identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1900B705FFC5FFBCFCBFFA6C8DF2A5B4.text	1900B705FFC5FFBCFCBFFA6C8DF2A5B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai Jorissen & Pariselle & Huyse & Vreven & Snoeks & Decru & Kusters & Lunkayilakio & Bukinga & Artois & Vanhove 2018	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai Jorissen,</p><p>Pariselle &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3E7C4017-8E0E-4DE3-A3BD-6CD67D806601</p><p>Type host: Tylochromis praecox Stiassny, 1989 .</p><p>Infection site: Gills.</p><p>Type locality: Muila Kaku, mangroves near Lower Congo River 05° 5903300 S 12° 35003.200 E.</p><p>Material: Four whole-mounted specimens in Malmberg’s solution.</p><p>Holotype: M. T.38339.</p><p>Paratypes: M. T.38340–41, KN10053 https://laji.fi/en/ view?uri=luomus:KN.10053 .</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is a homage to singer Cedric Bixler-Zavala of bands At the drive-in, The Mars Volta and Antemasque and is a noun (name) in the genitive case.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 3, Figs. 3, 4a–4c)</p><p>Dorsal anchors with guard length 4 to 5 times the shaft length. U-shaped indentation at the base. Point short and curved (e = 11 µm). Ventral anchors 10 µm smaller than dorsal ones. Blade equally long as in dorsal anchors, but base of the ventral anchors shorter, with deeper V-shaped indentation. Hooks pair I long (&gt;1.7 times the length of hooks pair II [35]), with rectangular-shaped shaft, slightly broader than the anterior, larval part. Hooks pair III –VII short (&lt;2 times the length of hooks pair II [35]). Ventral transverse bar large (X = 53 µm) and broad (W = 9 µm) with lateral extension on each arm. Extension long, covers around 70% of the length of each arm, except for the proximal and distal ends. Dorsal transverse bar with short auricles (h = 12 µm), with usual morphology for species of Cichlidogyrus infecting species of Tylochromis (i.e. auricles in continuity with dorsal bar anterior face [23, 28]). Penis, thick-walled, tubular with a sinuous curve most proximally, followed by a 360° loop. At the distal end, the penis curves approximately 60°. Basal bulb granulated. Heel absent. Accessory piece not directly connected to the basal bulb. It starts at the height of the loop, where it is club-shaped and ridged. Further distally, it narrows until it is thinner than the penis.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Species of Cichlidogyrus that infect species of Tylochromis have reduced auricles on the dorsal transverse bar. The accessory piece does not connect to the basal bulb of the penis [23, 28]. However, a thin, filamentous connection was described for C. sigmocirrus Pariselle, Bitja Nyom, Bilong Bilong, 2014 and C. chrysopiformis Pariselle, Bitja Nyom, Bilong Bilong, 2014 [36], but with uncertainty. Both species were described from Tylochromis sudanensis Daget, 1954 from the Cross River in Cameroon [36]. Furthermore, all species have a tubular curved penis, referred to as a spirally-winding penis [23]. Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. resembles C. muzumanii Muterezi Bukinga, Vanhove, Van Steenberge &amp; Pariselle, 2012 the most, as both species have large anchors with a long guard, elongated hooks pair I and a curved tubular penis with an accessory piece at the distal end of the penis that runs to almost half of the length of the penis. The major difference between these species is that in C. muzumanii, the accessory piece engulfs the penis partially, while in C. bixlerzavalai n. sp., the accessory piece lies separate from the penis. This has never been observed for species of Cichlidogyrus . It remains unclear if and where the accessory piece attaches to the penis in C. bixlerzavalai n. sp. However, it is certain that the accessory piece does not connect to the basal bulb proximally and that the accessory piece does not engulf the distal end of the penis. One specimen has a bulge-shaped extension at the distal end of the penis, but this is probably an artefact, because it is an open structure, clearly observable and absent on other specimens. Additionally, the specimen with the extension is also the only one of which the distal end of the penis is oriented towards the accessory piece. It is observed on this specimen that at the 360° loop the penis turns in the other direction. However, this directional change is likely the result of the flattening of the MCO. On one specimen, ridges at the proximal end of the accessory piece were not observed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFC5FFBCFCBFFA6C8DF2A5B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFC3FFBFFCBFF9258A0EA57B.text	1900B705FFC3FFBFFCBFF9258A0EA57B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus calycinus Kusters, Jorissen, Pariselle & Vanhove 2018	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus calycinus Kusters, Jorissen, Pariselle &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D4922EBE-7FBE-425C-BBF0-</p><p>C90E39DB7171 Type host: Hemichromis elongatus (Guichenot, 1861) . Infection site: Gills. Type locality: Pond near Kila Kindinga 5° 290700 S</p><p>14° 5303.800 E.</p><p>Other localities: Mvuazi River (Lower Congo) 5° 190 S 15° 70 E.</p><p>Material: Fifteen whole-mounted specimens of which six are fixed in Hoyer’s medium (including the holotype), the other nine in Malmberg’s solution.</p><p>Holotype: M. T. 38316.</p><p>Paratypes: M. T. 38312–13, 38317–18, 38321, 38326, 38329, 38331, 38333, 38335, KN10046–47, https://laji.fi/en/view?uri= luomus:KN.10046 and https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus:KN. 10047, SAMC-A090066, NHMUK 2018.1.31.1.</p><p>Symbiotype: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0020.</p><p>Paratype host vouchers: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0019, RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0021, RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0022 .</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet in Latin refers to the cup-shaped distal end of the vagina (calyx, Latin: cup) and is an adjective.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 4, Figs. 4d–4f, 5)</p><p>Dorsal anchors, with long guard (d = 17 µm), which is more than twice the shaft length (d = 7 µm). Blade long and curved. Ventral anchors on average 4 µm smaller than dorsal anchors, but with longer point. Hooks I and V long. Hooks III –IV and VII–VII sometimes long, sometimes short. Ventral transverse bar with small extension at distal third of each arm. Dorsal transverse bar slightly concave, with developed, but rather short auricles (h = 15 µm). Penis long, thin, tubular and makes a long turn of almost 360° after leaving the basal bulb and ends near the middle of the distal plate of the accessory piece. Heel oval. Accessory piece proximally broader than penis and with bean-shaped extension at one sixth of the length, where accessory piece and penis meet. Further distally,</p><p>C. dracolemma . All measurements in µm as M. W. P. Jorissen et al.: Parasite 2018, 25, 64</p><p>7</p><p>the accessory piece narrows to the width of the penis and follows its trajectory, but ends further distally. Accessory piece ends distally in an irregularly-shaped plate. Distal plate with separate elongated structure in the middle. The plate itself is twice as long as it is broad and with rounded edges. Elongated structure longer than plate and reaches further proximally than plate. Proximal from where the elongation overshoots the plate, it touches the penis and narrow part of the accessory piece. Vagina large and tubular. Distally, the vagina has a forcepsshaped structure, engulfed by a semi-hollow structure, which resembles the cup of a flower. More proximally, the forceps-like structure thickens after which it narrows into a long and narrow tube. At the proximal end, the vagina makes a loop and broadens slightly.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In general, the morphology of the haptor of species of Cichlidogyrus that infect species of Hemichromis hardly varies [22, 34]. Thus, the morphology and measurements of the haptoral sclerites of C. calycinus n. sp. are nearly identical to that of C. teugelsi Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 2004 . The main distinction in these structures is that the dorsal bar of C. calycinus n. sp. is larger (x = 40 µm, 31–55 µm, n = 15) than that of C. teugelsi (x = 35 µm, 32–38 µm, n = 30). The major morphological differences between the two are found on the MCO and vagina. Both have a long tubular penis that almost makes a 360° turn and an accessory piece with a bean-shaped extension at 1/6 of its length. Both species differ at the distal end of the accessory piece. In C. teugelsi, at the distal end the accessory piece makes a loop, while in C. calycinus n. sp. it forms an irregularly-shaped plate with an elongated structure attached to it. Furthermore, the narrow part of the accessory piece in C. calycinus n. sp. reaches further distally than that in C. teugelsi, which broadens and forms the loop structure at 5/6 of the length of the penis. Also, the accessory piece is on average 22 µm longer in C. teugelsi than in C. calycinus n. sp., while the penes differ 5 µm in length, with C. calycinus n. sp. having the longer one (Pe = 104 µm). The heel of C. teugelsi is irregularly shaped, whilst that of C. calycinus n. sp. is oval shaped. In some specimens of C. calycinus n. sp., the heel seemed longer. The vaginae of both species are also similar in morphology and size as they are long, tubular structures that make a loop at their proximal end. However, the distal ends are different. In C. teugelsi the distal end is a slightly sclerotized plate, while in C. calycinus n. sp. there is a forceps-like structure and an overall cup shape.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFC3FFBFFCBFF9258A0EA57B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFC0FFB2FCBFF96A8FA3A40C.text	1900B705FFC0FFB2FCBFF96A8FA3A40C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus polyenso Jorissen & Pariselle & Huyse & Vreven & Snoeks & Decru & Kusters & Lunkayilakio & Bukinga & Artois & Vanhove 2018	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus polyenso Jorissen,</p><p>Pariselle &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C1165346-CFFB-45C7-951E-0D3E094084B 9 Type host: Hemichromis elongatus (Guichenot, 1861) . Infection site: Gills. Type locality: Pond near Kila Kindinga 5° 290700 S 14° 5303.800 E. Material: four whole-mounted specimens in Malmberg’s solution (including the holotype) and two in Hoyer’s medium.</p><p>Holotype: M. T. 38330.</p><p>Paratypes: M. T. 38314–15, 38332, NHMUK 2018.1.31.3, KN10050 https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus:KN.10050 .</p><p>Symbiotype: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0021.</p><p>Paratype host vouchers: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0019, RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0020 .</p><p>Etymology: Species epithet is derived from Zen Buddhism and the Japanese language where an enso is a hand-drawn circle. This refers to the shape of the penis, as it is coiled. Species epithet consists of a prefix and a noun.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 4, Figs. 4g –4h, 6)</p><p>Dorsal anchors with guard length four to five times the shaft length. Guard elongated and narrow. Point short (e = 9 µm). Ventral anchors 6 µm smaller than dorsal ones. Base with shallow, but wide indentation. Point long (e = 15 µm). Hooks pair I elongated. Secondary shaft (see [35]) widens gradually and ends rounded. Hooks III-VII short. Dorsal transverse bar slightly concave with narrow auricles that are far apart (y = 23 µm). Ventral transverse bar V-shaped with small extension at 1/3 of the distal ends of each arm. MCO with long tubular penis, which is spirally coiled and makes two to three loops. Distally from the loops, the penis makes a 90° turn and continues straight before ending. Short, rectangular heel with rounded edges (He = 4 µm). Accessory piece attaches to basal bulb, proximally broad but narrows distally of the basal bulb. Accessory piece makes two to three loops within the loops of the penis. Distally from the loops, the accessory piece leaves the space within the loops of the penis, turns 120°, meets the penis again and forms a plate resembling the tail of cetaceans, but with asymmetrical lateral ends and sides. At the proximal side, closest to the basal bulb, the plate is convex and results in a sharp point. The distal side is partially concave and partially convex and ends in a hooklike structure. The penis overshoots the plate and ends further distally. The vagina is large, tubular. Most proximally it corkscrews once, after which it makes a short loop. Soon after this it turns 180° to stack two loops of tube after which it ends distally, shortly after leaving the coil.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cichlidogyrus polyenso n. sp. has multiple characteristics in common with C. euzeti Dossou &amp; Birgi, 1984 . Similarities are that both species have elongated hooks pair I, short hooks pairs III-VII, dorsal anchors with a long guard and short point, ventral anchors with a long point, a spirally-coiled penis, accessory piece and vagina. The major difference with C. euzeti is that the penis of C. polyenso n. sp. has fewer coils, two to three, rather than the four to five in C. euzeti, and is shorter in length. Moreover, the accessory piece is less coiled. Additionally, the vagina in C. polyenso n. sp. is more compacted, because it coils, while the vagina of C. euzeti is a long tube that winds, but never coils. Also, C. polyenso n. sp. has slightly larger ventral anchors (b = 38 µm, e = 15 µm) and hooks (I = 43 µm, V = 24 µm) than does C. euzeti (b = 30–35 µm, e = 10–12 µm, I = 35–40 µm, V = 15–20 µm). Cichlidogyrus euzeti is reported from Benin and Cameroon [6, 22] and the ROC [35]. Other species that have a similar sclerite morphology are C. longicirrus Paperna, 1965 and C. sanseoi Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 2004, both from H. fasciatus Peters, 1858 and the former from Chromidotilapia guentheri (Sauvage, 1882) as well, but both parasites have a longer MCO with more coils than do C. polyenso n. sp. and C. euzeti .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFC0FFB2FCBFF96A8FA3A40C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFCDFFB5FFE3F8E88AAFA7CB.text	1900B705FFCDFFB5FFE3F8E88AAFA7CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus kmentovae Jorissen & Pariselle & Huyse & Vreven & Snoeks & Decru & Kusters & Lunkayilakio & Bukinga & Artois & Vanhove 2018	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus kmentovae Jorissen,</p><p>Pariselle &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8A9E340B-2B30-428E-B994- AB9E296F5DEC</p><p>Type host: Hemichromis stellifer Loiselle, 1979 .</p><p>Infection site: Gills.</p><p>Type locality: Mbola River near Tshianya Village 05° 52009.800 S 12° 39052.600 E.</p><p>Material: Six whole-mounted specimens in Malmberg’s solution.</p><p>Holotype: M. T. 38338.</p><p>Paratypes: M. T. 38336–37, NHMUK 2018.1.31.5, SAMCA090068 .</p><p>Symbiotype: AB53952197.</p><p>Etymology: Species epithet refers to biologist Nikol Kmentová (Czech Republic), an enthusiastic researcher on the monogenean fauna of Lake Tanganyika and is a noun (name) in the genitive case.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 4, Figs. 7, 8a–8b)</p><p>Dorsal anchors with elongated guard that is four to five times the shaft length. Indentation, smooth, convex up to the shaft. Short point (e = 9 µm). Ventral anchors of same size (a = 32 µm) but with a more robust blade and base. Guard shorter (d = 13 µm). Indentation at the base less convex than in dorsal anchors. Hooks pair I large with broad primary shaft and even broader secondary shafts. Hooks pair IV– V long. Hooks pair VII short. Hooks VI of variable size, some long, some short. Pair III short and sometimes differs less than 0.2 µm from twice the length of II. Dorsal transverse bar slightly concave with short extensions. Auricles developed, but short (h = 9 µm). Ventral transverse bar small (X = 31 µm) and narrow (W = 5 µm) with extension that starts halfway along the course of each arm and reaches almost to the distal tip. MCO large with a long, thin, tubular penis (Pe = 137 µm), which gradually narrows over its course and makes a large turn of 270° at about the middle of its length. More distally, the penis turns 90° and meets the accessory piece. Basal bulb with small rectangular heel with rounded edges (He = 3 µm). Accessory piece departs from the basal bulb and makes a short 180° turn after which it broadens and meets the penis. At the distal end, the accessory piece connects to a semi-circular plate with seven discernible grooves on its surface. At the junction between the semi-circular plate and the rest, two small, sharp extensions protrude towards the semi-circular plate. Vagina consists of a thick-walled bulbous structure connected to a tube.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. closely resembles C. amieti Doussou &amp; Birgi, 1983; C. bychowskii sensu Paperna, 1965 and C. dracolemma Řehulková, Mendlová &amp; Šimková, 2013 . Cichlidogyrus bychowskii was originally described by Markevitch, 1934 [17] as Ancyrocephalus bychowskii from the Leningrad aquarium from Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill, 1862 . No type material was deposited and a drawing of the MCO and vagina was lacking [17]. However, the penis was described as a long tube that was coiled many times [17]. A redescription of C. bychowskii on new material from Southern Ghana from the same host species followed in 1965 by Paperna [25], this time with a drawing of all sclerotized structures. However, the penis was represented as a long tube that makes one large loop instead of multiple coils. Paperna did not address the difference in morphology of the penis and based his diagnosis on the total length of the animal and the morphology of some haptoral sclerites [25, 41]. Therefore, Messu Mandeng et al., Řehulková et al. [22, 41] and the present authors suspect that Paperna misidentified his specimens, which are different from C. bychowskii and represent a new species. Furthermore, because the description of Markevitch [17] is not sufficient to recognize the animal and fails to illustrate its key characteristics, Cichlidogyrus bychowskii is considered a nomen dubium. It was previously considered a nomen nudum [22], but the term was misused. In Messu Mandeng et al. [22] specimens were found that resembled the species of Paperna, 1965 and were considered as C. cf. bychowskii . The present authors will use C. cf. bychowskii for the specimens described by Paperna, 1965 and collected by Messu Mandeng et al. [22] and stress that the species would need a new name in time, preferably, based on a description of new material. No voucher material was deposited by Paperna [25]. The difference between C. kmentovae n. sp. (L = 29 µm) and C. amieti is that the vagina of C. amieti is longer (L = 65–70 µm from [5]) and the distal plate of the accessory piece is absent. Cichlidogyrus dracolemma and C. cf. bychowskii both have a distal plate, but the vagina of C. dracolemma is longer (L = 46 µm) and thicker than in C. kmentovae n. sp. (L = 29 µm). Both C. dracolemma and C. cf. bychowskii also have a broadened, irregularly-shaped distal plate with a large hook. In C. kmentovae n. sp. the distal plate is semi-circular and has grooves. Cichlidogyrus cf. bychowskii and C. kmentovae n. sp. both have a vagina with a circular, broadened proximal part, from which a thin, tubular structure extends to the genital pore, but in C. cf. bychowskii, this tube makes a 360° loop. With regard to the length of the hooks, there was a categorical size difference in length between pairs III –VII, which is not mentioned in the descriptions of other species. However, the average length of pairs III and VI were short, whilst pairs IV– VI were long for C. cf. bychowskii [22]. In C. kmentovae n. sp., some measurements of hook pair III differed less than 0.2 µm from twice the length of pair II. It is, therefore, not always straightforward to categorize the length of the hooks. Our sample size was limited, and thus a larger dataset of measurements should further clarify the discrepancy in hook lengths.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFCDFFB5FFE3F8E88AAFA7CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFCAFFB6FCBFFB288A18A5EA.text	1900B705FFCAFFB6FCBFFB288A18A5EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus omari Jorissen & Pariselle & Huyse & Vreven & Snoeks & Decru & Kusters & Lunkayilakio & Bukinga & Artois & Vanhove 2018	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus omari Jorissen,</p><p>Pariselle &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 73B533F8-2E50-4A01-BF82- 80DF705281CB</p><p>Type host: Tylochromis praecox Stiassny, 1989 .</p><p>Infection site: Gills.</p><p>Type locality: Muila Kaku, mangroves near Lower Congo River 05° 5903300 S 12° 35003.200 E.</p><p>Material: One whole-mounted specimen fixed in Malmberg’s solution.</p><p>Holotype: M. T. 38342.</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is a homage to lead guitarist Omar Rodriguez-Lpez from bands At the drive-in, The Mars Volta, Antemasque, The Omar Rodriguez-Lopez group and Bosnian Rainbows and is a noun (name) in the genitive case.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 3, Figs. 8c–8d, 9)</p><p>Dorsal anchors small (a = 31 µm) with a short point</p><p>(e = 7 µm). Ventral anchors of similar size (a = 32 µm) with a slightly longer point (e = 8 µm) and a slightly bulkier base. All hooks are small. Ventral transverse bar small (X = 39 µm), thin (W = 5 µm) and V-shaped. Extension absent. Dorsal transverse bar with short, stubby auricles (h = 11 µm). Penis has a rectangular basal bulb with rounded edges and a small rectangular heel with rounded edges. Penis is thin, tubular and curved. Accessory piece lies distally of the penis and consists of two parts, the most proximal one being a mantle-like structure that engulfs the penis at the height of the curvature and further distally from there. This mantle-like structure ends proximally in a point. Distally, it is connected to a second part, which is an elongated, blunt structure with rounded edges.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cichlidogyrus omari n. sp. has a small, rectangular heel, an accessory piece divided into two parts, and small transversal bars, anchors and hooks. These features have not been seen until now for species of Cichlidogyrus infecting Tylochromis spp. However, the accessory piece is large, mantle-shaped and partially engulfs the penis, which is also seen in C. kothiasi Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 1994; C. djietoi Pariselle, Bitja Nyom &amp; Bilong Bilong, 2014; C. chrysopiformis and C. mulimbwai Muterezi Bukinga, Vanhove, Van Steenberge and Pariselle, 2012 . Cichlidogyrus bixlerzavalai n. sp. and C. omari n. sp. are easily distinguishable by the size difference in ventral transversal bar, anchors and hooks pair I. Furthermore, C. omari n. sp. has a penis that is curved once and it has a large accessory piece that partially engulfs the penis, whilst C. bixlerzavalai n. sp. has a penis that makes one loop and has a smaller accessory piece with three indentations at the distal end. It is not common practice for species of Cichlidogyrus to be described based on a single specimen (see Cichlidogyrus sp. ‘‘ T. polylepis 3’’ in [36]), but on the specimen of C. omari n. sp. all characters are discernible and are clearly different from already described species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFCAFFB6FCBFFB288A18A5EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFC9FFB7FCBFF8C98CD8A7E8.text	1900B705FFC9FFB7FCBFF8C98CD8A7E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidogyrus reversati Pariselle & Euzet 2003	<div><p>Cichlidogyrus reversati Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 2003</p><p>Type host: Tilapia cabrae Boulenger, 1899 (now Pelmatolapia cabrae).</p><p>Other hosts: Coptodon tholloni (Poll &amp; Thys van den Audenaerde, 1960) .</p><p>Infection site: Gills.</p><p>Type locality: Mouth of Bas Kouilou River, Congo .</p><p>Other localities: Congo River at Nganda Flash station 06° 02001.800 S 12° 31048.200 E.</p><p>Material: Eight whole-mounted specimens in Malmberg’s solution.</p><p>Vouchers: M. T. 38308–09, KN10043–45 https://laji.fi/en/ view?uri=luomus:KN.10043, https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus: KN.10044, https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus:KN.10045.</p><p>Remarks (Table 3, Fig. 10)</p><p>The eight recorded specimens of C. reversati from the Congo River had a dorsal bar length that was 9 µm longer on average and a total length of half the size compared with the specimens from the type locality. In the original drawing (see [33]), the accessory piece connected with the heel through a thin filament. However, this connection was not observed in the specimens from Lower Congo. In three specimens, an extension of the heel in another focal plane was observed and could correspond with the thin filamentous connection of the original description. Additionally, in three specimens, the distal ends of the accessory piece and the penis did not meet. Also, in all specimens, it was observed that the accessory piece has a ridge, which separates the distal hook from the C-shaped part. This ridge continues towards the basal bulb as a filament. Most proximally, it forms a separate structure that attaches separately to the basal bulb. This ridge was also observed on one paratype of C. reversati on the slide RMCA37.402. However, the paratypes lost transparency due to the fixation in Malmberg’s and were difficult to observe in detail. On the seven other paratypes and vouchers, all collected by Pariselle &amp; Euzet (2003) and deposited at the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium, these structures were not observable. Because of this, the holotype, prepared with the same fixative, was not ordered from the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFC9FFB7FCBFF8C98CD8A7E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFC8FFA8FFE3FAC18C00A4F8.text	1900B705FFC8FFA8FFE3FAC18C00A4F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onchobdella ximenae Jorissen, Pariselle	<div><p>Onchobdella ximenae Jorissen, Pariselle,</p><p>Kusters &amp; Vanhove n. sp.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 826D2ABF-DB22-459B-8006- 3BC12CEB8A6A</p><p>Type host: Hemichromis elongatus (Guichenot, 1861) .</p><p>Other hosts: H. stellifer Loiselle, 1979 .</p><p>Infection site: Gills.</p><p>Type locality: Pond Near Kila Kindinga 5° 290700 S 14° 5303.800 E.</p><p>Other localities: Mvuazi River on H. elongatus 5° 190 S; 15° 70 E; Mbola River near Tshianya village on H. stellifer 05° 52009.800 S 12° 39052.600 E.</p><p>Material: Three whole-mounted specimens in Hoyer’s medium, including the holotype and 13 in Malmberg’s solution .</p><p>Holotype: M. T. 38311.</p><p>Paratypes: M. T. 38319–20, 38324–25, 38327–28, 38334 NHMUK 2018.1.31.2 and 2018.1.31.4, KN10049 https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus:KN.10049 and 10052 https://laji.fi/en/view?uri=luomus:KN.10052, SAMC-372 A090065, A090067 .</p><p>Symbiotype: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0020.</p><p>Paratype host vouchers: RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0019, RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0021, RMCA _Vert_2015.030.P.0022, AB53952197 .</p><p>Etymology: The species epithet is a homage to Ximena Sariñana Rivera, a Mexican singer and is a noun (name) in the genitive case.</p><p>Authorship: Note that the authors of the new taxon are different from the authors of this paper; Article 50.1 and Recommendation 50A of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature [13].</p><p>Description (Table 5, Figs. 8e–8f, 11)</p><p>Dorsal anchors large (a = 51 µm) and orientated distal-laterally. Shaft undeveloped and bulbous (c = 2 µm). Guard with rounded edges. Point long with sudden and well-marked thickening on the interior side of the curve. Ventral anchors (f = 11 µm), with T-shaped base with rounded edges and a short, curved point. Dorsal bar slightly bent where both arms meet. Both arms make a 90° turn distally and thicken slightly. Distal tip of each arm bulbously thickened. Two ventral bars, thin, near straight. Six pairs of small hooks of same size. MCO consists of a basal bulb with a long, tubular penis (Pe = 66 µm), which makes one large loop of almost 360° along its course. A rounded, irregularly-shaped heel engulfs the basal bulb, except where the penis transitions into the basal bulb. Accessory piece consists of two rib-like structures that form an ellipsoid (resembling a windsurf wishbone), through which the penis passes. Both rib-like structures come together proximally, where they form a small bulge and distally, where their connection is smooth. At the distal end of the penis a leaf-like, smooth-edged plate is present, and is orientated perpendicular to the ellipsoid. Vagina, small, with two 90° curves, tubular (L = 33 µm).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Onchobdella ximenae n. sp. resembles O. voltensis Paperna, 1968, described from Lake Volta, Ghana from H. fasciatus and H. bimaculatus . Both O. ximenae n. sp. and O. voltensis have ventral bars with solid distal ends instead of filamentous ends, such as are seen in all other congeners. Furthermore, both species have an accessory piece that forms an ellipsoid, a penis that passes through it and a smooth, leaf-like plate at the distal end of the accessory piece. The differences between these species are that the dorsal anchors in O. ximenae n. sp. are 10–40 µm smaller (see Table 5) and have an undeveloped shaft. The ventral anchors have a T-shaped base, contrary to the ones in O. voltensis, which have a base that is orientated proximally and not laterally. The penis of O. voltensis is J-shaped, whilst in O. ximenae n. sp. it almost makes a loop and is 16–36 µm longer (see Table 5). Also, the leaf-shaped plate is orientated perpendicularly on the ellipsoid, while in O. voltensis it follows the orientation of the ellipsoid. Lastly, O. voltensis does not have a sclerotized vagina.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFC8FFA8FFE3FAC18C00A4F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFD7FFA9FCBFFA718EBEA454.text	1900B705FFD7FFA9FCBFFA718EBEA454.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coptodon Gervais 1853	<div><p>Parasites of Coptodon</p><p>From the Tondé estuary (see Fig. 1), the non-native Coptodon rendalli was captured [10]. Its native range includes tributaries and parts of the Middle and Upper Congo, the Zambezi, Cuanza, Catumbela, Okavango and Cunene rivers [10]. In Lower Congo, Coptodon rendalli was infected by Cichlidogyrus berradae Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 2003; Cichlidogyrus cubitus Dossou, 1982 and Cichlidogyrus flexicolpos Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 1995 (see Table 1). These species have not been found on Coptodon rendalli before, but on other representatives of Coptodon from Benin, Ivory Coast, Cabinda and the ROC [35]. Additionally, parasite species known from Coptodon rendalli from other regions, such as Cichlidogyrus dossoui Douëllou, 1993; Cichlidogyrus quaestio Douëllou, 1993; Cichlidogyrus papernastrema Price, Peebles &amp; Bamford, 1969 or Cichlidogyrus tiberianus Paperna, 1960 [7, 14, 46] were not found in Lower Congo. This indicates that Coptodon rendalli lost its original parasite fauna during or after introduction, supporting the enemy-release hypothesis [38]. When comparing the parasite fauna of the native Coptodon tholloni with that of Coptodon rendalli in this study, only C. cubitus is shared between the two hosts. However, our sample size is small and, therefore, it is presumable that more parasite species are shared. Cichlidogyrus cubitus does not occur in the native range of Coptodon rendalli, so it is possible that Coptodon rendalli acquired this parasite through a spillback effect from Coptodon tholloni [11]. The same applies for C. flexicolpos on Coptodon rendalli . However, the reservoir for C. flexicolpos in Lower Congo could also be Coptodon guineensis, since there are no records of C. flexicolpos on Coptodon tholloni . Furthermore, Coptodon guineensis is known to host C. flexicolpos [29] and to occur in the mangroves of Lower Congo [10]. In our study, Gyrodactylus chitandiri Zahradníčková, Barson, Luus-Powell and Přikrylová, 2016 infected Coptodon tholloni, which constitutes a new host and geographical record and results in a disjunct distribution for G. chitandiri . The parasite is known from Coptodon rendalli and Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897) from Chirundu, Zambezi River and Lake Kariba [49], whilst it was lacking in Upper Congo on both hosts [14]. Instead, Coptodon rendalli was infected by Gyrodactylus nyanzae Paperna, 1973 in Upper Congo [14]. The disjunct distribution of G. chitandiri could be biased due to limited sampling in the past. From our observations, species of Gyrodactylus are far less prevalent (occurring on one out of 14 infected cichlid specimens in Lower Congo and on 1 out of 12 in Upper Congo) than species of Cichlidogyrus on gills of African cichlids, so it is easy to miss species of Gyrodactylus during sampling. We hypothesize that G. chitandiri shows a continuous distribution from the Zambezi Basin to Lower Congo. It should be noted that although their minimum prevalence is lower than that of species of Cichlidogyrus, their infection intensity is often higher (see Table 2 in this study and [14]). One specimen of Coptodon tholloni from the Ndimba Leta ponds, Mbanza-Ngungu (locality 3, Fig. 1) was exclusively infected by Cichlidogyrus tilapiae Paperna, 1960 . This parasite is a generalist (see [21]), but has mostly been found on mouth-brooding cichlids (Oreochromini, see [8]) and has a wide native range that spans most of Central and western Africa, and the Levant [14, 27, 35]. Several species of Coptodon have been screened previously for parasites (e.g. Coptodon rendalli from Upper Congo [14, 46]), but of these, C. tilapiae has only been found on Coptodon zillii, so far [9]. In the case of the C. tilapiae infection on Coptodon zillii, O. niloticus was also present in the area [9], which is also the case in the Ndimba-Leta ponds. Whether the infection of C. tilapiae on Coptodon tholloni is natural or a result of spillover (see [45] and references therein) has to be determined in future research. If the infection is the result of spillover, this would support the hypothesis of Jorissen et al. [14], that certain aquatic systems, such as ponds or artificial lakes, stimulate interspecies interactions between cichlid hosts and have a higher host density, both of which stimulate parasite hostswitching.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFD7FFA9FCBFFA718EBEA454	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFD6FFA9FFE3F8408DF2A72D.text	1900B705FFD6FFA9FFE3F8408DF2A72D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemichromis Peters 1857	<div><p>Parasites of Hemichromis</p><p>The collected representatives of Hemichromis are the native H. elongatus and H. stellifer [10]. On these hosts, we have discovered three new species that are morphologically similar to already described ones: O. ximenae n. sp., which resembles O. voltensis; C. calycinus n. sp., which resembles C. teugelsi and C. polyenso n. sp., which resembles C. euzeti [35]. Furthermore, we can assume from the literature that C. euzeti is sympatric (occurs on the same individual host) with C. longicirrus in Benin, Cameroon and ROC, though not explicitly stated [6, 22, 34], while in Lower Congo, C. longicirrus is sympatric with C. polyenso n. sp. Similarly, O. voltensis and O. aframae are presumably sympatric in Benin, Cameroon, Senegal, Gambia, Mali and Ivory Coast [6, 26, 34], while in Lower Congo O. aframae is sympatric with O. ximenae n. sp. As shown, there are similarities between the parasite faunas of Hemichromis spp. throughout different ecoregions. However, parasites of Hemichromis spp. remain unexplored for large portions of Africa; thus, it is too early to draw conclusions about their biogeography and diversity. Nonetheless, it can be hypothesized that compared with the species discovered in Lower Congo, more morphologically similar species exist in other freshwater ecoregions on other representatives of Hemichromis . Cichlidogyrus kmentovae n. sp. was only found on H. stellifer, but our sample size is too small to verify whether it does not infect H. elongatus as well. Cichlidogyrus falcifer occurs on H. fasciatus [35] as well as on H. elongatus and thus is an intermediate specialist (a parasite occurring on more than one host from the same genus, see [21]).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFD6FFA9FFE3F8408DF2A72D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
1900B705FFD6FFAAFCBFFB878F7DA2F7.text	1900B705FFD6FFAAFCBFFB878F7DA2F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tylochromis praecox Stiassny 1989	<div><p>Parasites of Tylochromis praecox</p><p>From Tylochromis praecox, C. bixlerzavalai n. sp. and C. omari n. sp. are described. New species were expected as no monogeneans had yet been described from T. praecox . Furthermore, all dactylogyrids from species of Tylochromis mentioned in the literature are considered strict specialists [14, 23, 35, 36], meaning, they occur on a single host species. In those studies, representatives of Tylochromis were caught in low numbers and restricted to a single host species. In Lower Congo, Tylochromis labrodon Regan, 1920 and Tylochromis lateralis (Boulenger, 1898) occur further upstream and are sympatric, but not with T. praecox [43]. It would be worthwhile to investigate whether C. bixlerzavalai n. sp. and C. omari n. sp. occur on these hosts as well, to see if these parasites are all strict specialists or if they only appear to be so because of biogeographical barriers. The ancestral state for host-specificity within Cichlidogyrus / Scutogyrus is intermediate specialism [21]. Species of Cichlidogyrus that infect species of Tylochromi s are shown to be ancestral to all others within Cichlidogyrus / Scutogyrus [19–21, 37, 48], similar to Tylochromis (and Tylochromini) being ancestral to all African cichlids except Heterochromis [8, 43]. We could hence hypothesize that species of Cichlidogyrus that infect species of Tylochromis are intermediate specialists when sympatric host congeners are present in the area. It has to be noted that only Cichlidogyrus pouyaudi Pariselle &amp; Euzet, 1994 was included as a representative that infects species of Tylochromis in the phylogenies of Cichlidogyrus / Scutogyrus [19–21, 37, 48]. However, we expect species of Cichlidogyrus that infect species of Tylochromis to form a monophyletic clade based on the morphological similarities between the species [37]. Both new species showed typical morphological characters of their congeners that infect species of Tylochromis, such as less developed auricles on the dorsal transverse bar, an accessory piece that does not connect directly to the basal bulb of the penis, and a spirally-winding penis [23, 28]. Following the phylogeny, we assume these morphological characters to be ancestral to all others within Cichlidogyrus / Scutogyrus [37].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1900B705FFD6FFAAFCBFFB878F7DA2F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Jorissen, Michiel W. P.;Pariselle, Antoine;Huyse, Tine;Vreven, Emmanuel J.;Snoeks, Jos;Decru, Eva;Kusters, Thomas;Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini;Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi;Artois, Tom;Vanhove, Maarten P. M.	Jorissen, Michiel W. P., Pariselle, Antoine, Huyse, Tine, Vreven, Emmanuel J., Snoeks, Jos, Decru, Eva, Kusters, Thomas, Lunkayilakio, Soleil Wamuini, Bukinga, Fidel Muterezi, Artois, Tom, Vanhove, Maarten P. M. (2018): Six new dactylogyrid species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) from the gills of cichlids (Teleostei, Cichliformes) from the Lower Congo Basin. Parasite (Paris, France) 25 (64): 1-21, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018059, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018059
