taxonID	type	description	language	source
1925031BFF9B3E29A1BBB4CA1235FCBB.taxon	materials_examined	The group of species referred here as the Protopolybia exigua species-group comprises 13 species. Four new species are described and one revalidated, and several new occurrences are recorded. Descriptions of new species and redescriptions of P. exigua, P. holoxantha, and P. rubrithorax Bequaert are presented below, as well as an identification key for the P. exigua species-group. Measurements of the female clypeus are presented in a relative scale given in “ units of the minimum clypeus width ” (MiWClp). The data about species distribution, not originating from the material examined, were taken from Richards (1978), Sarmiento (1994) and Silveira & Carpenter (1995).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; T 1 with petiole short, almost as long as wide (Fig. 39); clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated, frons with trilobate spot (Fig. 35); vertex with two large non-oblique yellow marks (Fig. 37); T 2 with basal band or oblique subcontiguous spots, and distal band.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; clypeus narrow, much higher than minimum width (HClp = 1.19; MxWClp = 1.24; TeW = 0.85; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area relatively wide, approximately 2 × diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short with length 0.6 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending over approximately three forth of height of gena in lateral view, terminating before articulation of mandibles; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by linear prominence; length of mesoscutum 0.95 × its width; mesepisternal groove absent; scutellum with short but wellmarked median line; metanotum triangular, length of median axis 0.81 × width of central disk; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 with short petiole, almost as long as wide (Fig. 39); T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons distinctly reticulated; mesoscutum finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with fine punctures, ventral region of mesopleuron with distinct punctures; T 2 – T 5 with posterior margin punctate; clypeus with short golden bristles, except along inferior margin, which has elongated bristles; eyes with minute and sparse bristles; body almost completely with short bristles; propodeum with long and sparse bristles. Black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennae ventrally testaceous or brown, dorsally black; mandibles, clypeus almost entirely, inner and outer orbit with wide bands that extend to vertex and occiput, frons with trilobate mark (Fig. 35), two wide marks on vertex (Fig. 37), extensive mark on pronotal carina and fovea, two stripes on mesoscutum, tegulae partially (Fig. 37), large spot on mesepisternum extending to area below scrobe, two spots on metapleuron, scutellum and metanotum partially, propodeum with paired dorsal marks, distal band on T 1, basal band or oblique subcontiguous spots, and distal band on T 2, T 3 – T 5 with distal band, yellow. Coxae yellow, femora black, tibiae brown to black; tarsi brown; wings hyaline, venation brown. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, longer than wide, with elongated silvery bristles, ventral margin little produced and narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena very narrow; mandible and clypeus yellow; eyes internally bordered by band that continues to vertex; anterior margin of T 2 with two lateral yellow bands. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal angle of paramere widened, apical angle narrow (Fig. 69); digitus narrow (Fig. 76), with apical margin rounded; basal process of digitus acuminate; cuspis with elongated bristles; ventral process of aedeagus curved, not projecting laterally, strongly sclerotized and laterally serrated (Fig. 83); preapical region of aedeagus rounded, not angular. FIGURES 35 – 40. 35, 37, 39. Protopolybia exigua; 36, 38, 40. P. diligens;.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, 37 ♀, 13 ♂, 40 km S, 12. i. 1991 (Carpenter & Wenzel) (AMNH); PARAGUAY: Concepcion, 2 ♀, Estância San Luis, 19 – 27. x. 1999 (B. Garcete) (INBPY); BRAZIL: Bahia, 1 ♀, Cidade da Barra, x. 1913 (E. Garbe) (MZUSP); Brasilia DF, 3 ♀, Universidade, 27. v. 1982 (A. Raw), 4 ♀, D. Federal (R. Arlé) (UFRJ-MN); Espirito Santo, 1 ♀, Sta. Tereza, 1 – 8. ix. 1967 (C. & C. T. Elias) (UFPR); Goiás, 1 ♀, Colinas do Sul, Serra da Mesa 2 – 15. xii. 1995, 14 ° 01 ’ S 48 ° 12 ’ W (Silvestre Dietz & Campaner), 1 ♀ Alvorada do Norte, Faz. Mattos, vii. 1991 (S. T. P. Amarante & C. F. Martins) (MZUSP), 4 ♀, Goiaz [= Goiás], Campinas, 1934 (T. Borgmeier) (UFRJ-MN), 2 ♀, Corumbá de G., 05. ii. 1962 (J & B. Bechyné) (MPEG); Maranhão: 1 ♀, Caxias, 10. vi. 1978, (F. F. Ramos) (MPEG), 4 ♀, Bom Jesus, Urbano Santos, 02 ° 33 ’ S 44 ° 16 ’ W, 30. xi. 2003 (Azevedo G. G. & Silva S. S) (UFMA); Mato Grosso, 3 ♀, Chapada dos Guimarães, Fazenda Buriti, 18. xi. 1982 (Marcio Zanuto & W. Overal), 2 ♀, 8 – 13. ii. 1986, 1 ♀, 13 – 17. ii. 1986 (I. S. Gorayeb), 2 ♀, Faz. Ric. Franco, 15. iii. 1961 (J & Bechyné) (MPEG), 1 ♀, Miranda, 17. i. 1941 (F. Lane), 1 ♀, 12 ° 50 ’ S 51 ° 47 ’ W, 26. ii. 1968, 1 ♀, 05. iii. 1968 (Richards, O. W) (UFRJ-MN), Xingu, 1 ♀, ii. 1953, 1 ♀, 7. x. 1968 (M. Alvarenga), 1 ♀, Cáceres, 20. xii. 1984 (C. Elias) (UFPR); Minas Gerais, 6 ♂, 2 ♀, Belo Horizonte, Monte, viii. 1942 (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Patos de Minas, 25. xi. 1965 (C. Elias), 1 ♀, Passos, 5. xii. 1963 (C. Elias), 1 ♀, Uberaba, 13. viii. 1965 (C. Elias), 3 ♀ São Gotardo, 11. vi. 1965 (C. Elias) (UFPR); Paraíba, Alagoinha, 4 ♀, 02. vi. 1941, 1 ♀, vii. 1941 (Sauer), 1 ♀, Santa Luzia, viii. 1956 (Cincinato) (UFRJ-MN); Piauí, 1 ♀, 5 km E. Oeiras, Faz. Talhada, 13 – 17. xi. 1991 (S. T. P. Amarante) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, Dom Expedito Lopes, Manaíra, 14. xi. 2009 (Soares, A. M. L. & Brito, M. E. A.); 1 ♀, 16. xi. 2009 (Soares, A. M. L.) (MPEG); Rio de Janeiro, 1 ♀, Macaé, 22. ix. 1989 (A. D. Grativol) (UFPR), 1 ♀, Rio de Janeiro, Gávea, 20. xii. 1911 (W. Y. Gud) (UFRJ-MN); Rio Grande do Norte, 5 ♀, Natal, iii. 1952 (Alvarenga) (UFRJ-MN); Santa Catarina, 3 ♀, Itapema, 07. i. 1976 (Luiz Pereira) (UFPR); São Paulo, Rio Claro, 5 ♀, 26. x. 1982, 3 ♀, 29. xii. 1969 (Machado, V. L. L.) (UNESP), 1 ♀, Rio Claro, 10. vii. 1988 (O. Silveira), 3 ♀, Campinas, 12. vii. 1964 (Hebling, N. J.) (UNESP), 2 ♀, 22. xii. 1986 – 05. i. 1987 (Alexandre Ruszczyk) (UFPR), 1 ♀, São Carlos, Faz. Canchim, 28. viii. 1989 (M. T. Tavares) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, Sorocaba, 112 (UFRJ-MN).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil: AC, BA, CE, DF, ES, GO, MA, MG, MT, * PB, PE, PI, RJ, RN, RR, SC, SP.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF9B3E2BA1BBB640174CFBED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In this paper, Protopolybia exigua refers only to the specific concept proposed by de Saussure (1854). The species is widely distributed, occurring from Guatemala to Paraguay.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 36); T 1 with petiole narrow, elongated (Fig. 40). Body brown to black, with yellow marks; vertex black, rarely with two yellow spots; T 2 with anterior yellow band; T 4 – T 6 black (Fig. 38).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp = 1.13; MxWClp = 1.13; TeW = 0.87; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 36); interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles short, with length about 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; antennal scape slightly curved; occipital carina distinct, extending for more than three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by short linear prominence; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with mark median line; metanotum as long as wide, metanotal lobe with apex rounded; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 with petiole narrower, and more elongated (Fig. 40); T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum and metanotum with fine punctures; mesopleuron reticulated with fine punctures; posterior margin of T 2 and T 3 finely punctate; body with short bristles; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated bristles; eyes glabrous; propodeum with long and sparse bristles. Dark-brown to black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennae ventrally brown, dorsal region brown to black; mandibles brown to testaceous; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput, interantennal area with V- shaped mark, vertex black or rarely with two small yellow spots (Fig. 38), pronotum with spots on pronotal carina and fovea, two stripes on mesoscutum, tegulae partially, meso and metapleuron with two large yellow marks, scutellum and metanotum partially, propodeum with paired dorsal marks, distal band on T 1, basal band and distal band on T 2, distal band on T 3, yellow; T 4 – T 6 black (Fig. 10). Coxae partially yellow; femora and tibiae black to brown; tarsi brown; wings hyaline, venation brown. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.1 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated silvery bristles; ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and little produced; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; mandibles yellow; clypeus totally or partially yellow; vertex black; thorax, in ventral view, with yellow mark; T 2 with anterior yellow band. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig. 70); digitus narrow with apical margin rounded and with elongated bristles; basal process acuminate (Fig. 77); cuspis with many elongated bristles; ventral process of aedeagus rounded, not laterally projecting (Fig. 84), strongly sclerotized and laterally serrated; pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular in lateral view.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: Amazonas, 1 ♀, Letícia, 4 ° 12 ’ S 69 ° 56 ’ W, 110 m, 14. iv. 1997 (Carpenter & Davidson) (MZUSP), 14 ♀, (AMNH); PERU: Loreto, 36 ♀, 17 ♂, Rio Sucusari, Napo, 26. xii. 1990 (Carpenter & Wenzel) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Amazonas, 2 ♀, Rio Juruá, 4. viii. 1902 (E. Garbe) (MZUSP), 36 ♀, Porto Velhas [Porto Velho], Rio Madeira, 08. v. 1922 (J. H. Williamson) (AMNH), 4 ♀, Manaos [= Manaus] (Parko), 1 ♀, Rio Juruá, (E. Garbe) (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Parna do Jaú, 19. iii – 5. iv. 2003 (M. L. Oliveira & J. A. Cunha) (INPA); Maranhão, 4 ♀, Imperatriz, Ribeirãozinho, 5 – 10. viii. 1989 (F. F. Ramos), 1 ♀, Peritoró, 09. vi. 1978 (F. F. Ramos) (MPEG), 3 ♀, Santo Amaro, Urbano Santos, 03 ° 14 ’ S 43 ° 25 ’ W, 17. iv. 2004 (Azevedo, G. G. & Amorim, L. R.) (UFMA); Pará, 1 ♀, São Felix do Xingu, Garimpo da Liberdade, 15 – 19. xi. 1991 (B. Mascarenhas), 1 ♀, S. J. Pirabas, Boa Esperança, 26 – 30. x. 1989 (W. França), 1 ♀, Ourém, Patauateua, Fazenda Gavião Real 30. iv – 3. v. 1992 (B. Mascarenhas e equipe), Acará, 8 ♀, 25. i. 1978, 11 ♀, 24. i. 1978 (W. França), Belém, Paricamiri, 9 ♀, 10. iv. 1979 (W. França), 6 ♀, (R. B. Neto), 2 ♀, Belém, Guamá, 28. ii. 1973 (P. Ledoux), 3 ♀, Santarém, Faz Taperinha, 25. vii. 1977 (R. L. Jeanne), Paragominas, Faz. Cachoeira do Rio Vermelho, 1 ♀, 15 – 18. i. 1991 (P. Tadeu), 1 ♀ (J. Dias), 1 ♀, P. Pedras, Marajó, 12. iii. 1978 (M. F. Torres), 1 ♀, Benevides, Paricatuba, 09. xii. 1978 (W. França), 5 ♀, Bujaru, 28. vi. 1977 (P. Waldir & L. Braack), 1 ♀, Serra Norte, Fofoca, 7 – 10. ix. 1985 (J. Dias), 12 ♀, Abaetetuba, 08. viii. 1977 (P. Waldir), 2 ♀, Itaituba, Ig. Patoá, 29. xi. 1989 (M. Fernandes), 2 ♀, Altamira, Itapuama, 52 ° 20 ’ S 3 ° 36 ’ W 09. xi. 2007 (O. T. Silveira & equipe), 1 ♀, Belterra, 6. i. 2000 (G. C. Venturieri), 1 ♀, Belém, Utinga, 16. iv. 1999 (O. T. Silveira), 2 ♀, Bragança, 26. v. 1978 (M. F. Torres), 2 ♀, Monte Alegre, 23. i. 1992 (O. T. Silveira), 1 ♀, Mosqueiro, 15. viii. 1978 (W. França) (MPEG).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Brazil: AM, MA, PA.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF993E2AA1BBB1F111FFFAE8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Due to the similar morphology and coloration pattern, Ducke (1910) and Richards (1978) listed Protopolybia diligens as synonym of P. ex i gu a, a decision that was subsequently questioned by Bequaert (1944 a) based on color pattern. Besides color, P. diligens should be considered a distinct species by having T 1 with petiole distinctly longer and narrower than P. exigua.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; clypeus narrow, 1.12 × higher than wide, ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally (Fig. 41); pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 43); T 1 petiolate, longer than wide; mesoscutum black, rarely with yellow stripes; scutellum yellow; metanotum anteriorly yellow (Fig. 45).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp = 1.12; MxWClp = 1.18; TeW = 0.88; MiWClp = 0.50 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally (Fig. 41); tentorial pit nearer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short, with length 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina little developed, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 43); mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum triangular and short, with length 0.72 × width of the central disk; metanotal lobe with apex pointed; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 posteriorly triangular, with petiole 1.28 × longer than wide; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons, mesoscutum and mesopleuron finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with weak punctures anteriorly; metasomal segments reticulated; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated golden bristles; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles, except propodeum and anterior portion of T 1, with long and sparse bristles. Black, richly marked by yellow spots; antennal articles black dorsally, scape ventrally brown; mandibles brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark; inner and outer orbit with mark that not extends to vertex and occiput; interantenal area with small V- shaped mark; vertex black; pronotum with extensive mark on pronotal carina, anterior prominence and fovea; (mesoscutum black, rarely with two yellow stripes) metapleuron with two yellow marks; scutellum yellow (Fig. 45); metanotum anteriorly, propodeum with large mark dorsally, distal band on T 1, two basal spots and distal band on T 2 (Fig. 43 and 45), yellow; T 4 and T 5 black; coxae yellow; wings hyaline; venation black. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated and silvery bristles; ventral margin little produced and narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pits closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena very narrow; mesepimeron with yellow spot ventral; metapleuron completely black. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; basal angle of paramere widened, apical angle narrow (Fig. 71); apical margin of digitus rounded, basal process of digitus acuminate; cuspis with elongate bristles thick (Fig. 78); ventral process of aedeagus angular (Fig. 85) as in P. bituberculata (Fig. 90), not directed laterally in dorsal view, sclerotized and with anterior margin moderately serrated; pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular (Fig. 85).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♀, COLOMBIA, Narino, Barbacoas, 2 – 6. v. 1976 (M. Cooper) (BMNH). Paratypes: 3 ♀, 1 ♂, COSTA RICA, La Selva, 06. ii. 1995 (J. Kojima), 3 ♀, 3. v. 1990 (H. A. Hespenheide), 3 ♀, Alajuela, La Fortuna, Hotel Rossi, 21. vii. 2003 (R. L. Jeanne) (AMNH). Other material. COSTA RICA: La Selva, 3 ♀, 1 ♂, 06. ii. 1995 (J. Kojima) (AMNH); Alajuela, 3 ♀, La Fortuna, Hotel Rossi, 21. vi. 2003 (R. L. Jeanne) (AMNH); Heredia, 3 ♀, La Selva, Biol. Sta., 3 km S Pto. Viejo, 10 ° 26 ’ N 84 ° 01 ’ W, (H. A. Hespenheide) (AMNH); COLOMBIA: Mitu, Vaupés, 1 ♀, 18. v. 1974 (M. Cooper) (ICN), 1 ♀, same data (BMNH); Meta, 1 ♀, Macarena, 1 – 15. iii. 1976 (M. Cooper); Narino, 1 ♀, Barbacoas, 2 – 6. v. 1976; 1 ♀, Anchicaya, 13. i. 1972; BOLIVIA: 1 ♀, Beni, Rurenabaque, 270 m, 19. iv. 1979 (BMNH).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. was treated by Richards (1978) under the name P. exigua binominata without seeing the proper type corresponding to this name, which was proposed by Schulz (1906) as a replacement name for Polybia minutissima de Saussure, 1854, secondary homonym of Polistes minutissima Spinola, 1851). Carpenter (2012) examined the probable holotype of Polybia minutissima de Saussure, concluding that it corresponds well to Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola, 1851). Thus, Protopolybia binominata sensu Richards (1978) is in need of a name, which is provided herein. Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. has the pronotal prominence almost collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina, a character also observed in P. clypeata sp. nov. Despite having approximately equal sizes, P. collombiana is easily distinguished from P. clypeata by having the ventral margin of the clypeus narrowly subtruncated and produced ventrally.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF983E24A1BBB0F2170FFCA8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the South American country of Colombia.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.6 mm; clypeus narrow, 1.24 × higher than wide, ventral margin broadly curved and little produced ventrally (Fig. 42); pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 44); T 2 only with yellow posterior band (Fig. 46).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.6 mm; clypeus narrow, much higher than wide (HClp = 1.24; MxWClp = 1.24; TeW = 0.91; MiWClp = 0.45 mm), ventral margin broadly curved and little produced ventrally (Fig. 42); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles short, with length equal to 0.57 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, produced downward, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina (Fig. 44); mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with short marked median line; metanotum triangular, with its length 0.66 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe with apex slightly rounded; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 narrow, 1.38 × as long as wide; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons, mesoscutum, metanotum and mesopleuron finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum weakly punctate; metasomal terga reticulated; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated silvery bristles; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles; except propodeum and anterior portion of T 1 with long and sparse bristles. Black to dark-brown, moderately marked by yellow spots; antennal articles dorsally black, scape partially testaceous; mandibles black to brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, inner and outer orbit with band that not extends to vertex and occiput, interantennal area with two small oblique spots, pronotal carina and generally anterior prominence and fovea with yellow marks; mesoscutum black; tegulae partially, mesepisternum with narrow yellow mark, metanotum generally with two yellow spots (Fig. 46); propodeum with pared dorsal marks, distal band on T 1 – T 3 (Fig. 46), yellow; T 4 – T 6 black; legs brown; wings hyaline, venation black. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with elongated silvery bristles; ventral margin little produced ventrally and widely rounded; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; color like female. Parameral spine without elongate bristles; paramere with basal angle widened, apical angle narrow (Fig. 72); digitus with short and sparse bristles; apical margin of digitus rounded, basal process of digitus narrow and elongated (Fig. 79); cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus rounded, not directed laterally in dorsal view, anteriorly and laterally serrated (Fig. 86), like Protopolybia bituberculata (Fig. 90) and P. sedula (Fig. 91); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♀, PERU, Dpto. Loreto, San Pedro, 5 ° 50`S 74 ° 02`W, 17. iii. 1999 Carpenter & Davidson (AMNH). Paratypes: 19 ♀ (same data as holotype). Other material. COLOMBIA: Caqueta, 4 ♀, Yuruyaco, 73 km sw Florencia, 12. ii. 1979 (M. Cooper) (BMNH); PERU: Dpto. Loreto, Yarina, 112 m, 05 ° 10`S 73 ° 51`W, 8 ♀, 6 ♂, 10. iii. 2000; Galícia, 19 ♀, 2 ♂ 18. iii. 1999 (Carpenter & Davidson) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Acre, Reserva Catuaba, 2 ♀, 6. x. 1998 (S. Mateus) (UNESP-IBILCE).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia, Peru, Brazil: AC.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia clypeata sp. nov. has as diagnostic character the ventral margin of the clypeus broadly curved and little produced ventrally. In addition, the pronotal prominence is almost collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina, a character shared with P. collombiana and P. scutellaris. Besides the main diagnostic character, Protopolybia clypeata differs from P. scutellaris by the absence of a lateral processes on T 1 and by having the metanotum distinctly narrower and more elongated, 0.66 × the width of the central disk. In respect to P. collombiana, P. clypeata can be distinguished by the shape of the clypeus.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF963E27A1BBB6BF170DFDF0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name refers to the particular shape of the female clypeus.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 47); occipital carina extending to insertion of mandibles (Fig. 49); propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove forming two moderately high protuberances (Fig. 51); T 1 with short basal petiole armed with paired obtuse wing-like processes; posterior portion of ventral process of aedeagus with small projecting point (Fig. 87).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp = 1.17; MxWClp = 1.19; TeW = 0.87; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 47); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively elongated, with length 0.64 × distance between eyes on vertex; occipital carina extending to insertion of mandibles (Fig. 49); pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally; pronotal fovea distinct; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum triangular, with length of median axis 0.71 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe elongated with apex slightly rounded; propodeum with narrow median groove and with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances (Fig. 51); propodeal valves wide and triangular; T 1 with short basal petiole armed with paired obtuse wing-like processes; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; anterior margin of scutellum with fine punctures; posterior margin of T 3 – T 5 finely punctate; ventral margin of clypeus with elongated bristles; eyes glabrous; propodeum with elongated bristles near of propodeal muscle insertion. Black, with few yellow spots; antennal articles dorsally black, scape almost completely brown; mandibles yellow to brown; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark, mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput, interantenal area with two small oblique spots, yellow; vertex black; pronotal fovea yellow, pronotal carina black, rarely yellow; mesoscutum black; tegulae almost completely yellow; mesepisternum with yellow mark; scutellum almost completely yellow; metanotum black; propodeum with pared dorsal marks, basal spots and distal band on T 1, T 2 and T 3 with distal band, yellow; T 4 and T 5 black; coxae partially yellow; wings hyaline, venation brown. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; eyes wide, strongly produced inwards; clypeus narrow, with golden bristles; ventral margin slightly produced and widely curved; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; fore coxae yellow, mid coxae partially so. Parameral spine without elongated bristles; basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig. 73); digitus anteriorly rounded, with few bristles on basal process (Fig. 80); cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, not strongly projecting laterally, very sclerotized and with anterior margin slightly serrated; posterior portion of ventral process with pointed projection (Fig. 87); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♀, PERU, San Ramon, Valle Chanchamayo 800 m, 10. ii. 1940 (W. Weyrauch) (AMNH). Paratypes: 59 ♀ (same data as holotype); 3 ♀, 4 ♂, 1939 (UFRJ-MN). Other material. PERU: Junin, San Ramon, 60 ♀, Valle Chanchamayo 800 m, 10. ii. 1940 (W. Weyrauch) (AMNH); 3 ♀, 4 ♂, (BMNH).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peru.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia similis sp. nov. presents coloration similar to P. collombiana sp. n. However, it differs by having the pronotal prominence collinear with the fovea and the pronotal carina. In addition, similis presents the clypeus moderately widened and the propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of the median groove. Richards (1978) treated Protopolybia similis as P. minutissima (Spinola). However, they are not the same species, since P. minutissima presents the clypeus very narrow and not strongly projecting ventrally (Carpenter 2012); the propodeum is gently convex around the narrow median groove, and the T 1 without paired wing-like processes.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF953E21A1BBB78A174CFDAD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name, from Latin similis means " similar " in allusion to the color pattern similar to that observed in Protopolybia collombiana sp. nov. and P. minutissima (Spinola).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; coloration testaceous, richly marked with yellow (Fig. 50); clypeus with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 48); metanotum narrow and very elongated, strongly produced backwards and largely enclosed by propodeum; metanotal lobe with apex pointed (Fig. 52); T 1 petiolate and almost as long as wide.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus relatively wide (HClp = 1.06; MxWClp = 0.59; TeW = 0.44; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated (Fig. 48); interantennal area narrow, its width approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively short, with length 0.57 × distance between eyes on vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending for approximately half of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally; pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by short linear prominence; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with marked median line; metanotum narrow and very elongated, strongly produced backwards and largely enclosed by propodeum, length of median axis 1.1 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe with apex pointed (Fig. 52); propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 petiolate, posteriorly triangular; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons reticulated; mesoscutum reticulated with fine punctures; scutellum and metanotum with punctures fine and sparse; mesopleuron punctate; metasomal segments with distal margin punctate; eyes glabrous; propodeum, metasomal petiole, apical margin of clypeus and last metasomal segment with short bristles. Testaceous, richly marked with yellow (Fig. 50); first and second antennal articles and scape partially brown; mandibles and clypeus yellow; frons and vertex, pronotum, mesopleuron and metapleuron, almost entirely yellow; mesoscutum orange with two stripes and small yellow spots at sides; tegulae yellow; scutellum almost entirely yellow except for brown median spot; metanotum partially and propodeum almost entirely, yellow; distal band on T 1, broad basal and distal bands on T 2, yellow, connected at sides by lateral longitudinal stripe; T 3 – T 5 with distal yellow band; wings hyaline, venation brown. MALE. Unknown.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype, ♀, BRASIL, Paraíba, João Pessoa, Reserva do Buraquinho, 29. i – 1. ii. 1989 (F. F. Ramos) (Malaise) (MPEG). Paratypes: 1 ♀ (I. S. Gorayeb), 1 ♀ (F. F. Ramos), 1 ♀ (Y. Okada), 3 ♀, 25 – 29. i. 1989 (Arm. Susp. 15 m) (J. Dias), 1 ♀ (I. S. Gorayeb), 1 ♀ (F. F. Ramos), 1 ♀ (Arm. Susp. 1,6 m) (Y. Okada) (MPEG). Other material. BRAZIL: 2 ♀ (Smith Coll., Press. By Mrs. Farden White) (BMNH), 1 ♀, 27. i. 1989 (Machado, V. L. L.) (MZUSP), 1 ♀, v. 1941 (Sauer) (UFRJ-MN).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil: PB	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Richards (1978) treated Protopolybia potiguara sp. nov. as variant of P. exigua, highlighting the need to study mores specimens to establish its true status. Despite the lack of males in our sample, P. potiguara can be distinguished from P. exigua by its size considerably smaller (wing length ca. 4.3 mm), by the yellow color and the metanotum considerably elongated, narrow, with a pointed apex.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF933E21A1BBB7B11188F84B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific name alludes to the Potiguara ethnic group who inhabited the coast of the states of Maranhão, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; cuticle very shiny, vitreous, color essentially yellow (Fig. 57); T 1 with petiole narrow; mesoscutum and pronotum with fine punctures (Fig. 53); metanotum triangular, very little produced backwards into propodeum, with apex strongly pointed (Fig. 55).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.8 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp = 1.09; MxWClp = 1.11; TeW = 0.79; MiWClp = 0.56 mm), ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, its width approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles considerably elongated, with length 0.72 × distance between eyes at vertex; occipital carina distinct, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, visible laterally as protuberance; pronotal fovea distinct; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina; mesoscutum as long as wide; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with median line; metanotum triangular, relatively short, with median axis 0.7 × width of central disk; metanotal lobe shiny, short, and with apex sharply pointed (Fig. 55); propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1, longer than wide; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons reticulated with fine punctures; mesoscutum with fine punctures (Fig. 53); scutellum and metanotum with fine and sparse punctures; mesopleuron distinctly punctate; metasomal segments impunctate; cuticle shiny, vitreous (Fig. 57); metanotal lobe shiny; eyes glabrous; body with short bristles; long bristles on ventral margin of clypeus, propodeum, metasomal petiole and last metasomal segment. Yellow, with testaceous marks; antennae, mandibles, clypeus, frons, yellow; pronotum yellow with testaceous marks; mesoscutum yellow and commonly with three orange stripes; tegulae yellow to testaceous; mesopleuron and metapleuron yellow with testaceous marks; scutellum with small spot, mark on propodeum laterally, distal band on T 1, basal and distal bands on T 2, T 3 – T 5 with distal band, yellow; legs yellow to testaceous; wings hyaline, venation orange. MALE. Length of fore wing 4.4 mm; eyes enlarged, strongly produced inwards; clypeus very narrow; with elongated and golden bristles on ventral margin; ventral margin narrowly subtruncated and little produced; tentorial pit closer to eye margin than to antennal socket; gena distinctly narrow; color like female. Paramere as long as wide (Fig. 74); parameral spine without elongated bristles; basal angle widened; apical angle of paramere acute (Fig. 74); anterior margin of digitus rounded, with short bristles (Fig. 81); cuspis with few short bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, poorly sclerotized with posterior margin serrated (Fig. 88); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GUYANA: 1 ♀, Kamakusa, ix. 1922 (H. Lang) (UFRJ-MN); FRENCH GUIANA: 1 ♀, 16. 746 (UFRJ-MN); BRAZIL: Amapá, 1 ♀, S. do Navio, x. 1957 (K. Lenko) (UFPR); Amazonas, 2 ♀, Rio Purus, Beruri, 3 ° 54 ’ S 61 ° 22 ’ W, 17. x. 1991 (G. A. R. Melo) (UFPR); Pará, 3 ♀, Juruti, Barroso, 2 ° 29`S 55 ° 58`W, 28. x. 2007 (Silva, S. S. e equipe) (MPEG).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guyana, French Guiana, Brazil: AP, AM, * PA.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E20A1BBB5A9160FF97B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia holoxantha presents similar coloration to P. chanchamayensis Bequaert. However, the cuticle is very smooth and shiny. Distribution is restricted to the Amazon region, occurring in French Guiana, Guyana and Brazil with records in the states of Amapá and Amazonas (Richards 1978), and now also in Pará.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; pronotum and mesoscutum reddish; ventral margin of clypeus broadly curved (Fig. 54); pronotal carina obtuse, distinctly produced backwards (Fig. 56); color predominantly dark brown (Fig. 58).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.taxon	description	Redescription. FEMALE. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus relatively wide (HClp = 1.06; MxWClp = 1.11; TeW = 0.79; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), ventral margin broadly curved (Fig. 54); tentorial pit closer to antennal socket than to eye margin; interantennal area narrow, approximately equal to diameter of antennal socket; mandibles relatively elongated, with length 0.70 × distance between eyes on vertex; antennal scape slightly curved; occipital carina distinct, extending for three forth of height of gena; pronotal carina obtuse, distinctly produced backwards (Fig. 56); pronotal fovea distinct, preceded by linear prominence; mesoscutum slightly wider than long; mesepisternal groove absent; scrobal groove abbreviated; scutellum with median line; metanotum moderately produced, with median axis approximately equal to width of central disk; metanotal lobe elongated with apex slightly pointed; propodeum gently convex around narrow median groove; T 1 petiolate, its length 1.5 × width at apex; T 1 notably narrower than T 2. Frons and mesoscutum finely reticulated; scutellum and metanotum with fine and sparse punctures; mesopleuron and metasomal segments impunctate; eyes glabrous; body almost completely with short bristles, with elongated bristles on ventral margin of clypeus, propodeum, metasomal petiole and last metasomal segment. Dark brown, with few yellow spots; antenna partially brown; mandibles yellow; clypeus with yellow V-shaped mark; mark on inner and outer orbit not extending to vertex and occiput; pronotum and mesoscutum reddish (Fig. 56 and 58); distal band on T 1, two basal spots and distal band on T 2; T 4 – T 6 brown; legs brown; wings hyaline, venation brown.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PERU: Huánuco, Tingo Maria, 2 ♀, 670 m (Weyrauch) (BMNH).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF923E22A1BBB211117DFDF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peru: Huánuco.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.3 mm; clypeus narrow (HClp = 0.56; MxWClp = 0.59; TeW = 0.47; MiWClp = 0.53 mm), with ventral margin narrowly subtruncated; pronotal prominence almost collinear with fovea and pronotal carina; metanotum short with apex pointed; T 1 longer than wide, with short basal petiole armed with paired winglike processes; ground color black, scutellum and metanotum entirely yellow; nest without envelope. Genitalia. Basal and apical angles of paramere widened (Fig. 75); digitus with anterior margin broadly round, almost without bristles (Fig. 82); basal process pointed; cuspis with few bristles; ventral process of aedeagus angular, not laterally produced in dorsal view, very sclerotized and laterally serrated (Fig. 89); pre-apical region of aedeagus not angular.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PANAMA: Prov. Panamá, 2 ♀, 2 ♂, El Llano-Carti Road, 09 ° 17 ’ 07 ’’ N 78 ° 57 ’ 30 ’’ W, 27. iii. 1996, 374 m (Carpenter & Davidson) (AMNH).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E22A1BBB78A1015FAAE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica, * Panama, Colombia: Nariño, Valle.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Small species, length of fore wing 4.0 mm; T 1 almost as wide as long, with short basal petiole armed with paired wing-like processes; ground color black or dark brown richly marked with yellow, but scutellum and metanotum only partially marked; nest with envelope.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. FRENCH GUIANA: Sentier de Rorota, 8 ♀, Montioly, 20 m, 4 ° 53 ’ N, 52 ° 15 ’ W, 5. x. 1996 (Wenzel & Carpenter) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará, 4 ♀, Benevides, F. Morelândia, 14. xi. 1986 (J. A. Rafael) (INPA).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. * French Guiana, Brazil: PA.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF903E3DA1BBB0AF1237FAAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia aliciae was only known from the type locality in Melgaço municipality, Pará State (Silveira 2004). We present additional records, for Pará State (Benevides), and another for French Guiana. FIGURES 59 – 64. 59. Protopolybia duckeianus; 60. P. chartergoides; 61. P. nitida; 62. P. bituberculata; 63. P. acutiscutis; 64. P. clypeata sp. nov.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.5 mm; clypeus (HClp = 0.5; MxWClp = 0.63; TeW = 0.44; MiWClp = 0.56 mm) with ventral margin broadly curved; metanotum short with rounded apex; propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances; T 1 as long as wide; ground color yellow with testaceous marks.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. PERU, Junin, 1 ♀, Iurac, 67 mi. E. of Tingo Maria, 850 m, 11. xii. 1954 (E. Schlinger & E. S. Ross) (INBPY). BRAZIL: Acre, 1 ♀, Rio Branco, 25. x- 8. xi. 1991, Arm. Susp. 20 m (F. Ramos, A. Henriques, I. Gorayeb, N. Bittencourt) (MPEG).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peru: Junín, * Brazil: AC.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8F3E3DA1BBB0B21193F87D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protopolybia chanchamayensis was only known from the type locality (Peru: Junin) (Richards 1978). We now provide the first occurrence for Brazil.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.0 mm; ground color brown or black richly marked with yellow; propodeum with posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of median groove, forming two moderately high protuberances; T 1 longer than wide; male genitalia with medial lobes of aedeagus pointed laterally and strongly sclerotized.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, BRAZIL, Pará, Vigia, Campo do Palha, 8. xii. 1988 (I. S. Gorayeb) (MPEG). Paratypes. BRAZIL: Pará, 41 ♀, São Francisco, 8. vii. 1977 (W. Overal) (MPEG); PERU: Dpto. Loreto, 48 ♀, Yana Yacu, 111 m 05 ° 50 ’ S 74 ° 01 ’ W, 8. iii. 2000 (Carpenter & Davidson) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará ,, 4 ♀, Altamira, Area 1 – Itapuama, 52 ° 20 ’ 43 ’’ S 3 ° 36 ’ 20 ’’ W, 9. xi. 2007 (O. T. Silveira & Equipe), 6 ♀ (paratypes), Belém Utinga Forest, 14. xi. 1967 (R. L. Jeanne) (MPEG), 65 ♀ (paratypes), Belém Utinga Forest, 14. ix. 1967 (R. L. Jeanne) (AMNH); Amazonas, (MPEG) 1 ♀ (paratype), Alvarães, 17. vi. 1994 (I. S. Gorayeb & O. T. Silveira), 1 ♀ Taracua, vi. 1949 (J. C. M. Carvalho), 1 ♀, Manicoré (Parko) (UFRJ-MN), 1 ♀, Rio Tarumã Mirim, 2 km from Rio Negro, 03 ° 2 ’ S – 060 ° 17 ’ W, 27 july 79 [27. vii. 1979] (Igapo) (Black water innundation forest canopy fogged with Pyrethrum Canopy Fogging Project TRS # 01, tray # 055) (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery et al.), 1 ♀, Paraná do Xiboreninho, 03 ° 15 ’ S – 060 ° 00 ’ W, 7 aug. 79 [7. viii. 1979] (mixed water, Canopy Fogging Project TRS # 06, tray # 33) (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery et al.) (INPA), 4 ♀, Manaus, R. Ducke (Copa Arv), 26. xi. 1981 (J. A. Rafael), 4 ♀, same data, Tarumãmirim, 08. i. 1991 (G. A. R. Melo) (UFPR).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peru, Ecuador, Brazil, * Guyana.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8E3E3FA1BBB1DC105DFE3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cameron (1912) described Polybia nana from Guyana. Richards (1978) treated it as a synonym of Protopolybia exigua exigua. However, nana presents the propodeum with the posterior face projecting symmetrically to either side of the median groove just as in P. bituberculata, and the frons also presents a trilobate mark. Cameron´s name is however unavailable since it is a junior homonym of Polybia nana de Saussure, which is in turn a junior synonym of Leipomeles dorsata (Fabricius).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Length of fore wing 4.0 mm; clypeus very narrow (HClp = 0.5; MxWClp = 0.53; TeW = 0.41; MiWClp = 0.47 mm), distinctly longer than wide at point of shortest distance between eyes, with ventral margin narrowly curved; occipital carina extending until insertion of mandibles; T 1 longer than wide; color black with narrow yellow stripe on T 1.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Lectotype ♀, BRAZIL, Tefé, 06. ix. 1904 (Ducke) (BMNH). FRENCH GUIANA: Piste de St. - Elie, 7 ♀, Guyane, Piste de St. - Elie, 45 m, 5 ° 17 ’ N 53 ° 03 ’ W, 26. ix. 1996 (Wenzel & Carpenter) (AMNH); PERU: 1 ♀, Valle Chanchamayo 800 m, 1939, (Weyrauch) (AMNH); ECUADOR: 3 ♀, Coca on Rio Napo, Napo Pastaza Prov., v. 1965 (Le Pena) (AMNH); BRAZIL: Pará, 3 ♀, Juruti, Beneficiamento, 16. vi. 2009, Percurso 2, (S. Silva) (MPEG); Mato Grosso, 1 ♀, Rio Papagaio, x. 1966 (Lenko & Pereira) (MZUSP); Amazonas, 3 ♀ (paralectotypes of P. rugulosa Ducke) Teffé [= Tefé], 6. ix. 1904 (Ducke) (MPEG); 2 ♀, Manaus – INPA, 14. xi. 1980 (Elias Brasil), 1 ♀, INPA – V 18, 13. v. 1982 (J. A. Rafael), 1 ♀, Manaus, R. Ducke, 30. xi. 1981 (J. A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise, 1 ♀, 26 km NE Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 30. iv. 1982 (J. A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise (INPA), 3 ♀, Manaus, 32 m, 3 ° 05 ’ S 59 ° 59 ’ W, 23. iv. 1997 (J. M. Carpenter) (AMNH), 1 ♀, Manaus, 24. ix. 1991 (G. A. R. Melo) (UFPR), 1 ♀, 26 km NE Manaus, Reserva Ducke, 30. iv. 1982 (J. A. Rafael) Arm. Malaise, 1 ♀, same data, INPA-V 18, 13. v. 1982 (J. A. Rafael), 1 ♀, Hwy 2 F 2, km 20.7, Ca 60 km N Manaus 2 ° 30 ’ S 60 ° 15 ’ W, 16. viii. 1979 (Adis, Erwin, Montgomery, et al.) (INPA).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, Surinam, French Guiana, Colombia, * Peru, Ecuador, Brazil: AM, PA, MT.	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
1925031BFF8D3E3FA1BBB4C11279F824.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Spinola’s name Polistes minutissima seems to be the oldest name applicable to a species of the genus, and problems related to the probable loss of the type, and to difficulty of diagnosing close very similar species led to its use in several combinations referring to supposed varieties or subspecies (Bequaert 1944 a; Richards 1978). Recently, Carpenter (2012) examined type of de Saussure’s species deposited in the Spinola Collection in Turin, and solved various problems concerning the proper understanding of the concept of Protopolybia minutissima (Spinola) and relations with Polybia laboriosa de Saussure and Polybia minutissima de Saussure, and Protopolybia rugulosa Ducke. In particular, and very importantly, synonymy of Protopolybia laboriosa (de Saussure) under P. minutissima (Spinola) implies that the distribution of Protopolybia minutissima is now extended a thousand kilometers to north, up to Mexico (the only reference regarding the type locality of laboriosa).	en	Dos Santos Junior, José N. A., Silveira, Orlando T., Carpenter, James M. (2015): Phylogeny of Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 and taxonomic revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Polistinae), with description of four new species. Zootaxa 3956 (2): 151-182, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.1
