more strongly arched than in Z. minor; cell-4 index = 0.58–0.65.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male: anterior surstylus very elongate, pruinescent, but extensively smooth and shining on outer surface; posterior surstylus not pruinescent, narrowly obtuse at apex, with long-setulose anterior gibbosity beyond base; hypandrium and aedeagus resembling those of Z. minor; posterior papilla of aedeagus smaller; distiphallus with denticles finer and less dense, and without distinctly pigmented longitudinal strips. Female: sternites 3 to 6 broader than in Z. minor and Z. major, but much less so than in Z. dayi, all undivided; tergite 7 undivided, somewhat sclerotized and pigmented across whole width, but weakly sclerotized centrally and on posterior margin, with broad, strongly sclerotized plate on each side, and with lateral arms of anterior apodeme short; paired sclerites of sternite 7 much broader than in Z. minor and Z. major, quite narrowly separated medially.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length,? 1.8–1.9 mm,! 2.1–2.4 mm; length of thorax,? 0.77–0.90 mm,! 0.86–0.96 mm; length of wing,? 1.8–2.0 mm,! 2.0– 2.2 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. Western Australia: southern coast, S of 33°30'S.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea clava is distinguishable from all other Zalea spp. by its very strongly clavate palpus. It is the only known Australian species with a long dorsal bristle on the fore and mid tibia, and, unlike the New Zealand, species this is an isolated bristle near or slightly beyond mid-length.</p> <p>The specific epithet is a Latin noun referring to the clavate palpus.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964354AA32FC79FEB4FF4F34CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964357AA33FC67FDB0FE293758.text	195487964357AA33FC67FDB0FE293758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea minor (D. McAlpine 1982)	<div><p>Zalea minor (D. McAlpine)</p> <p>Figs 16, 26, 33, 49, 76</p> <p>Zale minor D. McAlpine, 1982: 110–112, figs 4–9.</p> <p>Zalea minor (D. McAlpine).–D. McAlpine, 1985: 82.</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, New South Wales: Bottle and Glass Rocks, Vaucluse, near Sydney [Nielsen Park, Sydney Harbour], 25.i.1964, D.K.M. (AM).</p> <p>Other material (localities only). New South Wales: Wategos Beach, Cape Byron (AM); Broken Head, near Byron Bay (AM, ANIC, MV); Woolgoolga (AM); Smoky Cape, near South West Rocks (AM); Black Head (Haliday’s Point), Taree district (AM); The Ruins, Booti Booti National Park, Forster district (AM); Seal Rocks (headland) (AM, NZAC, BPB, MCV, ZMC); Forrester’s Beach, near Terrigal (AM); Grotto Point, Sydney Harbour (AM); Currarong (AM); Broulee Beach (ANIC). Victoria: Walkerville (AM); Bunnarong Cliffs, near Inverloch (AM). Tasmania: Binalong Bay, near Saint Helen’s (AM, TDA); Spring Beach, near Orford (AM); Stapleton Beach, near Orford (AM); Tesselated Pavement, Eaglehawk Neck (AM); Gilham’s Beach, Research Bay (AM, ANIC, TDA). See also paratype list of D. McAlpine (1982, material from Sydney district).</p> <p>Supplementary description</p> <p>Thorax. Mid femur of male with inconspicuous posteroventral comb of few short, thick, very blunt bristles beyond midlength, and generally with a separate series of few fine, longer posteroventral bristles mostly before mid-length; that of female without differentiated posteroventral bristles.</p> <p>Abdomen. Sternite 1 undivided; sternite 2 with deep anterior incision somewhat as in Z. major. Male: hypandrium on each side with compact comb of three long bristles and group of three minute slender setulae, not shown in my previous figure (D. McAlpine, 1982: fig. 8) because of partial concealment by gonites. Female: sternites 2 to 5 narrow; sternite 6 completely or incompletely divided into two sclerites which diverge posteriorly; tergite 7 (Fig. 76) with lightly sclerotized or almost desclerotized central zone extending only narrowly to posterior margin, which is broadly transverse; paired sclerites of sternite 7 elongate-oval, broadened and more approximated on anterior margins.</p> <p>Dimensions. In the original description, for “width of hypandrium”, read “width of epandrium”.</p> <p>Distribution. New South Wales: coasts generally. Victoria: coasts east of Port Phillip. Tasmania: widely distributed on east coast, and probably other coastal districts which have not yet been searched for intertidal flies.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea minor is the most abundant species of Zalea in New South Wales and Tasmanian habitats. It is distinguished as indicated in the above key.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964357AA33FC67FDB0FE293758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964356AA0CFE94FB92FABD3229.text	195487964356AA0CFE94FB92FABD3229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea major (D. McAlpine)	<div><p>Zalea major (D. McAlpine)</p> <p>Figs 22, 43, 78–84</p> <p>Zale major D. McAlpine, 1982: 112, figs 1–3.</p> <p>Zalea major (D. McAlpine).–D. McAlpine, 1985: 82.</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE!, New South Wales: Bundeena, Port Hacking, 10.xii.1966, D.K.M. (AM). The statement (D. McAlpine, 1982) that the holotype is a male is a typographical error.</p> <p>Other material (localities only). New South Wales: Wategos Beach, Cape Byron (AM); Broken Head, near Byron Bay (AM, ANIC); Smoky Cape, near South West Rocks (AM); The Ruins, Booti Booti National Park, Forster district (AM, BPB, MCV, USNM); Seal Rocks (headland) (AM, ANIC); Forrester’s Beach, near Terrigal (AM); Grotto Point, Sydney Harbour (AM); Kurnell, Botany Bay. Tasmania: Binalong Bay, near Saint Helen’s (AM, TDA); Ironhouse Point, near Falmouth (AM). See also paratype list of D. McAlpine (1982, material from Gosford and Sydney districts).</p> <p>Supplementary description</p> <p>Antenna. Segment 3 and palpus plain yellow in male, usually slightly suffused with brown in female.</p> <p>Legs. Mid femur of male with strong distal posteroventral comb of short, thick, blunt bristles, with fewer longer posteroventral bristles near and before middle; mid femur of female with no differentiated posteroventral bristles; tibiae without differentiated long bristles.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male: epandrial structures resembling those of Z. minor including extensively pubescent anterior surstylus and non-pruinescent posterior surstylus; anterior surstylus expanded at base, gradually narrowed distally; posterior surstylus relatively thick on basal half, tapering beyond, subtruncate at apex, with group of long dense setulae anteriorly near mid-length; ventral plate of epandrium with two well separated setulae on each side; hypandrium on each side with group of three large bristles, of which sockets are contiguous, and three small stumpy setulae laterad of these; each anterior papilla of aedeagus with numerous parallel ridges, pustulose distally, apically with pustules becoming slender and thorn-like; median posterior papilla very small; distiphallus on posterior surface pustulose from near mid-length almost to apex, pustules becoming crowded distally, mostly rounded, some lateral ones obtusely pointed, forming extensive file-like surface. Female: sternite 1 not deeply divided; sternites 3 to 5 narrow, longer than broad; sternite 6 medially notched on both anterior and posterior margins; tergite 6 desclerotized on posterior margin medially, broader than tergite 5, with posteroventral part more strongly produced; tergite 7 (Fig. 78) divided in two, each sclerite broader than long, grey pruinescent, black only where it joins lateral arm of anterior apodeme; paired sclerites of sternite 7 not very narrow, separated from each other by less than 3× width of each, each with c. three posterior setulae; cercus slightly shorter than in Z. minor and Z. dayi.</p> <p>Dimensions. In the original description, for “width of hypandrium”, read “width of epandrium”.</p> <p>Distribution. Coastal New South Wales, from Byron Bay district to Port Hacking (Bundeena). Tasmania: east coast, north from Falmouth district.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Most specimens of Z. major can be distinguished from the sympatric Z. minor and Z. dayi by their larger size. Males can further be distinguished by the much broader epandrium and differently shaped surstyli, and females can be distinguished by the differently shaped tergites 6 and 7.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964356AA0CFE94FB92FABD3229	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964369AA0DFBA6FEA3FD733607.text	195487964369AA0DFBA6FEA3FD733607.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Zalea dayi McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Zalea dayi n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 13, 38, 77, 85, 86</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE!, New South Wales: Seal Rocks (headland, north side), 11.x.2000, D.K.M. (AM). Dry-mounted on triangular point. PARATYPES. New South Wales: 4??, 4!!, Black Head (Haliday’s Point), Taree district, 13.ix.2000, B.J. D. (AM, USNM); 11??, 7!!, “The Ruins”, Booti Booti National Park, Forster district, 15.ix.2000, B.J. D. (AM, ANIC); 35??, 30!!, Seal Rocks, 26.ix.2000, 9–11.x.2000, D.J.B., D.K.M. (AM, ANIC, BM, BPB, CNC, TAU, USNM). Material from Black Head and “The Ruins” in alcohol; that from Seal Rocks mostly drymounted on points or micro-pins with abdomens extended.</p> <p>Other material. New South Wales: 1!, Vaucluse, Sydney Harbour, 25.i.1964, D.K.M. [AM, originally determined as a paratype of Z. minor (D. McAlpine)].</p> <p>Description (?,!). Very small dull, dark greyish fly, with unmarked wing, with general characters as for genus Zalea.</p> <p>Coloration. Head predominantly brown, with brown to grey pruinescence; anterior part of postfrons yellowish brown; parafacial and upper part of cheek pale yellow to greyish yellow. Antenna yellow; segment 3 often with slight tawny suffusion; arista dark brown. Prelabrum grey; palpus yellow. Thorax with brown-black ground colour, densely covered with grey to brown pruinescence; bristles black. Legs dark grey-brown. Wing membrane uniformly smoky grey; veins brownish. Halter yellow basally, with creamy capitellum. Abdomen dark grey-brown, almost entirely pruinescent; in male, anterior surstylus generally (at least in fresh material) dark brown, often more yellowish apically; in female, paired sclerites representing tergite 7 and sternite 7 shining black, each with short grey-pruinescent zone at posterior end; cercus of female brown, becoming black apically.</p> <p>Head. Proportions resembling those of Z. major (D. McAlpine, 1982: figs 1–3); height of cheek c. 0.26–0.28 of height of eye; postvertical bristles slightly to strongly divergent.Antenna similar to that of Z. minor in proportions; arista c. 1.3–1.6 times as long as rest of antenna. Palpus only slightly thickened distally, where it is not more the c. 0.5 times as deep as cheek and at most very slightly deeper than prelabrum (i.e. very similar to palpus of Z. minor).</p> <p>Thorax. Prosternum without precoxal bridge; chaetotaxy and most leg characters as for genus. Tibiae without any such enlarged dorsal or posterodorsal setulae or bristles as occur in Z. clava and Z. johnsi. Wing venation very similar to that of Z. minor, the little variation in contours and proportions apparently allowing no constant differences; cell-4 index = 0.55–0.61.</p> <p>Abdomen. Sternite 1 deeply emarginate on posterior margin, almost divided in two; a pair of small sclerites between sternite 1 and sternite 2 (these form part of segment 2 in Z. minor and Z. major); other preabdominal sternites broader than in Z. minor. Male: anterior surstylus much broader than that of Z. minor, neither broadened basally nor significantly tapered distally; posterior surstylus finely pointed at apex, with some long setulae, but these relatively sparse, without anterior gibbosity. Female: sternites 2 to 5 all broader than long; sternite 6 large, undivided; tergite 6 as long as tergite 5, with median desclerotization on posterior margin less extensive than in Z. major, and posterolateral angle not produced as in that species; paired sclerites of sternite 7 very narrow, separated by more than 4× width of each; paired sclerites of tergite 7 (Fig. 77) relatively large, each more than twice as long as wide, separated by well defined membranous median zone.</p> <p>Dimensions (dried, some with abdomen artificially extended, parts behind tergite 6 excluded in!). Total length,? 1.7–2.1 mm,! 1.9–2.3 mm; length of thorax,? 0.72–0.86 mm,! 0.75–0.99 mm; length of wing,? 1.8–2.0 mm,! 2.0– 2.4 mm; width of epandrium 0.26–0.29 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New South Wales: sea coast from Taree district to Sydney Harbour, between c. 32°00'S and 34°02'S. Zalea dayi may prove to have a wider distribution, especially as old dried specimens can be difficult to distinguish from Z. minor. However, recently made collections of Zalea from more northern localities in New South Wales and from eastern Tasmania include no Z. dayi.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Zalea dayi, though similar in size and superficial features to Z. minor, is sharply differentiated from all other Australian Zalea species in abdominal characters. In the male, the broad, almost parallel-sided dull brown anterior surstylus and apically pointed posterior surstylus are distinctive. In the female, the very narrow, widely separated paired sclerites of sternite 7, and the large, but elongate, largely shining black, well separated sclerites of tergite 7 are also distinctive; the much broader abdominal sternites 2 to 6 differentiate it from the sympatric Z. minor and Z. major.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to Barry J. Day, from whose material I first recognized the distinction of this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964369AA0DFBA6FEA3FD733607	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
195487964368AA0DFC38FF46FC5034DF.text	195487964368AA0DFC38FF46FC5034DF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suffomyia Freidberg	<div><p>Genus Suffomyia Freidberg</p> <p>Suffomyia Freidberg, 1995: 448. Type species (original designation) S. scutellaris Freidberg.</p> <p>Diagnostic description. Minute flies; wing c. 0.9–1.5 mm long.</p> <p>Head. Postvertical bristles proclinate, divergent; postfrons without setulae, except sometimes for a few between ocelli. Arista three-segmented, or two-segmented through loss of segment 4.</p> <p>Thorax. Prothoracic precoxal bridge absent; posterior acrostichal setulae present or absent; prescutellar acrostichal bristle at most weakly differentiated; scutellum with or without two pairs of minor bristles in addition to two major pairs. Mid femur without posteroventral comb in either sex. Distal section of subcosta (beyond humeral crossvein) well sclerotized on c. middle third, weakened towards base, obsolete and unpigmented on c. distal third, thus ending freely in membrane well before subcostal break of costa; anterior crossvein meeting vein 4 distinctly basad of midlength of discal cell; basal section of vein 4, separating first basal and second basal cells, quite desclerotized; alula narrowed distally, its terminal margin narrowly rounded, setulae of its marginal fringe c. as long as maximum width of alula.</p> <p>Abdomen of male. Dorsal protandrial sclerite two to three times as long as tergite 5; only one pair of surstyli present, each with two condyles (one anterior, one posterior) where it hinges with margin of epandrium; distiphallus (only known for S. scutellaris) very short, apparently without associated papillae.</p> <p>Abdomen of female (unknown in S. ismayi). Tergite 7 without anterior apodeme.</p> <p>Distribution. Palaearctic Region: Sinai (Egypt and Israel). Australasian Region: Caroline Islands; New Guinea.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>With the addition of two species to the only previously recognized representative, some of the previously used generic characters are seen to have only specific value, e.g., the shape of the head and antenna, the reduction of the acrostichal bristles and setulae, the number of scutellar bristles, some aspects of sclerotization of the female postabdomen, and the degree of proximal narrowing of the wing. As my research has shown additional differences between Suffomyia and Zalea, some probable differences awaiting confirmation from more material, and differences in range of character variation, I have set these out in the generic descriptions so that they may be readily contrasted.</p> <p>I have experienced some difficulty in working with the old, dry, and, in one species, meagre material of these minute flies. My specific descriptions are therefore not as detailed as that of the type species given by Freidberg (1995), nor as those of most Zalea spp.</p> <p>The following four apparent autapomorphies, not present in Zalea, support the monophyletic status of Suffomyia: postfrons without setulae between ocellar region and anterior margin; subcosta desclerotized distally; basal section of vein 4 desclerotized; in male, only one surstylus present, with two basal condyles.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/195487964368AA0DFC38FF46FC5034DF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796436BAA0EFD19FF46FAE43193.text	19548796436BAA0EFD19FF46FAE43193.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suffomyia	<div><p>Key to species of Suffomyia</p> <p>1 Postgenal region without series of setulae near eye; scutellum with two pairs of bristles only; male: epandrium setulose, but without pair of outstanding bristles; surstylus bilobed....................................................................... ismayi</p> <p>—— Postgenal region with a series of setulae near eye margin; scutellum with two pairs of long bristles and two pairs of short bristles; male: epandrium with one pair of long bristles; surstylus not bilobed.................................................... 2</p> <p>2 Costa with moderate-sized setulae between humeral and subcostal breaks; antennal segment 3 subcircular, not longer than deep; biseriate acrostichal setulae continued nearly to scutellar suture; male: surstylus somewhat elongate and narrowed towards base; female: tergite 7 large and undivided................................................................................ sabroskyi</p> <p>—— Costa with one or two very long setulae between humeral and subcostal breaks; antennal segment 3 c. 1.5 times as long as deep; biseriate acrostichal setulae restricted to anterior half of mesoscutum or almost so; male: surstylus subtriangular, widest across base; female: tergite 7 divided into pair of widely separated sclerites........................................................................................................................... scutellaris</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796436BAA0EFD19FF46FAE43193	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796436BAA0EFEBFFB39FE7135EA.text	19548796436BAA0EFEBFFB39FE7135EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg	<div><p>Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg</p> <p>Suffomyia scutellaris Freidberg, 1995: 448–454, figs 1–18.</p> <p>Type material. HOLOTYPE?, Egypt: 10 km N of Nueiba, Sinai, 12.iv.1992, A.F. (TAU). Not seen by me.</p> <p>Other material. See list of Freidberg (1995).</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>I saw material of this species in 1991 when I was sent specimens for comment, but I have not had further access to material for the present work. Freidberg’s description gives excellent detail, and has enabled reasonable comparison with my two new Suffomyia spp.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796436BAA0EFEBFFB39FE7135EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796436BAA0FFEDDF91BFE083557.text	19548796436BAA0FFEDDF91BFE083557.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suffomyia sabroskyi McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Suffomyia sabroskyi n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 19, 87–89</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, Caroline Islands (Federated States of Micronesia): Giliman, Yap Island, 10.vi.1957, C.W.S. (BPB). Double-mounted on micro-pin. PARATYPES. Caroline Islands: 1?, 5!!, same data as holotype (AM, BPB); 5??, 3!!, Rumung Island, Yap Group, 19.vi.1957, at light, C.W.S. (AM, BPB).</p> <p>Description (?,!). General characters as given above for subfamily and for genus Suffomyia; somewhat resembling S. scutellaris as descried by Freidberg (1995).</p> <p>Coloration (material slightly faded). Head brown, with covering of grey pruinescence, paler on face, anterior part of cheek, and parafacial; anterior margin of postfrons yellow; bristles black. Antenna dull tawny; segment 3 and arista largely brown. Palpus pale yellow, without dark setulae. Thorax grey, with brownish tinge; bristles black. Wing greyish hyaline, slightly darker in costal and marginal cells and part of submarginal cell (this pigmentation perhaps forming a brownish costal band in fresh material). Halter tawny. Abdomen greyish brown, with tergites almost uniformly coloured in male, often with irregular paler zones in female.</p> <p>Head oval in profile, narrowed below; eye large, oblique, in profile occupying much more than half visible area of head; parafacial very narrow; postfrons c. 1.2–1.5 times as long as width at mid-length, and c. 0.37–0.43 times as wide as head; height of cheek c. 0.2 of height of eye; postgenal bristles forming a series near posteroventral margin of eye. Antenna: segment 3 smaller than in S. scutellaris, not distinctly longer than deep; arista two-segmented. Palpus smaller and less strongly clavate than in S. scutellaris.</p> <p>Thorax. Scutellum shorter and more nearly semicircular than in S. scutellaris; thoracic chaetotaxy generally as for other Zaleinae; four dorsocentral bristles often not all much larger than adjacent setulae; acrostichal setulae biserate, extending most of length of mesoscutum, often somewhat irregular, one or sometimes two hindmost pairs often (not always) largest so that pair of prescutellar bristles may be differentiated; mesopleuron with one relatively large midposterior bristle, dorsally directed posterodorsal setula, and several other slightly variable setulae; scutellum with two pairs of major bristles, pair of somewhat shorter middorsal bristles and pair of still shorter, often crossed apical bristles. Fore femur with two to four posteroventral bristles and shorter or less distinct dorsal bristles; mid femur with several irregularly enlarged anterior setulae and few short, well spaced posteroventral bristles or setulae; hind femur coarsely setulose on anterior surface; all tibiae with some enlarged dorsal setulae, often as long as diameter of tibia; fore basitarsus with some setulae apparently apically bifid, almost straight (SEM not used). Wing not noticeably narrowed across anal region, but generally slightly narrower in female than in male; distal sections of veins 3 and 4 almost parallel; cell-4 index = 0.36–0.47.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male: dorsal protandrial sclerite as long as tergites 3–5 combined, its anterior section (tergite 6) setulose, more than twice as long as bare posterior section (sternite 8); epandrium compact, rounded, with few setulae and two pairs of longer bristles, produced into small rounded lobe at anterolateral angle; surstylus somewhat elongate, subcrescentic, slightly narrowed towards the very oblique base, apically acute, with anterior margin much thickened on whole length, with setulae of various sizes including a few large, thickened ones on inner surface not shown in Fig. 89; aedeagal apodeme very long, extending into anterior part of abdomen; cercus shorter than in S. ismayi. Female: tergite 7 relatively large, undivided; sternite 7 present, apparently divided into two narrow sclerites.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length,? 1.0– 1.3 mm,! 1.4–1.6 mm; length of thorax,? 0.47–0.58 mm,! 0.55–0.64 mm; length of wing,? 1.1–1.3 mm,! 1.3–1.5 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. Micronesia: Yap Group, Caroline Islands.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Suffomyia sabroskyi can be distinguished from S. scutellaris by the shorter antennal segment 3, shorter non-spatulate palpus, shorter, more rounded scutellum, and by other characters given in the key.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to the late Curtis W. Sabrosky, who collected the type series.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796436BAA0FFEDDF91BFE083557	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
19548796436AAA08FEBAF978FEA337E9.text	19548796436AAA08FEBAF978FEA337E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suffomyia ismayi McAlpine 2007	<div><p>Suffomyia ismayi n.sp.</p> <p>Figs 90, 91</p> <p>Material examined. HOLOTYPE?, Papua New Guinea: S of Idler Bay, Central Province, 14.xii.1980 … “Swept decaying seaweed”, J.W.I. (AM). Double-mounted on micro-pin. PARATYPES. 2??, same data as holotype (AM, one to be later placed in a Papua New Guinea institution). One paratype has been cleared in lactic acid, and is now preserved in glycerol.</p> <p>Description (?,! unknown). Somewhat resembling S. sabroskyi and agreeing with description of that species except as indicated below.</p> <p>Coloration. Head largely grey-pruinescent; postfrons tawny, becoming grey posteriorly; face, parafacial, and cheek (except posterior part) pale yellowish. Antenna tawny; arista dark brown. Wing entirely pale, translucent, without pigmented areas of membrane; veins brownish yellow. Halter yellow.</p> <p>Head, in profile (Fig. 90) less oval and ventrally narrowed than in S. sabroskyi; eye larger than in S. scutellaris, but smaller than in S. sabroskyi; postfrons broader than in that species; proportions of parts of head capsule approximately as in Fig. 90 (measurements not given because of distortion of all specimens); postgenal region without setulae.Antenna resembling that of S. sabroskyi; segment 4 much reduced but visibly sclerotized; segment 5 notably larger than in S. sabroskyi.</p> <p>Thorax. Scutellum similar in shape to that of S. sabroskyi, with two bristle pairs only; acrostichal setulae well developed, but hindmost not enlarged, slightly in advance of hindmost dorsocentral; bristling of mesopleuron obscured by pin. Fore femur with one prominent posteroventral bristle near apical quarter, with dorsal setulae not much enlarged, but variable; fore tibia with dorsal setulae only slightly enlarged; mid femur with anterior setulae only slightly enlarged, with few distinct posteroventral bristles; mid and hind tibiae without enlarged setulae; hind femur with few slightly enlarged anterior setulae distally; fore basitarsus apparently without bifid setulae (confirmation with SEM desirable); claws very slender, falcate, not compressed (CLM). Wing slightly more narrowed across anal region than in S. sabroskyi; veins 3 and 4 very slightly diverging distally; cell-4 index = 0.34; ultimate section of vein 5 c. 1.2 times as long as penultimate section of vein 4.</p> <p>Abdomen. Tergites 3, 4, and 5 of approximately similar length; dorsal protandrial sclerite 2.7 times as long as tergite 5; epandrium coarsely setulose, but without pair of outstanding bristles, with thickened ventral and anterior margins, thickening of anterior margin broadly interrupted medially; surstylus unequally bilobed, with larger, anterior lobe asymmetrically emarginate apically, posterior surface of surstylus in part densely pubescent, anterior margin with sparse fine setulae, but spinescent setulae (as in S. scutellaris) absent; basal articulation not oblique, with two condyles (anterior and posterior) as in S. scutellaris; cercus moderately long, with pubescence and few long setulae.</p> <p>Dimensions. Total length 0.91–0.92 mm; length of thorax 0.40–0.47 mm; length of wing 0.88–0.96 mm.</p> <p>Distribution. New Guinea: southeast coast.</p> <p>Notes</p> <p>Suffomyia ismayi is apparently the smallest fly in the Zaleinae, though precise dimensions were not given for S. scutellaris. In the absence of seriate postgenal setulae, it resembles most Zalea species, rather than the other Suffomyia species, but in Z. earlyi and Z. wisei the unusually long setulae of the (upper) postocular series are continued further ventrally than in other Zalea spp., and in Z. johnsi there is sometimes a rudimentary upper postgenal series.</p> <p>In addition to the characters given in the key to species, S. ismayi differs from the other Suffomyia species and from other known zaleines in its simple, slender claws.As it shares apparent synapomorphies with other Suffomyia spp., and as the total number of known species is small, I consider it best to keep it in the same genus.</p> <p>The specific epithet refers to John W. Ismay, who collected the type series.</p> <p>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. B.J. Day, D.J. Bickel, J.W. Early, J.W. Ismay, W.N. Mathis, and K.A. Wise collected significant material for this project. P.M. Johns greatly facilitated field work in New Zealand. S. Lindsay carried out the electron microscopy. B.J. Moulds and S. Cowan processed the words. The following provided material, information, or advice: K. Arakaki, T.K. Crosby, J.W. Early, J.W. Ismay, W.N. Mathis, J.F. McAlpine, S.F. McEvey, J.R. Vockeroth, D.K. Yeates.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/19548796436AAA08FEBAF978FEA337E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	McAlpine, D. K.	McAlpine, D. K. (2007): The Surge Flies (Diptera: Canacidae: Zaleinae) of Australasia and Notes on Tethinid-Canacid Morphology and Relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 59 (1): 27-64
