identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1925031BFF9C3E29A1BBB26911E1FE33.text	1925031BFF9C3E29A1BBB26911E1FE33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia Ducke 1905	<div><p>Genus Protopolybia Ducke, 1905</p><p>Protopolybia Ducke, 1905a: 7, 9, 17. Type species: Polybia bella R. von Ihering, 1903 by subsequent designation (Bequaert 1944a).</p><p>Pseudochartergus Ducke 1905a: 8, 9, 15. Type species Charterginus cinctellus Fox, 1898 (= Nectarina chartergoides Gribodo, 1892) by subsequent designation (Bequaert 1938). Junior subjective synonym of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 according to Carpenter and Wenzel (1989: 185)</p><p>Protopolybia Ducke: Bequaert 1938: 103.</p><p>Pseudochartergus Ducke: Bequaert 1938: 103.</p><p>Protopolybia Ducke: Bequaert 1944a: 97, 98, 99 (part.).</p><p>Protopolybia Ducke: Bequart 1944b: 252, 265 (part.).</p><p>Pseudochartergus Ducke: Bequaert 1944b: 252, 264 (part.).</p><p>Protopolybia Ducke: Richards 1978: 8, 136.</p><p>Pseudochartergus Ducke: Richards 1978: 8, 154.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF9C3E29A1BBB26911E1FE33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E29A1BBB4CA1235FCBB.text	1925031BFF9B3E29A1BBB4CA1235FCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia exigua	<div><p>Taxonomy of Protopolybia exigua species-group</p><p>The group of species referred here as the Protopolybia exigua species-group comprises 13 species. Four new species are described and one revalidated, and several new occurrences are recorded. Descriptions of new species and redescriptions of P. exigua, P. holoxantha, and P. rubrithorax Bequaert are presented below, as well as an identification key for the P. exigua species-group. Measurements of the female clypeus are presented in a relative scale given in “units of the minimum clypeus width” (MiWClp). The data about species distribution, not originating from the material examined, were taken from Richards (1978), Sarmiento (1994) and Silveira &amp; Carpenter (1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF9B3E29A1BBB4CA1235FCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.text	1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia exigua	<div><p>Protopolybia exigua (de Saussure, 1854)</p><p>(Figs 35, 37, 39, 69, 76, 83)</p><p>Polybia exigua de Saussure, 1854: 173 (holotype: ♀, Le Brésil [Brazil], Sud of La Capitanerie of Goyaz (date and collector not specified) (MNHN); photograph examined).</p><p>Protopolybia palmarum: Blanchard 1868: 415 .</p><p>Protopolybia sedula (de Saussure): Ducke 1910: 474 (part.; misidentification).</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima var. exigua: Bequaert 1944a: 108 .</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima var. sedula (de Saussure): Bequaert 1944a: 109 (misidentification).</p><p>Protopolybia exigua exigua: Richards 1978: 138, 142.</p><p>Protopolybia palmarum Blanchard: Silveira &amp; Carpenter 1995: 53 (synonymized with exigua).</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; T1 with petiole short, almost as long as wide (Fig. 39); clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated, frons with trilobate spot (Fig. 35); vertex with two large non-oblique yellow marks (Fig. 37); T2 with basal band or oblique subcontiguous spots, and distal band.</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; clypeus narrow, much higher than minimum width (HClp=1.19; MxWClp=1.24;TeW=0.85; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area relatively wide, approximately 2 × diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short with length 0.6 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending over approximately three forth of height of gena in lateral view, terminating before articulation of mandibles; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by linear prominence; length of mesoscutum 0.95 × its width; mesepisternal groove absent; scutellum with short but wellmarked median line; metanotum triangular, length of median axis 0.81 × width of central disk; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 with short petiole, almost as long as wide (Fig. 39); T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons distinctly reticulated; mesoscutum finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with fine punctures, ventral region of mesopleuron with distinct punctures; T2–T5 with posterior margin punctate; clypeus with short golden bristles, except along inferior margin, which has elongated bristles; eyes with minute and sparse bristles; body almost completely with short bristles; propodeum with long and sparse bristles.</p><p>Black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennae ventrally testaceous or brown, dorsally black; mandibles, clypeus almost entirely, inner and outer orbit with wide bands that extend to vertex and occiput, frons with trilobate mark (Fig. 35), two wide marks on vertex (Fig. 37), extensive mark on pronotal carina and fovea, two stripes on mesoscutum, tegulae partially (Fig. 37), large spot on mesepisternum extending to area below scrobe, two spots on metapleuron, scutellum and metanotum partially, propodeum with paired dorsal marks, distal band on T1, basal band or oblique subcontiguous spots, and distal band on T2, T3–T5 with distal band, yellow. Coxae yellow, femora black, tibiae brown to black; tarsi brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, longer than wide, with elongated silvery bristles, ventral margin little produced and narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena very narrow; mandible and clypeus yellow; eyes internally bordered by band that continues to vertex; anterior margin of T2 with two lateral yellow bands. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal angle of paramere widened, apical angle narrow (Fig. 69); digitus narrow (Fig. 76), with apical margin rounded; basal process of digitus acuminate; cuspis with elongated bristles; ventral process of aedeagus curved, not projecting laterally, strongly sclerotized and laterally serrated (Fig.83); preapical region of aedeagus rounded, not angular.</p><p>FIGURES 35–40. 35, 37, 39. Protopolybia exigua; 36, 38, 40. P. diligens;.</p><p>Material examined. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, 37 ♀, 13 ♂, 40 km S, 12.i.1991 (Carpenter &amp; Wenzel) (AMNH); PARAGUAY: Concepcion, 2 ♀, Estância San Luis, 19–27.x.1999 (B. Garcete) (INBPY); BRAZIL: Bahia, 1 ♀, Cidade da Barra, x.1913 (E. Garbe) (MZUSP); Brasilia DF, 3 ♀, Universidade, 27.v.1982 (A. Raw), 4 ♀, D. Federal (R. Arlé) (UFRJ-MN); Espirito Santo, 1♀, Sta. Tereza, 1–8.ix.1967 (C. &amp; C.T. Elias) (UFPR); Goiás, 1 ♀, Colinas do Sul, Serra da Mesa 2–15.xii.1995, 14°01’S 48°12’W (Silvestre Dietz &amp; Campaner), 1 ♀ Alvorada do Norte, Faz. Mattos, vii.1991 (S.T.P. Amarante &amp; C.F. Martins) (MZUSP), 4 ♀, Goiaz [=Goiás], Campinas, 1934 (T. Borgmeier) (UFRJ-MN), 2 ♀, Corumbá de G., 05.ii.1962 (J &amp; B. Bechyné) (MPEG); Maranhão: 1 ♀, Caxias, 10.vi.1978, (F.F. Ramos) (MPEG), 4 ♀, Bom Jesus, Urbano Santos, 02°33’S 44°16’W, 30.xi.2003 (Azevedo G.G. &amp; Silva S.S) (UFMA); Mato Grosso, 3 ♀, Chapada dos Guimarães, Fazenda Buriti, 18.xi.1982 (Marcio Zanuto &amp; W. Overal), 2 ♀, 8–13.ii.1986, 1 ♀, 13–17.ii. 1986 (I.S. Gorayeb), 2 ♀, Faz. Ric. Franco, 15.iii.1961 (J &amp; Bechyné) (MPEG), 1 ♀, Miranda, 17.i.1941 (F. Lane), 1 ♀, 12°50’S 51°47’W, 26.ii.1968, 1 ♀, 05.iii.1968 (Richards, O.W) (UFRJ-MN), Xingu, 1 ♀, ii.1953, 1 ♀, 7.x.1968 (M. Alvarenga), 1 ♀, Cáceres, 20.xii.1984 (C. Elias) (UFPR); Minas Gerais, 6 ♂, 2 ♀, Belo Horizonte, Monte, viii.1942 (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Patos de Minas, 25.xi.1965 (C. Elias), 1 ♀, Passos, 5.xii.1963 (C. Elias), 1 ♀, Uberaba, 13.viii.1965 (C. Elias), 3♀ São Gotardo, 11.vi.1965 (C. Elias) (UFPR); Paraíba, Alagoinha, 4 ♀, 02.vi.1941, 1 ♀, vii.1941 (Sauer), 1 ♀, Santa Luzia, viii.1956 (Cincinato) (UFRJ-MN); Piauí, 1 ♀, 5km E. Oeiras, Faz. Talhada, 13–17.xi. 1991 (S.T.P. Amarante) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, Dom Expedito Lopes, Manaíra, 14.xi.2009 (Soares, A.M.L. &amp; Brito, M.E.A.); 1 ♀, 16.xi.2009 (Soares, A.M.L.) (MPEG); Rio de Janeiro, 1 ♀, Macaé, 22.ix.1989 (A.D. Grativol) (UFPR), 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Gávea, 20.xii.1911 (W. Y. Gud) (UFRJ-MN); Rio Grande do Norte, 5 ♀, Natal, iii.1952 (Alvarenga) (UFRJ-MN); Santa Catarina, 3 ♀, Itapema, 07.i.1976 (Luiz Pereira) (UFPR); São Paulo, Rio Claro, 5 ♀, 26.x.1982, 3 ♀, 29.xii.1969 (Machado, V.L.L.) (UNESP), 1 ♀, Rio Claro, 10.vii.1988 (O. Silveira), 3 ♀, Campinas, 12.vii.1964 (Hebling, N.J.) (UNESP), 2 ♀, 22.xii.1986 – 05.i.1987 (Alexandre Ruszczyk) (UFPR), 1 ♀, São Carlos, Faz. Canchim, 28.viii.1989 (M.T. Tavares) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, Sorocaba, 112 (UFRJ-MN).</p><p>Distribution. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil: AC, BA, CE, DF, ES, GO, MA, MG, MT, *PB, PE, PI, RJ, RN, RR, SC, SP.</p><p>Remarks. In this paper, Protopolybia exigua refers only to the specific concept proposed by de Saussure (1854). The species is widely distributed, occurring from Guatemala to Paraguay.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.text	1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia diligens (Smith 1857) Smith 1857	<div><p>Protopolybia diligens (Smith, 1857), stat. resurr.</p><p>(Figs 36, 38, 40, 70, 77, 84)</p><p>Polybia diligens Smith, 1857: 132 (holotype: ♀, Brazil, Santarém (without date and collector) (BMNH); examined). Protopolybia exigua exigua: Richards 1978: 138, 142 (part.; misidentification)</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 36); T1 with petiole narrow, elongated (Fig. 40). Body brown to black, with yellow marks; vertex black, rarely with two yellow spots; T2 with anterior yellow band; T4–T6 black (Fig. 38).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp=1.13; MxWClp=1.13; TeW=0.87; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 36); interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles short, with length about 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; antennal scape slightly curved; occipital carina distinct, extending for more than three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by short linear prominence; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with mark median line; metanotum as long as wide, metanotal lobe with apex rounded; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 with petiole narrower, and more elongated (Fig. 40); T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum and metanotum with fine punctures; mesopleuron reticulated with fine punctures; posterior margin of T2 and T3 finely punctate; body with short bristles; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated bristles; eyes glabrous; propodeum with long and sparse bristles.</p><p>Dark-brown to black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennae ventrally brown, dorsal region brown to black; mandibles brown to testaceous; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput, interantennal area with V- shaped mark, vertex black or rarely with two small yellow spots (Fig.</p><p>38), pronotum with spots on pronotal carina and fovea, two stripes on mesoscutum, tegulae partially, meso and metapleuron with two large yellow marks, scutellum and metanotum partially, propodeum with paired dorsal marks, distal band on T1, basal band and distal band on T2, distal band on T3, yellow; T4–T6 black (Fig. 10). Coxae partially yellow; femora and tibiae black to brown; tarsi brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.1 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated silvery bristles; ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and little produced; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; mandibles yellow; clypeus totally or partially yellow; vertex black; thorax, in ventral view, with yellow mark; T2 with anterior yellow band. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig. 70); digitus narrow with apical margin rounded and with elongated bristles; basal process acuminate (Fig. 77); cuspis with many elongated bristles; ventral process of aedeagus rounded, not laterally projecting (Fig. 84), strongly sclerotized and laterally serrated; pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular in lateral view.</p><p>Material examined. COLOMBIA: Amazonas, 1♀, Letícia, 4°12’S 69°56’W, 110m, 14.iv.1997 (Carpenter &amp; Davidson) (MZUSP), 14 ♀, (AMNH); PERU: Loreto, 36 ♀, 17 ♂, Rio Sucusari, Napo, 26.xii.1990 (Carpenter &amp; Wenzel) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Amazonas, 2 ♀, Rio Juruá, 4.viii.1902 (E. Garbe) (MZUSP), 36 ♀, Porto Velhas [Porto Velho], Rio Madeira, 08.v. 1922 (J.H. Williamson) (AMNH), 4 ♀, Manaos [=Manaus] (Parko), 1 ♀, Rio Juruá, (E. Garbe) (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Parna do Jaú, 19.iii–5.iv. 2003 (M.L. Oliveira &amp; J.A. Cunha) (INPA); Maranhão, 4 ♀, Imperatriz, Ribeirãozinho, 5–10.viii.1989 (F.F. Ramos), 1 ♀, Peritoró, 09.vi.1978 (F.F. Ramos) (MPEG), 3 ♀, Santo Amaro, Urbano Santos, 03°14’S 43°25’W, 17.iv.2004 (Azevedo, G.G. &amp; Amorim, L.R.) (UFMA); Pará, 1 ♀, São Felix do Xingu, Garimpo da Liberdade, 15–19.xi.1991 (B. Mascarenhas), 1 ♀, S. J. Pirabas, Boa Esperança, 26–30.x.1989 (W. França), 1 ♀, Ourém, Patauateua, Fazenda Gavião Real 30.iv–3.v.1992 (B. Mascarenhas e equipe), Acará, 8 ♀, 25.i.1978, 11 ♀, 24.i.1978 (W. França), Belém, Paricamiri, 9 ♀, 10.iv.1979 (W. França), 6 ♀, (R.B. Neto), 2 ♀, Belém, Guamá, 28.ii.1973 (P. Ledoux), 3 ♀, Santarém, Faz Taperinha, 25.vii.1977 (R.L. Jeanne), Paragominas, Faz. Cachoeira do Rio Vermelho, 1 ♀, 15–18.i.1991 (P. Tadeu), 1♀ (J. Dias), 1 ♀, P. Pedras, Marajó, 12.iii.1978 (M.F. Torres), 1 ♀, Benevides, Paricatuba, 09.xii.1978 (W. França), 5 ♀, Bujaru, 28.vi.1977 (P. Waldir &amp; L. Braack), 1 ♀, Serra Norte, Fofoca, 7–10.ix.1985 (J. Dias), 12 ♀, Abaetetuba, 08.viii.1977 (P. Waldir), 2 ♀, Itaituba, Ig. Patoá, 29.xi.1989 (M. Fernandes), 2 ♀, Altamira, Itapuama, 52°20’S 3°36’W 09.xi.2007 (O.T. Silveira &amp; equipe), 1 ♀, Belterra, 6.i.2000 (G.C. Venturieri), 1 ♀, Belém, Utinga, 16.iv.1999 (O.T. Silveira), 2 ♀, Bragança, 26.v.1978 (M.F. Torres), 2 ♀, Monte Alegre, 23.i.1992 (O.T. Silveira), 1 ♀, Mosqueiro, 15.viii.1978 (W. França) (MPEG).</p><p>Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Brazil: AM, MA, PA.</p><p>Remarks. Due to the similar morphology and coloration pattern, Ducke (1910) and Richards (1978) listed Protopolybia diligens as synonym of P. ex i gu a, a decision that was subsequently questioned by Bequaert (1944a) based on color pattern. Besides color, P. diligens should be considered a distinct species by having T1 with petiole distinctly longer and narrower than P. exigua .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.text	1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia collombiana Santos, Silveira & Carpenter	<div><p>Protopolybia collombiana Santos, Silveira &amp; Carpenter, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 41, 43, 45, 71,78, 85)</p><p>Protopolybia exigua binominata: Richards 1978: 138, 143 (misidentification).</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; clypeus narrow, 1.12 × higher than wide, ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally (Fig. 41); pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 43); T1 petiolate, longer than wide; mesoscutum black, rarely with yellow stripes; scutellum yellow; metanotum anteriorly yellow (Fig. 45).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp=1.12; MxWClp=1.18; TeW=0.88; MiWClp = 0.50 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally (Fig. 41); tentorial pit nearer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short, with length 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina little developed, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 43); mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum triangular and short, with length 0.72 × width of the central disk; metanotal lobe with apex pointed; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 posteriorly triangular, with petiole 1.28 × longer than wide; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons, mesoscutum and mesopleuron finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with weak punctures anteriorly; metasomal segments reticulated; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated golden bristles; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles, except propodeum and anterior portion of T1, with long and sparse bristles.</p><p>Black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennal articles black dorsally, scape ventrally brown; mandibles brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark; inner and outer orbit with mark that not extends to vertex and occiput; interantenal area with small V- shaped mark; vertex black; pronotum with extensive mark on pronotal carina, anterior prominence and fovea; (mesoscutum black, rarely with two yellow stripes) metapleuron with two yellow marks; scutellum yellow (Fig. 45); metanotum anteriorly, propodeum with large mark dorsally, distal band on T1, two basal spots and distal band on T2 (Fig. 43 and 45), yellow; T4 and T5 black; coxae yellow; wings hyaline; venation black.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated and silvery bristles; ventral margin little produced and narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pits closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena very narrow; mesepimeron with yellow spot ventral; metapleuron completely black. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal angle of paramere widened, apical angle narrow (Fig. 71); apical margin of digitus rounded, basal process of digitus acuminate; cuspis with elongate bristles thick (Fig. 78); ventral process of aedeagus angular (Fig. 85) as in P. bituberculata (Fig. 90), not directed laterally in dorsal view, sclerotized and with anterior margin moderately serrated; pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular (Fig. 85).</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, COLOMBIA, Narino, Barbacoas, 2–6.v.1976 (M. Cooper) (BMNH). Paratypes: 3 ♀, 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, La Selva, 06.ii.1995 (J. Kojima), 3 ♀, 3.v.1990 (H.A. Hespenheide), 3 ♀, Alajuela, La Fortuna, Hotel Rossi, 21.vii.2003 (R.L. Jeanne) (AMNH). Other material. COSTA RICA: La Selva, 3 ♀, 1 ♂, 06.ii.1995 (J. Kojima) (AMNH); Alajuela, 3 ♀, La Fortuna, Hotel Rossi, 21.vi.2003 (R.L. Jeanne) (AMNH); Heredia, 3 ♀, La Selva, Biol. Sta., 3km S Pto. Viejo, 10°26’N 84°01’W, (H.A. Hespenheide) (AMNH); COLOMBIA: Mitu, Vaupés, 1 ♀, 18.v.1974 (M. Cooper) (ICN), 1 ♀, same data (BMNH); Meta, 1 ♀, Macarena, 1–15.iii.1976 (M. Cooper); Narino, 1 ♀, Barbacoas, 2–6.v.1976; 1 ♀, Anchicaya, 13.i.1972; BOLIVIA: 1 ♀, Beni, Rurenabaque, 270m, 19.iv.1979 (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. was treated by Richards (1978) under the name P. exigua binominata without seeing the proper type corresponding to this name, which was proposed by Schulz (1906) as a replacement name for Polybia minutissima de Saussure, 1854, secondary homonym of Polistes minutissima Spinola, 1851). Carpenter (2012) examined the probable holotype of Polybia minutissima de Saussure, concluding that it corresponds well to Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola, 1851) . Thus, Protopolybia binominata sensu Richards (1978) is in need of a name, which is provided herein. Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. has the pronotal prominence almost collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina, a character also observed in P. clypeata sp. nov. Despite having approximately equal sizes, P. collombiana is easily distinguished from P. clypeata by having the ventral margin of the clypeus narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the South American country of Colombia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.text	1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia clypeata Santos, Silveira & Carpenter	<div><p>Protopolybia clypeata Santos, Silveira &amp; Carpenter, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 42, 44, 46, 72, 79, 86)</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.6 mm; clypeus narrow, 1.24 × higher than wide, ventral margin broadly curved and little produced ventrally (Fig. 42); pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 44); T2 only with yellow posterior band (Fig. 46).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.6 mm; clypeus narrow, much higher than wide (HClp=1.24; MxWClp=1.24; TeW=0.91; MiWClp= 0.45 mm), ventral margin broadly curved and little produced ventrally (Fig. 42); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles short, with length equal to 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, produced downward, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 44); mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with short marked median line; metanotum triangular, with its length 0.66 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe with apex slightly rounded; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 narrow, 1.38 × as long as wide; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons, mesoscutum, metanotum and mesopleuron finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum weakly punctate; metasomal terga reticulated; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated silvery bristles; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles; except propodeum and anterior portion of T1 with long and sparse bristles.</p><p>Black to dark-brown, moderately marked by yellow spots; antennal articles dorsally black, scape partially testaceous; mandibles black to brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, inner and outer orbit with band that not extends to vertex and occiput, interantennal area with two small oblique spots, pronotal carina and generally anterior prominence and fovea with yellow marks; mesoscutum black; tegulae partially, mesepisternum with narrow yellow mark, metanotum generally with two yellow spots (Fig. 46); propodeum with pared dorsal marks, distal band on T1–T3 (Fig. 46), yellow; T4–T6 black; legs brown; wings hyaline, venation black.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated silvery bristles; ventral margin little produced ventrally and widely rounded; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; color like female. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; paramere with basal angle widened, apical angle narrow (Fig.72); digitus with short and sparse bristles; apical margin of digitus rounded, basal process of digitus narrow and elongated (Fig. 79); cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus rounded, not directed laterally in dorsal view, anteriorly and laterally serrated (Fig.86), like Protopolybia bituberculata (Fig. 90) and P. sedula (Fig.91); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, PERU, Dpto. Loreto, San Pedro, 5°50`S 74°02`W, 17.iii.1999 Carpenter &amp; Davidson (AMNH). Paratypes: 19 ♀ (same data as holotype). Other material. COLOMBIA: Caqueta, 4 ♀, Yuruyaco, 73km sw Florencia, 12.ii.1979 (M. Cooper) (BMNH); PERU: Dpto. Loreto, Yarina, 112m, 05°10`S 73°51`W, 8 ♀, 6 ♂, 10.iii.2000; Galícia, 19 ♀, 2 ♂ 18.iii.1999 (Carpenter &amp; Davidson) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Acre, Reserva Catuaba, 2♀, 6.x.1998 (S. Mateus) (UNESP-IBILCE).</p><p>Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Brazil: AC.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia clypeata sp. nov. has as diagnostic character the ventral margin of the clypeus broadly curved and little produced ventrally. In addition, the pronotal prominence is almost collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina, a character shared with P.collombiana and P. scutellaris . Besides the main diagnostic character, Protopolybia clypeata differs from P. scutellaris by the absence of a lateral processes on T1 and by having the metanotum distinctly narrower and more elongated, 0.66 × the width of the central disk. In respect to P. collombiana, P. clypeata can be distinguished by the shape of the clypeus.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the particular shape of the female clypeus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.text	1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia similis Santos, Silveira & Carpenter	<div><p>Protopolybia similis Santos, Silveira &amp; Carpenter, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 47, 49, 51, 73, 80, 87)</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima: Richards 1978: 138, 141 (part; misidentification)</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 47); occipital carina extending to insertion of mandibles (Fig. 49); propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove forming two moderately high protuberances (Fig. 51); T1 with short basal petiole armed with paired obtuse wing-like processes; posterior portion of ventral process of aedeagus with small projecting point (Fig. 87).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp=1.17; MxWClp=1.19; TeW=0.87; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 47); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively elongated, with length 0.64 × distance between eyes on vertex; occipital carina extending to insertion of mandibles (Fig. 49); pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally; pronotal fovea distinct; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum triangular, with length of median axis 0.71 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe elongated with apex slightly rounded; propodeum with narrow median groove and with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances (Fig. 51); propodeal valves wide and triangular; T1 with short basal petiole armed with paired obtuse wing-like processes; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum with fine punctures; posterior margin of T3–T5 finely punctate; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated bristles; eyes glabrous; propodeum with elongated bristles near of propodeal muscle insertion.</p><p>Black, with few yellow spots; antennal articles dorsally black, scape almost completely brown; mandibles yellow to brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput, interantenal area with two small oblique spots, yellow; vertex black; pronotal fovea yellow, pronotal carina black, rarely yellow; mesoscutum black; tegulae almost completely yellow; mesepisternum with yellow mark; scutellum almost completely yellow; metanotum black; propodeum with pared dorsal marks, basal spots and distal band on T1, T2 and T3 with distal band, yellow; T4 and T5 black; coxae partially yellow; wings hyaline, venation brown.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with golden bristles; ventral margin slightly produced and widely curved; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; fore coxae yellow, mid coxae partially so. Parameral spine without elongated bristles; basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig.73); digitus anteriorly rounded, with few bristles on basal process (Fig. 80); cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, not strongly projecting laterally, very sclerotized and with anterior margin slightly serrated; posterior portion of ventral process with pointed projection (Fig. 87); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, PERU, San Ramon, Valle Chanchamayo 800 m, 10.ii.1940 (W. Weyrauch) (AMNH). Paratypes: 59 ♀ (same data as holotype); 3 ♀, 4 ♂, 1939 (UFRJ-MN). Other material. PERU: Junin, San Ramon, 60 ♀, Valle Chanchamayo 800m, 10.ii.1940 (W. Weyrauch) (AMNH); 3 ♀, 4 ♂, (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Peru.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia similis sp. nov. presents coloration similar to P. collombiana sp. n. However, it differs by having the pronotal prominence collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina. In addition, similis presents the clypeus moderately widened and the propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of the median groove. Richards (1978) treated Protopolybia similis as P. minutissima (Spinola) . However, they are not the same species, since P. minutissima presents the clypeus very narrow and not strongly projecting ventrally (Carpenter 2012); the propodeum is gently convex around the narrow median groove, and the T1 without paired wing-like processes.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name, from Latin similis means "similar" in allusion to the color pattern similar to that observed in Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. and P. minutissima (Spinola) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.text	1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia potiguara Santos, Silveira & Carpenter	<div><p>Protopolybia potiguara Santos, Silveira &amp; Carpenter, sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 48, 50, 52)</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; coloration testaceous, richly marked with yellow (Fig. 50); clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 48); metanotum narrow and very elongated, strongly produced backwards and largely enclosed by propodeum; metanotal lobe with apex pointed (Fig. 52); T1 petiolate and almost as long as wide.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus relatively wide (HClp=1.06; MxWClp=0.59; TeW=0.44; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 48); interantennal area narrow, its width approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short, with length 0.57 × distance between eyes on vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending for approximately half of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by short linear prominence; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum narrow and very elongated, strongly produced backwards and largely enclosed by propodeum, length of median axis 1.1 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe with apex pointed (Fig. 52); propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 petiolate, posteriorly triangular; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons reticulated; mesoscutum reticulated with fine punctures; scutellum and metanotum with punctures fine and sparse; mesopleuron punctate; metasomal segments with distal margin punctate; eyes glabrous; propodeum, metasomal petiole, apical margin of clypeus and last metasomal segment with short bristles.</p><p>Testaceous, richly marked with yellow (Fig. 50); first and second antennal articles and scape partially brown; mandibles and clypeus yellow; frons and vertex, pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron, almost entirely yellow; mesoscutum orange with two stripes and small yellow spots at sides; tegulae yellow; scutellum almost entirely yellow except for brown median spot; metanotum partially and propodeum almost entirely, yellow; distal band on T1, broad basal and distal bands on T2, yellow, connected at sides by lateral longitudinal stripe; T3–T5 with distal yellow band; wings hyaline, venation brown.</p><p>MALE. Unknown.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, ♀, BRASIL, Paraíba, João Pessoa, Reserva do Buraquinho, 29.i–1.ii.1989 (F.F. Ramos) (Malaise) (MPEG). Paratypes: 1 ♀ (I.S. Gorayeb), 1 ♀ (F.F. Ramos), 1 ♀ (Y. Okada), 3 ♀, 25–29.i.1989 (Arm. Susp. 15 m) (J. Dias), 1 ♀ (I.S. Gorayeb), 1 ♀ (F.F. Ramos), 1 ♀ (Arm. Susp. 1,6 m) (Y. Okada) (MPEG). Other material. BRAZIL: 2 ♀ (Smith Coll., Press. By Mrs. Farden White) (BMNH), 1 ♀, 27.i.1989 (Machado, V.L.L.) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, v.1941 (Sauer) (UFRJ-MN).</p><p>Distribution. Brazil: PB</p><p>Remarks. Richards (1978) treated Protopolybia potiguara sp. nov. as variant of P. exigua, highlighting the need to study mores specimens to establish its true status. Despite the lack of males in our sample, P. potiguara can be distinguished from P.exigua by its size considerably smaller (wing length ca. 4.3 mm), by the yellow color and the metanotum considerably elongated, narrow, with a pointed apex.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name alludes to the Potiguara ethnic group who inhabited the coast of the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.text	1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia holoxantha (Ducke 1904) Ducke 1904	<div><p>Protopolybia holoxantha (Ducke, 1904)</p><p>(Figs 53, 55, 57, 74, 81, 88)</p><p>Polybia holoxantha Ducke 1904: 349 (lectotype: ♀ Brasil, Oyapock [Oiapoque], 27.v.1904 (Ducke) (BMNH), designated by Richards (1978); examined).</p><p>Protopolybia holoxantha: Ducke 1905b: 675 .</p><p>Protopolybia holoxantha: Ducke 1910: 477 .</p><p>Protopolybia holoxantha: Bequaert 1944a: 104 .</p><p>Protopolybia holoxantha: Richards 1978: 137, 140.</p><p>Protopolybia holoxantha: Carpenter &amp; Wenzel 1989: 179, 180.</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; cuticle very shiny, vitreous, color essentially yellow (Fig. 57); T1 with petiole narrow; mesoscutum and pronotum with fine punctures (Fig. 53); metanotum triangular, very little produced backwards into propodeum, with apex strongly pointed (Fig. 55).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp=1.09; MxWClp=1.11; TeW=0.79; MiWClp = 0.56 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, its width approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles considerably elongated, with length 0.72 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal fovea distinct; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with median line; metanotum triangular, relatively short, with median axis 0.7 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe shiny, short, and with apex sharply pointed (Fig. 55); propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1, longer than wide; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons reticulated with fine punctures; mesoscutum with fine punctures (Fig. 53); scutellum and metanotum with fine and sparse punctures; mesopleuron distinctly punctate; metasomal segments impunctate; cuticle shiny, vitreous (Fig. 57); metanotal lobe shiny; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles; long bristles on ventral margin of clypeus, propodeum, metasomal petiole and last metasomal segment.</p><p>Yellow, with testaceous marks; antennae, mandibles, clypeus, frons, yellow; pronotum yellow with testaceous marks; mesoscutum yellow and commonly with three orange stripes; tegulae yellow to testaceous; mesopleuron and metapleuron yellow with testaceous marks; scutellum with small spot, mark on propodeum laterally, distal band on T1, basal and distal bands on T2, T3–T5 with distal band, yellow; legs yellow to testaceous; wings hyaline, venation orange.</p><p>MALE. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; eyes enlarged, strongly produced inwards; clypeus very narrow; with elongated and golden bristles on ventral margin; ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and little produced; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; color like female. Paramere as long as wide (Fig.74); parameral spine without elongated bristles; basal angle widened; apical angle of paramere acute (Fig. 74); anterior margin of digitus rounded, with short bristles (Fig.81); cuspis with few short bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, poorly sclerotized with posterior margin serrated (Fig. 88); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.</p><p>Material examined. GUYANA: 1 ♀, Kamakusa, ix.1922 (H. Lang) (UFRJ-MN); FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♀, 16. 746 (UFRJ-MN); BRAZIL: Amapá, 1 ♀, S. do Navio, x.1957 (K. Lenko) (UFPR); Amazonas, 2 ♀, Rio Purus, Beruri, 3°54’S 61°22’W, 17.x.1991 (G.A.R. Melo) (UFPR); Pará, 3 ♀, Juruti, Barroso, 2°29`S 55°58`W, 28.x.2007 (Silva, S.S. e equipe) (MPEG).</p><p>Distribution. Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil: AP, AM, *PA.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia holoxantha presents similar coloration to P. chanchamayensis Bequaert. However, the cuticle is very smooth and shiny.Distribution is restricted to the Amazon region, occurring in French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil with records in the states of Amapá and Amazonas (Richards 1978), and now also in Pará.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.text	1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia rubrithorax Bequaert 1944	<div><p>Protopolybia rubrithorax Bequaert, 1944</p><p>(Figs 54, 56, 58)</p><p>Protopolybia rubrithorax Weyrauch 1943: 73, nom. nudum</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima var. rubrithorax Bequaert 1944a: 110 (holotype: ♀, Peru, Tingo Maria, Rio Huallaga, 700 m (MCZ, Boston); (examined female specimens from the type locality).</p><p>Protopolybia rubrithorax: Richards 1978: 138, 142.</p><p>Protopolybia rubrithoxar: Carpenter &amp; Wenzel 1989: 179 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; pronotum and mesoscutum reddish; ventral margin of clypeus broadly curved (Fig. 54); pronotal carina obtuse, distinctly produced backwards (Fig. 56); color predominantly dark brown (Fig. 58).</p><p>Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus relatively wide (HClp=1.06; MxWClp=1.11; TeW=0.79; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), ventral margin broadly curved (Fig. 54); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively elongated, with length 0.70 × distance between eyes on vertex; antennal scape slightly curved; occipital carina distinct, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, distinctly produced backwards (Fig. 56); pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by linear prominence; mesoscutum slightly wider than long; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with median line; metanotum moderately produced, with median axis approximately equal to width of central disk; metanotal lobe elongated with apex slightly pointed; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T1 petiolate, its length 1.5 × width at apex; T1 notably narrower than T2.</p><p>Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with fine and sparse punctures; mesopleuron and metasomal segments impunctate; eyes glabrous; body almost completely with short bristles, with elongated bristles on ventral margin of clypeus, propodeum, metasomal petiole and last metasomal segment.</p><p>Dark brown, with few yellow spots; antenna partially brown; mandibles yellow; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark; mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput; pronotum and mesoscutum reddish (Fig. 56 and 58); distal band on T1, two basal spots and distal band on T2; T4–T6 brown; legs brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.</p><p>Material examined. PERU: Huánuco, Tingo Maria, 2 ♀, 670 m (Weyrauch) (BMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Peru: Huánuco.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE.text	1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia scutellaris Bequaert 1944	<div><p>Protopolybia scutellaris Bequaert, 1944</p><p>(Figs 75, 82, 89)</p><p>Protopolybia scutellaris Bequaert 1944a: 111, Fig. 1 H-K. (holotype: ♀ Costa Rica, Suretka, Limon (CUIC), not examined; paratype: ♀ Costa Rica, Limon, 31.v.1924 (J.C. Dudley) (AMNH), examined). Protopolybia scutellaris: Richards 1978: 137, 141.</p><p>Protopolybia scutellaris: Carpenter &amp; Wenzel 1989: 179, 180.</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp=0.56; MxWClp =0.59; TeW=0.47; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina; metanotum short with apex pointed; T1 longer than wide, with short basal petiole armed with paired winglike processes; ground color black, scutellum and metanotum entirely yellow; nest without envelope.</p><p>Genitalia. Basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig. 75); digitus with anterior margin broadly round, almost without bristles (Fig. 82); basal process pointed; cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, not laterally produced in dorsal view, very sclerotized and laterally serrated (Fig. 89); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.</p><p>Material examined. PANAMA: Prov. Panamá, 2 ♀, 2 ♂, El Llano-Carti Road, 09°17’07’’N 78°57’30’’W, 27.iii. 1996, 374 m (Carpenter &amp; Davidson) (AMNH).</p><p>Distribution. Costa Rica, * Panama, Colombia: Nariño, Valle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.text	1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia aliciae Silveira 2004	<div><p>Protopolybia aliciae Silveira, 2004</p><p>Protopolybia aliciae Silveira, 2004: 2 (holotype: ♀ Brasil, Pará, Melgaço, Caxiuanã, ECFPn, 1°44`S 51°28`O, 28.vi.1998, Silveira &amp; Dias (MPEG); examined).</p><p>Diagnosis. Small species, length of fore wing 4.0 mm; T1 almost as wide as long, with short basal petiole armed with paired wing-like processes; ground color black or dark brown richly marked with yellow, but scutellum and metanotum only partially marked; nest with envelope.</p><p>Material examined. FRENCH GUIANA: Sentier de Rorota, 8 ♀, Montioly, 20m, 4°53’N, 52°15’W, 5.x.1996 (Wenzel &amp; Carpenter) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará, 4 ♀, Benevides, F. Morelândia, 14.xi.1986 (J.A. Rafael) (INPA).</p><p>Distribution. * French Guiana, Brazil: PA.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia aliciae was only known from the type locality in Melgaço municipality, Pará State (Silveira 2004). We present additional records, for Pará State (Benevides), and another for French Guiana.</p><p>FIGURES 59–64. 59. Protopolybia duckeianus; 60. P. chartergoides; 61. P. nitida; 62. P. bituberculata; 63. P. acutiscutis; 64. P. clypeata sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.text	1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia chanchamayensis Bequaert 1944	<div><p>Protopolybia chanchamayensis Bequaert, 1944</p><p>Protopolybia chanchamayensis Weyrauch 1943: 7, nom. nudum.</p><p>Protopolybia chanchamayensis Bequaert 1944a: 101 (holotype: ♀ Peru, Junin, San Ramon, Vale Chanchamayo (MCZ), not examined; paratype: ♀ Peru, San Ramon,Valle Chanchamayo, 800 m, 1939 (Weyrauch) (AMNH), examined). Protopolybia chanchamayensis: Richards 1978: 137, 140.</p><p>Protopolybia chanchamayensis: Carpenter &amp; Wenzel 1989: 179 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus (HClp=0.5; MxWClp =0.63; TeW=0.44; MiWClp = 0.56 mm) with ventral margin broadly curved; metanotum short with rounded apex; propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances; T1 as long as wide; ground color yellow with testaceous marks.</p><p>Material examined. PERU, Junin, 1♀, Iurac, 67mi. E. of Tingo Maria, 850m, 11.xii.1954 (E. Schlinger &amp; E.S. Ross) (INBPY). BRAZIL: Acre, 1 ♀, Rio Branco, 25.x-8.xi.1991, Arm. Susp. 20m (F. Ramos, A. Henriques, I. Gorayeb, N. Bittencourt) (MPEG).</p><p>Distribution. Peru: Junín, * Brazil: AC.</p><p>Remarks. Protopolybia chanchamayensis was only known from the type locality (Peru: Junin) (Richards 1978). We now provide the first occurrence for Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.text	1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia bituberculata Silveira & Carpenter 1995	<div><p>Protopolybia bituberculata Silveira &amp; Carpenter, 1995</p><p>Protopolybia sedula var. exigua: Ducke 1910: 474 (misidentification).</p><p>Polybia nana Cameron 1912: 209 [lectotype: ♀, Guyana (Cameron) (BMNH), designated by Richards (1978); examined], syn. nov. Nom. praeocc., nec Polybia nana de Saussure 1863 = Leipomeles dorsata (Fabricius, 1804) . Protopolybia bituberculata Silveira &amp; Carpenter, 1995: 48, Figs 1 A, 2A, 3 (holotype: ♀, Brasil, Pará, Vigia, Campo do Palha, 8.xii.1988 (I.S. Gorayeb) (MPEG); examined).</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.0 mm; ground color brown or black richly marked with yellow; propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances; T1 longer than wide; male genitalia with medial lobes of aedeagus pointed laterally and strongly sclerotized.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype ♀, BRAZIL, Pará, Vigia, Campo do Palha, 8.xii.1988 (I.S. Gorayeb) (MPEG). Paratypes. BRAZIL: Pará, 41 ♀, São Francisco, 8.vii.1977 (W. Overal) (MPEG); PERU: Dpto. Loreto, 48 ♀, Yana Yacu, 111m 05°50’S 74°01’W, 8.iii.2000 (Carpenter &amp; Davidson) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará,, 4 ♀, Altamira, Area 1 – Itapuama, 52°20’43’’S 3°36’20’’W, 9.xi.2007 (O.T. Silveira &amp; Equipe), 6 ♀ (paratypes), Belém Utinga Forest, 14.xi.1967 (R.L. Jeanne) (MPEG), 65 ♀ (paratypes), Belém Utinga Forest, 14.ix.1967 (R.L. Jeanne) (AMNH); Amazonas, (MPEG) 1 ♀ (paratype), Alvarães, 17.vi.1994 (I.S. Gorayeb &amp; O.T. Silveira), 1 ♀ Taracua, vi.1949 (J.C.M. Carvalho), 1 ♀, Manicoré (Parko) (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Rio Tarumã Mirim, 2km from Rio Negro, 03°2’S – 060°17’W, 27 july79 [27.vii.1979] (Igapo) (Black water innundation forest canopy fogged with Pyrethrum Canopy Fogging Project TRS#01, tray# 055) (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery et al.), 1 ♀, Paraná do Xiboreninho, 03°15’S – 060°00’W, 7aug.79 [7.viii.1979] (mixed water, Canopy Fogging Project TRS#06, tray# 33) (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery et al.) (INPA), 4 ♀, Manaus, R. Ducke (Copa Arv), 26.xi.1981 (J.A. Rafael), 4 ♀, same data, Tarumãmirim, 08.i.1991 (G.A.R. Melo) (UFPR).</p><p>Distribution. Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, * Guyana.</p><p>Remarks. Cameron (1912) described Polybia nana from Guyana. Richards (1978) treated it as a synonym of Protopolybia exigua exigua . However, nana presents the propodeum with the posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of the median groove just as in P. bituberculata, and the frons also presents a trilobate mark. Cameron´s name is however unavailable since it is a junior homonym of Polybia nana de Saussure, which is in turn a junior synonym of Leipomeles dorsata (Fabricius) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.text	1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola 1851) Spinola 1851	<div><p>Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola, 1851)</p><p>Polistes minutissima Spinola 1851: 62, holotype: ♀, Brazil: Pará (depository unknown).</p><p>Polybia minutissima de Saussure 1854: 170, holotype: ♀, “L’Amerique Meridionale”, Quixos [Ecuador] (Spinola Collection, Turin; MRSN); junior secondary homonym of Polistes minutissima Spinola.</p><p>Polybia laboriosa de Saussure 1854: 171, holotype: ♀, “Le Mexique ” (Spinola Collection, Turin; MRSN); synonymized by Carpenter (2012).</p><p>Polybia binominata Schulz 1906: 233, replacement name for Polybia minutissima de Saussure.</p><p>Protopolybia rugulosa Ducke 1907: 166, 167, lectotype: ♀ Brasil, Tefé, 06.ix.1904 (Ducke) (BMNH), designated by Richards (1978); examined); synonymized by Carpenter (2012).</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima: Ducke 1910: 476 (part).</p><p>Protopolybia laboriosa: Ducke 1910: 470, 476.</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima: Bequaert 1944a: 106 (typical form only).</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima: Richards &amp; Richards 1951: 19 .</p><p>Protopolybia rugulosa: Richards 1978: 137, 143.</p><p>Protopolybia minutissima: Carpenter 2012: 124 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.0 mm; clypeus very narrow (HClp=0.5; MxWClp =0.53; TeW=0.41; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), distinctly longer than wide at point of shortest distance between eyes, with ventral margin narrowly curved; occipital carina extending until insertion of mandibles; T1 longer than wide; color black with narrow yellow stripe on T1.</p><p>Material examined. Lectotype ♀, BRAZIL, Tefé, 06.ix.1904 (Ducke) (BMNH). FRENCH GUIANA: Piste de St.-Elie, 7 ♀, Guyane, Piste de St.-Elie, 45m, 5°17’N 53°03’W, 26.ix.1996 (Wenzel &amp; Carpenter) (AMNH); PERU: 1 ♀, Valle Chanchamayo 800m, 1939, (Weyrauch) (AMNH); ECUADOR: 3 ♀, Coca on Rio Napo, Napo Pastaza Prov., v.1965 (Le Pena) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará, 3 ♀, Juruti, Beneficiamento, 16.vi.2009, Percurso 2, (S. Silva) (MPEG); Mato Grosso, 1 ♀, Rio Papagaio, x.1966 (Lenko &amp; Pereira) (MZUSP); Amazonas, 3 ♀ (paralectotypes of P. rugulosa Ducke) Teffé [=Tefé], 6.ix.1904 (Ducke) (MPEG); 2 ♀, Manaus – INPA, 14.xi.1980 (Elias Brasil), 1 ♀, INPA – V18, 13.v.1982 (J.A. Rafael), 1 ♀, Manaus, R. Ducke, 30.xi.1981 (J.A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise, 1 ♀, 26km NE Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 30.iv.1982 (J.A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise (INPA), 3 ♀, Manaus, 32m, 3°05’S 59°59’W, 23.iv.1997 (J.M. Carpenter) (AMNH), 1 ♀, Manaus, 24.ix.1991 (G.A.R. Melo) (UFPR), 1 ♀, 26 km NE Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 30.iv.1982 (J.A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise, 1 ♀, same data, INPA-V18, 13.v.1982 (J.A. Rafael), 1 ♀, Hwy 2F 2, km 20.7, Ca 60 km N Manaus 2° 30’S 60°15’W, 16.viii.1979 (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery, et al.) (INPA).</p><p>Distribution. Mexico, Surinam, French Guiana, Colombia, * Peru, Ecuador, Brazil: AM, PA, MT.</p><p>Remarks. Spinola’s name Polistes minutissima seems to be the oldest name applicable to a species of the genus, and problems related to the probable loss of the type, and to difficulty of diagnosing close very similar species led to its use in several combinations referring to supposed varieties or subspecies (Bequaert 1944a; Richards 1978). Recently, Carpenter (2012) examined type of de Saussure’s species deposited in the Spinola Collection in Turin, and solved various problems concerning the proper understanding of the concept of Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola) and relations with Polybia laboriosa de Saussure and Polybia minutissima de Saussure, and Protopolybia rugulosa Ducke. In particular, and very importantly, synonymy of Protopolybia laboriosa (de Saussure) under P. minutissima (Spinola) implies that the distribution of Protopolybia minutissima is now extended a thousand kilometers to north, up to Mexico (the only reference regarding the type locality of laboriosa).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8B3E38A1BBB23016F7FB3F.text	1925031BFF8B3E38A1BBB23016F7FB3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Protopolybia exigua	<div><p>Key to the species of the Protopolybia exigua species-group</p><p>1. Cuticle very shiny, vitreous (Fig. 57); frons, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum and mesopleuron with fine punctures (Fig. 53); metanotum triangular with apex sharply pointed (Fig. 55); species yellow with testaceous marks....................................................................................................... P. holoxantha (Ducke)</p><p>- Cuticle dull; body mostly finely reticulated, without fine punctures.............................................. 2</p><p>2. Propodeum with dorsal surface markedly projecting symmetrically at either side of the median groove, forming two moder-</p><p>ately high protuberances................................................................................ 3 - Propodeum with dorsal surface gently convex around median furrow, not with protuberant aspect...................... 5</p><p>3. T1 with petiole armed with pair of lateral obtuse wing-like processes; clypeus relatively wide (HClp/MiWClp=1.17) with apex narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 47); posterior portion of ventral process of aedeagus with small pointed projection (Fig. 87)............................................................................................ P. similis sp. nov.</p><p>- T1 without lateral wing-like processes................................................................... 4</p><p>4. Ground color brown or black, richly marked with yellow spots; T1 longer its apical width; male genitalia with median lobes of aedeagus pointing laterally and strongly sclerotized.............................. P. bituberculata Silveira &amp; Carpenter</p><p>- Ground color yellow, with testaceous marks; T1 with petiole short; clypeus about as high as wide (HClp/MiWClp=1); metanotum short with apex rounded...................................................... P. chanchamayensis Bequaert</p><p>5. Occipital carina extending to insertion of mandibles; clypeus high and narrow (HClp/MiWClp=1.26), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; ground color black with narrow yellow stripe on T1....................... P. minutissima (Spinola)</p><p>- Occipital carina not reaching mandible insertion, extending for 3/4 of height of gena; color variable................... 6</p><p>6. T1 with petiole armed with pair of well-prominent lateral wing-like processes..................................... 7</p><p>- T1 without paired lateral wing-like pointed processes........................................................ 8</p><p>7. Clypeus narrow (HClp/MiWClp=1) with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; metanotum short with apex pointed; ground color black, scutellum and metanotum yellow; nest without envelope........................... P. scutellaris Bequaert</p><p>- Clypeus with ventral margin broadly curved; ground color black or dark brown richly marked with yellow, but scutellum and metanotum only partially marked with yellow; nest with envelope................................. P. aliciae Silveira</p><p>8. Pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Figs. 43 and 44); mesoscutum black............... 9</p><p>- Pronotal prominence well separated from fovea and pronotal carina; color of mesoscutum variable.................... 10</p><p>9. Clypeus high and narrow (HClp/MiWClp = 1.24), with ventral margin broadly curved and little produced ventrally (Fig. 42); T2 only with posterior yellow band (Fig. 46).................................................... P. clypeata sp. nov.</p><p>- Clypeus wider (HClp/MiWClp = 1.12), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and moderately produced (Fig. 41); mesoscutum rarely with yellow stripes; scutellum yellow; metanotum anteriorly yellow (Fig. 45)... P. collombiana sp. nov.</p><p>10. Pronotal carina obtuse and remarkably produced backwards (Fig. 56); color predominantly dark brown, pronotum and mesoscutum reddish (Fig. 58)......................................................... P. rubrithorax Beaquaert</p><p>- Pronotal carina less produced backwards, species black, brown or testaceous, richly marked with yellow; mesoscutum with two yellow stripes................................................................................... 11</p><p>11. T1 with petiole slender, relatively more elongated (Fig. 40); body brown to black, with yellow marks; vertex black, rarely with two yellow spots; T2 with anterior and posterior yellow bands; T4–T6 black (Fig. 38)................. P. diligens (Smith)</p><p>- T1 nearly as long as wide (Fig. 39)...................................................................... 12</p><p>12. Frons with trilobate spot (Fig. 35); vertex with two large non-oblique yellow spots (Fig. 37); T2 with basal band or oblique subcontiguous spots, and distal band (Fig. 37)............................................ P. e x i g u a (de Saussure)</p><p>- Coloration testaceous, richly marked with yellow (Fig. 50); frons almost completely and vertex totally, yellow (Fig. 48); length of fore wing 4.3 mm ................................................................... P. potiguara sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1925031BFF8B3E38A1BBB23016F7FB3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A.;Silveira, Orlando T.;Carpenter, James M.	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
