taxonID	type	description	language	source
190987B3130A7B085AF6F9A8F278FE64.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3130A7B085AF6F9A8F278FE64.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is characterized in the female by the medium-long sensory vesicle, mandible with both inner and outer teeth, tuft hair on the base of the radial vein yellow, hind tibia yellowish on the basal two-thirds; in the male by the vermilion upper-eye facets in 11 vertical columns and 13 horizontal rows, hind tibia yellowish on the basal half, and hind basitarsus yellowish on the basal half; and in the pupa by the dorsal surface of abdominal segments 1 and 2 darkened (Takaoka and Davies 1995; Takaoka et al. 2013 a). Females of S. (G.) asakoae were reported to bite humans (Choochote et al. 2005) and to serve as a vector of unknown filarial species in Thailand (Fukuda et al. 2003; Ishii et al. 2008).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313097B025AF6FE2EF179FDFC.taxon	description	Female. Body length 2.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width of thorax. Frons dark brown, densely covered with whitish-yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.81: 1.00: 2.35; frons: head ratio 1.0: 4.3. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus dark brown, white pruinose, densely covered with whitish-yellow hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.57 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere whitish yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light to medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.1; third segment (Fig. 1 A) somewhat widened; sensory vesicle (Fig. 1 A) medium-sized, ellipsoidal (0.3 times length of third segment), with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 9 or 10 inner and 10 or 11 outer teeth. Mandible (Fig. 1 B) with 19 inner teeth and several rounded minute rudimentary teeth except basal one having sharply pointed apex. Cibarium (Fig. 1 C) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge having V-shaped apex. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli ochreous, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs; three longitudinal vittae (one medial, two submedial) faintly visible when viewed at certain angles. Scutellum medium brown, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, medium brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter dark yellow to light brown; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white except little more than apical one-fourth dark brown, densely covered with white fine hairs on little more than basal threefourths; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter light brown except base yellowish; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia dark brown to brownish black except basal one-third whitish (though inner surface more extensively white on basal two-thirds), covered with whitish and yellowish fine hairs on posterior and inner surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except little less than basal half of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia (Fig. 1 D) whitish on basal half, brownish black on apical onefourth, grayish on most of intermediate portion though anterior and posterior margins somewhat darkened, densely covered with whitish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus brownish-black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 1 E) narrow, nearly parallel-sided though slightly narrowed on apical one-half, 6.04 times as long as wide, and 0.71 and 0.62 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 1 E) slightly shorter than width at base, and 0.59 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 1 E) well developed. Claw (Fig. 1 F) with large basal tooth 0.48 times length of claw. Wing. Length 1.9 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except basal patch of hairs yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale light ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except segment 2 whitish (though somewhat darkened narrowly along posterior margin), moderately covered with dark short to long hairs (except segment 2 with yellow fine hairs); tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segment 2 whitish, those of segments 3 – 5 grayish yellow, those of segments 6 and 7 medium brown and that of segment 8 medium to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 1 G) bare medially, with 22 or 23 medium-long to long hairs together with few slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 1 G) tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with two short hairs; inner margins slightly sinuous, somewhat sclerotized, and moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 1 H) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 1 I) somewhat concave anterolaterally, with three sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 1 J) slightly produced ventrally beyond ventral tip of cercus, 0.53 times as long as wide, with 19 or 20 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 1 J) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.4 times as long as wide. Spermatheca ellipsoidal, much longer than its greatest width (exact width not measurable due to shrinkage of spermatheca), well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, slightly wider in diameter than major one. Male. Body length 2.2 mm. Head. Nearly as wide as thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 14 vertical columns and 15 horizontal rows of large facets. Face dark brown, white pruinose. Clypeus dark brown, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark brown longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape and pedicel dark yellow to light brown and base of first flagellomere whitish-yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.9 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.6; third segment (Fig. 2 A, B) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 2 A, B) ellipsoidal or globular, small (0.17 – 0.20 times length of third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum brownish-black, thinly white pruinose and shiny on narrow portions along lateral margins and prescutellar area when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with golden-yellow short recumbent hairs. Scutellum dark brown with yellow short hairs and dark-brown upright longer hairs. Postnostum dark brown, white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katerpisternum longer than deep, dark brown, thinly white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, with dark short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter light brown; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light to dark brown except basal three-fourths of outer surface whitish, and densely covered with white fine hairs on outer surface, which are shiny when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus somewhat dilated, 7.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterior surface brownish black; trochanter light brown; femur light brown and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia dark brown to brownish-black except basal one-third yellow; tarsus brownish-black except basal tip of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown; tibia (Fig. 2 C) yellow on little less than basal half and dark-brown to brownish-black on rest; tarsus brownish-black except basal two-fifths of basitarsus (though base medium brown, and its border not well defined) and little less than basal half of second tarsomere whitish yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 2 D) much enlarged, spindle-shaped, 4.0 times as long as wide, and 0.92 and 1.00 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 2 D) slightly shorter than wide, and 0.37 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus. Pedisulcus (Fig. 2 D) well developed. Wing. Length 1.7 mm. Other features as in females except subcosta bare. Halter. Whitish except basal portion and narrow portion along anterior margin grayish. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light-brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish-black except basal one-third of segment 2 yellow, covered with light to dark-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 white, those of segments 3 and 4 grayish, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 2 E) nearly rectangular, 1.86 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 2 E) bent inward, nearly parallel-sided toward apex, and with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 2 F) slightly narrowed from base toward apex, with truncated apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 2 E) with body transverse, 0.56 times as long as wide, widest basally, with lateral margins slightly emarginated medially, anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posteroventral margin concave submedially, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, nearly parallel-sided; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 2 G) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 2 H) trapezoidal, with ventral margin nearly straight or slightly concave medially, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 2 G, I) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 2 J) of moderate size, with three long hooks and one medium-long hook. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 2 J) sparsely setose; dorsal plate not defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 2 K, L) weakly sclerotized near anterior margin, without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus (Fig. 2 K, L) small, rounded, with 14 – 16 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.3 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 3 A); face with pair of long trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 3 B); three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 3 C), two long anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one with uncoiled apex) (Fig. 3 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 3 E), and three short ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one much shorter than two others) (Fig. 3 F), on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 3 G) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [3 + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments, or [(2 + 1) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra ventrally (often partially broken) at base; common basal stalk 0.67 – 0.75 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; dorsal triplet composed of three individual filaments arising at same level from short stalk in female pupa, but dorsal triplet composed of one individual and two paired filaments with short secondary stalk in male pupa; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk 0.92 – 1.09 times length of common basal stalk; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 45 – 60 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex; six filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in length (1.5 – 1.9 mm long including their own stalks and common basal stalk) and thickness to one another; two filaments of ventral pair subequal in length (2.6 mm) and thickness to each other, and 1.5 times as thick as six other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1, 2 and 9 light yellow, others faintly yellowish on basal areas of hooks or spine-combs; all segments without tubercles; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender mediumlong hair-like seta and four or five short setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of flat triangular terminal hooks, of which outer margin 1.8 – 2.2 times length of inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 3 H). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hooklet and few unbranched slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 3 I). Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin not thickly woven, without bulge or projection; posterior half with floor roughly woven; individual threads invisible; 2.9 – 3.0 mm long by 1.8 – 2.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Unknown.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313097B025AF6FE2EF179FDFC.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from a pupa collected from a moderately flowing stream (width 1 – 3 m, water temperature 16.0 ˚ C, partially shaded, altitude 1,492 m, 12 ° 07 ’ 59.430 ” N / 108 ° 35 ’ 42.001 ” E), Da Chais (45 km from Dalat), Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: One male, one pharate male and two pupae, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae of this new species were collected from stalks and leaves of trailing grasses in the water. Associated species were S. (S.) chamlongi Takaoka & Suzuki, S. (S.) nodosum Puri and S. (S.) rufibasis Brunetti.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313097B025AF6FE2EF179FDFC.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name confertum refers to the gill filaments directed forward close together. The Latin adjective ‘ confertus’ signifies ‘ closely packed’.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313097B025AF6FE2EF179FDFC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (G.) confertum sp. nov. is placed in the S. asakoae species-group, as defined by Takaoka (2012) based on the enlarged male hind basitarsus (Fig. 2 D), ventral plate slightly emarginated medially (Fig. 2 E), yellow hair tuft of the base of the radial vein, and whitish yellow fore coxae of both female and male adults. The male of S. (G.) confertum sp. nov. is similar to S. (G.) chiangdaoense Takaoka & Srisuka described from Thailand, S. (G.) tamdaoense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob described from Vietnam, and S. (G.) tanahrataense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob described from Peninsular Malaysia, in having a similar number of upper-eye facets (in 13 or 14 vertical columns and 15 or 16 horizontal rows in S. (G.) chiangdaoense, in 14 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows in S. (G.) tamdaoense and in 14 vertical columns and 15 horizontal rows in S. (G.)	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313037B1E5AF6FD80F42AF83A.taxon	description	Female (dissected from pupal case). Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownishblack, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with whitish-yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.8: 1.0: 2.8; frons: head ratio 1.0: 5.2. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with whitish-yellow hairs interspersed with dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.6 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light brown except third segment dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 4 A) somewhat enlarged; sensory vesicle (Fig. 4 A) elongate, 0.57 times length of third segment and with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 or 14 inner and 18 outer teeth. Mandible with 30 inner and four or five outer teeth (outer teeth at some distance from tip of mandible). Cibarium (Fig. 4 B) with strongly sclerotized dorsal margin having short plate produced forward, and with somewhat sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge, of which apex has two small narrow projections. Thorax. Scutum brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs except three narrow vittae (one median and two submedian), which are covered with dark brown short hairs (both ends of these vittae not reaching anterior and posterior margins of scutum). Scutellum ochreous, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with short hairs. Legs (Color pigmentation, in particular, that of femora and tibiae probably incomplete). Foreleg: coxa yellow; trochanter light brown; femur yellow with apical cap light to medium brown; tibia whitish to yellowish-white except apical cap blackish, densely covered with whitish short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer surface of basal three-fourths; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus somewhat dilated, 6.1 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown; trochanter light brown on inner surface and dark yellow on outer surface; femur yellow except apical cap light to medium brown; tibia (Fig. 4 C) yellowish-white on basal half and blackish on apical half (though near border not well pigmented), and with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus blackish except basal half of basitarsus dark yellow to light brown. Hind leg: coxa light to medium brown (though posterior portion not well pigmented); trochanter yellow; femur yellow except apical cap medium to dark brown (though appearing yellow on basal one-third and darkened on apical two-thirds due to presence of thick dark hairs on outer surface of apical two-thirds); tibia (Fig. 4 D) yellowish-white except apical one-fourth dark brown to black, densely covered with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus dark brown to black except little more than basal half of basitarsus (though base light brown) yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 4 E) narrow, nearly parallel-sided; calcipala (Fig, 4 E) well developed, nearly as long as wide; pedisulcus (Fig. 4 E) well developed; claw (Fig. 4 F) with large basal tooth 0.5 times length of calw. Wing. Length not measurable. Costa with dark brown spinules and light brown hairs except basal patch of golden-yellow hairs. Subcosta haired. Hair tuft on base of radial vein composed of golden-yellow hairs and dark brown ones. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale yellowish, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen light to medium brown except that of segment 2 yellow (though narrowly darkened along posterior margin), moderately covered with whitish-yellow short hairs mixed with light to dark brown short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 8 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 – 4 yellow, those of other segments dark yellow to light brown except middle portion of sternite 8 medium brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 4 G) bare medially, with 22 – 24 medium-long to long hairs together with one or two slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 4 G) tongue-like, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with three short hairs; inner margins gently concave, moderately sclerotized, and somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 4 H) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially, without posteromedial lobe or projection. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 4 I) nearly triangular, with anterior corner unpigmented, with five or six sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 4 J) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.6 times as long as wide, with 28 – 30 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 4 J) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.45 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 4 K) ellipsoidal, 1.7 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, slightly wider in diameter than major one. Male. Unknown. Pupa. Body length 3.4 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 5 A); face with pair of unbranched medium-long trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 5 B); three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and much longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument ochreous except narrow mediolongitudinal portion darkened, moderately covered with small round tubercles, with three anterodorsal trichomes with coiled apices (anterior one longest, two middle ones long) (Fig. 5 C), two anterolateral trichomes (one long with coiled apex, one medium-long with uncoiled apex) (Fig. 5 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with coiled or uncoiled apex (Fig. 5 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one long, two short) (Fig. 5 F) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 5 G) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(2 + 1) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral; common basal stalk long, 1.2 times length of interspiracular trunk, having somewhat swollen basal fenestra at base; dorsal and middle triplets sharing long common stalk 0.8 – 0.9 times length of common basal stalk; dorsal triplet with short primary stalk and medium-long secondary stalk; middle triplet directed forward, with long primary and secondary stalks; stalk of ventral pair directed somewhat downward, then forward, long, 2.4 – 2.6 times length of common basal stalk; stalk of ventral pair 0.9 times as thick as common stalk of dorsal and middle triplets, which is 0.8 times as thick as common basal stalk; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apices; lengths of filaments measured from base of gill to apices of filaments, which are intact, are as follows: one filament of dorsal triplet 3.6 mm long, one filament of middle triplet 3.8 mm long; one filament of ventral pair 4.2 mm long; filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in length and thickness to one another, and appearing to be slightly shorter and thinner than ventral paired filaments; cuticle of all filaments with well-developed annular ridges and furrows, which are almost indistinct along some apical portions of all filaments, densely covered with minute tubercles, relatively larger ones on ridges. Abdomen. Dorsally, segments 1 – 5 grayish light-brown (though segment 5 less distinct), segment 9 yellowish, other segments unpigmented; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender short hair-like seta and four short somewhat spinous setae submedially near posterior margin on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta near posterior margin on each side; segments 5 – 8 each with two unbranched short setae near posterior margin on each side; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines near anterior margin; segment 9 with pair of triangular terminal hooks, of which outer margins somewhat undulated (Fig. 5 H). Ventrally, segment 4 with two unbranched hooks and few unbranched short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 5 I). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, with long anterodorsal projection gently curved downward; posterior half with floor roughly woven; individual threads partially visible; 4.2 mm long by 3.5 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 6.1 mm. Body light ochreous except abdominal segments 1 – 3 grayish-green, abdominal segments 5 and 9 each with reddish-brown transverse band dorsally, and abdominal segments 6 – 8 each with reddish-brown areas dorsolaterally. Cephalic apotome dull yellowish though whitish on little less than anterior half, and moderately covered with unpigmented minute setae; head spots indistinct or faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish except eye-spot region whitish; eyebrow somewhat darkened on posterior half, two relatively large spots and one small spot near posterior margin faintly positive; one or two small spots below eye-spot region indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish except darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft; one elongate spot and one round spot on each side of postgenal cleft faintly positive. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.00: 0.82: 0.96. Labral fan with 42 or 43 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 5 J) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 5 K) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth slightly longer than each corner tooth; lateral margin smooth; four hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 5 L) medium-long, 1.21 times length of postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerites composed of two pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Cuticle of thorax almost bare. Cuticle of abdomen sparsely covered with unbranched colorless minute setae dorsally and dorsolaterally except last segment moderately covered with unbranched colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite down to ventral papillae. Rectal scales not discerned. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with eight or nine finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms nearly as long as posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 87 rows of hooklets with up to 15 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313037B1E5AF6FD80F42AF83A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Pharate female, dissected from pupal case collected from a small stream (width 0.4 m, depth 10 cm, bottom muddy, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, partially shaded, altitude 1,722 m, 12 ˚ 06 ’ 06.888 ” N / 108 ˚ 22 ’ 02.797 ” E) slowly flowing in a swampy area, Dinh Kno, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 23 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPE: One mature larva, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupa and larva of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (N.) phami Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob and S. (S.) congi sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313037B1E5AF6FD80F42AF83A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name fuscidorsum refers to the darkened dorsal surface of the pupal abdominal segments 1 – 5. The Latin adjective ‘ fuscus’ means ‘ dark-colored’.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313037B1E5AF6FD80F42AF83A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species cannot be reliably assigned to any species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, defined by Takaoka (2012), due to the lack of information of the male ventral plate and hind basitarsi, but it is temporarily placed in the S. asakoae species-group based on the enlarged female sensory vesicle (Fig. 4 A), pupal gill with an elongated common basal stalk (Fig. 5 G), and medium-sized larval postgenal cleft (Fig. 5 L), similar to those of S. (G.) sofiani Takaoka & Hashim described from Peninsular Malaysia, which is one of the members of the S. asakoae species-group (Takaoka et al. 2011 a; Takaoka 2012). The pupa of this new species is distinctive among species of the S. asakoae species-group and other speciesgroups of the subgenus Gomphostilbia by having the gill with an elongate common basal stalk (Fig. 5 G), combined with the cocoon with an anterodorsal projection (Fig. 5 I). The pupae of S. (G.) chiangdaoense from Thailand and S. (G.) yunnanense Chen & Zhang from China, both of the S. asakoae species-group, have a similar combination of the characteristics but the arrangement of their gill filaments is quite different, e. g., dorsal and middle triplets have short primary and secondary stalks; in addition, the female sensory vesicles of these two species are much shorter than that of this new species (Takaoka and Srisuka 2009; Chen and Zhang 2004) .. The pupa of S. (S.) sofiani has a similar arrangement of gill filaments but its cocoon lacks an anterodorsal projection (Takaoka et al. 2011 a). The pupa of S. (S.) fuscidorsum sp. nov. is also characterized by having the darkened dorsal surfaces of the abdominal segments 1 – 5, a character not occurring in the S. asakoae species-group and other species-groups of the subgenus Gomphostilbia except S. (G.) asakoae, originally described from Peninsular Malaysia, which has the darkened dorsal surface on abdominal segments 1 and 2 (Takaoka et al. 2013 a).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B1F5AF6FF7BF331FD46.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B1F5AF6FF7BF331FD46.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from males and pupae collected from Tam Dao National Park, northern Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2014 c). The male of this species is characterized by the upper-eye facets in 16 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows (Takaoka et al. 2014 c).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B195AF6FD19F3D0FDD9.taxon	description	Female. Body length 2.3 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width of thorax. Frons dark brown, densely covered with whitish-yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.75: 1.00: 2.59; frons: head ratio 1.0: 4.8. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with whitish-yellow hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.63 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light to medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00: 1.06: 2.44; third segment (Fig. 6 A) somewhat widened; sensory vesicle (Fig. 6 A) small, ellipsoidal (0.26 – 0.27 times length of third segment), with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 12 or 13 inner and 16 outer teeth. Mandible (Fig. 6 C) with 26 inner teeth and six minute rudimentary outer teeth at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 6 B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge. Thorax. Scutum dark brown to brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles except three longitudinal vittae (one median and two submedian) unpruinose and not shiny, densely covered with whitish-yellow scale-like recumbent hairs except three longitudinal vittae covered with dark short hairs. Scutellum medium brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with whitish-yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, medium to dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter yellow; femur dark yellow to light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white except apical one-fourth dark brown; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterolateral surface dark brown; trochanter yellow; femur dark yellow to light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light to dark brown except basal one-third white (though inner surface more extensively white on basal half or little more), covered with whitish and yellowish fine hairs on posterior and inner surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus brownish-black except little less than basal half of basitarsus yellow. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia (Fig. 6 D) yellow on basal half and medium to dark brown on apical half, covered with whitish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus brownish-black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 6 E) narrow, nearly parallel-sided though slightly narrowed on apical one-half, 6.67 times as long as wide, and 0.69 and 0.55 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 6 E) slightly longer than width at base, and 0.48 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 6 E) well developed; claw (Fig. 6 F) with large basal tooth 0.53 times length of claw. Wing. Length 2.3 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except basal patch of hairs yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale light ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except basal half of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs (except segment 2 with yellow fine hairs); tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 – 5 whitish-yellow, those of segments 6 and 7 light brown and that of segment 8 medium to dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 6 G) bare medially, with 17 – 20 medium-long to long hairs together with few slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 6 G) triangular (though posteromedial corners rounded), thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with two or three short hairs; inner margins slightly sinuous, somewhat sclerotized, and moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 6 H) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially; lobe directed posteromedially from each arm weakly sclerotized and short (apical portion unsclerotized). Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 6 I) somewhat concave anterolaterally, with four sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 6 J) slightly produced ventrally beyond ventral tip of cercus, 0.6 times as long as wide, with 20 – 23 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 6 J) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.37 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 6 K) ellipsoidal, 1.4 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.3 mm. Head. Somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 12 or 13 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows of large facets. Face black, white pruinose. Clypeus black, whitish pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium brown except scape and pedicel yellow to dark yellow and base of first flagellomere whitish-yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.8 times length of second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 7 A) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 7 A) globular, small (0.18 times length of third segment), and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum brownishblack to black, shiny on narrow areas along lateral margins and prescutellar area when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with golden-yellow short recumbent hairs. Scutellum dark brown with yellow short hairs and dark-brown upright longer hairs. Postnostum dark brown and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katerpisternum longer than deep, dark brown with dark short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter dark yellow except base yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light to dark brown except basal three-fourths of outer surface whitish, and with white sheen on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus somewhat dilated, 8.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterior surface dark brown; trochanter light brown except base yellow; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light to dark brown except basal one-third white; tarsus brownish-black except little less than basal half of basitarsus light brown. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown with base yellowish and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia yellow on little less than basal half and medium to dark brown on apical half; tarsus brownish-black except little more than basal half of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere white; basitarsus (Fig. 7 B) much enlarged, spindle-shaped, 4.0 times as long as wide, and 0.93 and 0.90 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 7 B) slightly shorter than wide, and 0.37 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 7 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.1 – 2.3 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta with three or four hairs. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium to dark brown, with fringe of light to dark brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish-black except basal one-third of segment 2 yellow, covered with light to dark brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches; ventral surface of segment 2 white, those of segments 3 – 5 dull yellow to light brown except sternites medium brown, and those of other segments medium to dark brown. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 7 C) nearly rectangular, 2.5 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 7 C) bent inward, nearly parallel-sided toward apex, and with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 7 D) gradually narrowed from base toward apex, with truncated apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 7 C) with body transverse, 0.6 times as long as wide, widest medially, then slightly narrowed posteriorly, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, and posteroventral margin slightly concave, densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward, then slightly convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 7 E) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 7 F) rounded ventrally, with ventral margin rounded, densely covered with microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 7 C, E) thin, plate-like, wide. Paramere (Fig. 7 G) of moderate size, with three long hooks and several shorter hooks. Aedeagal membrane moderately setose; dorsal plate not defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 7 H, I) without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus (Fig. 7 H, I) small, rounded, with 11 or 12 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.5 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 8 A); face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 8 B); three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 8 C), two long anterolateral trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 8 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 8 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one medium-long, two short) (Fig. 8 F) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 8 G) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra ventrally (often partially broken) at base; common basal stalk 0.6 – 0.7 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; dorsal and middle triplets each composed of one individual filament and two paired filaments with short primary and secondary stalks though dorsal triplet composed of three filaments arising at same level from primary stalk in left gill of one pupa; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk 0.9 – 1.6 times length of common basal stalk; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 60 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex; six filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in length (2.2 – 2.4 mm long including their own stalks and common basal stalk) and thickness to one another; inner filament of ventral pair longest (2.8 – 3.2 mm), slightly longer than outer filament (2.6 – 2.9 mm); two filaments of ventral pair subequal in thickness to each other, and somewhat thicker than six other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented and without tubercles; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and four or five short setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of flat triangular terminal hooks, of which outer margin about twice length of inner margin and crenulated (Fig. 8 H). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hooklet and few simple slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched or bifid outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few short simple slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 8 I). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin thickly woven, with dorsomedial portion markedly produced anteriorly, resembling letter W when viewed dorsally; posterior three-fifths with floor roughly woven; individual threads visible; 2.9 – 3.0 mm long by 1.6 – 2.4 mm wide. Mature larva. Unknown.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B195AF6FD19F3D0FDD9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from pupa collected from a small stream (width 0.5 – 1.0 m, depth 5 – 30 cm, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, shaded, altitude 1,186 m, 16 ˚ 11 ’ 45.123 ” N / 107 ˚ 50 ’ 55.600 ” E), moderately flowing from a natural forest, near the top of Bach Ma National Park, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam, 23 - II- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPE: One male reared from pupa, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae of this new species were collected from dead tree leaves in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) thuathienense sp. nov., S. (N.) bachmaense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob, S. (S.) atipornae Takaoka, Srisuka & Choochote and S. (S.) cavum sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B195AF6FD19F3D0FDD9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name phulocense refers to the district name, Phu Loc, where this new species was collected.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3131E7B195AF6FD19F3D0FDD9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (G.) phulocense sp. nov. is placed in the S. asakoae species-group based on the enlarged male hind basitarsus (Fig. 7 B), ventral plate slightly emarginated basally (Fig. 7 C), yellow hair tuft of the base of the radial vein, and whitish-yellow fore coxae of both female and male adults. This new species is characterized by the shape of the cocoon having an anterodorsal margin produced medially and resembling the letter W when viewed dorsally (Fig. 8 I). Among the 21 species of the S. asakoae species-group (Takaoka 2012; Takaoka et al. 2014 a), S. (G.) gyorkosae Takaoka & Davies from Java, Indonesia (Takaoka and Davies 1996) and S. (G.) jianfengense Long et al. from Hainan Island, China (Long et al. 1994) and S. (G.) yunnanense Chen & Zhang from Yunnan, China (Chen and Zhang 2004) have a similar cocoon. However, S. (G.) phulocense sp. nov. is distinguished from these three known species by the following characters (those of each related species in parentheses): from (G.) gyorkosae by the female hind tibia that is yellow on the basal half and medium to dark brown on the apical half (whitish on the basal two-thirds and brownish black on the apical onethird), and the number of male upper-eye facets in 12 or 13 vertical columns (in 10 or 11 vertical columns); from S. (G.) jianfengense by the length ratio of the sensory vesicle against the third maxillary palpal segment, 0.26 or 0.27 (0.3), ventral plate produced anteromedially when viewed ventrally (Fig. 7 C) (not produced), ventral plate gently rounded ventrally with its greatest height 0.3 times the width of the ventral plate when viewed posteriorly (Fig. 7 F) (pointed ventrally, its greatest height about half the width of the ventral plate), male hind basitarsus spindle-shaped and four times as wide as its greatest width (Fig. 7 B) (wedge-shaped and three times as wide as its greatest width); from S. (G.) yunnanense by the yellow hair tuft of the base of the radial vein (black hair tuft), and the number of male upper-eye facets in 12 or 13 vertical columns (in 10 vertical columns).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313187B155AF6FD63F5B6FCB8.taxon	description	Female. Body length 2.2 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width of thorax. Frons dark brown, densely covered with yellowish-white scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs near vertex; frontal ratio 1.72: 1.00: 2.34; frons: head ratio 1.00: 4.31. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with yellowish-white hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs near ventral margin. Labrum 0.55 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere 1.8 times length of second one. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light to medium brown except segments 1 and 2 dark yellow, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00: 0.95: 2.05; third segment (Fig. 9 A) widened; sensory vesicle (Fig. 9 A) large, elongate (0.63 – 0.64 times length of third segment), with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 13 inner and 17 or 18 outer teeth. Mandible with 26 inner teeth and eight outer teeth at some distance from apex. Cibarium (Fig. 9 B) medially forming sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, with moderately sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge. Thorax. Scutum dark brown to brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with whitish-yellow to yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum ochreous, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown, whitish-gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, medium to dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter light brown though posterior surface whitish-yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white except apical one-fourth brownish-black, covered with white fine hairs on basal four-fifths; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown; trochanter yellow to dark yellow with base whitish-yellow; femur dark yellow to light brown with basal one-third of outer surface yellowish (and basal half of inner surface yellow) and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia light brown except basal two-fifths whitish-yellow and apical cap dark brown (and apical three-fifths of posterior surface dark brown), covered with whitish and yellowish fine hairs on posterior and inner surfaces of little more than basal half; tarsus dark brown though base of basitarsus medium brown. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter whitish-yellow; femur light brown with base whitish-yellow and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia (Fig. 9 C) white or yellowish-white on little more than basal half and light brown on rest though apical cap brownish-black, covered with whitish fine hairs on outer and posterior surfaces of little more than basal three-fourths; tarsus brownish-black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere whitish; basitarsus (Fig. 9 D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided though slightly narrowed apically, 6.29 times as long as wide, and 0.64 and 0.54 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 9 D) nearly as long as width at base, and 0.56 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 9 D) well developed; claw (Fig. 9 E) with large basal tooth 0.5 times length of claw. Wing. Length 2.0 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except basal patch of hairs yellow. Subcosta with dark hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale light ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen light to dark brown except basal half of segment 2 yellowish-white, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs (except segment 2 with yellow fine hairs); tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segments 2 and 3 yellowish-white, those of other segments light to medium brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 9 F) bare medially, with 16 or 17 medium-long to long hairs together with few slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 9 F) triangular (though posteromedial corners rounded), thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with three or four short hairs; inner margins nearly straight or slightly sinuous, somewhat sclerotized, and moderately separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 9 G) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially, without lobe directed posteromedially. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 9 H) somewhat concave anterolaterally, with four or five sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 9 I) slightly produced ventrally beyond ventral tip of cercus, 0.6 times as long as wide, with 20 – 22 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 9 I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.43 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 9 J) ellipsoidal, 1.61 times as long as its greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Pupa. Body length 2.5 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles except ventral surface of face almost bare; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 10 A); face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 10 B); three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled apices (Fig. 10 C), two long anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one uncoiled apex) (Fig. 10 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 10 E), and three short ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one longer than other two) (Fig. 10 F) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 10 G) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as (3 + 3) + 2 or [3 + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra ventrally (partially broken) at base; common basal stalk 0.76 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; dorsal triplet composed of three filaments arising at same level, and with short primary stalk; middle triplet composed of three filaments arising at same level in right gill but composed of one individual filament and two paired filaments with short primary and second stalks in left gill; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk 1.05 times length of common basal stalk, and 0.8 times as thick as common basal stalk, nearly as thick as common stalk of dorsal and middle triplets, 1.3 times as thick as stalk of middle triplet, and 1.5 times as thick as stalk of dorsal triplet; stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 60 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments dark brown, gradually tapered toward apex; three filaments of dorsal triplet 1.5 – 1.7 mm long, three filaments of middle triplet 1.8 – 2.0 mm long, and two filaments of ventral pair longest (probably little longer than 2.5 mm, though exact length unmeasurable due to loss of tips); two filaments of ventral pair subequal in thickness to each other, and somewhat thicker than six other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments faintly yellowish and without tubercles; segment 1 with one unbranched slender short hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender short hair-like seta and five short spinous setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short spinous seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of flat small terminal hooks (Fig. 10 H). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hooklet and few unbranched slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of unbranched inner and bifid outer hooks on left side, bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks on right side, and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segment 6 with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooklets on left side, and segment 7 with pair of unbranched inner and bifid outer hooklets on left side, though both segments each with pair of bifid inner and outer hooks on right side, both segments each with few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 10 I). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven with dark threads, leaving numerous small open spaces ventrolaterally, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin thickly woven, with dorsomedial portion slightly produced anteriorly forming short bulge when viewed dorsally; posterior three-fifths with floor roughly woven; individual threads visible; 3.4 mm long by 2.9 mm wide. Male and mature larva. Unknown.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313187B155AF6FD63F5B6FCB8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE. Female, reared from pupa collected from a small stream (width 4 – 6 m, water temperature 18.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,452 m, 12 ˚ 10 ’ 56.408 ” N / 108 ˚ 40 ’ 48.152 ” E), moderately flowing in open land, Long Lanh, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313187B155AF6FD63F5B6FCB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name thituyenae is in honor of the late Thi Tuyen Tran, mother of Dr. Xuan Da Pham, for her longstanding support and encouragement. Biological notes. The pupa of this new species was collected from a dead tree leaf in the water of a stream. Associated species were S. (G.) breviflagellum sp. nov., S. (G.) hongthaii, S. (G.) longlanhense sp. nov. and S. (S.) xuandei sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313187B155AF6FD63F5B6FCB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (G.) thituyenae sp. nov. is temporarily placed in the S. asakoae species-group since it resembles S. (G.) lurauense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Hashim, and S. (G.) sofiani, both described from Peninsular Malaysia and placed in this species-group (Takaoka et al. 2011 a, b), in many characters including the yellow hair tuft of the base of the female radial vein, elongate female sensory vesicle (Fig. 9 A), and small pupal terminal hooks (Fig. 10 H). This new species is distinguished from S. (G.) lurauense by the relative length of the female sensory vesicle against the third maxillary palpal segment (0.63 – 0.64 in this new species versus 0.50 – 0.54 in S. (G.) lurauense), and color of the female mid basitarsus (nearly dark brown in this new species versus dark brown except the basal one-third yellow in S. (G.) lurauense), and from S. (G.) sofiani by the relative length of the common basal stalk of the pupal gill against the interspiracular trunk (0.77 in this new species versus 1.0 or little more in S. (G.) sofiani).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313147B2F5AF6FC1AF1E9F808.taxon	description	Female. Body length 1.8 – 2.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with whitish yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.5 – 1.6: 1.0: 1.6 – 1.8; frons: head ratio 1.0: 3.9 – 4.1. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus black, densely covered with whitish-yellow hairs interspersed with dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.7 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal half or little less of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light brown except third segment dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 11 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 11 A) of medium size, ellipsoidal, 0.36 times as long as third segment and with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 10 inner and 12 or 13 outer teeth. Mandible with 21 – 23 inner and 10 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 11 B) with strongly sclerotized dorsal margin having short tongue-like plate produced forward and posteriorly, and with well sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge with deep cleft, of which apices are hidden behind tongue-like plate. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum brownish-black, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum brownish-black and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa light brown; trochanter light brown except base paler; femur light to medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown with base and median large portion pale, moderately covered with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer surface of basal three-fourths; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus much dilated, 5.4 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown to brownish-black; trochanter medium brown except base pale; femur medium brown except apical cap dark brown; tibia light to medium brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown, and with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus dark brown except basal half of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter light brown; femur medium brown except extreme basal tip yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia (Fig. 11 C) light to medium brown except base yellow and apical two-fifths dark brown, and with dark spot subbasally; tibia moderately covered with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus (Fig. 11 D) brownish-black except basal three-fourths of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere whitish; basitarsus (Fig. 11 D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.7 times as long as wide, and 0.6 and 0.5 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 11 D) well developed, nearly as long as wide, and 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 11 D) well developed; claw (Fig. 11 E) with small subbasal tooth. Wing. Length 1.7 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules and light brown hairs except subbasal patch of whitish hairs. Subcosta haired except apical one-fourth to one-fifth bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale light brown, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish-black, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segment 2 creamy, those of other segments gradually darkened from segment 3 to segment 8; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 11 F) bare medially, with 7 – 11 medium-long to long hairs together with one to four slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 11 F) triangular (though posteromedial corners rounded), tapered laterally, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with one to three short hairs; inner margins nearly straight, moderately sclerotized, and somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 11 G) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially, without posteromedial lobe or projection. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 11 H) nearly triangular, with anteromedial margin darkened, with five or six sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 11 I) somewhat produced ventrally, 0.6 times as long as wide, with 11 – 15 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 11 I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.6 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 11 J) ellipsoidal, 1.6 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Sightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium to dark brown, consisting of 18 vertical columns and 18 horizontal rows of large facets. Face black, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny. Clypeus black, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny, and moderately covered with yellow short hairs interspersed with dark-brown longer hairs. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape dark yellow, and pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.8 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp with five segments, light brown except third segment dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.5; third segment (Fig. 12 A) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 12 A) globular or ellipsoidal, small, 0.2 times length of third segment, and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, thinly gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles on shoulders, along lateral margins and on prescutellar area leaving large central area non-pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow short hairs except prescutellar area with few dark upright hairs. Other features as in female. Legs. Color nearly as in female except fore tibia medium brown though median large portion paler, mid basitarsus brownish-black except basal one-third or less dark yellow to light brown, and hind tibia (Fig. 12 B) with narrower whitish basal portion. Fore basitarsus somewhat dilated, 7.1 times as long as its greatest width. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 12 C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided (though slightly tapered from middle to apex), 5.5 times as long as wide, and 0.5 and 0.6 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 12 C) well developed, slightly longer than width at base, and 0.4 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 12 C) well developed. Wing. Length 1.5 mm. As in female except subcosta without hairs. Halter. Grayish with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of light-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown except base of segment 2 ochreous, covered with light-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 7 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral patches. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 12 D) nearly rectangular, 1.6 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 12 D) 0.8 times length of coxite, slender, tapered toward apex, with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 12 E) gradually tapered from base to round apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 12 D) transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, with body slightly widened posteriorly, with anterior margin roundly produced anteromedially, posterior margin shallowly concave, and densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface except areas near anterior margin bare; basal arms of moderate length, directed anteriorly, nearly parallel-sided; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 12 F) with posterior portion of body somewhat produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 12 G) narrowed ventrally with ventral margin nearly straight (width: height ratio 1.0: 0.5), moderately covered with microsetae on most of posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 12 F, H) thin, plate-like, wide, arising from slightly anterior to middle of ventral plate, and directed posterodorsally. Paramere (Fig. 12 I) with three relatively longer hooks and several shorter ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately covered with microsetae, and with no sclerotized dorsal plate. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 12 J, K) somewhat sclerotized basally, without distinct hairs near posterior margin on each side. Cercus (Fig. 12 J, K) rounded, somewhat produced ventrally, with 10 – 13 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.2 – 2.4 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices; three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and somewhat longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes (two with coiled apices, one uncoiled apex), two anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one with uncoiled apex), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one medium long, two short) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 13 A) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as (2 + 1) + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra at base; dorsal triplet arising upward, with short primary and secondary stalks (or with three filaments arising at same level from short primary stalk in one pupa); middle triplet directed forward (and little inward), with short primary and short to medium-long secondary stalk; stalk of ventral pair directed forward and downward, long, 1.5 times length of interspiracular trunk; stalk of ventral pair about twice as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, which is slightly thicker than that of dorsal triplet; all filaments light to medium brown, gradually tapered toward apices (though filaments of dorsal and middle triplets slender basally, then slightly tapered toward apices); lengths of filaments including their stalk (s) measured in one pupa, of which all gill filaments are intact (Fig. 13 A), are as follows: filaments of dorsal triplet 0.9 – 1.1 mm long, those of middle triplet 1.1 – 1.4 mm long; inner filament (2.9 mm long) of ventral pair slightly longer than outer filament (2.7 mm long); filaments of dorsal and middle triplets subequal in thickness to one another and nearly half as thick as those of ventral paired filaments, when basal portions are compared; cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows though gradually becoming indistinct from middle to apices, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments nearly unpigmented except segments 1 and 2 grayish; segment 1 weakly tuberculate near anterior margin; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and four or five short somewhat spinous setae submedially near posterior margin on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta near posterior margin on each side; segments 5 – 8 each with two unbranched short setae near posterior margin on each side; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines near anterior margin on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (Fig. 13 B). Ventrally, segment 4 with one bifid hook and few unbranched short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid or trifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with one to three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 13 C). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, somewhat extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, without anterodorsal bulge or projection; posterior half with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 2.5 – 3.0 mm long by 1.4 – 2.0 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.7 – 4.2 mm. Body light grayish-green though intersegmental areas pale, with reddish-brown markings as follows: thoracic segment 1 encircled with broad transverse band (though disconnected ventromedially) and thoracic segment 3 and abdominal segments 1 – 8 each with pair of dorsolateral spots increasing width from thoracic segment 3 to abdominal segment 5, though those on posterior segments 6 and 7 less distinct. Cephalic apotome dull yellowish though whitish on little less than anterior half, and moderately covered with unpigmented minute setae; head spots indistinct or faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule whitish yellow except eye-spot region whitish; eyebrow somewhat darkened on posteror half, two relatively large spots and one small spot near posterior margin faintly positive or indistinct; one or two small spots below eye-spot region indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule whitish yellow except darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft; one elongate spot and one round spot on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.00: 0.92 – 0.95: 1.00 – 1.11. Labral fan with 30 – 35 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 13 D) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 13 E) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth and each corner tooth are prominent; lateral margin smooth; four or five hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 13 F) deep, 6.3 – 6.6 times length of postgenal bridge. Cervical sclerites composed of two pale small pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Cuticle of abdominal segments 5 – 9 densely covered with dark unbranched and bifid (and rarely trifid) spinous setae of various sizes (apex of each dark seta appearing to have few to several transparent tips) (Fig. 13 G) dorsally and dorsolaterally; cuticle of thorax and abdominal segments 1 – 4 sparsely with relatively smaller similar dark setae; last abdominal segment moderately covered also with unbranched colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ retracted, number of secondary lobules per lobe uncountable. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 0.7 times as long as posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 69 – 72 rows of hooklets with up to 13 or 14 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313147B2F5AF6FC1AF1E9F808.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small shallow stream (width 3 – 6 m, depth 10 – 20 cm, bottom sandy, water temperature 20.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,440 m) (12 ˚ 08 ’ 32.409 ” N / 108 ˚ 38 ’ 58.318 ” E) slowly flowing in open land, Da Chais, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: One female, one male, one pharate female, one pharate male, three pupal exuviae and cocoons, and four mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from grasses trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. and S. (S.) nodosum.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313147B2F5AF6FC1AF1E9F808.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name dachaisense refers to the area name, Da Chais, where this new species was collected.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313147B2F5AF6FC1AF1E9F808.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species is assigned to the Simulium batoense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, redefined by Takaoka (2012), based on the antenna with nine flagellomeres, pleural membrane bare, hind tibiae mostly darkened (Fig. 11 C), spermatheca without sclerotized neck (Fig. 11 J), male hind basitarsus slender and parallel-sided (Fig. 12 C), ventral plate slightly produced ventrally (Fig. 12 G) (its ratio of the height against the greatest width is 0.5), and pupal gill with eight filaments (Fig. 13 A). Among six subgroups of the S. batoense species-group (Takaoka 2012), S. (G.) dachaisense sp. nov. is placed in the S. duolongum subgroup (22 known species included) by having the pupal gill with eight filaments, of which two filaments of the ventral pair are subequal in length and thickness to each other, longer than the pupal body, and more than 1.5 times as long as other six filaments of the dorsal and middle triplets (Fig. 13 A). This new species is characterized in the female by the claw having a small subbasal tooth (Fig. 11 E), a character reported only in two species of the S. batoense species-group, i. e., S. (G.) batoense Edwards described from Java, and S. (G.) pattoni Senior-White from Sri Lanka (Takaoka and Davies 1996; Davies and Györkös 1987). However, S. (G.) dachaisense sp. nov. is distinguished from S. (G.) batoense by the following characters (those of S. (G.) batoense in parentheses): in the female by lacking three dark longitudinal vittae on the scutum (with three dark longitudinal vittae); in the male by the slenderer hind basitarsus, length ratio against the greatest width 5.5 (cf., 4.6), and ventral plate with its ventral margin nearly straight when viewed posteriorly (Fig. 12 D) (the ventral plate rounded ventrally); in the pupa by the gill filaments arranged as (2 + 1) + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments (Fig. 13 A) (2 + 1 + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments) and cone-shaped terminal hooks (Fig. 13 B) (terminal hooks flat triangular-shaped with its outer margin undulate or weakly serrated); and in the larva by the shape of dark spinous setae on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces of posterior abdominal segments, which are unbranched or bifid (Fig. 13 G) (basally branched into two to four). Simulium (G.) dachaisense sp. nov. is distinguished from S. (G.) pattoni in the female by lacking three longitudinal vittae on the scutum, in the male by the narrower fore and hind basitarsi (the length ratios against the greatest widths 7.1 and 5.5, respectively, in this new species versus 5.7 and 3.8 in S. (G.) pattoni), and ventral plate with its ventral margin nearly straight when viewed posteriorly (Fig. 12 D) (cf., ventral plate somewhat pointed ventrally in S. (G.) pattoni), and in the pupa by the different arrangement of the gill filaments (cf., 1 + 2 + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments in S. (G.) pattoni).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3132D7B265AF6FF7BF53EFA9C.taxon	description	Female. Body length 1.9 – 2.1 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownish-black, white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellowish-white scale-like recumbent short hairs interspersed with few dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.50 – 1.68: 1.00: 1.70 – 1.94; frons: head ratio 1.0: 4.3 – 4.4. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus brownishblack, white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed with dark longer hairs on each side. Labrum 0.6 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal extreme of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light brown except segments 1 and 2 ochreous and segment 3 dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.2; third segment (Fig. 14 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 14 A) elongate, 0.43 – 0.45 times as long as third segment and with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 12 or 13 inner and 19 – 21 outer teeth. Mandible with 32 inner teeth and three to five minute outer teeth at some distance from apex (tiny and rudimentary outer teeth can be overlooked). Cibarium (Fig. 14 B) with strongly sclerotized dorsal margin having short tongue-like plate produced forward and downward, and with well sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge having bifid apex. Thorax. Scutum brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum medium-brown, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with pale and dark short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow except anterior surface dark yellow to light brown; trochanter light brown except base yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia yellow to dark yellow except subbasal broad band light to medium brown and apical one-fourth dark brown, with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer surface of basal three-fourths; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.0 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterolateral surface dark brown; trochanter yellow except outer surface light brown; femur light brown except base yellow and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia light brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown, and with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus dark brown except base of basitarsus dark yellow. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia (Fig. 14 C) light brown (gradually darkened toward apex) except base yellow, triangular subbasal spot medium brown and apical one-fourth dark brown; tibia moderately covered with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal three-fourths; tarsus (Fig. 14 D) brownish-black except little more than basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 14 D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.14 times as long as wide, and 0.66 and 0.54 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 14 D) well developed, slightly longer than wide, and 0.57 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 14 D) well developed; claw (Fig. 14 E) with large basal tooth 0.53 times length of claw. Wing. Length 1.8 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules and light brown hairs except basal patch of yellow hairs. Subcosta haired except apical one-third bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown though apices of hairs yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale creamy, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen light to medium brown except segment 2 creamy to ochreous though both lateral portions of tergal plate light borwn, moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segment 2 creamy, those of other segments ochreous except sternite 8 dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 14 F) bare medially, with 16 – 19 medium-long to long hairs together with few slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 14 F) triangular (though posteromedial corners rounded), tapered laterally, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with one to five short hairs; inner margins nearly straight, moderately sclerotized, and somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 14 G) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, moderately folded medially, with short projection directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 14 H) nearly triangular, with anteromedial margin somewhat darkened, with four or five sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 14 I) much produced ventrally, 0.57 times as long as wide, with 14 or 15 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 14 I) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.42 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 14 J) ellipsoidal, 1.56 – 1.68 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.1 – 2.4 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 16 or 17 vertical columns and 17 or 18 horizontal rows of large facets. Face black, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Clypeus black, whitish-gray pruinose, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and moderately covered with yellow short hairs interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs on lower half on each side. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown to brownish-black; first flagellomere elongate, 1.33 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp with five segments, light brown except segment 3 dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.2; third segment (Fig. 15 A) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 15 A) globular or ellipsoidal, small, 0.2 times length of third segment, and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, thinly gray pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles on shoulders, along lateral margins and on prescutellar area leaving large central area non-pruinose, densely covered with golden-yellow short hairs. Scutellum brownish-black, with golden-yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black to black, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with pale and dark hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter medium brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia brownish-black except base and middle portion medium brown, and with yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles) on outer surface of basal five-sixths: tarsus black; basitarsus slightly flattened, 8.75 times as long as greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterolateral surface brownish-black; trochanter medium brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip somewhat paler); tibia medium to dark brown except basal extreme yellow or dark yellow, and with golden-yellow short hairs on posterior surface of basal one-third; tarsus brownish-black. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter light brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium to brownish-black except base yellow to dark yellow, and covered with golden-yellow short hairs on posterior surface of basal two-thirds; tarsus brownish-black except basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal half of second tarsomere grayish light-brown; basitarsus (Fig. 15 B) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 5.71 times as long as wide, and 0.59 and 0.58 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 15 B) well developed, slightly longer than width at base, and 0.43 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 15 B) well developed. Wing. Length 1.5 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta without hairs, and hair tuft of base of radial vein dark brown. Halter. Grayish with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium to dark brown, covered with light-brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 6 and 7 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral patches, when illuminated at certain angles. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 15 C) nearly rectangular, 1.83 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 15 C) 0.9 times length of coxite, slender, curved inward, tapered toward middle, with apical spine; style in medial view (Fig. 15 D) angulated medially, nearly parallel-sided; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 15 E) gradually tapered from base to apical one-third, abruptly narrowed, then nearly parallel-sided, with truncated apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 15 C) transverse, 0.63 times as long as greatest width at base, with body tapered from base to middle, abruptly narrowed, then tapered posteriorly, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, posterior margin shallowly concave, and densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface except anterolateral areas bare; basal arms of moderate length, slightly divergent, then slightly convergent apically; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 15 F) with posterior portion of body somewhat produced posteroventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 15 G) rounded ventrally (width: height ratio 1.00: 0.36), moderately covered with microsetae on most of posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 15 F, H) plate-like, tapered toward apex, arising from near anterior tip of ventral plate, and directed dorsally. Paramere (Fig. 15 I) with three relatively longer hooks and several shorter ones. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 15 I) moderately covered with microsetae, and with no sclerotized dorsal plate. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 15 J, K) without distinct hairs near posterior margin on each side. Cercus (Fig. 15 J, K) rounded, somewhat produced ventrally, with 12 – 17 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.3 – 2.4 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles except ventral surface of face bare; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices; three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and somewhat longer than facial one. Thorax (Fig. 16 A). Integument yellow, sparsely covered with small round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled apices, two long anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one with uncoiled apex), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one long, two medium-long) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 16 A) composed of 10 slender thread-like filaments, arranged as {3 + 1 + [1 + (1 + 2)]} + 2 or {(1 + 2) + 1 + [1 + (1 + 2)]} + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra at base; dorsal triplet arising upward, with three filaments arising at same level from short primary stalk, or with one individual and two paired filaments with short primary and secondary stalks; middle outer group consisting of one filament arising near base of dorsal triplet; middle inner group consisting of two individual filaments and two paired filaments with short stalk; two individual filaments arising separately (though close together), or at almost same level; ventral paired filaments with short stalk; all filaments dark yellow to light brown, slightly tapered toward apices; three filaments of dorsal triplet, one filament of middle outer group and one or two filaments of middle inner group subequal in length to one another (0.6 – 0.8 mm long), and slightly shorter than other filaments which are subequal in length to one another (0.9 – 1.2 mm long); when compared basally, inner filament of ventral pair slightly thicker than outer filament, which is also slightly thicker than eight other filaments, which are subequal in thickness to one another; cuticle of all filaments smooth, lacking well-defined annular ridges and furrows though some furrows present irregularly near basal portions of filaments, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments nearly unpigmented except segment 9 yellowish; segment 1 without tubercles and with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and five short somewhat spinous setae submedially near posterior margin on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta near posterior margin on each side; segments 5 – 8 each with two or three unbranched short setae near posterior margin on each side; segments 6 – 9 each with spinecombs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines near anterior margin on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (Fig. 16 B). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few unbranched short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 16 C). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin somewhat thickly woven, without anterodorsal bulge or projection; posterior half with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 3.0 mm long by 2.4 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.9 – 4.2 mm. Body light ochreous though intersegmental areas between thoracic segment 3 and abdominal segment 5 unpigmented; thoracic segment 1 encircled by reddish-brown band along anterior margin though disconnected ventromedially. Cephalic apotome yellowish, though somewhat darkened along posterior margin, and moderately covered with unpigmented minute setae; head spots indistinct or faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule yellowish except eye-spot region whitish; eyebrow faintly defined; two relatively large spots and one small spot near posterior margin faintly positive or indistinct; one or two small spots below eye-spot region indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellowish except darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft; one elongate spot and one round spot on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, somewhat longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.00: 0.88 – 0.99: 0.82 – 0.99. Labral fan with 36 – 39 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 16 D) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 16 E) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth slightly longer than each corner tooth; lateral margin smooth; four or five hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 16 F) deep, approaching posterior margin of hypostoma. Cervical sclerites indistinct. Thoracic cuticle sparsely or moderately covered with dark branched setae (divided into 6 – 11 branches) (similar to Fig. 16 G); abdominal cuticle of segments 1 – 4 moderately covered with similar branched setae, and that of segments 5 – 9 moderately or densely covered with dark branched setae (divided into 6 – 16 branches) (Fig. 16 G) dorsally and dorsolaterally; last abdominal segment moderately covered also with unbranched colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with six to eight thumb-like or finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms as long as or slightly shorter than posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 82 or 83 rows of hooklets with up to 14 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3132D7B265AF6FF7BF53EFA9C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE. Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 1 – 2 m, depth 10 – 20 cm, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, partially shaded, altitude 1,539 m, 12 ˚ 01 ’ 24.991 ” N / 108 ˚ 25 ’ 30.704 ” E), moderately flowing in Resort Park, Langbiang, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 25 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: Three females, six males, four pupae and four mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype; one female and one male, collected from a small moderately flowing stream (width 0.5 – 1.0 m, depth 3 – 5 cm, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,746 m, 12 ˚ 05 ’ 48.964 ” N / 108 ˚ 22 ’ 36.097 ” E), 50 km from Dalat, Dinh Kno, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 25 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from slender pine tree leaves and round grass leaves in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) hongthaii, S. (N.) langbiangense Takaoka, Sofian- Azirun & Ya’cob, S. (N.) phami, and morphoform ‘ b’ of S. (S.) tani Takaoka & Davies (complex).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3132D7B265AF6FF7BF53EFA9C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name lamdongense refers to the province name, Lam Dong, where this new species was collected.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3132D7B265AF6FF7BF53EFA9C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species is assigned to the S. batoense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, redefined by Takaoka (2012), based on the antenna with nine flagellomeres, pleural membrane bare, hind tibiae mostly darkened (Fig. 14 C), spermatheca without sclerotized neck (Fig. 14 J), male hind basitarsus slender and parallel-sided (Fig. 15 B), and ventral plate slightly produced ventrally (Fig. 15 G) (its ratio of the height against the greatest width is 0.36). Among six subgroups of the S. batoense species-group (Takaoka 2012), S. (G.) lamdongense sp. nov. is placed in the S. decuplum subgroup by having the pupal gill with 10 short slender filaments (Fig. 16 A). All the four known species of this subgroup differ from this new species as follows: S. (G.) bannaense Chen & Zhang from China differs by having the female claw with a small subbasal tooth and male upper-eye facets in 12 vertical columns and 13 horizontal rows (Chen and Zhang 2003); S. (G.) chongqingense Zhu & Wang from China differs by having the female genital fork with an inflated apex (Zhu and Wang 1995); S. (G.) jiulianshanense Chen, Kang & Zhang described from pupae and larvae from China is also distinguished by lacking grapnel-shaped hooklets on the pupal abdomen (Kang et al. 2007); and S. (G.) decuplum Takaoka & Davies from Peninsular Malaysia differs by the elongate female sensory vesicle (0.54 times the length of the third maxillary palpal segment), longer claw tooth (0.61 times the length of the claw), male upper-eye facets in 14 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows, and pupal thorax moderately covered with tubercles (Takaoka and Davies 1995; H. Takaoka, unpublished data).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313277B215AF6FA20F529FAE8.taxon	description	Female. Body length 1.7 – 2.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons brownish-black, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent short hairs; frontal ratio 1.47: 1.00: 1.58; frons: head ratio 1.0: 4.1. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus brownish-black, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent hairs interspersed with four dark longer hairs on each side of lower portion. Labrum 0.63 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal extreme of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light brown except segments 1 and 2 ochreous and segment 3 dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.2; third segment (Fig. 17 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 17 A) of moderate size, 0.33 – 0.37 times length of third segment and with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 10 or 11 inner and 17 outer teeth. Mandible with 37 inner teeth and two to four minute outer teeth at some distance from apex (tiny and rudimentary outer teeth can be overlooked). Cibarium (Fig. 17 B) with dorsal margin having short plate produced forward and downward, and with weakly sclerotized mediolongitudinal stripe bearing well sclerotized U-shaped apex. Thorax. Scutum brownish-black except anterolateral calli ochreous, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with yellow scale-like recumbent hairs. Scutellum dark brown, covered with yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with pale and dark short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter light brown; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia dark yellow except base whitish-yellowish, subbasal band light brown and apical one-third brownish black; tibia moderately covered with yellow hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on basal four-fifths; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus much dilated, 5.4 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterolateral surface dark brown; trochanter light brown except base yellow; femur light brown except basal portion of inner surface yellow and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia light brown except base yellow and apical cap brownish-black, and with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal four-fifths; tarsus dark brown except basal half of basitarsus light to medium brown. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter yellow; femur light brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia (Fig. 17 C) light brown (gradually darkened toward apex) except base yellow, and apical cap dark brown; tibia moderately covered with whitish-yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated) on outer and posterior surfaces of basal four-fifths; tarsus (Fig. 17 D) dark brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 17 D) narrow, nearly parallelsided, 6.0 times as long as wide, and 0.63 and 0.50 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 17 D) well developed, slightly longer than wide, and 0.5 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 17 D) well developed; claw (Fig. 17 E) with large basal tooth 0.5 times length of claw. Wing. Length 1.6 mm. Costa with dark brown spinules and light-brown hairs except basal patch of yellow hairs. Subcosta haired except near apex bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired. Basal cell absent. Halter. Clear white except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale creamy, with fringe of yellowish-white hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen light to medium brown except segment 2 creamy, segment 3 creamy to ochreous though tergal plate and dorsolateral narrow portions dark brown, and segment 4 ochreous though tergal plate and dorsolateral wide portions dark brown, and moderately covered with dark short to long hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segment 2 creamy, those of other segments creamy to ochreous except sternite 8 dark brown; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 17 F) bare medially, with 16 – 18 medium-long to long hairs together with few slender short hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 17 F) triangular (though posteromedial corners appearing truncated), thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with three or four short hairs; inner margins rounded ventrally, gently concave, moderately sclerotized, and somewhat separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 17 G, H) of usual inverted-Y form, with slender stem; arms of moderate width, with wide lateral plate. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 17 I) with anteromedial margin somewhat darkened, slightly raised ventrally, with anteromedial surface slightly sclerotized having two or three sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 17 J) much produced ventrally, 0.47 times as long as wide, with 13 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 17 J) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.45 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 17 K) ellipsoidal, 1.55 times as long as greatest width, well sclerotized except duct and small area near juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to major one. Male. Body length 2.1 – 2.4 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of 15 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows of large facets. Face black, whitish-gray pruinose when illuminated at certain angles. Clypeus black, whitish-gray pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and moderately covered with yellow short hairs interspersed with dozen of dark-brown longer hairs on each side. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish-black except scape and pedicel light to medium brown; first flagellomere elongate, 1.7 times length of second one. Maxillary palp with five segments, light brown except third segment dark brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.5; third segment (Fig. 18 A) somewhat widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 18 A) globular or ellipsoidal, small, 0.19 times length of third segment, and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny on lateral portions along lateral margins when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with golden-yellow short hairs. Scutellum brownish-balck, with golden-yellow short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum black and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, thinly pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with pale hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa and trochanter medium brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except apical cap dark brown, and with yellow short hairs (brightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles) on outer surface of basal five-sixths: tarsus brownish-black; basitarsus somewhat flattened, 6.9 times as long as greatest width. Midleg: coxa dark brown except posterolateral surface brownish-black; trochanter medium brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip somewhat paler); tibia medium brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown, and with golden-yellow short hairs on posterior surface of basal one-third; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter light brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia (Fig. 18 B) medium to brownish-black except base yellow, and covered with golden-yellow short hairs on lateral and posterior surfaces of basal two-thirds; tarsus brownish-black except little more than basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal half of second tarsomere yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 18 C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.0 times as long as wide, and 0.6 and 0.6 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 18 C) well developed, slightly longer than width at base, and 0.48 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 18 C) well developed. Wing. Length 1.5 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare and hair tuft of base of radial vein dark brown though apical one-third golden yellow. Halter. Grayish with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen dark brown to brownish-black, covered with light-brown short to long hairs; segments 2, 6 and 7 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral patches, when illuminated at certain angles. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 18 D) nearly rectangular, 1.57 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 18 D) slender, curved inward, tapered toward middle, with apical spine (in one male, both styles with fine apical spine, as in Fig. 18 F); style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 18 E) tapered from base to basal one-third, then slightly narrowed toward apex, with round apex; style in medial view (Fig. 18 F) gently curved inward, tapered from base to basal two-fifths, then nearly parallel-sided. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 18 D) transverse, 0.69 times as long as greatest widths at base, with body nearly parallel-sided, though posterolateral corners rounded, with anterior margin produced anteromedially, posterior margin nearly straight, and densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface except anterolateral areas bare; basal arms of moderate length, somewhat divergent; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 18 G) with posterior portion of body not produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 18 H) rounded ventrally (width: height ratio 1.00: 0.41), moderately covered with microsetae on medial one-third of posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 18 G, I) plate-like, arising from level just above anteromedial tip of body of ventral plate, and directed dorsally. Paramere (Fig. 18 J) with three to five distinct hooks. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 18 J) moderately covered with microsetae, and with no sclerotized dorsal plate. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 18 K, L) with or without distinct hair near posterior margin on each side. Cercus (Fig. 18 K, L) rounded, somewhat produced ventrally, with 12 – 18 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.0 – 2.4 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles except most of ventral surface of face bare; antennal sheath with 10 round protuberances, each with 2 – 12 tubercles (Fig. 19 A); frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with uncoiled apices; face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with uncoiled apices; three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and nearly as long as or somewhat longer than facial one. Thorax (Fig. 19 B). Integument yellow, moderately covered with small cone-like and round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices, two anterolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one long, one medium-long or short), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one long, one medium-long, one short) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 19 B) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as 2 + 1 + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments or 2 + 1 + 3 + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with short common basal stalk having somewhat swollen basal fenestra at base; dorsal paired filaments arising upward, with short stalk; dorsal single filament arising near base of dorsal pair; middle triplet group consisting of one individual filament and two paired filaments with extremely short or short primary and secondary stalks, or three individual filaments arising from short stalk at same level; ventral paired filaments with short stalk; all filaments light brown, slightly tapered toward apices, and subequal in length to one another (0.8 – 1.0 mm long); cuticle of all filaments with well-defined annular ridges and furrows, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments nearly unpigmented except segment 9 yellowish; segment 1 without tubercles and with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long or short hair-like seta and five short somewhat spinous setae submedially near posterior margin on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta near posterior margin on each side; segments 5 – 8 each with two or three unbranched short setae near posterior margin on each side; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (spine-combs absent on segment 9 in some pupae) and comb-like groups of minute spines near anterior margin on each side; segment 9 with pair of cone-like terminal hooks (Fig. 19 C). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few unbranched short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few unbranched short slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 19 D). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin thickly woven, without anterodorsal bulge or projection; posterior half with floor roughly or moderately woven; individual threads visible; 2.4 – 3.0 mm long by 1.5 – 2.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.3 – 3.5 mm. Body creamy except thoracic segment 1 encircled by light reddishbrown band along anterior margin though disconnected ventromedially, anterior and posterior surfaces of thoracic proleg light gray, ventral surface of thoracic segments 2 and 3 light gray and light reddish-brown, and abdominal segments 1 – 4 (at least ventral surface) faintly light gray though intersegmental areas between thoracic segment 3 and abdominal segment 5 unpigmented. Head capsule moderately covered with unpigmented minute spinous setae except head spots, eye-spot regions, narrow areas along posterior margin of lateral surface, and narrow areas along lateral margins of postgenal cleft bare. Cephalic apotome whitish yellow; head spots indistinct or faintly positive. Lateral surface of head capsule whitish yellow except eye-spot region whitish; eyebrow faintly defined; two relatively large spots and one small spot near posterior margin indistinct; one or two small spots below eye-spot region indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule whitish yellow except darkened area near posterior margin on each side of postgenal cleft; one elongate spot and one round spot on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, nearly as long as or slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.0: 1.1: 1.0 – 1.1. Labral fan with 30 – 32 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 20 A) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first tooth to third; serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); major tooth at acute angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent. Hypostoma (Fig. 20 B) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth subequal in length to each corner tooth; lateral margin smooth except apical portion often having few serrations; four hypostomal bristles per side lying parallel to lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 20 C) deep, reaching posterior margin of hypostoma. Cervical sclerites composed of pair of small yellow rod-like pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated medially from each other. Thoracic proleg without hairs; thoracic cuticle moderately covered with dark flat setae with thin unpigmented apical portions (apical margin not well discerned) (Fig. 20 D) except ventral surface bare; abdominal cuticle of segments 1 – 4 moderately covered with similar dark flat setae except intersegmental areas and ventral surface bare, and that of segments 5 – 9 moderately or densely covered with similar dark and flat setae of various sizes except ventral surface almost bare, though relatively larger ones only on dorsal surface (Fig. 20 E); last abdominal segment moderately covered also with unbranched colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite; when viewed dorsally, abdomen remarkably constricted between abdominal segment 4 and segment 5, and anterolateral surface of segment 5 with 14 – 19 relatively longer dark unbranched or branched setae in addition to dark flat setae (Fig. 20 F); thorax and abdomen without dorsal protuberances. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with eight thumb-like or finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite of usual X-form, with anterior arms 0.9 times length of posterior ones, broadly sclerotized at base; accessory sclerite absent. Last abdominal segment expanded ventrolaterally forming double bulges on each side, visible as large conical ventral papilla when viewed from side. Posterior circlet with 70 – 72 rows of hooklets with up to 12 or 13 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313277B215AF6FA20F529FAE8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE. Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 4 – 6 m, water temperature 18.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,452 m, 12 ˚ 10 ’ 56.408 ” N / 108 ˚ 40 ’ 48.152 ” E), moderately flowing in open land, Long Lanh, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: Two females, three males, one pupa and four mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from grass leaves trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) breviflagellum sp. nov., S. (G.) hongthaii, S. (G.) thituyenae sp. nov., and S. (S.) xuandei sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313277B215AF6FA20F529FAE8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name longlanhense refers to the area name, Long Lanh, where this new species was collected.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313277B215AF6FA20F529FAE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species is assigned to the S. batoense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, defined by Takaoka (2012), based on the antenna with nine flagellomeres, pleural membrane bare, hind tibiae mostly darkened (Fig. 17 C), spermatheca without sclerotized neck (Fig. 17 K), male hind basitarsus slender and parallel-sided (Fig. 18 C), and ventral plate slightly produced ventrally (its ratio of the height against the greatest width is 0.41) (Fig. 18 H). Among six subgroups of the S. batoense species-group (Takaoka 2012), S. (G.) longlanhense sp. nov. is placed in the S. parahiyangum subgroup (nine species included) by having the pupal gill with eight short slender filaments of almost the same length (Fig. 19 B). Two of the nine species of this subgroup, i. e., S. (G.) bhutanense Takaoka & Somboon and S. (G.) chuzargangense Takaoka & Somboon, both from Bhutan, were described from females (Takaoka and Somboon 2008). The females of (G.) bhutanense and S. (G.) chuzargangense differ from this new species by having the tarsal claws each with a small basal tooth and the bare subcosta, respectively. The arrangement of eight gill filaments, i. e., 2 + 1 + (1 + 2) + 2 filaments or 2 + 1 + 3 + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, and the short common basal stalk of the gill of this new species separate this new species from the other seven species, of which the pupa is known, except S. (G.) dentistylum Takaoka & Davies described from Peninsular Malaysia, which has a similar arrangement of the pupal gill and the short common basal stalk (Takaoka and Davies 1995). This new species is distinguished from S. (G.) dentistylum in the male by the greater number of upper-eye facets in 15 vertical columns and 16 horizontal rows (cf., in 14 vertical columns and 14 horozontal rows in S. (G.) dentistylum), abdominal segments 2, 6 and 7 each with a pair of shiny dorsolateral patches (cf., abdominal segments 2, 5, 6 and 7 each with a pair of shiny dorsolateral patches in S. (G.) dentistylum), in the pupa by the frons mostly covered with round tubercles, which are lower than the basal width (cf., cone-shaped tubercles which are higher than the basal width in S. (G.) dentistylum), and in the larva by the labral fan with 30 – 32 main rays (cf., about 40 main rays in S. (G.) dentistylum).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313207B3C5AF6FA4AF2F4F83D.taxon	description	Female (dissected from pupal case). Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than width of thorax. Frons dark brown, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent short hairs interspersed with several dark longer hairs along each lateral margin; frontal ratio 1.7: 1.0: 2.7; frons: head ratio 1.0: 5.2. Fronto-ocular area well developed, narrow, directed dorsolaterally. Clypeus dark brown, densely covered with yellowish-white recumbent short hairs interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs along each lateral margin. Labrum 0.67 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and basal one-third of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp composed of five segments, light to medium brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.0: 1.9; third segment (Fig. 21 A) moderately swollen; sensory vesicle (Fig. 21 A) oblong, 0.38 – 0.41 times length of third segment, with medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 12 or 13 inner and 15 or 16 outer teeth. Mandible with 28 inner and 15 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 21 B) medially forming short wide sclerotized plate folded forward from posterior margin, and with weakly sclerotized mediolongitudinal ridge with forked apex. Thorax. Scutum dark brown except anterolateral calli ochreous, shiny, thinly grayish-white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with whitish-yellow recumbent hairs. Scutellum ochreous, covered with whitish-yellow short hairs and with dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum dark brown, shiny, thinly grayish-white pruinose and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and moderately covered with yellow hairs interspersed with dark-brown hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter light brown; femur dark yellow with apical cap medium brown; tibia whitish yellow with apical onefifth medium brown on outer surface, though light to medium brown except base whitish yellow on inner surface; tarsus dark brown, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.8 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown; trochanter light brown; femur dark yellow to light brown with base yellow and apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia light to medium brown except basal two-fifths yellow; tarsus dark brown except base of basitarsus somewhat lighter. Hind leg: coxa light brown; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellow); tibia whitish-yellow to yellow except apical one-third dark brown; tarsus dark brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus (though base light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish; basitarsus (Fig. 21 C) narrow, nearly parallel-sided; calcipala nearly as long as wide; pedisulcus well developed; claw (Fig. 21 D) with large basal tooth 0.5 times as long as claw. Wing. Length not measurable. Costa with dark brown spinules and light to medium brown hairs except basal patch of whitish-yellow hairs. Subcosta with medium brown hairs except near apex bare. Hair tuft of base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark brown spinules and light to medium brown hairs; R 2 with light to medium brown hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale ochreous, with fringe of whitish-yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to brownish-black except basal half of segment 2 yellow, moderately covered with dark-brown hairs interspersed with yellow fine hairs; tergites of segments 2 and 6 – 9 shiny when illuminated at certain angles; sternal plate on segment 7 undeveloped. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 21 E) bare medially, with 13 or 14 medium-long to long hairs together with few short setae on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 21 E) triangular, with round posteromedial corners, thin, membranous, moderately covered with microsetae interspersed with two short setae; inner margins nearly straight on basal two-thirds, slightly sclerotized and narrowly separated from each other. Genital fork (Fig. 21 F) of usual inverted-Y form, with arms of moderate width; arm folded medially, and with projection directed posteromedially (though apical portion not well defined in pharate specimen). Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 21 G) much depressed on anteroventral surface along anteromedial margin and with few sensilla on anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 21 H) somewhat produced ventrally, with 19 or 20 medium-long to long hairs on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 21 H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.4 times as long as wide. Spermatheca (Fig. 21 I) ellipsoidal, 1.4 times as long as wide, well sclerotized except duct and small area at juncture with duct unsclerotized, and with many fissures on outer surface; internal setae absent; both accessory ducts slender, subequal in diameter to each other and slightly thicker than major duct. Male. Unknown. Pupa. Body length 2.6 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles on frons and small area near posterior margin of each lateral surface; antennal sheath bare, and without projections. Frons with three unbranched long trichomes with uncoiled apices (Fig. 22 A) on each side; all trichomes subequal in length and thickness to one another. Face with pair of trichomes but lost. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices (Fig. 22 B), one long anterolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 22 C) (one of two trichomes lost), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 22 D), and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one medium-long, two short) (Fig. 22 E), on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 22 F, G) of much inflated structure, composed of basal portion and two branches (directed dorsally and forward, respectively) resembling letter Y when viewed laterally; basal portion with constriction on apical one-third, and each branch with constriction basally; basal portion with four paired and two individual filaments, and each branch with three finger-like projections, of which one projection bears slender filament arising from its apex; surface of inflated portion and all filaments light brown, without any pattern on inflated portions or any transverse ridges or furrows on filaments, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except segment 9 yellowish brown; segment 1 without tubercles, with one unbranched slender medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long seta and five minute unbranched setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one unbranched short seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spine-combs and comb-like groups of minute spines; segments 6 – 8 each with spine-combs in transverse row and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with comb-like groups of minute spines in transverse row on each side, and pair of distinct cone-shaped terminal hooks (Fig. 22 H). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched short hook (similar in shape and size to outer hooks on segments 6 and 7) and few short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other (segment 7 with additional bifid hook between inner and outer hooks), and few short setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines; three grapnel-shaped hooklets present on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 22 I). Wall-pocket-shaped, thinly and compactly woven with no open spaces in weave, somewhat extended ventrolaterally; anterior margin thickly woven; floor loosely woven on posterior half of cocoon; individual threads invisible; 3.0 mm long by 2.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.7 – 5.0 mm. Body yellowish except thoracic segment 1 encircled faintly with ochreous transverse band, ventral surface of thoracic segments 2 and 3 ochreous, and dorsal and dorsolateral surface of abdominal segments 6 – 8 reddish purplish, though faded anteriorly to various degrees on segment 6 in most larvae. Head capsule sparsely to moderately covered with unpigmented minute setae. Cephalic apotome yellow, with indistinct or faint positive head spots. Lateral surface of head capsule yellow except eye-spot region white; spots in front of posterior margin indistinct or faintly positive; eyebrow indistinct. Ventral surface of head capsule yellow except basal portioin on each side of postgenal cleft dark brown; elongate spot on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct or faintly negative. Cervical sclerites composed of two small light-brown rod-like pieces, not fused to occiput, widely separated from each other. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, much longer than stem of labral fan; antenna pale except dorsal surface of first segment somewhat darkened toward base; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.00: 0.66 – 0.78: 0.95 – 1.00. Labral fan with 32 – 35 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 22 J) with three comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third; serrations composed of two teeth (one large and one small); large tooth at acute angle to mandible on apical side. Hypostoma (Fig. 22 K) with row of nine apical teeth, of which median tooth nearly as long as or slightly longer than corner teeth, and middle tooth of intermediate teeth shortest; lateral margins smooth; five hypostomal bristles per side nearly parallel to lateral margin on each side. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 22 L) medium-sized, rounded, 1.1 – 1.2 times as long as postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion unpigmented, not visible. Pharate pupal gill with wrinkled enlarged body with six short finger-like projections and eight slender thread-like filaments. Thoracic cuticle bare. Abdominal cuticle bare except both sides of anal sclerite (down to base of ventral papillae) densely covered with colorless unbranched setae. Rectal scales absent. Rectal organ compound, each of three lobes with 11 – 15 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, anterior arms 1.2 times as long as posterior ones; accessory sclerites absent; sensillum absent. Ventral papillae well developed, conical. Posterior circlet with 84 – 88 rows of hooklets with up to 14 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313207B3C5AF6FA4AF2F4F83D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Pharate female, collected from a small stream (width 0.2 – 0.3 m, depth 2 – 3 cm, water temperature 17.0 ˚ C, shaded, altitude 1,313 m, 16 ˚ 11 ’ 41.099 ” N / 107 ˚ 51 ’ 47.675 ” E), slowly flowing from a natural forest, near the top of Bach Ma National Park, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam, 23 - II- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: 11 mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313207B3C5AF6FA4AF2F4F83D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name thuathienense refers to the name of the province, Thua Thien Hue, where this new species was collected. Biological notes. The pupa and larvae of this new species were collected from dead tree leaves and trailing grasses in the water. The associated species were S. (G.) phulocense sp. nov. and S. (N.) bachmaense.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313207B3C5AF6FA4AF2F4F83D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (G.) thuathienense sp. nov. is placed in the S. gombakense species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, defined by Takaoka (2012), based on the characteristic inflated pupal gill (Fig. 22 F, G). A similar type of gills is known in S. (G.) antlerum Chen from Hainan Island, China (Chen 2001), S. (G.) gombakense Takaoka & Davies originally described from Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka and Davies 1995; Takaoka 2000; Takaoka et al. 2010 b) and later reported from Thailand (Kuvangkadilok and Takaoka 2000), S. (G.) langkawiense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob from Langkawi Island, Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka et al. 2013 b), S. (G.) nuwakotense Takaoka & Shrestha from Nepal (Takaoka and Shrestha 2010) and S. (G.) sachini Takaoka & Henry described from Darjeeling, India (Takaoka et al. 2009 a). However, the gill of this new species differs from those of all these known species by the following characteristics (those of related species in parentheses): from S. (G.) antlerum by six slender filaments on the basal inflated portion, and remaining two, each on the forward and dorsal inflated branches (eight slender filaments on the basal inflated portion and two slender filaments on the dorsal inflated branch); from S. (G.) gombakense and S. (G.) langkawiense by the dorsal branch with a basal constriction (without such a constriction); from S. (G.) nuwakotense and S. (G.) sachini by the forward branch with a basal constriction (with two constrictions). In addition, cone-shaped pupal terminal hooks (Fig. 22 H) separate this new species from all the seven known species of the S. (G.) gombakense species-group, all of which have plate-like pupal terminal hooks with a serrated outer margin.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3133B7B365AF6FF32F3DAFD84.taxon	description	Male. Body length 2.3 mm. Head. Somewhat wider than thorax. Upper eye dark brown, consisting of 13 or 14 vertical columns and 14 horizontal rows of large facets. Face brownish-black, grayish-white pruinose. Clypeus brownish-black, grayish-white pruinose, densely covered with yellow scale-like medium-long hairs (mostly directed upward) interspersed with several dark-brown longer hairs. Antenna (Fig. 23 A) composed of scape, pedicel and eight flagellomeres, dark brown except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere whitish yellow, and rest of first flagellomere and second flagellomere dark yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.43 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp light to medium brown, with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.2: 2.8; third segment (Fig. 23 B) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 23 B) elongate, 0.44 times length of third segment, and with medium-sized opening. Thorax. Scutum brownish black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and densely covered with brassy scale-like recumbent hairs except narrow areas along lateral margins and prescutellar area covered with yellow similar hairs. Scutellum dark brown, covered with brassy short hairs and dark-brown long upright hairs along posterior margin. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, dark brown to brownish-black, grayish-white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with fine short hairs. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter dark yellow except basal half whitish-yellow; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia white or yellowish-white except basal one-fourth (though basal tip paler) and apical one-fourth light brown, with brilliant white sheen widely on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa medium brown except posterolateral surface brownish-black; trochanter dark yellow or light brown; femur medium brown, with apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellowish); tibia yellowish-white on basal one-third or little more, and medium to dark brown on rest, with brilliant white sheen on posterior surface of basal one-third or little more when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal half or little more of basitarsus yellowish-white. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter yellowish-white; femur medium brown, with base yellowish-white and apical cap dark brown (though extreme tip yellowish-white); tibia (Fig. 23 C) white or yellowish-white on basal half and medium to dark brown on rest; tibia with brilliant white sheen on outer and posterior surfaces of basal half; tarsus medium to dark brown except basal two-thirds or little more of basitarsus (though basal tip light brown) and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish white; basitarsus (Fig. 23 D) narrow, nearly parallel-sided, 6.89 times as long as wide, and 0.57 and 0.46 times as wide as greatest widths of tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 23 D) slightly longer than width at base, and 0.58 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 23 D) well developed. Wing. Length 1.9 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs except basal patch of hairs whitish yellow. Subcosta bare. Hair tuft on base of radial vein yellow. Basal portion of radius fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs only. Basal cell absent. Halter. Grayish white except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of light to medium brown hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium brown to black (except tergal plate of each side of segment 2 yellowish), covered with dark-brown short to long hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 8 each with pair of shiny dorsolateral or lateral patches. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 23 E) nearly rectangular, 1.54 times as long as its greatest width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 23 E) bent inward, slightly tapered from base toward middle, then nearly parallel-sided toward apex, and with apical spine (right style with additional spine near apex on ventral surface); style in medial view (Fig. 23 F) shorter than coxite (0.88 times length of coxite), gently bent inward, slightly tapered toward apex, with round apex; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 23 G) nearly parallel-sided form base to basal one-fourth, abruptly narrowed, then parallel-sided up to apical one-fourth, and gradually tapered toward apex, with round apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 23 E) with body transverse, 0.5 times as long as wide, slightly rounded laterally, with anterior margin slightly produced anteromedially, and posteroventral margin somewhat concave (though posterodorsal margin slightly convex medially), densely covered with microsetae on ventral surface; basal arms of moderate length, directed forward; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 23 H) moderately produced ventrally; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 23 I) produced ventrally (width: height ratio 1.0: 0.6), with round apex, densely covered with microsetae on central portion of posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 23 H, J) thin, plate-like, wide, with sclerotized portion tapered toward apex. Paramere (Fig. 23 K) of moderate size, with three long hooks. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 23 K) moderately setose; dorsal plate not well defined. Ventral surface of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 23 L, M) weakly sclerotized widely, without distinct hairs near posterior margin. Cercus (Fig. 23 L, M) small, rounded, with 8 – 11 hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.4 mm. Head. Integument yellow, moderately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath without protuberances; frons with three pairs of unbranched long trichomes with coiled apices; face with pair of unbranched long trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices; three frontal trichomes on each side arising close together, subequal in length to one another and slightly longer than facial one. Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with round tubercles except dorsomedial areas sparsely covered with tubercles, with three long anterodorsal trichomes with coiled or uncoiled apices, two long anterolateral trichomes (one with coiled apex, one with uncoiled apex), one medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex, and three ventrolateral trichomes with uncoiled apices (one medium-long, two short) on each side; all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 24 A) composed of eight slender thread-like filaments, arranged as [(1 + 2) + (1 + 2)] + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral, with medium-long common basal stalk having somewhat swollen unpigmented basal fenestra ventrally (partially broken) at base; common basal stalk 0.78 times length of interspiracular trunk; dorsal and middle triplets sharing short stalk; dorsal and middle triplets each composed of one individual filament and two paired filaments with short primary stalk and long secondary stalk, which is about three times as long as primary stalk; ventral paired filaments with medium-long stalk nearly as long as common basal stalk; stalk of ventral pair as thick as primary stalk of middle triplet, 1.23 times as thick as primary stalk of dorsal triplet, and 0.89 times as thick as common stalk of middle and dorsal triplets; primary stalk of dorsal triplet lying against that of lower pair at angle of 90 degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments light brown, gradually tapered toward apex; lengths of all filaments are not measurable due to loss of apical portions of all filaments; two filaments of ventral pair subequal in length and thickness to each other, and somewhat thicker than six other filaments when compared basally; cuticle of all filaments with moderately-defined annular ridges and furrows though becoming less marked apically, densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented and without tubercles; segment 1 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender medium-long hair-like seta and five short somewhat spinous setae submedially on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four hooked spines and one short somewhat spinous seta on each side; segment 5 lacking spinecombs; segments 6 – 9 each with spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 9 much smaller than those on segment 8) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with pair of wide flat terminal hooks, of which outer margin is 3.6 times as long as inner margin and serrated (Fig. 24 B). Ventrally, segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few unbranched slender short setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat spaced from each other and few short unbranched slender setae on each side; segments 4 – 8 each with comb-like groups of minute spines. Each side of segment 9 with three grapnel-shaped hooklets. Cocoon (Fig. 24 C). Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, widely extended ventrolaterally; anterodorsal margin thickly woven, with short anterodorsal projection; posterior one-half with floor roughly woven; individual threads visible; 3.0 mm long by 2.2 mm wide. Female and mature larva. Unknown.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3133B7B365AF6FF32F3DAFD84.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Male, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 4 – 6 m, water temperature 18.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,452 m, 12 ˚ 10 ’ 56.408 ” N / 108 ˚ 40 ’ 48.152 ” E), moderately flowing in open land, Long Lanh, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. Biological notes. The pupa of this new species was collected from a grass leaf trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) longlanhense sp. nov., S. (G.) thituyenae sp. nov. and S. (S.) xuandei sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3133B7B365AF6FF32F3DAFD84.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name breviflagellum refers to the shortened flagellum of this new species due to lack of one of nine flagellomeres.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3133B7B365AF6FF32F3DAFD84.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (G.) breviflagellum sp. nov. is assigned to the S. varicorne species-group of the subgenus Gomphostilbia, redefined by Takaoka (2012), since it has eight flagellomeres on its adult antenna (Fig. 23 A), and is, within it, further placed in the burtoni subgroup because of its male ventral plate moderately produced ventrally (Fig. 23 I), as defined by Takaoka (2012). This new species is similar to all three known species of this subgroup in the shape of the male genitalia but is distinguished from them by the following characters (those of known species in parentheses): from S. (G.) shogakii (Rubtsov) from Japan, Korea and northern China (Rubtsov 1959 – 1964) by the long secondary stalks of the dorsal and middle triplets of gill filaments, which are twice the length of their primary stalks (Fig. 24 A) (secondary stalks are short, nearly as long as the primary stalks), and serrated terminal hooks (Fig. 24 B) (simple, cone-shaped terminal hooks), and cocoon with an anterodorsal projection (Fig. 24 C) (cocoon without such a projection); from S. (G.) burtoni Takaoka & Davies from Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand (Takaoka and Davies 1995) by the cocoon with an anterodorsal projection (cocoon without such a projection); and from S. (G.) synanceium Chen & Cao from northern China (Chen and Cao 1983) by the elongate male sensory vesicle (Fig. 23 B) (small, globular sensory vesicle), hind tibia with the apical half darkened (hind tibia darkened on the basal one-fourth and the apical onethird), and long secondary stalks of the dorsal and middle triplets of gill filaments, which are twice the length of their primary stalks (secondary stalks are short, nearly as long as the primary stalks). This is the first record of the S. varicorne species-group from Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FB31F2B7F84B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, Bhutan, China, Guam, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FB31F2B7F84B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species belongs to the S. ruficorne species-group, and is characterized by the unique female and male genitalia, pupal gill with six filaments and larval head capsule with bold head spots (Takaoka 2003). This is the only autogenous species in the Oriental Region, of which the female can develop the first batch of eggs without blood-meals (Takaoka and Noda 1979). The pupae and larvae of this species appear to be highly adapted to relatively high water temperatures, slow flow and even somewhat muddy or contaminated waters, where most other simuliid species do not occur (Takaoka 2003). As noted previously (Takaoka et al. 2014 c), these capabilities, together with other factors, may explain why this species is widely distributed in the Oriental Region and extends into the Palearctic and Australasian Regions.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FF32F40AFE2C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FF32F40AFE2C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Bach Ma National Park, central Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2014 d). It is characterized by the female genital fork with pointed posteromedial projections.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FDF0F3A6FCE2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FDF0F3A6FCE2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2014 d). It is characterized by the female sensory vesicle with enlarged opening.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FCB5F2DFFBA7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313367B375AF6FCB5F2DFFBA7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam (Takaoka et al. 2014 d). It is characterized by the pupal gill with five filaments.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B355AF6FBFAF294F987.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand and Vietnam (New record).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B355AF6FBFAF294F987.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) atipornae is characterized in the female by the claw with a small subbasal tooth, ovipositor valve triangular with its inner margin nearly straight and its surface covered with many short to mediumlong hairs; in the male by the style with a short subbasal protuberance and ventral plate Y-shaped with a toothed posterior margin; and in the pupa by the head and thoracic integument almost bare, gill with six filaments, and cocoon with anterolateral windows (Takaoka et al. 2014 e). The pharate male dissected from its pupal case collected from Bach Ma National Park agrees morphologically with the original description (Takaoka et al. 2014 e). This species is a new record from Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B4C5AF6F90EF5B7FE34.taxon	description	Female. Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny, with several dark long stout hairs along each lateral margin and four similar hairs just above lower margin; frontal ratio 1.4: 1.0: 1.6; frons: head ratio 1.0: 4.6. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally and slightly upward. Clypeus black, white pruinose, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown long stout hairs along lateral and ventral margins and middle portion widely bare. Labrum 0.69 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape, pedicel, base of first flagellomere and ventral surface of flagellomeres 1 and 2 yellow. Maxillary palp with five segments, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 25 A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 25 A) of moderate size, (0.33 – 0.41 times length of third segment) having large opening near apex. Maxillary lacinia with 12 or 13 inner and 13 or 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 24 or 25 inner and 14 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 25 B) with blunt medial projection on posterior margin and without minute processes near base of medial projection. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, densely covered with golden-yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area; when illuminated in front and viewed dorsally, scutum white pruinose, with five longitudinal non-pruinose vittae (one narrow medial vitta, two wider submedial vittae and two wider sublateral vittae though sublateral vittae somewhat wider than submedial ones), all vittae united with broad transverse band on prescutellar area; when illuminated from behind, scutum having reversed color pattern. Scutellum brownish-black, covered with dark-brown upright long hairs and golden-yellow short hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter whitish-yellow to yellow; femur yellow except apical cap medium brown on front surface, light brown except little more than basal two-fifths yellow and apical cap medium brown on posterior surface; tibia white except apical cap black, with shiny sheen widely on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 4.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa black; trochanter light brown; femur medium brown except base yellow and apical cap dark brown; tibia white except apical cap dark brown, and with shiny sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus dark brown except little more than basal half of basitarsus whitish. Hing leg: coxa black; trochanter yellow; femur brownish-black except basal one-fourth yellow and apical cap black; tibia white except apical cap dark brown, and with shiny sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black except little less than basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal one-third of second tarsomere whitish; basitarsus (Fig. 25 C) nearly parallel-sided, 5.96 times as long as wide, and 0.77 and 0.63 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 25 C) moderately developed, slightly shorter than basal width, and 0.35 times as wide as basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 25 C) well developed at basal one-third of second tarsomere; all tarsal claws simple. Wing. Length 2.0 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radial vein fully haired; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown, with fringe of dark-brown long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black except basal half of second segment yellowish-white, with short dark hairs; tergite 2 shiny, white iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, and tergites 6 – 8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 25 D) bare medially, with 26 – 29 dark medium-long to long stout hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 25 D) triangular though rounded posteomedially, membranous, each moderately covered with microsetae, one dark medium-long hair and one unpigmented short hair, except portion along inner margin widely bare, so thin and transparent that it is difficult to discern inner margins. Genital fork (Fig. 25 E) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with distinct short and wide projection having pointed apex directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 25 F) nearly quadrate, densely covered with minute setae and with 36 or 37 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces except anterolateral corner widely unpigmented and bare; anteromedial surface with four or five short sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 25 G) moderately protruded ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 25 G) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.36 times as long as wide, and with numerous short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 25 H) large, nearly ovoid, 1.2 times as long as wide, well sclerotized except portion of juncture with duct unsclerotized, with no defined surface patterns, and with internal setae; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and to major duct. Male. Body length 3.5 mm. Head. Width subequal to that of thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of large facets in 19 vertical columns and in 20 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, sparsely covered with dark-brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion of upper half bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere yellow though apical portion of pedicel dark yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.9 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 26 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 26 A) small (0.18 times length of third segment), ellipsoidal, and with opening of moderate size. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i. e., anterior pair of rectangular spots on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas shiny and iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and densely covered with golden-yellow recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish-black, with several dark long upright hairs and goldenyellow short hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black to black, shiny and white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter dark brown except base yellowish; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium to dark brown except outer surface widely white medially, and with white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 6.1 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black to black; trochanter dark brown though extreme base yellow; femur dark brown; tibia whitish on basal half, and light to medium brown on rest except apical cap dark brown; tarsus dark brown except basal half of basitarsus light brown. Hind leg: coxa brownish-black to black; trochanter yellow; femur medium brown except base yellow and apical cap brownish-black; tibia dark brown to brownish-black except basal tip yellow; tarsus (Fig. 26 B) dark brown to brownish-black except little more than basal half of basitarsus dark yellow or grayish yellow (basitarsus fully covered with black hairs, then border not well defined) and basal half of second tarsomere whitish; basitarsus (Fig. 26 B) much enlarged, spindle-shaped, gradually widened from base to apical one-third, then tapered to apex, 4.38 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.81 and 0.87 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 26 B) small, 0.63 times as long as width at base, 0.31 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 26 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.3 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta and basal section of radial vein bare. Halter. White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown to brownish-black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black to black except basal one-third of segment 2 yellowish, and covered with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 26 C) nearly quadrate, covered with many stout hairs on posterior one-third; coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 26 D) rectangular, 0.7 times as long as width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 26 C) elongate, gradually tapered to middle, then nearly parallel-sided to apex, with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 26 D) elongate, 3.1 times as long as its greatest width at base, nearly parallel-sided from base to basal one-third, then abruptly narrowed, and again nearly parallel-sided toward apex; style in medial view (Fig. 26 E) spatulate dorsoventrally, 1.6 times as long as coxite, with long horn-like basal protuberance, with several minute cone-like spines each having microseta at its apex, on anterior surface, and with apical spine having two apices. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 26 C) with body nearly rectangular (though somewhat narrowed basally, and rounded on each posterolateral corner), with ventromedial process covered with many minute setae on anterior and anterolateral surfaces, and several ridges in two vertical rows on posterior surface; arms directed forward and divergent from each other; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 26 F) having ventromedial process at about right or slightly greater angle against dorsal margin of body, with serrated posterior margin, and bare except anteroventral surface moderately covered with microsetae; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 26 G) having ventromedial process parallel-sided except basal portion somewhat constricted and apical one-third narrowed toward tip, with rounded bare apex and having several ridges in two vertical rows on posterior surface except apical two-fifths without ridges, and no microsetae on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 26 F, H) plate-like, widened from base toward apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere (Fig. 26 I) with several distinct hooks. Aedeagal membrane densely covered with minute spinous setae, and with weakly sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 26 J). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 26 K, L) without distinct hair on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus (Fig. 26 K, L) small, rounded, with 10 distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath bare except basal portion covered with small tubercles; frons with pair of unbranched slender short trichomes with uncoiled apices, or pair of bifid slender short trichome and unbranched slender short trichome (Fig. 27 A) on each side; face with unbranched medium-long trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 27 B) on each side. Thorax. Integument dark yellow to ochreous, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles; thorax on each side with three anterodorsal trichomes with uncoiled apices (anterior and middle trichomes bifid or trifid, medium-long or long, posterior trichome unbranched, short or medium-long or long) (Fig. 27 C), two anterolateral trichomes (anterior trichome unbranched, medium-long or long, with uncoiled apex, posterior trichome unbranched or bifid, long, with coiled or uncoiled apex) (Fig. 27 D), one unbranched mediumlong stout mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 27 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (one short, slender, unbranched or bifid, two others unbranched or bifid or quadrifid, short or medium-long or long, stout) (Fig. 27 F). Gill (Fig. 27 G) with eight slender thread-like short filaments in four pairs (one dorsal, two middle and one ventral) arising from short common basal stalk; all pairs short-stalked; gill filaments widely divergent basally, upper filament of dorsal pair forming an obtuse angle of about 120 degrees against lower filament of ventral pair when viewed laterally; filaments slightly shortened from dorsal to ventral, with upper filament of dorsal pair longest (about 1.7 mm long), and lower filament of ventral pair shortest (about 1.0 mm long); relative thickness of eight filaments from dorsal to ventral when basal portions were compared 1.00: 0.87 – 0.90: 0.72 – 0.80: 0.67 – 0.70: 0.75 – 0.77: 0.69 – 0.70: 0.50 – 0.63: 0.58; all filaments medium to dark brown, tapered toward apex, with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming definite reticulate surface patterns, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, segment 1 and basal half of segment 2 dark grayish, and other segments unpigmented except basal portions of spine-combs on segment 8 yellow; segment 1 with one unbranched slender short seta (Fig. 27 H) on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched slender short seta and five short setae, of which three are much stouter than two others (Fig. 27 I), on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooked spines and one unbranched short seta on each side; segment 8 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row on each side; segments 5, 6, 7 and 9 lacking spine-combs; segments 5 – 9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, segments 3 – 9 unpigmented, each (except segment 9) with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few unbranched slender minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooks submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon (Fig. 27 J). Wall-pocket-shaped or shoe-shaped with narrow anteroventral collar, tightly and thickly woven, ochreous, with medium-sized anterolateral window on each side, and not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads invisible; 3.6 – 3.8 mm long by 1.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Unknown.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B4C5AF6F90EF5B7FE34.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small shallow stream (width 3 – 6 m, depth 10 – 20 cm, bottom sandy, water temperature 20.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,440 m) (12 ˚ 08 ’ 32.409 ” N / 108 ˚ 38 ’ 58.318 ” E) slowly flowing in open land, Da Chais, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: One male and two pupal exuviae and cocoons, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. were collected from grass leaves and roots trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) dachaisense sp. nov. and S. (S.) nodosum.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B4C5AF6F90EF5B7FE34.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name lacduongense refers to the district name, Lac Duong, where this new species was collected.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313347B4C5AF6F90EF5B7FE34.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. is assigned to the S. multistriatum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, defined by Takaoka and Davies (1996), based on the female scutum with five longitudinal vittae, female ovipositor valves thin and unpigmented along inner margins (Fig. 25 D), male style with elongate basal protuberance (Fig. 26 E), pupal gill with eight filaments (Fig. 27 G), and cocoon with an anterolateral window on each side (Fig. 27 J). This new species is characterized by the haired basal portion of the radial vein of the female wing, a character found in three species of the group: i. e., S. (S.) fenestratum Edwards originally described from Sumatra (Edwards 1934), S. (S.) hirtinervis Edwards originally described from Peninsular Malaysia (Edwards 1928), and S. (S.) sakishimaense Takaoka from Japan (Takaoka 1977). However, S. (S.) fenestratum differs from this new species by the male style lacking minute cone-like spines on its basal protuberance, and the pupal gill filaments divergent at an angle of less than 90 degrees. Simulium (S.) hirtinervis differs by the number of male upper-eye facets in 14 vertical columns and 13 horizontal rows, and the ventromedial process of the ventral plate much constricted basally when viewed posteriorly. Simulium (S.) sakishimaense differs by the basal portion of the female radial vein partially haired only near its apex, male upper-eye large facets in 15 horizontal rows, style concave medially on both margins when viewed ventrolaterally, and gill filaments divergent at an angle of less than 90 degrees. The pupal gill filaments divergent at an angle of more than 90 degrees (Fig. 27 G) is similar to the condition in S. (S.) barraudi Puri, S. (S.) dentatum Puri, S. (S.) digitatum Puri, and S. (S.) novolineatum Puri, all originally described from India (Puri 1932 b, 1933), S. (S.) deothangense Takaoka & Somboon from Bhutan (Takaoka and Somboon 2008), S. (S.) hillycum Maskey from Nepal (Maskey 1989), S. (S) kisapense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob from Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka et al. 2012 a) and S. (S.) lampangense Takaoka & Choochote from Thailand (Takaoka and Choochote 2005 b). However, this new species is distinguished from S. (S.) novolineatum by the ventral plate with setae (Fig. 26 F); from the three other Indian species by the difference in the shape of the ventral plate; from S. (S.) deothangense by the female hind femur brownish-black except the basal one-fourth yellow and the apical cap black (cf., whitish yellow on little less than the basal half in S. (S.) deothangense) and the basal protuberance of the style with several minute cone-like spines on the anterior surface (Fig. 26 E); from S. (S.) hillycum by the female mid tibia which is whitish except its apical cap dark brown [entirely black in S. (S.) hillycum according to the figure in the original description]; and from S. (S) kisapense and S. (S.) lampangense by the male upper-eye large facets in 19 vertical columns and 20 horizontal rows (cf., in 17 or 18 vertical columns and 17 – 19 horizontal rows in S. (S) kisapense and S. (S.) lampangense), and from S. (S.) lampangense by the pupal abdomen having dorsal spine-combs only on segment 8 (cf., spine-combs present on segments 7 – 9 in S. (S.) lampangense).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3134D7B475AF6FDC8F195FEA4.taxon	description	Female. Body length 2.7 – 3.1 mm. Head. Narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny, with several dark long stout hairs along each lateral margin and few to several similar hairs just above lower margin; frontal ratio 1.35 – 1.40: 1.00: 1.54 – 1.56; frons: head ratio 1.00: 4.40 – 4.54. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally and slightly upward. Clypeus black, white pruinose, slightly shiny when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown long stout hairs along lateral and ventral margins and middle portion widely bare. Labrum 0.65 – 0.68 times as long as clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, medium to dark brown except scape and pedicel whitish-yellow, and base and ventral surface of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp with five segments, medium brown except segments 1 and 2 light brown, proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.71: 2.30 – 2.39; third segment (Fig. 28 A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 28 A) of moderate size (0.39 – 0.42 times length of third segment) having large opening near apex. Maxillary lacinia with 11 or 12 inner and 12 – 14 outer teeth. Mandible with 24 or 23 inner and 11 or 12 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 28 B) with blunt medial projection on posterior margin and without minute processes near base of medial projection. Thorax. As in female of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter whitish-yellow to yellow; femur yellow except apical half light brown, though anteroventral surface more widely light brown except base yellow; tibia white except apical cap black, with shiny sheen widely on outer surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.05 – 5.37 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter medium brown except basal half whitish yellow; femur dark brown except base yellow; tibia white except apical cap dark brown, and with shiny sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except basal half of basitarsus whitish. Hind leg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter yellow; femur dark brown except basal onethird yellow and apical cap brownish-black; tibia white to whitish-yellow except apical cap dark brown, and with shiny sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black to black except basal three-fifths to two-thirds of basitarsus white and small portion of pedisulcus of second tarsomere somewhat lighter in some females; basitarsus (Fig. 28 C) nearly parallel-sided, 5.91 – 6.10 times as long as wide, and 0.70 – 0.73 and 0.62 – 0.69 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 28 C) moderately developed, slightly shorter than basal width, and 0.41 times as wide as basitrsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 28 C) well developed at basal one-third of second tarsomere; all tarsal claws simple. Wing. Length 2.5 – 2.7 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except near apex bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs; hair tuft on stem vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale medium brown except median portion widely pale, with fringe of pale hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black except basal one-third or one-fourth of segment 2 white, with short dark hairs; tergite 2 shiny, white iridescent when illuminated at certain angles, and tergites 6 – 8 shiny. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 28 D) bare medially, with 19 – 28 dark medium-long to long stout hairs on each lateral surface. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 28 D) triangular though rounded posteomedially, membranous, each moderately covered with microsetae and one dark medium-long hair and one unpigmented short hair, or only one unpigmented short hair, except portion along inner margin widely bare, so thin and transparent that it is difficult to discern inner margins. Genital fork (Fig. 28 E) of inverted-Y form, with narrow well sclerotized stem; arms of moderate width, each with distinct short and wide projection having pointed apex directed anterodorsally. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 28 F) nearly quadrate, densely covered with minute setae and with 21 – 37 short to medium-long hairs on lateral and ventral surfaces except anterolateral corner widely unpigmented and bare; medial surface with two to four short sensilla; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 28 G) moderately protruded ventrally beyond ventral margin of cercus, and 0.84 times as long as its width. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 28 G) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.46 times as long as wide, and with numerous short to medium-long hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 28 H) large, globular or ovoid, 1.14 – 1.17 times as long as wide, well sclerotized except portion of juncture with duct unsclerotized, with no defined surface patterns, and with internal setae; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other, and to major duct. Male. Body length 2.8 – 3.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of large facets in 20 or 21 vertical columns and in 21 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, sparsely covered with dark-brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion of upper half bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, light to dark brown except scape, pedicel, and base of first flagellomere whitish-yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.85 – 1.91 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to medium brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.32 – 1.35: 2.60 – 3.00; third segment (Fig. 29 A) of normal size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 29 A) small (0.20 – 0.23 times as long as third segment), ellipsoidal, and with opening of moderate size. Thorax. As in male of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish-yellow; trochanter dark brown except base yellowish; femur light brown with apical cap medium brown and basal one-fifth to one-third of upper surface yellow; tibia light to dark brown except outer surface widely white, and with white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus moderately dilated, 5.5 – 5.9 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black to black; trochanter dark brown though base yellow; femur dark brown; tibia white on basal two-fifths, light brown on rest, though apical cap dark brown; tarsus dark brown except basal one-third or basal half of basitarsus yellow to dark yellow (its border not well defined). Hind leg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter yellow; femur dark brown except base yellow and apical cap brownish-black; tibia brownish-black except basal tip whitish; tarsus (Fig. 26 B) dark brown to brownish-black except basal two-fifths of basitarsus yellow and portion of pedisulcus of second tarsomere yellowish; basitarsus (Fig. 29 B) much enlarged, spindle-shaped, slightly widened from base to apical one-fourth, then slightly tapered to apex, 4.07 – 4.31 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.82 – 0.87 times as wide as greatest width of hind tibia, which is subequal in width to hind femur; calcipala (Fig. 29 B) small, shorter than width at base, 0.27 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 29 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.2 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare or with up to five hairs. Halter. White with basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black to black and covered with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 29 C) nearly quadrate, covered with many stout hairs on posterior half; coxite in ventrolateral view (Fig. 29 D) rectangular, 0.71 times as long as width. Style in ventral view (Fig. 29 C) elongate, nearly parallel-sided from base to basal one-third, tapered to little beyond middle, then gradually widened toward apex, with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 29 E, F) elongate, 3.26 times as long as its greatest width at base, nearly parallel-sided from basal one-third, abruptly narrowed toward middle, then gradually widened toward apex or apical one-fourth; style in medial view (Fig. 29 G) spatulate dorsoventrally, 1.74 times as long as coxite, with long horn-like basal protuberance, with several minute cone-like spines each having microseta at its apex, on anterior surface, and with pointed apical spine. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 29 C) with body nearly rectangular (though somewhat narrowed basally, and rounded on each posterolateral corner), with ventromedial process covered with many minute setae on anterior and anterolateral surfaces, and several ridges in two vertical rows on posterior surface; arms directed forward and divergent from each other; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 29 H) having ventromedial process at about right or slightlygreater angle against dorsal margin of body, with serrated posterior margin, and bare except anteroventral surface moderately covered with microsetae; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 29 I) having ventromedial process parallel-sided (though basal portion somewhat narrowed in some males) except apical one-third narrowed toward tip, with rounded bare apex and having several ridges in two vertical rows on posterior surface except apical twofifths without ridges, and few microsetae basally on posterior surface. Median sclerite (Fig. 29 H, J) plate-like, widened from base toward apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere (Fig. 29 K) with several distinct hooks. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 29 L) densely covered with minute spinous setae, and with weakly sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 29 M). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 29 N, O) without distinct hair on ventral and lateral surfaces. Cercus (Fig. 29 N, O) small, rounded, with 10 – 15 distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.9 – 3.2 mm. Head. Integument ochreous, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles; antennal sheath bare except basal portion densely covered with small tubercles; frons with pair of unbranched slender short trichomes with uncoiled apices (Fig. 30 A) on each side; face with unbranched or bifid medium-long trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 30 B) on each side. Thorax. Integument dark yellow to ochreous, densely and elaborately covered with small round tubercles; thorax on each side with three anterodorsal trichomes with uncoiled apices (anterior and middle trichomes bifid or trifid or quadrifid, long, posterior trichome bifid or trifid, medium-long) (Fig. 30 C), two anterolateral trichomes (anterior trichome unbranched, medium-long or long, with uncoiled apex, posterior trichome unbranched or bifid, long, with coiled or uncoiled apex) (Fig. 30 D), one unbranched (rarely bifid) medium-long mediolateral trichome with uncoiled apex (Fig. 30 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (anterior trichome unbranched or bifid, slender, medium-long, middle one unbranched or bifid, medium-long or long, ventral one unbranched, long) (Fig. 30 F). Gill (Fig. 30 G) with eight slender thread-like short filaments in four pairs (one dorsal, two middle and one ventral), arranged as 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 filaments or 2 + (2 + 2) + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral; common basal stalk very short, with basal fenestra ventrally; dorsal and ventral pairs short-stalked, middle inner pair with short to long stalk (up to 1.7 times length of interspiracular trunk in some pupae), and middle outer pair short to medium-long stalk; two middle pairs sharing short common stalk or not; gill filaments widely divergent basally, upper filament of dorsal pair forming an obtuse angle of about 120 degrees against lower filament of ventral pair when viewed laterally; filaments slightly shortened from dorsal to ventral, with upper filament of dorsal pair longest (1.8 – 1.9 mm long), and lower filament of ventral pair shortest (1.3 – 1.5 mm long); relative thickness of eight filaments from dorsal to ventral when basal portions were compared 1.00: 0.92 – 0.95: 0.68 – 0.74: 0.58 – 0.74: 0.58 – 0.74: 0.58 – 0.74: 0.55 – 0.63: 0.50 – 0.63; all filaments medium to dark brown, tapered toward apex, with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming definite reticulate surface patterns, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Similar to that of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. except segment 1 dorsally with one unbranched or bifid slender medium-long seta (Fig. 30 H) on each side; segment 2 dorsally with one unbranched slender medium-long seta (Fig. 30 I) and one not so stout and four stout short setae on each side, of which some stout setae are sometime bifid or trifid (Fig. 30 J). Cocoon. Similar to that of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. except anterolateral window on each side, which is divided into two smaller open spaces in some cocoons; 3.6 – 4.2 mm long by 1.5 – 1.6 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 5.5 – 6.0 mm. Body grayish brown, with thorax grayish black. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 31 A) somewhat variable in color, pale yellow to dark yellow on anterior half, dark yellow to light-brown on posterior half (though medium-brown widely along both lateral margins of posterior two-thirds in some larvae) and narrow area along posterior margin dark brown, with median dark portion slightly extended forward; head spots light to dark brown (with mediolateral spots darkest) except posterior one of posterolateral spots usually indistinct; all spots except mediolateral ones faintly positive in one larva, mediolateral spots and anterior spot of posterolateral ones connected to each other by dark band in some larvae. Lateral surface of head capsule mostly dark yellow on ventral half and light to medium brown on dorsal half except eye-spot region whitish, with two spots near posterior margin merged into dark background or faintly negative, and one small round spot below eye-spot region light to medium brown, or entirely light to medium brown except eye-spot region whitish, with all spots merged into dark background or slightly negative, in several larvae, or entirely dark yellow except eye-spot whitish, with two light brown spots near posterior margin and one small round light-brown spot below eye-spot region, in one larva. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 31 B) dark yellow to medium brown though area near posterior margin of hypostoma narrowly yellowish, and each side of basal portion of postgenal cleft dark brown; spots on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct or faintly positive or negative. Head capsule sparsely covered with minute setae on its dorsal, lateral and ventral surfaces. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.00: 1.39 – 1.40: 0.80 – 0.83. Labral fan with 35 – 40 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 31 C) with serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 31 D) with nine anterior teeth, of which corner teeth most prominent, slightly longer than median tooth; outer tooth of three intermediate teeth on each side longer than two others; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; five or six hypostomal bristles per side divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 31 B) large, rounded, 2.5 – 3.0 times as long as postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion pigmented, forming indefinite patterns. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one medium brown elongate piece and one light brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with eight short filaments. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle almost bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite; Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with 14 – 20 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms with forked apices, 0.6 times as long as posterior ones and junction with deep unsclerotized incision posteriorly; four to eight sensilla on junction; 7 – 12 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 93 – 99 rows of hooklets with up to 16 or 17 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3134D7B475AF6FDC8F195FEA4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small shallow stream (width 2 – 4 m, water temperature 17.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,415 m) (12 ˚ 01 ’ 49.981 ” N / 108 ˚ 21 ’ 51.175 ” E) slowly flowing in open land, Suoi Vang, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen, K. W. Lau. & X. D. Pham. PARATYPES: Eight females, 10 males and 20 mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of S. (S.) laui sp. nov. were collected from grass leaves and stalks trailing in the water. Associated species were S. (G.) asakoae and S. (N.) sp. (S. feuerborni species-group). Three of 61 immature larvae of this new species were infected with microsporidan parasites.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3134D7B475AF6FDC8F195FEA4.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name laui is in honor of Mr. Koon Weng Lau, PhD student of University of Malaya for his contribution as one of our black-fly research team members.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3134D7B475AF6FDC8F195FEA4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) laui sp. nov. is assigned to the S. multistriatum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, and is similar to S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov., from which this new species is distinguished in the female by the bare bsasal section of the radial vein and in the male by the number of upper-eye facets in 20 or 21 vertical columns and 21 horizontal rows, and basal protuberance of the style with pointed apex (Fig. 29 G). The pupa of this new species is morphologically indistinguishable from that of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. The pupa of this new species is characterized by the eight gill filaments divergent at an angle of more than 90 degrees (Fig. 30 G), like S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. and eight other related species from Bhutan, India, Nepal and Thailand, as noted in the discussion of S. (S.) lacduongense sp. nov. However, this new species is distinguished from S. (S.) novolineatum by the ventral plate with setae (Fig. 29 C); from the three other Indian species by the difference in the shape of the ventral plate; from S. (S.) deothangense, S. (S.) kisapense and S. (S.) lampangense by the number of male upper-eye large facets in 20 or 21 vertical columns and 21 horizontal rows (cf., in 17 or 18 vertical columns and 17 – 19 horizontal rows in the three known species); from S. (S.) hillycum by the female mid tibia which is white except the apical cap dark brown (entirely black in S. (S.) hillycum according to the figure in the original description).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B475AF6FE36F396FC3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, China, Thailand, and Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B475AF6FE36F396FC3B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is an exceptional species among species of the S. nobile species-group in that it has a simple female claw and three inflated tubular pupal gill filaments (Puri 1933).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B475AF6FB95F130F9DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B475AF6FB95F130F9DF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Vietnam and assigned to the S. striatum species-group by Takaoka et al. (2014 c). It is characterized by the female haired basal portion of the radial vein, dark short hairs on the male scutum, and pupal gill with 10 slender filaments of subequal thickness, arranged as 2 + 3 + 3 + 2 filaments from dorsal to ventral.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B405AF6F939F267F8A9.taxon	description	Female. Unknown. Male. Body length 3.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of large facets in 21 vertical columns and in 21 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with dark brown hairs along and near lateral margins (central portion widely bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish-black except base of first flagellomere yellow; first flagellomere elongate, 1.8 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.4; third segment (Fig. 32 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 32 A) small (0.16 – 0.18 times as long as third segment), ellipsoidal, and with opening of moderate size. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i. e., anterior pair of elliptical spots (not sharply pointed posteriorly) on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins but disconnected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery or bluish iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and moderately covered with brassy recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum black, with several dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa yellow to dark yellow with anterior surface darkened; trochanter light brown; femur light brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia dark brown except median large portion on inner surface white on outer surface, and with bright white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black to black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.4 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter dark brown; femur medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except apical cap dark brown and extreme base white; tibia with white sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus light brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus white. Hind leg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter light brown; femur medium brown except apical cap dark brown and extreme base yellow; tibia medium brown except apical cap dark brown and basal tip dark yellow; tarsus (Fig. 32 B) medium brown except basal half of basitarsus yellowish white (though base darkened) and basal half of second tarsomere whitish; basitarsus (Fig. 32 B) much enlarged, spindle-shaped, gradually widened from base to middle, then gradually narrowed to apex, 3.13 times as long as its greatest width, and 1.07 and 1.19 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 32 B) small, nearly as long as wide, 0.22 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 32 B) well developed. Wing. Length 2.0 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black to black, with dark short hairs; segments 2, 6 and 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 32 C) nearly quadrate, covered with stout hairs on posterior half. Style in ventral view (Fig. 32 C) elongate, gradually tapered to apex, with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 32 D) elongate, 2.8 times as long as its greatest width at basal one-third, nearly parallelsided from base to basal one-third, then tapered toward middle, and nearly parallel-sided to apex; style in medial view (Fig. 32 E) 1.5 times as long as coxite, moderately produced dorsally near base forming protuberance having several small cone-like spines on its apex. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 32 C) well sclerotized, with body subquadrate (though slightly narrowed basally, and rounded on each posterolateral corner), 0.6 times as long as wide, posterior margin somewhat concave, and with round projection directed ventrally which is covered with many minute setae; arms divergent from each other; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 32 F) with posterior margin weakly serrated along basal two-thirds; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 32 G) rounded ventrally, with lateral margin serrated along basal two-thirds, with numerous setae on posterior surface except most of basal portion bare. Median sclerite (Fig. 32 F, H) plate-like, gradually widened from base toward apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere (Fig. 32 I) with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane (Fig. 32 I) densely covered with minute setae, and with moderately sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 32 J). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 32 K, L) with three or four hairs on ventral surface and four to seven hairs on lateral surface on each side. Cercus (Fig. 32 K, L) small, rounded, with eight distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 3.0 – 3.2 mm. Head. Integument including antennal sheaths ochreous, moderately covered with relatively larger tubercles (most of them lack minute secondary projections) on frons (Fig. 33 A), and relatively smaller tubercles on antennal sheaths and face; frons with two pairs of unbranched slender medium-long trichomes (Fig. 33 B), arising close together; face with pair of unbranched medium-long trichomes (Fig. 33 C). Thorax. Integument ochreous, moderately covered with relatively larger tubercles (similar to those on frons though somewhat smaller) on anterior half, and relatively smaller tubercles on posterior half, and with pit-like organ near base of each gill (Fig. 33 D, E); thorax on each side with two anterodorsal trichomes (Fig. 33 F), two anterolateral trichomes (Fig. 33 G), one mediolateral trichome (Fig. 33 H), and three ventrolateral trichomes (one trichome longer than two others) (Fig. 33 I); all trichomes medium-long and unbranched. Gill (Fig. 33 D) with six slender thread-like filaments in three pairs (one dorsal, one middle and one ventral) arising directly from thorax and lacking common basal stalk; all pairs short-stalked (slightly longer stalk for dorsal pair in one pupa), and stalks of dorsal and ventral pairs lying at angle of 90 degrees or little more when viewed laterally; ventral filament of ventral pair directed downward, then curved forward (or backward in one pupa); upper filament of dorsal pair longest (1.5 mm long), other filaments gradually shortened from dorsal to ventral, and lower filament of ventral pair shortest (0.9 – 1.0 mm long); relative thickness of six filaments from dorsal to ventral when compared basally 1.00: 0.69: 0.63: 0.56: 0.56: 0.56; upper filament of dorsal pair gradually tapered from base toward apex, other filaments nearly subequal in thickness from base to one-half or one-third, then tapered toward apex; all filaments dark brown, with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming definite reticulate surface patterns, and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except segment 1 dark yellow and posterior part of segment 9 yellow; segment 1 with one unbranched medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched seta and five spinous short setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooked spines and one unbranched spinous short seta on each side; segment 5 and 6 lacking spine-combs; segments 7 – 9 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segments 7 and 9 fewer in number and smaller than those on segment 8); segments 6 – 9 each with comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 without terminal hooks. Ventrally, segments 4 – 8 unpigmented, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with one unbranched hook and few slender minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid hooks submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, thickly woven (in particular anterior margin), medium-brown, not extended ventrolaterally, and with thick anterodorsal margin; individual threads invisible; 2.5 – 2.7 mm long by 1.2 – 1.3 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 4.8 – 5.2 mm. Body grayish black to brownish black, except ventral surface of abdominal segments 4 – 9 white though there is dark line mediolongitudinally on ventral surface of segments 4 – 7. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 34 A) whitish on anterior half and light brown on posterior half with narrow portion along posterior margin dark brown medially, moderately covered with minute setae; head spots light to dark brown, usually surrounded by dark areas and mediolateral spots and posterolateral spots connected to each other by dark areas. Lateral surface of head capsule medium brown except eye-spot region whitish and anterior two-thirds of lower half yellowish; eyebrow distinct; few spots before posterior margin indistinct or faintly negative. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 34 B) yellowish except posterior one-third and medial wide portion medium to dark brown though mediolongitudinal portion narrowly paler; long spot on each side of postgenal cleft faintly positive or negative. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, much longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.0: 1.0 – 1.1: 0.7 – 0.8. Labral fan with 34 – 44 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 34 C) with serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 34 D) with nine anterior teeth, of which medin tooth and corner teeth most prominent, subequal in length to each other, and longer than intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; four or five hypostomal bristles per side slightly divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 34 B) triangular, pointed apically, 2.2 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion not pigmented. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with six short filaments. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle almost bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with 11 – 17 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.8 times length of posterior ones; 10 – 12 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment somewhat swollen laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 80 rows of hooklets with up to 14 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B405AF6F939F267F8A9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Male, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 0.5 – 1.0 m, depth 5 – 30 cm, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, shaded, altitude 1,186 m, 16 ˚ 11 ’ 45.123 ” N / 107 ˚ 50 ’ 55.600 ” E), moderately flowing from a natural forest, near the top of Bach Ma National Park, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam, 23 - II- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: One pupa, one pupal exuviae collected from a small stream (width 1 – 2 cm, water temperature 14.0 ˚ C, shaded, altitude 1,273 m, 16 ˚ 11 ’ 42.061 ” N / 107 ˚ 51 ’ 27.955 ” E), moderately flowing from a natural forest, near the top of Bach Ma National Park, Phu Loc, Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam, 23 - II- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau; three mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from dead tree leaves in two small streams. Associated species were S. (G.) phulocense sp. nov., S. (G.) thuathienense sp. nov., S. (N.) bachmaense, S. (S.) atipornae and S. (S.) rufibasis.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B405AF6F939F267F8A9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name cavum refers to the hollow on the thoracic integument near the base of the pupal gill. The Latin adjective ‘ cavus ’ means ‘ hollow’.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313467B405AF6F939F267F8A9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) cavum sp. nov. is assigned to the S. tuberosum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, redefined by Takaoka and Davies (1996), based on the male genitalia (Fig. 32 C). This new species is characterized by having the pit-like organ on the thoracic integument near the base of the gill (Fig. 33 D, E). Five species of the S. tuberosum species-group, i. e., S. (S.) brevipar Takaoka & Davies, S. (S.) tiomanense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Belabut, both from Peninsular Malaysia, S. (S.) tianchi Chen, Zhang & Yang from China, S. (S.) sigiti Takaoka & Hadi from Java and S. (S.) yuphae Takaoka & Choochote from Thailand, have a similar pit-like organ (Takaoka and Davies 1995; Takaoka et al. 2012 b; Takaoka and Choochote 2005 b; Takaoka and Hadi 1991; Chen et al. 2003). This new species is distinguished in the male from S. (S.) brevipar, S. (S.) tiomanense, S. (S.) tianchi and S. (S.) yuphae by having the upper-eye facets in 21 vertical columns (cf., in 17 vertical columns in S. (S.) brevipar, 16 vertical columns in S. (S.) tiomanense, 15 vertical columns in S. (S.) tianchi and 17 or 18 vertical columns in S. (S.) yuphae), and in the pupa from S. (S.) brevipar, S. (S.) sigiti and S. (S.) yuphae by the relatively large tubercles on the pupal frons without minute secondary projections (Fig. 33 A) (cf., large tubercles with minute secondary projections in the latter three known species), and also from S. (S.) tianchi and S. (S.) sigiti by having six gill filaments of different length and thickness (cf., six gill filaments are subequal in length and thickness to one another in the latter two known species).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313407B5D5AF6FF7BF5A5F874.taxon	description	Female. Unknown. Male. Body length 2.6 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of large facets in 20 vertical columns and in 21 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery or bluish, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with dark-brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish-black except base of first flagellomere dark yellow or light brown; first flagellomere elongate, 1.53 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.1: 2.3; third segment (Fig. 35 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle (Fig. 35 A) small (0.16 – 0.18 times as long as third segment), ellipsoidal, and with opening of moderate size. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i. e., anterior pair of triangular spots (not sharply pointed posteriorly) on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins and connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery or bluish iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and densely covered with brassy recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum black, with several dark-brown long upright hairs and dark short hairs. Postnotum black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownishblack, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa medium brown; trochanter dark brown though base somewhat lighter; femur dark brown with apical cap brownish-black; tibia medium brown except both ends brownish-black and outer surface widely white medially, and with bright white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus brownish-black to black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.6 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter dark brown; femur dark brown with apical cap brownish-black; tibia dark brown except apical cap brownish-black; tibia with white sheen on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus dark brown to brownish-black except basal half of basitarsus slightly lighter. Hind leg: coxa dark brown to brownish-black; trochanter medium brown; femur dark brown except apical cap brownish-black; tibia dark brown to brownish-black except basal tip yellow; tarsus (Fig. 35 B) dark brown except little less than basal half of basitarsus (though base darkened) and little less than basal half of second tarsomere whitish-yellow; basitarsus (Fig. 35 B) much enlarged, wedge-shaped, gradually widened from base to apical one-third, then nearly parallel-sided up to near apex, 3.9 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.9 and 1.0 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 35 B) small, nearly as long as wide, 0.27 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 35 B) well developed. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Wing. Length 2.1 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R 1 with dark spinules and hairs; R 2 with hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Abdomen. Basal scale brownish-black, with fringe of dark long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black to black, with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 35 C) nearly quadrate, covered with stout hairs on posterior half. Style in ventral view (Fig. 35 C) elongate, gradually tapered from basal one-third to apex, with apical spine (two spines on right style, Fig. 35 C); style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 35 D) elongate, 3.0 times as long as its greatest width at basal one-third, nearly parallel-sided from base to middle, then slighty tapered toward apex; style in medial view (Fig. 35 E) 1.6 times as long as coxite, somewhat produced dorsally near base and with several small cone-like spines on dorsal surface. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 35 C) well sclerotized, with body subquadrate (though somewhat narrowed basally, and rounded on each posterolateral corner), 0.6 times as long as wide, posterior margin somewhat concave, and with round projection directed ventrally which is covered with many minute setae; arms directed forward and somewhat divergent from each other; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 35 F) with posterior margin serrated along basal half; ventral plate in end view (Fig. 35 G) rounded ventrally, with lateral margin serrated along basal half, with numerous setae on posterior surface except both areas of dorsolateral corners bare. Median sclerite (Fig. 35 F, H) plate-like, gradually widened from base toward apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not so well sclerotized apically. Paramere (Fig. 35 I) with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane sparsely covered with minute setae, and with moderately sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 35 J). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 35 K, L) with two or three hairs on ventral surface and five hairs on lateral surface on each side. Cercus (Fig. 35 K, L) small, rounded, with eight to ten distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.3 – 2.6 mm. Head. Integument including antennal sheaths yellow, without tubercles; frons with two pairs of unbranched slender long trichomes (Fig. 36 A); face with pair of unbranched long trichomes (Fig. 36 B). Thorax. Integument yellow, almost bare except narrow portions along anterior margin, along mediolongitudinal line and posterodorsal area sparsely covered with small round tubercles; thorax on each side with two long anterodorsal trichomes (Fig. 36 C), two anterolateral trichomes (one long, one medium-long) (Fig. 36 D), one medium-long mediolateral trichome (Fig. 36 E), and three ventrolateral trichomes (two medium-long, one short) (Fig. 36 F); all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 36 G) with six slender thread-like filaments in three pairs (one dorsal, one middle and one ventral) arising from short common basal stalk; basal fenestra enlarged, balloonlike (Fig. 36 H); all pairs short-stalked, and stalks of dorsal and ventral pairs lying at angle of 90 degrees when viewed laterally; upper filament of dorsal pair longest (2.1 mm long), gradually shortened from dorsal to ventral, and lower filament of ventral pair shortest (1.2 – 1.4 mm long); all filaments grayish light-brown except basal portion including stalk of dorsal pair blackish on posterior half of its surface (Fig. 36 G, H), tapered toward apex, with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming definite reticulate surface patterns, and densely covered with minute tubercles, of which relatively larger ones on ridges. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except basal half of segment 1 light yellowish; segment 1 with one unbranched medium-long seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched seta and five spinous short setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooked spines and one unbranched spinous short seta on each side; segments 5 and 6 lacking spine-combs; segments 7 – 9 with distinct spine-combs in transverse row (though those on segment 7 few in number, 0 – 3 per side) and comb-like groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 somewhat yellowish, without terminal hooks. Ventrally, segments 4 – 8 unpigmented, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with few slender minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooks submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, thin, ochreous, and not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads visible or not; 3.0 – 3.5 mm long by 1.2 – 1.5 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 5.2 mm. Body blackish brown, except ventral surface of abdominal segments 5 – 9 white though dark line mediolongitudinally on ventral surface of segments 5 and 6. Cephalic apotome (Fig. 37 A) dark yellow except posterior two-fifths medium brown though narrow area along both lateral margins paler; head spots almost indistinct or faintly negative. Lateral surface of head capsule medium brown except eye-spot region whitish and areas near anterior margin and ventral margin dark yellow; eyebrow distinct; few spots before posterior margin faintly negative. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 37 B) medium brown except hypostoma yellowish; long spot on each side of postgenal cleft faintly negative. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.0: 1.3: 0.7. Labral fan with 40 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 37 C) with serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at obtuse angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 37 D) with nine anterior teeth, of which corner teeth most prominent, longer than median tooth, which is subequal to outer teeth of intermediate teeth on each side; lateral margins weakly serrate apically; five or six hypostomal bristles per side slightly divergent posteriorly from lateral margin. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 37 B) narrow, pointed apically, 6.4 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion not pigmented. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with six short filaments and enlarged basal fenestra. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle almost bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with 7 – 10 finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite X-shaped, with short broad anterior arms about half as long as posterior ones; 12 sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment somewhat swollen laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 80 rows of hooklets with up to 15 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313407B5D5AF6FF7BF5A5F874.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Male, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 0.4 m, depth 10 cm, bottom muddy, water temperature 15.0 ˚ C, partially shaded, altitude 1,722 m) (12 ˚ 06 ’ 06.888 ” N / 108 ˚ 22 ’ 02.797 ” E) slowly flowing in a swampy area, Dinh Kno, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 23 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen, K. W. Lau & X. D. Pham. PARATYPES: One pharate male, one pupa and one mature larva, same data as those of the holotype. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from leaves of trailing grasses and slender pine leaves in a small stream. Associated species were S. (N.) phami and S. (G.) fuscidorsum sp. nov.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313407B5D5AF6FF7BF5A5F874.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name congi is in honor of Dr. Nguyen Duc Cong, Director, Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, for his enthusiastic support of our survey.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313407B5D5AF6FF7BF5A5F874.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) congi sp. nov. is assigned to the S. tuberosum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, redefined by Takaoka and Davies (1996), based on the male genitalia, of which the ventral plate is quadrate or subquadrate when viewed ventrally, having a round projection directed ventrally with serrated posterolateral margins (Fig. 35 C), and the style has several cone-like spines subbasally on dorsal surface (Fig. 35 E). This new species is distinguished from all known species of the S. tuberosum species-group by having the swollen basal fenestra at the base of the gills (Fig. 36 H), a character not reported in species of the S. tuberosum species-group, though reported in several species of certain species-groups of the subgenus Simulium, e. g., S. (S.) bullatum Takaoka & Choochote (of the S. multistriatum species-group) from Thailand, and S. (S.) molliculum Takaoka and S. (S.) laxum Takaoka (both of the S. variegatum species-group) from Sulawesi (Takaoka and Choochote 2005 a; Takaoka 2003), and also in a few other subgenera, e. g., S. (Asiosimulium) suchitrae Takaoka from Nepal, S. (Gomphostilbia) baglungense Takaoka & Shrestha from Nepal, S. (Morops) irianense Takaoka from Irian Jaya, and S. (Nevermannia) chairuddini Takaoka from Sulawesi (Takaoka and Shrestha 2010; Takaoka 2003).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135B7B5A5AF6FF7BF258FC91.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135B7B5A5AF6FF7BF258FC91.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was originally described from India (Brunetti 1911) and is assigned to the S. tuberosum species-group (Adler and Crosskey 2014). The female is characterized by the unpatterned scutum and submedian paired clusters of long hairs on the ventral surface of abdominal segment 7 (Puri 1932 a). This species was recorded from Vietnam by Takaoka et al. (2014 b).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135B7B5B5AF6FC2BF28AFF30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand, Sumatra, and Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135B7B5B5AF6FC2BF28AFF30.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is a species-complex comprising 12 cytoforms (Adler and Crosskey 2014). In Thailand, nine cytoforms of the S. (S.) tani (complex) are known (Adler and Crosskey 2014). In our surveys, the S. (S.) tani (complex) is divided into two morphoforms (‘ a’ and ‘ b’): morphoform ‘ a’ collected from central Vietnam and morphoform ‘ b’ collected from southern Vietnam. Morphoform ‘ a’ is similar to cytoform ‘ K’ of the S. tani (complex) from Peninsular Malaysia although the length ratio of the female sensory vesicle against the third segment of the maxillary palp is different from that of the latter cytoform (i. e., 0.50 – 0.55 in morphoform ‘ a’ vesrus 0.63 in cytoform ‘ K’, which was obtained by measuring recently collected samples). Morphoform ‘ b’ is characterized by lacking pupal terminal hooks, by which this form is separated from cytoform ‘ K’ from Peninsular Malaysia and morphoform ‘ a’ from central Vietnam. Morphoform ‘ b’ is also distinguished from cytoform ‘ K’ in the female by the relatively smaller size of the sensory vesicle to the third maxillary palpal segment (0.55 versus 0.63). Morphoform ‘ b’ is also distinguished from morphoform ‘ a’ by the short anterodorsal trichomes (Fig. 38 I) that are subequal in length to the anterolateral trichomes (Fig. 38 J) [cf., anterodorsal trichomes of morphoform ‘ a’ are short (Fig. 38 C)]. The pupal gills of mophoforms ‘ a’ and ‘ b’ are almost the same (Fig. 38 M) but are different from that of S. (S.) xuandei sp. nov. (Fig. 41 H).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135A7B525AF6F932F192FE6C.taxon	description	Female. Body length 1.8 – 2.0 mm. Head. Slightly narrower than thorax. Frons black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, with several dark stout hairs along lateral margins; frontal ratio 1.45 – 1.46: 1.00: 1.16 – 1.21; frons: head ratio 1.00: 3.03 – 3.35. Fronto-ocular area well developed, short, directed laterally, and rounded apically. Clypeus black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark-brown medium-long hairs though mediolongitudinal portion widely bare. Labrum 0.53 – 0.56 times length of clypeus. Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres; antenna dark brown, except scape, pedicel and base of first flagellomere yellow. Maxillary palp with five segments, medium brown except segments 1 and 2 ochreous or light brown, and segment 3 dark brown; proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.00: 1.17 – 1.25: 2.53 – 2.69; third segment (Fig. 39 A) of moderate size; sensory vesicle medium-sized (0.33 – 0.37 times length of third segment), ellipsoidal, having medium-sized opening. Maxillary lacinia with 16 or 17 inner and 19 – 21 outer teeth. Mandible with 26 – 29 inner and 11 – 13 outer teeth. Cibarium (Fig. 39 B) with 47 – 54 minute processes near posterodorsal margin. Thorax. Scutum black, shiny with bluish reflection when illuminated at certain angles, moderately covered with dark short fine hairs interspersed with several dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum dark brown, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with darkbrown upright long hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Foreleg: coxa whitish yellow; trochanter light brown; femur light to medium brown with apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except apical cap dark brown, with median outer surface widely white and with bright white sheen when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus black, with moderate dorsal hair crest; basitarsus greatly dilated, 4.92 – 5.00 times as long as its greatest width. Midleg: coxa brownish-black; trochanter medium brown; femur medium brown except apical cap dark brown; tibia medium brown except base yellowish white and apical cap dark brown, and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal four-fifths of basitarsus and base of second tarsomere yellowish-white. Hind leg: coxa medium brown; trochanter yellowish-white; femur medium brown except extreme base yellowish-white; tibia medium to dark brown except base yellowish-white and with whitish sheen widely on posterior surface when illuminated at certain angles; tarsus medium brown except basal two-thirds of basitarsus and basal half of second tarsomere yellowish-white; basitarsus (Fig. 39 C) nearly parallel-sided, 5.66 – 6.15 times as long as wide, and 0.72 and 0.60 – 0.63 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 39 C) moderately developed, nearly as long as wide, and 0.42 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 39 C) well developed; claw (Fig. 39 D) simple, without tooth. Wing. Length 1.7 mm. Costa with dark spinules and hairs; subcosta haired except apical half to one-fifth bare; basal section of radial vein bare; R 1 with dark brown spinules and hairs; R 2 with dark-brown hairs; hair tuft on base of radial vein dark brown; basal cell absent. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale dark brown, with fringe of yellow hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen medium-brown to brownish-black, with dark short hairs; tergite 2 shiny and silvery iridescent when illuminated at certain angles and tergites 6 – 9 shiny and iridescent when illuminated at certain angles. Ventral surface of segment 7 with pair of weakly sclerotized submedian sternal plates. Genitalia. Sternite 8 (Fig. 39 E) well sclerotized and bare medially, covered with six to eight long and medium-long stout hairs and few short fine hairs on each side. Ovipositor valves (Fig. 39 E) nearly triangular, rounded posteromedially, membranous except inner margins weakly sclerotized, densely covered with microsetae together with three to five short fine hairs; inner margin nearly straight or slightly concave medially. Genital fork (Fig. 39 F) of inverted-Y form; stem slender and well sclerotized, with rounded apex; arms of moderate width, each with strongly-sclerotized projection directed forward from lateral ridge. Paraproct in ventral view (Fig. 39 G) pointed posteromedially, moderately concave anterolaterally, and with strongly sclerotized anteromedial surface; paraproct in lateral view (Fig. 39 H) somewhat produced ventrally and slightly posteriorly, 0.74 times as long as wide, covered with 11 – 22 medium-long stout hairs and numerous microsetae on lateral and ventral surfaces. Cercus in lateral view (Fig. 39 H) short, rounded posteriorly, 0.47 times as long as its greatest width, and covered with medium-long and short stout hairs. Spermatheca (Fig. 39 I) ovoidal, 1.12 – 1.17 times as long as wide, well sclerotized except duct and narrow area of junction with duct unsclerotized, without discernible reticulate surface patterns; minute internal setae present; accessory ducts subequal in thickness to each other and slightly thicker than main duct. Male. Body length 2.0 mm. Head. Slightly wider than thorax. Upper eye medium brown, consisting of large facets in 18 vertical columns and in 19 horizontal rows. Clypeus black, thickly white pruinose, silvery shiny when illuminated at certain angles, covered with dark-brown hairs along and near lateral margins (most of central portion bare). Antenna composed of scape, pedicel and nine flagellomeres, brownish-black except scape and pedicel light to medium brown; first flagellomere elongate, 1.7 – 1.9 times as long as second one. Maxillary palp grayish to dark brown, composed of five segments with proportional lengths of third, fourth, and fifth segments 1.0: 1.3: 2.7; third segment (Fig. 40 A, B) widened apically; sensory vesicle (Fig. 40 A, B) small, 0.09 – 0.21 times as long as third segment, ellipsoidal, and with small opening. Thorax. Scutum black, with white pruinose pattern, i. e., anterior pair of triangular spots (not sharply pointed posteriorly) on shoulders extending posteriorly along lateral margins but not connected to large transverse spot entirely covering prescutellar area; these pruinose areas silvery or bluish iridescent when illuminated at certain angles; scutum uniformly and densely covered with brassy recumbent short hairs interspersed with dark-brown long upright hairs on prescutellar area. Scutellum brownish-black, with several dark-brown long upright hairs. Postnotum brownish-black, white pruinose when illuminated at certain angles and bare. Pleural membrane bare. Katepisternum longer than deep, brownish-black, thinly white pruinose and shiny when illuminated at certain angles, and bare. Legs. Color as in female except hind trochanter dark yellow, and hind basitarsus yellowish-white on basal half. Fore basitarsus greatly dilated, 5.1 times as long as its greatest width. Hind basitarsus (Fig. 40 C) much enlarged, gradually widened from base to apical two-fifths, then slightly narrowed toward apex, 3.90 – 3.94 times as long as its greatest width, and 0.77 – 0.81 and 0.86 – 0.91 times as wide as greatest widths of hind tibia and femur, respectively; calcipala (Fig. 40 C) small, nearly as long as wide, 0.25 times as wide as greatest width of basitarsus; pedisulcus (Fig. 40 C) well developed. Wing. Length 1.6 – 1.7 mm. Other features as in female except subcosta bare. Halter. White except basal portion darkened. Abdomen. Basal scale brownishblack, with fringe of pale (though basally dark) long hairs. Dorsal surface of abdomen brownish-black to black, with dark short hairs; segments 2 and 5 – 7 each with pair of silvery or bluish iridescent spots dorsolaterally, those on segment 2 connected broadly to each other in middle. Genitalia. Coxite in ventral view (Fig. 40 D) nearly quadrate, covered with stout hairs near posterior margin. Style in ventral view (Fig. 40 D) elongate, gradually tapered from base to middle, then nearly parallel-sided, with apical spine; style in ventrolateral view (Fig. 40 E) elongate, 3.1 times as long as its greatest width at basal two-fifths, slightly widened from base to basal two-fifths, much tapered toward middle, then nearly parallel-sided; style in medial view (Fig. 40 F) 1.6 times as long as coxite, somewhat produced dorsally near base and with several small cone-like spines on dorsal surface. Ventral plate in ventral view (Fig. 40 D) well sclerotized, with body subquadrate (though rounded on each posterolateral corner), 0.7 times as long as wide, posterior margin somewhat convex, and with round projection directed ventrally which is covered with many minute setae; arms directed forward and somewhat divergent from each other; ventral plate in lateral view (Fig. 40 G) with posterior margin serrated along basal half; ventral plate in caudal view (Fig. 40 H) rounded ventrally, with lateral margins serrated along basal half, with numerous setae on posterior surface except both areas of dorsolateral corners bare. Median sclerite (Fig. 40 G, I) plate-like, gradually widened from base toward apex, with round apex, brown basally, but not sclerotized apically. Paramere (Fig. 40 J) with several distinct hooks and several smaller ones. Aedeagal membrane moderately covered with minute setae, and with moderately sclerotized dorsal plate in form of horizontal bar (Fig. 40 K). Abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 40 L, M) with four to seven hairs on lateral surface on each side. Cercus (Fig. 40 L, M) small, rounded, with six to eight distinct hairs. Pupa. Body length 2.0 – 2.3 mm. Head. Integument including antennal sheaths yellow; frons moderately covered with tubercles, some of which having minute secondary projections (Fig. 41 A), and with two pairs of unbranched short trichomes (Fig. 41 B); face with pair of unbranched short trichomes (Fig. 41 C). Thorax. Integument yellow, moderately covered with tubercles, of which those on anterodorsal surface have minute secondary projections (similar to Fig. 41 A); thorax on each side with two medium-long anterodorsal trichomes (Fig. 41 D), two medium-long anterolateral trichomes (one sometimes slightly thinner and shorter than other) (Fig. 41 E), one short mediolateral trichome (Fig. 41 F), and three short ventrolateral trichomes (one slightly shorter and thinner than two others) (Fig. 41 G); all trichomes unbranched. Gill (Fig. 41 H) with six slender thread-like filaments in three pairs (one dorsal, one middle and one ventral) arising from short common basal stalk; basal fenestra small; all pairs short-stalked, and stalks of dorsal and ventral pairs lying at angle of 90 or little more degrees when viewed laterally; all filaments subequal in length (1.4 – 1.7 mm long) and thickness to one another except ventral pair of filaments slightly shorter and thinner than others; all filaments medium-brown, tapered toward apex, with distinct annular ridges and furrows forming definite reticulate surface patterns (except stalks and basal portions of filaments smooth), and densely covered with minute tubercles. Abdomen. Dorsally, all segments unpigmented except segment 1, basal half of segment 2, and segment 9 light yellowish; segment 1 with one unbranched short seta on each side; segment 2 with one unbranched short seta and five spinous short setae on each side; segments 3 and 4 each with four distinct hooked spines and one unbranched spinous short seta on each side; segments 5 and 6 lacking spine-combs; segments 7 – 9 each with distinct spine-combs in transverse row and comblike groups of minute spines on each side; segment 9 with small terminal hooks (Fig. 41 I). Ventrally, segments 4 – 9 unpigmented except segment 9 somewhat yellowish, each with comb-like groups of minute spines; segment 4 with one unbranched or bifid stout hooklet and few slender minute setae on each side; segment 5 with pair of bifid stout hooks submedially and few unbranched short setae on each side; segments 6 and 7 each with pair of bifid inner and unbranched outer stout hooks somewhat separated from each other, and few unbranched short setae on each side. Grapnel-shaped hooklets absent on each side of segment 9. Cocoon. Wall-pocket-shaped, moderately woven, thin, ochreous, and not extended ventrolaterally; individual threads visible; 2.3 – 2.8 mm long by 1.0 – 1.2 mm wide. Mature larva. Body length 3.5 – 4.0 mm. Thoracic segment 1 and abdominal segments 1 – 4 each encircled by broad dark-brown transverse band and abdominal segments 5 – 9 dark brown on dorsal and dorsolateral surfaces; thoracic segments 2 and 3 dark brown on ventral surface and abdominal segments 4 – 6 with dark mediolongitudial band on ventral surface. Cephalic apotome yellow; head spots almost indistinct or faintly positive though anterior spot of mediolateral spots negative. Lateral surface of head capsule yellow except eye-spot region whitish and areas posterior to eye-spot region somewhat darkened. Ventral surface of head capsule (Fig. 41 L) yellowish; long spot on each side of postgenal cleft indistinct. Antenna composed of three segments and apical sensillum, slightly longer than stem of labral fan; length ratio of three segments (from base to tip) 1.0: 1.3: 0.9. Labral fan with 33 – 36 main rays. Mandible (Fig. 41 J) with serrations composed of two teeth (one medium-sized, one small); main tooth at right angle against mandible on apical side; supernumerary serrations absent; comb-teeth decreasing in length from first to third. Hypostoma (Fig. 41 K) with nine anterior teeth, of which corner teeth most prominent, slightly longer than median tooth, and intermediate teeth shortest; lateral margins serrate apically; four hypostomal bristles per side nearly parallel to lateral margin on each side. Postgenal cleft (Fig. 41 L) arrow-head shaped, long, 5.9 times length of postgenal bridge; sheath of subesophageal ganglion not pigmented. Cervical sclerites on each side composed of one medium brown elongate piece and one light brown elliptical piece, not fused to occiput. Histoblast of pharate pupal gill with six short filaments. Thoracic and abdominal cuticle almost bare except last segment of abdomen moderately covered with short colorless setae on each side of anal sclerite. Rectal scales present. Rectal organ compound, each lobe with seven to nine finger-like secondary lobules. Anal sclerite Xshaped, with short broad anterior arms 0.6 times as long as posterior ones; one to three sensilla on junction; five or six sensilla posterior to posterior arms. Last abdominal segment somewhat swollen laterally but lacking ventral papillae. Posterior circlet with 66 – 72 rows of hooklets with up to 12 hooklets per row.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135A7B525AF6F932F192FE6C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. HOLOTYPE: Female, reared from a pupa collected from a small stream (width 4 – 6 m, water temperature 18.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,452 m, 12 ˚ 10 ’ 56.408 ” N / 108 ˚ 40 ’ 48.152 ” E), moderately flowing in open land, Long Lanh, Lac Duong District, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. PARATYPES: 11 females and five males and two mature larvae, same data as those of the holotype; one female, three males and two pupae collected from a small stream (width 1 – 2 m, water temperature 16.0 ˚ C, exposed to the sun, altitude 1,492 m) (12 ˚ 07 ’ 59.430 ” N / 108 ˚ 35 ’ 42.001 ” E) slowly flowing in open land, 45 km from Dalat, Da Chais, Lac Duong, Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, 24 - IV- 2014, by H. Takaoka, M. Sofian-Azirun, Z. Ya’cob, C. D. Chen & K. W. Lau. Biological notes. The pupae and larvae of this new species were collected from leaves of trailing grasses and fallen tree leaves in small streams. Associated species were S. (G.) breviflagellum sp. nov., S. (G.) hongthaii, S. (G.) longlanhense sp. nov., S. (G.) thituyenae sp. nov. and S. (S.) chamlongi.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135A7B525AF6F932F192FE6C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name xuandei is in honor of Mr. Xuan De Pham, father of Dr. Xuan Da Pham, for his longstanding support and encouragement.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B3135A7B525AF6F932F192FE6C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Simulium (S.) xuandei sp. nov. is assigned to the S. tuberosum species-group of the subgenus Simulium, redefined by Takaoka and Davies (1996), based on the male genitalia, of which the ventral plate is quadrate or subquadrate when viewed ventrally, having a round projection directed ventrally with serrated posterolateral margins (Fig. 40 D), and the style has several cone-like spines subbasally on the dorsal surface (Fig. 40 F). This new species is similar to cytoform ‘ L’ of the S. (S.) tani (complex) from Taiwan (Huang and Adler 2011; Adler et al. 2013), which was previously recognized as S. (S.) suzukii Rubtsov by Takaoka (1979), in having a similar number of male upper-eye facets (i. e., 18 vertical columns and 19 horizontal rows) and a similar arrangement of six pupal gill filaments (divergent basally at about 90 degrees when viewed laterally). However, the pupa of this new species is distinguished from that of cytoform ‘ L’ of the S. (S.) tani (complex) by the tubercles having secondary projections (Fig. 41 A) on the frons and anterodorsal surface of the thorax. This new species is also similar in the arrangement of the pupal gill filaments to S. (S.) jasmoni Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Belabut from Peninsular Malaysia (Takaoka et al. 2012 b) and S. (S.) suzukii from Japan, but is easily distinguished from these two known species in the male by the number of upper-eye facets in 18 vertical columns and 19 horizontal rows (cf., 16 vertical columns and 17 horizontal rows in S. (S.) jasmoni, and 20 vertical columns and 21 horizontal rows in S. (S.) suzukii), and in the pupa by the tubercles having secondary projections (Fig. 41 A) on the frons and anterodorsal surface of the thorax (cf., tubercles smooth without such secondary projections in S. (S.) jasmoni and S. (S.) suzukii). In addition, this new species is distinguished in the female from S. (S.) jasmoni by the mediumsized sensory vesicle (cf., the sensory vesicle is elongate, 0.6 times the length of the third maxillary palpal segment in S. (S.) jasmoni) and in the male from S. (S.) suzukii by the whitish-yellow fore coxae (cf., the fore coxae are light brown in S. (S.) suzukii).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313537B525AF6FDCEF3EAFBB4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand, China, Myanmar and Vietnam.	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
190987B313537B525AF6FDCEF3EAFBB4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Thailand (Takaoka and Suzuki 1984), and later recorded from Vietnam (Crosskey and Howard 1997). The pupa of this species is characterized by the frons lacking tubercles. The male upper-eye facets were described to be in about 19 vertical columns in the original description (Takaoka and Suzuki 1984) but the number of the male upper-eye facets was in 21 – 23 vertical columns and 22 or 23 horizontal rows when recently collected male specimens of S. (S.) chamlongi from the type locality (Doi Inthanon National Park, Thailand) were examined. The males of S. (S.) chamlongi collected from Vietnam have a similar number of male upper-eye facets (21 or 22 vertical columns and 22 horizontal rows).	en	Takaoka, Hiroyuki, Sofian-Azirun, Mohd, Ya’Cob, Zubaidah, Chen, Chee Dhang, Lau, Koon Weng, Pham, Xuan Da (2015): The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thua Thien Hue and Lam Dong Provinces, Vietnam. Zootaxa 3961 (1): 1-96, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3961.1.1
