identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
192187CAFFBBFFAC5AAA1ABEFCD9FBDF.text	192187CAFFBBFFAC5AAA1ABEFCD9FBDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothrioplana sinensis Wang & He	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bothrioplana sinensis Wang &amp; He ,  n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1–5)</p>
            <p>Type material. Holotype: PLA-B001, mounted specimens. Paratype: PLA-B002– PLA-B006 (PLA-B002–PLA- B003, mounted; PLA-B004–PLA-B006, serial section).</p>
            <p>
                  
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                 locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.93115/lat 22.529114)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.93115&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.529114">In</a>
                 an artificial lake of Shenzhen University campus, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (22°31'44.81"N, 113°55'52.17"E). 
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            <p>Etymology. The species is named because it was discovered in China.</p>
            <p>Description. The mature individual is 3–5 mm in length, transparent, flat and appears in an elongated shape. The body surface has no pigment. The width of the middle part of the body is 0.7–1.0 mm (Fig. 1 A, Fig. 3 A). The anterior end is in a circular arc shape, having no eyespot or statocyst. The tail is in a “V” shape.</p>
            <p>Digestive system. The light brown digestive tract in the median line of the body is divided into two at pharynx, which then integrate into one at the posterior end of the copulatory organs. The caecus at both sides of intestinal canal are relatively long in the anterior part of the body, while relatively short in the posterior part (Figs. 1 A, 3A). The mouth (m) is in the middle part of the body. The transformable plicate pharynx (p) is 205–505 µm in length, lying in the anterior part of the mouth. The vitellaria (vi) are distributed in both sides of intestinal canals. The butterfly-shaped brain (b) at the anterior 1/10 position of the body is composed of peripheral neuroglia cell and interior collagenous fiber (Figs. 1 D–E).</p>
            <p>Reproductive system. Hermaphrodite with a gonopore (g). The reproductive organ is located posterior to the pharynx (p) (Figs. 1 F–G, 2D–G, 3A–C). A pair of spherical-shaped testes (t) is located dorsally behind the pharynx. The testes, 27–37 µm in diameter, contain different development stages of spermatids. At the late stage of testis development, the spermatid structure is not obvious, but the vasa deferentia (vd) and the testes are filled with mature sperm (s). The vasa deferentia originate from the internal sides of the two testes and then merge into one in the median-ventral part of the body, thus appearing in a “T” shape. The merged vas deferens extends ventrally to the common gonopore at the bottom of the copulatory atrium (ca) (Figs. 1 G, 3B–C). The male copulatory organ is in tubular shape.</p>
            <p>A pair of elliptical-shaped ovaries (o) (84 µm×33 µm) is situated ventrally at both sides of the copulatory atrium (ca), forming a “V” shape (Figs. 1 F–G, 2F, 3B). Two oviducts (ov), 56–75 µm in length, originate from both sides of the ovaries, extend to the common oviduct (cov) that is 27–40 µm in length, and finally enter the copulatory atrium (Figs. 2 F–G, 3B–C). Two white vitellaria are situated at both sides of the intestine (i). They are strip-like with the length identical to that of the intestine (Figs. 1 A, 3A). Vitelline ducts from both sides merge at the trailing edge of the common oviduct and enter the copulatory atrium via the common oviduct.</p>
            <p> Habits and reproduction. The flatworms were fed daily with  Daphnia sp. In mature individual, there is usually a red color cocoon behind the pharynx. During reproduction period, the mature individual lays one oval cocoon per day. The cocoon is in brown-red color, 434–503 µm in length and 325–387 µm in width (Figs. 1 B–C). The incubation period was about 14 days, and each cocoon could hatch one larva. In total, 7 cocoons have been observed in a 12-well plate, with each well contains a single cocoon. The larvae could be maintained for up to 12 days post-hatching and developed into juvenile stage, but were unable to reach sexual maturity. </p>
            <p> Habitat. Aquatic plants were introduced into the artificial lake from the suburb of Foshan, Guangdong in 2006. In 2011, a small artificial wetland was constructed on the islet in the center of the lake in order to purify the polluted water. Although no flatworm was found in the lake, the  B. sinensis n. sp. was found in a cement filtering basin of the wetland. During collection, the ambient water was limpid, with a small quantity of spirogyra on the basin wall. There were abundant invertebrates, including several kinds of  Rhabdocoela and  Tricladida in the basin (Lu et al. 2014). In 2013, this species disappeared, mainly due to water pipe blockage and the subsequent water quality deterioration. However, in early 2016, the lake water was treated and lotus was planted. Seven more individuals were collected on July 16, 2016 at the same sampling site. </p>
            <p> Phylogenetic analysis. The 18S rDNA phylogenetic analysis using Maximum-Likelihood (ML) and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods showed that  Bothrioplana sinesis n. sp. specimens 1–5 clustered together and formed a well-supported clade with another species within the genus, namely  B. semperi . This new species is related more closely to species from the family  Macrostomidae and  Fasciolidae , than to those of  Gnosonesimidae Letoplanidae,  Graffillidae ,  Bdellouridae ,  Dugesiidae , or  Schistosomatidae . </p>
            <p> Discussion. To date, 7 orders of turbellarian have been reported in China, including  Rhabdocoela ,  Tricladida ,  Polycladida, Temnocephaloda ,  Macrostomida ,  Lecithoepitheliata and  Prolecithophora . The  Bothrioplana sinensis n. sp. characterized in this paper represents a newly recorded order in China and the second identified species in the genus  Bothrioplana . </p>
            <p> Only two species in the genus  Bothrioplana , namely  B. semperi (Braun 1881) and  Bothrioplana . sp. (Kawakatsu &amp; Mack-Fira 1975), have been recorded so far. Due to the incomplete description of  Bothrioplana . sp., comparison between the new species and  Bothrioplana . sp. was impracticable. As for  B. semperi , the specimen was first discovered in Tartu, Estonia (Braun 1881), and then found in Karkonosze, Poland (Zacharias 1886), Lake Geneva, Switzerland (Rixen 1961), Loch Lomond, Scotland, United Kingdom (Young 1976) and Northern Australia (Sluys &amp; Ball 1985), respectively. The head of  B. semperi is in a square shape with 2 pairs of sensory pits. A pair of round testes is lacated at both sides of the center of pharynx (Young 2001). According to Sluys and Ball (1985), the male copulatory system is composed of vas deferens, seminal vesicle and granular vesicle. The granular vesicle enters the copulatory atrium from dorsal side. The female copulatory system has genitor-intestinal duct. In most cases,  B. semperi does not produce sperm. Even though the sperm are produced, they are abnormal and sterile (Dahm 1951). </p>
            <p> In this study, 32  Bothrioplana sinensis n. sp. specimens were examined, including 16 mounted specimens and 4 serial section specimens. The head of the new species is arc-shaped. A pair of spherical-shaped testes is located in both sides posterior to the pharynx. The male copulatory system has no granular vesicle. The mature individuals have testes with a large number of mature sperm. The female copularoty system has no genitor-intestinal duct. The paired oviducts and the paired vitelline ducts fuse into a common oviduct ventral-posteriorly and enters the copulatory atrium. The immature individuals have ovaries but no testis, suggesting that the female copulatory system develops earlier than the male’s. Its morphological characteristics are distinct from those of the  B. semperi . In addition, the molecular phylogenic evidence also supports the classification of this species. Therefore, it is evident that  B. sinensis n. sp. described in this study is a new species within the genus  Bothrioplana . </p>
            <p> The discovery of well-developed testes and fully functioning sperm in the specimens of  Bothrioplana sinensis n. sp. is a highly interesting finding from a biological standpoint, as  B. semperi has been described as an obligate parthenogen, employing a distinct and only mode of reproduction termed “dioogamy” (see Martin-Duran and Egger 2012). The  B. semperi were occasionally found to demonstrate testes and a copulatory organ, however, even the mature individuals containing a rudimentary male system are incapable of normal spermatogenesis or producing fully functioning sperm (Laumer et al. 2015). Another interesting finding is  B. sinensis n. sp. and  B. semperi form a clade that is closely related to  Fascioloides magna , which is a parasitism species belongs to the subphylum Neodermata. This result is in good agreement with some of the previous studies (Baguñà &amp; Riutort 2004, Laumer et al. 2014; Laumer et al. 2015). </p>
            <p> Since the aquatic plants of the sampling site were introduced from Foshan, Guangdong, it is possible that  Bothrioplana sinensis n. sp. was originated from wetlands in Foshan. In addition,  B. semperi is a cosmopolitan species (Tyler et al. 2012) and is suggested to be capable of long distance dispersal. Therefore, the distribution of this new species within the region warrants further study. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/192187CAFFBBFFAC5AAA1ABEFCD9FBDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	He, Yi;Zhao, Jia-Qi;Ning, Wan-Ru;Zhuang, Jie-Yi;Zhang, Yu;Wang, An-Tai	He, Yi, Zhao, Jia-Qi, Ning, Wan-Ru, Zhuang, Jie-Yi, Zhang, Yu, Wang, An-Tai (2016): A new species of the genus Bothrioplana (Platyhelminthes: Bothrioplanida: Bothrioplanidae) and a new species of the genus Pentacoelum (Tricladida: Bdellouridae) from southern China. Zootaxa 4179 (2): 209-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4179.2.2
192187CAFFBEFFA75AAA1E1CFA92F84A.text	192187CAFFBEFFA75AAA1E1CFA92F84A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pentacoelum sinensis Wang & Zhao	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Pentacoelum sinensis Wang &amp; Zhao ,  n. sp.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 6–10)</p>
            <p>Type material. Holotype: PLA-Pe0070, mounted specimens. Paratype: PLA-Pe0071–PLA-Pe0078 (PLA- Pe0071–PLA-Pe0072, mounted specimens; PLA-Pe0073–PLA-Pe0078, serial section).</p>
            <p>
                  
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                 locality.  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.7675/lat 22.721111)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.7675&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.721111">In</a>
                 a wetland in Shenzhen Sea Waterlands, located in the west coast of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China (22°43′16″N, 113°46′03″E). 
            </p>
            <p>Etymology. The species is named because it was discovered in China.</p>
            <p>Description. The body of mature individual is transparent, flat and elliptical in shape, without pigment on the surface. When moving, it is in an elongated shape (Fig. 6 B). The length of the specimen is 500–770 µm. The width of the middle part of the body is 350–530 µm (Figs. 6 A and 8).</p>
            <p>A pair of black and round eyes (e), 26 µm in diameter, is located at the anterior 1/6 position of the body (Figs. 6 A–B, E). The distance between the two eyes is 40 µm. The distance from eye to body side is 130 µm.</p>
            <p>Digestive system. The mouth (m) is situated median-ventrally at the posterior 1/5 part of the body. The plicate pharynx (p) is located in the posterior part of the body and constitutes 1/4 of the body length. Three intestinal branches connect with the base of the pharynx. One of them extends forwards along the median line to the anterior part between the two eyes. This intestine (i) is relatively slender, has no branch and stops at 1/2 position from eyespots to the anterior end. The other two branches extend aside, forming the intestinal branches along the body. Each intestine intestinal branch has 9–12 shorter branches perpendicular to the body edge. Among the 180 living specimens examined, we did not find any individual with side intestines merge at the tail end (Figs. 6 A–B, 8).</p>
            <p>Reproductive system. Hermaphrodite. A pair of elliptical-shaped testes (t) lies in the base between the anterior intestinal branches and the mid-intestinal branches. The cavities of testes are filled with sperm (s) (Figs. 6 E, 8). The vasa deferentia (vd) extend separately from the inner sides of testes, go backward along the two sides of the pharynx and finally enter the seminal vesicle (sv) respectively (Fig. 8). The vas deferens at each side of pharynx swells obviously (Fig. 8). The spherical seminal vesicle at the base of penis bulb (pb) occupies 1/2 of the volume of penis bulb and is connected with the ejaculatory duct (ed). There is a very obvious cavity in the middle part of the ejaculatory duct (Figs. 6 F–G, 9). An obvious penis papilla (pp) can be found at the end of penis bulb. Epidermis of penis and penis papilla are composed of a monolayer of flat and nucleated epithelial cells, while the internal part is a muscle layer. The peripheral space of the penis is male atrium (ma) (Fig. 9 A).</p>
            <p>A pair of ovaries (o) is situated between the testes and the brain (b) (Fig. 6 E, Fig. 8). Two oviducts (ov) go further back laterally to male atrium and then enter the two uteri (u) respectively. Note that the uteri of the new species localize at similar position as those of the other species of Pentacoelu m. The spherical uteri, 50–55 µm in diameter, lie at both sides of the male atrium. The peripheral part of the uterus is a 4 µm thick muscular layer, while the interior part is composed of a monolayer of epithelial cells (Figs. 7 D–E). An obvious receptaculum seminalis (rs), which is filled with foreign sperm, is situated ventrally and posterior to each uterus. A muscular vagina externa (ve), 20–25 µm in length and 3.0–3.5 µm in thickness, is located at the ventral side of each receptaculum seminalis and goes externally (Figs. 7 D–E). An egg could be found in the uterus (Figs. 7 F–H). The left and right oviducts coming out from the two uteri merge as a common oviduct dorsally to male atrium (Fig. 9 B). The common oviduct enters the male atrium caudal-ventrally and shares a common gonopore.</p>
            <p>Habits and reproduction. The specimens in the evaporating dish seldom move and live gregariously. The digestive and reproductive systems are readily detected under stereoscopic microscope. Copulation usually takes place in darkness, during which the mature individual slowly slides on the back of another individual. Their tail ends met together and uplifted slightly. Their penises stretched out almost simultaneously and then inserted into the vagina externa of each other for fertilization. The whole copulatory process usually lasts for 10 min. After copulation, they separated and retracted their penises in a few seconds (Figs. 10 A–B).</p>
            <p>Eggs were found in the uteri (Figs. 7 F–H). Newly produced eggs expanded greatly when laid in water. The light yellow eggs were about one-third as big as the mature worm and had already underwent the first cleavage (Figs. 6 C–D, Figs. 10 C–D). The next day, the egg shell became brown-red, thinner and transparent. Three embryos with paired black eyespots were observed inside the egg (Fig. 6 D). Observation shows that after oviposition, the adult usually hibernates aside the eggs, suggesting that this species has the habit of protecting eggs.</p>
            <p>  Habitat. The samples were collected from a wetland in  Shenzhen Sea Waterlands ,  The salinity and pH of the ambient water was 12‰ and 9.0 2. The water depth was between 0.6 to 1.2 meters. The sampling site was an artificial seawater mariculture lake constructed in 2000, which is not only abundant in fishes, shrimps and crabs, but also in benthic animals such as polychaetes. In April 2016, 20 more individuals were also found in the protected natural mangrove forest in Shenzhen  , China. </p>
            <p> Discussion. To date, 4 species of  Pentacoelum were recorded in the world, namely  P. fucoideum (Westblad, 1935) ,  P. punctatum (Brandtner, 1935) ,  P. kazukolinda (Kawakatsu &amp; Mitchell 1984) and  P. hispaniense (Sluys 1989) . However, a recent study shows that  P. hispaniense should be called P. k a z u ko l i n da and that the species has a worldwide distribution (Sluys et al. 2015). Therefore, there are actually only three species within this genus. </p>
            <p> In  P. fucoideum (Westblad 1935) , the external morphology and the localization of the reproductive organ are similar to those of P. s i ne n s i s n. sp. However, the eyespots of  P. fucoideum have less pigment and are usually invisible in living specimens. The ejaculatory duct is in straight tubular shape, without obvious swelling cavity. As for  P. sinensis n. sp. , the black round-shaped eyespots are readily detected from both the living and mounted specimens. In addition, there is an obvious cavity in the middle part of the ejaculatory duct. </p>
            <p>  As for  P. punctatum , the type specimen was found in  Lake Pontchartrain ,  New Orleans , Louisiana, USA (Sluys &amp; Bush 1988).  The dorsal surface of the body has dense pigment.  The pharynx is located in the middle of the body and occupies about 1/6 to 1/4 of the body length.  Two intestinal branches meet at the tail end. Each side of the body has 5–6 small testes, respectively. A testis can also be found in the middle of the two hindguts. Before entering seminal vesicle, the vasa deferentia merge as a common vas deferens. </p>
            <p>In P. k a z u ko l i n da, the type specimen was found in Algemesi, Valenciana, Spain (Sluys 1989). Except for the body edge, the mid-dorsal stripe and the area anterior to the eyespots, the dorsal body surface shows a dense brown pigmentation. The pharynx occupies about 1/7–1/6 of the body length. There are 15–20 testes on each side of the body. The two vasa deferentia merge as a common vas deferens before entering the penis bulb. The ovaries lie at 1/ 4 to 1/3 of the distance between the brain and the base of the pharynx. The female copulatory apparatus contains a bursa copulatrix.</p>
            <p> For  P. sinensis n. sp. , the body is transparent and devoid of any pigmentation. The eyespots are black and round with 3 retinal cells each. The pharynx occupies about 1/4 of the body length and is located in the posterior half of the body. Two caudal intestinal branches do not merge at the posterior end of the body. There is only one pair of big testes within the body. The vasa deferentia at both sides merge before entering the seminal vesicles. There is no bursa copulatrix behind the male atrium, but a pair of uteri, receptaculum seminalis and vagina externa. It is worth to note that lateral bursae of  P. sinensis n. sp. might have gained a new evolutionary function as copulatory bursae and uteri. The two round cavities at the tail of  Pentacoelum species are usually called lateral bursae (Sluys 1989). In this contribution, the cavities of P. s i n e ns i s n. sp. (called uteri) were found to be connected with oviducts. All specimens were examined carefully, among which three were found to have egg in uterus. During copulation, the two individuals inserted their penis into the vagina externa instead of the common gonopore of each other. The vagina externa is connected with receptaculum seminalis and uterus. Oviducts from the paired uteri merge at the dorsal side behind the male atrium. Importantly, there are shell glands on the surface of the oviducts. To summary, the morphology of the reproductive system and the copulatory behavior of this new species are distinct from those of the above reported species. In view of this, the P. s i n e ns i s n. sp. is identified as a new species of the genus of  Pentacoelum . Further studies on the phylogenetic position of this new species will enable a more thorough understanding of the evolutionary relation of P. s i n e ns i s n. sp. and the closely related species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/192187CAFFBEFFA75AAA1E1CFA92F84A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	He, Yi;Zhao, Jia-Qi;Ning, Wan-Ru;Zhuang, Jie-Yi;Zhang, Yu;Wang, An-Tai	He, Yi, Zhao, Jia-Qi, Ning, Wan-Ru, Zhuang, Jie-Yi, Zhang, Yu, Wang, An-Tai (2016): A new species of the genus Bothrioplana (Platyhelminthes: Bothrioplanida: Bothrioplanidae) and a new species of the genus Pentacoelum (Tricladida: Bdellouridae) from southern China. Zootaxa 4179 (2): 209-224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4179.2.2
